25:
5230:
231:' group suggested this was because of the presence of a variant of COX-1, which they named COX-3, that would be especially sensitive to paracetamol and related compounds. If this enzyme were particularly expressed in the brain, it could explain both the characteristics of paracetamol, which has been reputed for some time of being a centrally-acting
291:. All these considerations appeared to argue against COX-3 being the site of the antipyretic actions of NSAIDs and COX-2-selective agents. However, the results could be read as showing that paracetamol acts at a different site than the other NSAIDs and that more than one COX isoform contribute to the fever response.
274:. Acetaminophen is thought of as a mild analgesic and antipyretic suitable, at best, for mild to moderate pain. Its site of action has recently been identified as a COX-3 isoenzyme, a variant of the COX-1 enzyme. This discovery raises the possibility of developing more potent and selective drugs targeting the site.
189:
in the COX-3 sequence, which apparently does not impair its functionality. In humans, the intron is 94 bases long, leading to a protein with a completely different amino acid sequence from those of COX-1 or COX-2. The expressed protein does not show COX activity, and it is unlikely to play a role in
277:
A number of arguments counted against the COX-3 hypothesis: COX-2-selective inhibitors react weakly with the COX-3 enzymatic site, because the site is identical to that in COX-1, but they are as good at reducing fever as older NSAIDs. The fever response has also been clearly associated with a rapid
1496:
Riendeau D, Percival MD, Brideau C, Charleson S, Dubé D, Ethier D, Falgueyret JP, Friesen RW, Gordon R, Greig G, Guay J, Mancini J, Ouellet M, Wong E, Xu L, Boyce S, Visco D, Girard Y, Prasit P, Zamboni R, Rodger IW, Gresser M, Ford-Hutchinson AW, Young RN, Chan CC (February 2001). "Etoricoxib
210:
are as active as traditional NSAIDs in inflammatory models, there were still some unexplained issues. For example, the widespread use of the newer generation of COX-2-selective compounds demonstrated that COX-2 also has other physiological roles, e.g. in the maintenance of fluid balance by the
799:
Dougados M, Béhier JM, Jolchine I, Calin A, van der Heijde D, Olivieri I, Zeidler H, Herman H (January 2001). "Efficacy of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase 2-specific inhibitor, in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: a six-week controlled study with comparison against placebo and against a
1452:
Riendeau D, Percival MD, Boyce S, Brideau C, Charleson S, Cromlish W, Ethier D, Evans J, Falgueyret JP, Ford-Hutchinson AW, Gordon R, Greig G, Gresser M, Guay J, Kargman S, Léger S, Mancini JA, O'Neill G, Ouellet M, Rodger IW, Thérien M, Wang Z, Webb JK, Wong E, Chan CC (May 1997).
769:
Chang DJ, Desjardins PJ, Chen E, Polis AB, McAvoy M, Mockoviak SH, Geba GP (April 2002). "Comparison of the analgesic efficacy of rofecoxib and enteric-coated diclofenac sodium in the treatment of postoperative dental pain: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial".
685:
Cao C, Matsumura K, Yamagata K, Watanabe Y (September 1996). "Endothelial cells of the rat brain vasculature express cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA in response to systemic interleukin-1 beta: a possible site of prostaglandin synthesis responsible for fever".
1117:
Kurumbail RG, Stevens AM, Gierse JK, McDonald JJ, Stegeman RA, Pak JY, Gildehaus D, Miyashiro JM, Penning TD, Seibert K, Isakson PC, Stallings WC (1996). "Structural basis for selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by anti-inflammatory agents".
282:
production, with no role for COX-1 or a COX-1 gene product (e.g., COX-3). Finally, the sites of COX-3 expression do not appear to fit in well with those sites associated with fever, and the protein should be present within the
1518:
Samad TA, Moore KA, Sapirstein A, Billet S, Allchorne A, Poole S, Bonventre JV, Woolf CJ (March 2001). "Interleukin-1beta-mediated induction of Cox-2 in the CNS contributes to inflammatory pain hypersensitivity".
938:
Gordon SM, Brahim JS, Rowan J, Kent A, Dionne RA (August 2002). "Peripheral prostanoid levels and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug analgesia: replicate clinical trials in a tissue injury model".
1163:
Li S, Wang Y, Matsumura K, Ballou LR, Morham SG, Blatteis CM (April 1999). "The febrile response to lipopolysaccharide is blocked in cyclooxygenase-2(-/-), but not in cyclooxygenase-1(-/-) mice".
1564:
Samuelsson B (September 1983). "From studies of biochemical mechanism to novel biological mediators: prostaglandin endoperoxides, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. Nobel
Lecture, 8 December 1982".
409:
Schwab, Jan M.; Schluesener, Hermann J.; Meyermann, Richard; Serhan, Charles N. (2003). "COX-3 the enzyme and the concept: steps towards highly specialized pathways and precision therapeutics?".
2385:
648:
Camu F, Beecher T, Recker DP, Verburg KM (2002). "Valdecoxib, a COX-2-specific inhibitor, is an efficacious, opioid-sparing analgesic in patients undergoing hip arthroplasty".
1795:"Nonsteroid drug selectivities for cyclo-oxygenase-1 rather than cyclo-oxygenase-2 are associated with human gastrointestinal toxicity: a full in vitro analysis"
1200:
Luong C, Miller A, Barnett J, Chow J, Ramesha C, Browner MF (November 1996). "Flexibility of the NSAID binding site in the structure of human cyclooxygenase-2".
2378:
893:
Flower RJ, Vane JR (December 1972). "Inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase in brain explains the anti-pyretic activity of paracetamol (4-acetamidophenol)".
1006:"Variability in risk of gastrointestinal complications with individual non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: results of a collaborative meta-analysis"
4915:
2371:
2143:
829:
FitzGerald GA (March 2002). "Cardiovascular pharmacology of nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and coxibs: clinical considerations".
1004:
Henry D, Lim LL, Garcia
Rodriguez LA, Perez Gutthann S, Carson JL, Griffin M, Savage R, Logan R, Moride Y, Hawkey C, Hill S, Fries JT (June 1996).
2036:
975:
Grèen K, Drvota V, Vesterqvist O (March 1989). "Pronounced reduction of in vivo prostacyclin synthesis in humans by acetaminophen (paracetamol)".
2211:
1950:
294:
Finally, the discovery of the frame-shift mechanism has made it highly unlikely that COX-3 plays a role in inflammation and fever in humans.
1084:"TIS10, a phorbol ester tumor promoter-inducible mRNA from Swiss 3T3 cells, encodes a novel prostaglandin synthase/cyclooxygenase homologue"
860:"Structure of the mitogen-inducible TIS10 gene and demonstration that the TIS10-encoded protein is a functional prostaglandin G/H synthase"
46:
5255:
2111:
725:"COX-3, a cyclooxygenase-1 variant inhibited by acetaminophen and other analgesic/antipyretic drugs: cloning, structure, and expression"
360:"COX-3, a cyclooxygenase-1 variant inhibited by acetaminophen and other analgesic/antipyretic drugs: cloning, structure, and expression"
142:
4949:
2084:
68:
452:
Ayoub, Samir S.; Botting, Regina M.; Goorha, Sarita; Colville-Nash, Paul R.; Willoughby, Derek A.; Ballou, Leslie R. (2004-07-27).
3361:
2123:
2069:
185:
mechanism. This mechanism is due to the fact that the spliced intron has 93 bases in dogs, resulting in the loss of 93:3 = 31
5105:
813:
1928:
5220:
4908:
454:"Acetaminophen-induced hypothermia in mice is mediated by a prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 1 gene-derived protein"
2500:
2443:
2352:
2201:
1654:
Svensson CI, Yaksh TL (2002). "The spinal phospholipase-cyclooxygenase-prostanoid cascade in nociceptive processing".
1603:"Induction of an acetaminophen-sensitive cyclooxygenase with reduced sensitivity to nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs"
3014:
544:
Aronoff DM, Neilson EG (September 2001). "Antipyretics: mechanisms of action and clinical use in fever suppression".
39:
33:
1846:
Wolfe MM, Lichtenstein DR, Singh G (June 1999). "Gastrointestinal toxicity of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs".
4865:
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130:
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2153:
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1980:
271:
5100:
3325:
50:
5054:
4997:
4702:
4683:
4638:
3080:
1971:
1239:"Selectivity of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs as inhibitors of constitutive and inducible cyclooxygenase"
2193:
1764:
Vane JR (June 1971). "Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action for aspirin-like drugs".
1455:"Biochemical and pharmacological profile of a tetrasubstituted furanone as a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor"
5002:
2408:
1984:
1497:(MK-0663): preclinical profile and comparison with other agents that selectively inhibit cyclooxygenase-2".
3466:
597:"Determinants of the cellular specificity of acetaminophen as an inhibitor of prostaglandin H(2) synthases"
4744:
4664:
2332:
2248:
1997:
5023:
4942:
4721:
3177:
2414:
2128:
2101:
1936:
5095:
1877:"Expression of a mitogen-responsive gene encoding prostaglandin synthase is regulated by mRNA splicing"
4226:
4196:
4027:
4860:
3982:
3835:
3305:
3143:
3052:
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2206:
1967:
1888:
1806:
1614:
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1346:
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902:
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122:. The COX-3 isozyme is encoded by the same gene as COX-1, with the difference that COX-3 retains an
5250:
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2229:
4385:
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3735:
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3655:
3605:
3560:
3125:
1743:
Vane JR (December 2000). "The fight against rheumatism: from willow bark to COX-1 sparing drugs".
238:
COX-3 was actually discovered in 2002, and been found to be selectively inhibited by paracetamol,
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2592:
2582:
2490:
2400:
1992:
1685:"Up-regulation of COX-2 by inhibition of COX-1 in the rat: a key to NSAID-induced gastric injury"
1589:
1552:
1440:
1225:
1188:
1151:
963:
926:
711:
673:
227:(pain relieving) effects might be explained by inhibition of COX-2, it is not anti-inflammatory.
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3416:
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3197:
3152:
3066:
3042:
3032:
2480:
2138:
1335:"cDNA cloning and functional activity of a glucocorticoid-regulated inflammatory cyclooxygenase"
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723:
Chandrasekharan NV, Dai H, Roos KL, Evanson NK, Tomsik J, Elton TS, Simmons DL (October 2002).
358:
Chandrasekharan NV, Dai H, Roos KL, Evanson NK, Tomsik J, Elton TS, Simmons DL (October 2002).
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134:
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3333:
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4201:
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2116:
1292:"Cyclo-oxygenase-2: pharmacology, physiology, biochemistry and relevance to NSAID therapy"
288:
207:
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284:
259:
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106:, but is not functional in humans. COX-3 is the third and most recently discovered
2363:
1237:
Mitchell JA, Akarasereenont P, Thiemermann C, Flower RJ, Vane JR (December 1993).
522:
5201:
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1793:
Warner TD, Giuliano F, Vojnovic I, Bukasa A, Mitchell JA, Vane JR (June 1999).
458:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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2572:
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2293:
1386:
Patrono C (January 2001). "Aspirin: new cardiovascular uses for an old drug".
1021:
255:
243:
239:
186:
1263:
477:
430:
198:
The original COX-1/COX-2 model did not fully explain the immune responses of
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5149:
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4457:
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4427:
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1963:
1819:
1359:
951:
469:
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1901:
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1510:
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1407:
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1307:
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1074:
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621:
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1920:
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2041:
251:
1213:
1047:
Khan KN, Paulson SK, Verburg KM, Lefkowith JB, Maziasz TJ (April 2002).
4797:
4608:
4375:
3902:
3855:
3800:
3346:
2337:
1875:
Xie WL, Chipman JG, Robertson DL, Erikson RL, Simmons DL (April 1991).
1714:
Turini ME, DuBois RN (2002). "Cyclooxygenase-2: a therapeutic target".
1601:
Simmons DL, Botting RM, Robertson PM, Madsen ML, Vane JR (March 1999).
1577:
595:
Boutaud O, Aronoff DM, Richardson JH, Marnett LJ, Oates JA (May 2002).
267:
215:. In addition, the COX-1/COX-2 model did not explain the properties of
174:
111:
5188:
4958:
4558:
3759:
2179:
2174:
2133:
1540:
1139:
1082:
Kujubu DA, Fletcher BS, Varnum BC, Lim RW, Herschman HR (July 1991).
914:
212:
123:
89:
1415:
Prescott LF (March 2000). "Paracetamol: past, present, and future".
814:
10.1002/1529-0131(200101)44:1<180::AID-ANR24>3.0.CO;2-K
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2019:
2012:
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119:
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94:
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178:
162:
103:
4931:
2367:
1932:
1683:
Tanaka A, Araki H, Hase S, Komoike Y, Takeuchi K (April 2002).
858:
Fletcher BS, Kujubu DA, Perrin DM, Herschman HR (March 1992).
170:
18:
574:
Botting R (December 2000). "Paracetamol-inhibitable COX-2".
278:
induction of COX-2 expression and an associated increase in
1049:"Pharmacology of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition in the kidney"
129:
The other two cyclooxygenase isozymes are known to convert
4927:
411:
Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and
Essential Fatty Acids
5218:
316:
Botting R (June 2003). "COX-1 and COX-3 inhibitors".
509:
Berenbaum, Francis (2004). "COX-3: Fact or fancy?".
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1979:
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800:conventional nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug".
173:the resulting protein resembles the other two COX
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4684:
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3081:
190:prostaglandin-mediated physiological responses.
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4722:
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1944:
8:
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1333:O'Banion MK, Winn VD, Young DA (June 1992).
114:, while the first two to be discovered were
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1668:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.42.092401.143905
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69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1290:Mitchell JA, Warner TD (November 1999).
32:This article includes a list of general
5225:
303:
16:Enzyme involved in prostanoid synthesis
3777:
311:
309:
307:
7:
4400:Selective COX-2 inhibitors (coxibs):
2144:24-hydroxycholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
1728:10.1146/annurev.med.53.082901.103952
143:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
2509:Tooltip Prostaglandin D2 receptor 2
2452:Tooltip Prostaglandin D2 receptor 1
181:and humans it does not, owing to a
4371:AM-404 (N-arachidonoylaminophenol)
4189:Anthranilic acids (fenamic acids):
3841:Mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid)
2932:Tooltip Prostaglandin EP4 receptor
2817:Tooltip Prostaglandin EP3 receptor
2740:Tooltip Prostaglandin EP2 receptor
2633:Tooltip Prostaglandin EP1 receptor
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
4861:γ-Linolenic acid (gamolenic acid)
4207:Meclofenamic acid (meclofenamate)
2616:Tooltip Prostaglandin E2 receptor
2435:Tooltip Prostaglandin D2 receptor
5228:
4916:Leukotriene signaling modulators
4708:Tooltip Prostaglandin F synthase
4689:Tooltip Prostaglandin E synthase
4648:Tooltip Prostaglandin D synthase
3090:Tooltip Prostaglandin F receptor
1429:10.1097/00045391-200007020-00011
1066:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00263.x
662:10.1097/00045391-200201000-00009
23:
4227:Talinflumic acid (talinflumate)
4217:Morniflumic acid (morniflumate)
4197:Floctafenic acid (floctafenate)
4180:Tiaprofenic acid (tiaprofenate)
2124:Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase
2070:Flavin-containing monooxygenase
126:that is not retained in COX-1.
4750:Tooltip Thromboxane A synthase
3801:Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)
3015:16,16-Dimethyl Prostaglandin E
1698:10.1046/j.1365-2036.16.s2.22.x
219:(acetaminophen): although its
153:COX-3 is transcribed from the
1:
4909:Receptor/signaling modulators
4731:Tooltip Prostacyclin synthase
4232:Tolfenamic acid (tolfenamate)
4202:Flufenamic acid (flufenamate)
4192:Etofenamic acid (etofenamate)
3248:Prostacyclin (prostaglandin I
3187:Tooltip Prostacyclin receptor
1656:Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol
1400:10.1016/S0002-9343(00)00645-8
1177:10.1016/S0006-8993(99)01225-1
1101:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)98774-0
877:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)42840-2
843:10.1016/S0002-9149(02)02234-8
784:10.1016/S0149-2918(02)85126-8
558:10.1016/S0002-9343(01)00834-8
330:10.1016/S0049-3848(03)00411-0
3315:Tooltip Thromboxane receptor
1881:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1799:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1607:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1339:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1243:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
989:10.1016/0090-6980(89)90001-4
729:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
700:10.1016/0006-8993(96)00575-6
601:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
523:10.1016/j.jbspin.2004.02.003
364:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
254:, and strongly inhibited by
4381:Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
4212:Mefenamic acid (mefenamate)
3866:Salicylate (salicylic acid)
2353:Deoxyhypusine monooxygenase
1860:10.1056/NEJM199906173402407
423:10.1016/j.plefa.2003.07.003
5272:
5256:Integral membrane proteins
4060:Bucloxic acid (blucloxate)
3978:Indometacin (indomethacin)
161:) gene, but the resulting
5106:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
4900:
4222:Niflumic acid (niflumate)
3326:Carbocyclic thromboxane A
2348:Ecdysone 20-monooxygenase
2299:Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1
2271:Dopamine beta-hydroxylase
2239:Phenylalanine hydroxylase
1022:10.1136/bmj.312.7046.1563
141:, and are the targets of
4998:Diffusion-limited enzyme
4540:Menatetrenone (vitamin K
4363:Aminophenols (anilines):
1689:Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther
1264:10.1073/pnas.90.24.11693
4866:Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid
4263:Enolic acids (oxicams):
3806:Benorilate (benorylate)
1820:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7563
1499:J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther
1360:10.1073/pnas.89.11.4888
952:10.1067/mcp.2002.126501
470:10.1073/pnas.0404185101
131:dihomo-γ-linolenic acid
92:that is encoded by the
53:more precise citations.
4665:selenium tetrachloride
2333:Squalene monooxygenase
2249:Tryptophan hydroxylase
1998:HIF prolyl-hydroxylase
1902:10.1073/pnas.88.7.2692
1778:10.1038/newbio231232a0
1691:. 16 Suppl 2: 90–101.
1628:10.1073/pnas.96.6.3275
1471:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701076
1308:10.1038/sj.bjp.0702897
742:10.1073/pnas.162468699
622:10.1073/pnas.102588199
377:10.1073/pnas.162468699
5091:Eadie–Hofstee diagram
5024:Allosteric regulation
4334:Aminonicotinic acids:
2129:Methane monooxygenase
2102:Nitric oxide synthase
1745:J. Physiol. Pharmacol
940:Clin. Pharmacol. Ther
576:J. Physiol. Pharmacol
223:(fever reducing) and
5101:Lineweaver–Burk plot
3983:Indometacin farnesil
3836:Magnesium salicylate
3467:Pinane thromboxane A
3228:Iloprost (ciloprost)
2848:Iloprost (ciloprost)
2654:Iloprost (ciloprost)
2244:Tyrosine hydroxylase
1968:steroid hydroxylases
3811:Carbasalate calcium
2194:iron–sulfur protein
1893:1991PNAS...88.2692X
1811:1999PNAS...96.7563W
1619:1999PNAS...96.3275S
1533:2001Natur.410..471S
1351:1992PNAS...89.4888O
1255:1993PNAS...9011693M
1214:10.1038/nsb1196-927
1132:1996Natur.384..644K
907:1972Natur.240..410F
613:2002PNAS...99.7130B
464:(30): 11165–11169.
5060:Enzyme superfamily
4993:Enzyme promiscuity
4673:selenium disulfide
4305:4-Aminoquinolines:
1993:Prolyl hydroxylase
1766:Nature New Biology
1751:(4 Pt 1): 573–86.
1578:10.1007/BF01133779
582:(4 Pt 1): 609–18.
5216:
5215:
4925:
4924:
4841:
4840:
3876:Sodium salicylate
3846:Methyl salicylate
3769:
3754:
3753:
3075:
3074:
2601:
2600:
2418:
2361:
2360:
2027:Lysyl hydroxylase
1202:Nat. Struct. Biol
229:Daniel L. Simmons
79:
78:
71:
5263:
5233:
5232:
5224:
5096:Hanes–Woolf plot
5039:Enzyme activator
5034:Enzyme inhibitor
5008:Enzyme catalysis
4952:
4945:
4938:
4929:
4876:Arachidonic acid
4751:
4747:
4732:
4728:
4709:
4705:
4690:
4686:
4649:
4645:
4472:Others/unsorted:
4047:Propionic acids:
4028:Sulindac sulfide
3793:Salicylic acids:
3784:
3779:
3773:
3763:
3316:
3312:
3188:
3184:
3091:
3087:
2933:
2929:
2818:
2814:
2741:
2737:
2634:
2630:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2510:
2506:
2453:
2449:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2412:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2365:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1930:
1924:
1914:
1904:
1871:
1842:
1832:
1822:
1789:
1760:
1739:
1710:
1700:
1679:
1650:
1640:
1630:
1597:
1560:
1541:10.1038/35068566
1514:
1492:
1482:
1459:Br. J. Pharmacol
1448:
1411:
1382:
1372:
1362:
1329:
1319:
1296:Br. J. Pharmacol
1286:
1276:
1266:
1233:
1196:
1159:
1140:10.1038/384644a0
1113:
1103:
1094:(20): 12866–72.
1078:
1068:
1043:
1033:
1016:(7046): 1563–6.
1000:
971:
934:
915:10.1038/240410a0
889:
879:
854:
825:
795:
764:
754:
744:
735:(21): 13926–31.
719:
681:
644:
634:
624:
591:
569:
527:
526:
511:Joint Bone Spine
506:
500:
499:
489:
449:
443:
442:
406:
400:
399:
389:
379:
370:(21): 13926–31.
355:
342:
341:
313:
287:rather than the
280:prostaglandin E2
208:COX-2 inhibitors
169:differently. In
135:arachidonic acid
82:Cyclooxygenase-3
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
5271:
5270:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5227:
5219:
5217:
5212:
5124:Oxidoreductases
5110:
5086:Enzyme kinetics
5074:
5070:List of enzymes
5043:
5012:
4983:Catalytic triad
4961:
4956:
4926:
4921:
4896:
4892:
4889:Prostaglandin H
4884:
4881:Prostaglandin G
4837:
4749:
4739:
4737:Tranylcypromine
4730:
4726:
4716:
4707:
4697:
4688:
4678:
4669:sodium selenite
4647:
4643:
4633:
4579:Rosmarinic acid
4543:
4351:Sulfonanilides:
4254:Oxyphenbutazone
3780:
3762:
3750:
3529:
3470:
3342:
3329:
3314:
3310:
3300:
3260:
3257:Prostaglandin E
3252:, epoprostenol)
3251:
3186:
3182:
3172:
3147:
3144:Prostaglandin F
3139:
3136:Prostaglandin D
3089:
3085:
3071:
3056:
3053:Prostaglandin F
3018:
3000:
2965:
2962:Prostaglandin E
2956:
2953:Prostaglandin E
2931:
2928:
2918:
2899:Ricinoleic acid
2888:
2885:Prostaglandin E
2879:
2876:Prostaglandin E
2871:
2868:Prostaglandin D
2816:
2813:
2803:
2773:
2770:Prostaglandin E
2764:
2761:Prostaglandin E
2739:
2736:
2726:
2686:
2683:Prostaglandin E
2677:
2674:Prostaglandin E
2632:
2629:
2615:
2611:
2597:
2528:
2525:Prostaglandin D
2508:
2505:
2495:
2466:
2463:Prostaglandin D
2451:
2448:
2434:
2430:
2411:
2403:
2392:
2362:
2357:
2311:- miscellaneous
2303:
2275:
2253:
2216:
2184:
2148:
2139:14α-demethylase
2048:
1975:
1960:Oxidoreductases
1957:
1927:
1874:
1854:(24): 1888–99.
1848:N. Engl. J. Med
1845:
1792:
1763:
1742:
1713:
1682:
1653:
1600:
1563:
1527:(6827): 471–5.
1517:
1495:
1451:
1414:
1394:(1A): 62S–65S.
1385:
1345:(11): 4888–92.
1332:
1289:
1249:(24): 11693–7.
1236:
1199:
1162:
1126:(6610): 644–8.
1116:
1081:
1046:
1003:
974:
937:
901:(5381): 410–1.
892:
857:
837:(6A): 26D–32D.
828:
802:Arthritis Rheum
798:
768:
722:
684:
647:
594:
573:
543:
539:
537:Further reading
533:
531:
530:
508:
507:
503:
451:
450:
446:
408:
407:
403:
357:
356:
345:
324:(5–6): 269–72.
315:
314:
305:
300:
289:cerebral cortex
196:
151:
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5269:
5267:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5237:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5197:
5184:
5171:
5158:
5145:
5132:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5082:
5080:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5051:
5049:
5048:Classification
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4962:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4932:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4912:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4873:
4871:Diacylglycerol
4868:
4863:
4858:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4754:
4752:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4733:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4712:
4710:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4691:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4658:
4652:
4650:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4356:
4344:
4339:
4327:
4315:
4310:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4259:Phenylbutazone
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3789:
3787:
3770:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3319:
3317:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3233:Isocarbacyclin
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3191:
3189:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3094:
3092:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3008:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2966:(dinoprostone)
2963:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2936:
2934:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2889:(dinoprostone)
2886:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2853:Isocarbacyclin
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2821:
2819:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2774:(dinoprostone)
2771:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2744:
2742:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2687:(dinoprostone)
2684:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2637:
2635:
2627:
2618:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2513:
2511:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2454:
2446:
2437:
2428:
2419:
2405:
2404:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2368:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2323:Heme oxygenase
2320:
2318:Cyclooxygenase
2314:
2312:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2066:
2064:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1989:
1987:
1985:2-oxoglutarate
1977:
1976:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1933:
1926:
1925:
1872:
1843:
1805:(13): 7563–8.
1790:
1761:
1740:
1716:Annu. Rev. Med
1711:
1680:
1651:
1613:(6): 3275–80.
1598:
1572:(9): 791–813.
1561:
1515:
1493:
1449:
1412:
1383:
1330:
1302:(6): 1121–32.
1287:
1234:
1208:(11): 927–33.
1197:
1171:(1–2): 86–94.
1160:
1114:
1079:
1044:
1001:
977:Prostaglandins
972:
935:
890:
870:(7): 4338–44.
855:
831:Am. J. Cardiol
826:
796:
778:(4): 490–503.
766:
720:
682:
645:
607:(10): 7130–5.
592:
571:
540:
538:
535:
529:
528:
517:(6): 451–453.
501:
444:
417:(5): 339–343.
401:
343:
302:
301:
299:
296:
272:rodent studies
206:. Even though
195:
192:
150:
147:
139:prostaglandins
108:cyclooxygenase
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5268:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5222:
5208:
5204:
5203:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5182:
5178:
5177:
5172:
5169:
5165:
5164:
5159:
5156:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5143:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5130:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5065:Enzyme family
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5029:Cooperativity
5027:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4988:Oxyanion hole
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4953:
4948:
4946:
4941:
4939:
4934:
4933:
4930:
4918:
4917:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4899:
4893:
4887:
4885:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4856:Linoleic acid
4854:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4748:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4729:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4706:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4681:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4646:
4636:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4325:Fluproquazone
4323:
4322:Quinazolines:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4100:Flunoxaprofen
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4085:Dexketoprofen
4083:
4081:
4080:Dexindoprofen
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4018:Proglumetacin
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3948:Difenpiramide
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3885:Acetic acids:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3757:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3616:Fenprostalene
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3566:Delprostenate
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3339:Thromboxane A
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3313:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3261:(alprostadil)
3255:
3253:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3185:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3142:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3088:
3078:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2960:
2958:
2957:(alprostadil)
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2930:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2883:
2881:
2880:(alprostadil)
2874:
2872:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2815:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2768:
2766:
2765:(alprostadil)
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2738:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2681:
2679:
2678:(alprostadil)
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2631:
2622:
2619:
2614:
2604:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2507:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2450:
2441:
2438:
2433:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2377:
2375:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:BH4 dependent
2227:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1887:(7): 2692–6.
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1772:(25): 232–5.
1771:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1505:(2): 558–66.
1504:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1465:(1): 105–17.
1464:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:J. Biol. Chem
1085:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1059:(4): 1210–9.
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
946:(2): 175–83.
945:
941:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
891:
887:
883:
878:
873:
869:
865:
864:J. Biol. Chem
861:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
767:
762:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
734:
730:
726:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
694:(2): 263–72.
693:
689:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
646:
642:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
567:
563:
559:
555:
552:(4): 304–15.
551:
547:
542:
541:
536:
534:
524:
520:
516:
512:
505:
502:
497:
493:
488:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
448:
445:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
405:
402:
397:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
369:
365:
361:
354:
352:
350:
348:
344:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
312:
310:
308:
304:
297:
295:
292:
290:
286:
281:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
209:
205:
201:
193:
191:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
149:Transcription
148:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
83:
73:
70:
62:
59:February 2009
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
5202:Translocases
5199:
5186:
5173:
5160:
5147:
5137:Transferases
5134:
5121:
4978:Binding site
4914:
4907:
4852:
4471:
4399:
4396:Propacetamol
4386:Parapropamol
4362:
4350:
4333:
4321:
4313:Floctafenine
4304:
4262:
4239:Azapropazone
4236:Pyrazolones:
4235:
4188:
4170:Tarenflurbil
4105:Flurbiprofen
4075:Dexibuprofen
4055:Benoxaprofen
4050:Alminoprofen
4046:
3973:Glucametacin
3884:
3861:Salicylamide
3851:Salacetamide
3792:
3741:Trimoprostil
3736:Tiprostanide
3721:Spiriprostil
3656:Naxaprostene
3606:Esuberaprost
3561:Cobiprostone
3359:Antagonists:
3358:
3322:
3293:Antagonists:
3292:
3286:Treprostinil
3194:
3126:Fluprostenol
3116:Cloprostenol
3097:
3011:
2978:Antagonists:
2977:
2943:Lubiprostone
2939:
2911:Antagonists:
2910:
2824:
2786:Antagonists:
2785:
2779:Treprostinil
2747:
2699:Antagonists:
2698:
2664:Lubiprostone
2640:
2535:Antagonists:
2534:
2516:
2478:Antagonists:
2477:
2471:Treprostinil
2459:
2162:flavoprotein
1966:, including
1964:dioxygenases
1884:
1880:
1851:
1847:
1802:
1798:
1769:
1765:
1748:
1744:
1719:
1715:
1688:
1659:
1655:
1610:
1606:
1569:
1565:
1524:
1520:
1502:
1498:
1462:
1458:
1423:(2): 143–7.
1420:
1416:
1391:
1387:
1342:
1338:
1299:
1295:
1246:
1242:
1205:
1201:
1168:
1164:
1123:
1119:
1091:
1087:
1056:
1052:
1013:
1009:
983:(3): 311–5.
980:
976:
943:
939:
898:
894:
867:
863:
834:
830:
808:(1): 180–5.
805:
801:
775:
771:
732:
728:
691:
687:
656:(1): 43–51.
653:
649:
604:
600:
579:
575:
549:
545:
532:
514:
510:
504:
461:
457:
447:
414:
410:
404:
367:
363:
321:
317:
293:
285:hypothalamus
276:
260:indomethacin
237:
204:inflammation
197:
158:
154:
152:
128:
99:
93:
85:
81:
80:
65:
56:
37:
4973:Active site
4853:Precursors:
4793:Nicogrelate
4773:Furegrelate
4714:Bimatoprost
4624:Trifenagrel
4614:Tiflamizole
4584:Rutecarpine
4569:Resveratrol
4510:Glimepiride
4475:Anitrazafen
4453:Robenacoxib
4433:Lumiracoxib
4366:Acetanilide
4308:Antrafenine
4266:Ampiroxicam
4160:Pranoprofen
4145:Naproxcinod
4038:Zidometacin
3963:Fenclofenac
3888:Aceclofenac
3826:Ethenzamide
3821:Dipyrocetyl
3716:Rosaprostol
3696:Posaraprost
3681:Penprostene
3671:Ornoprostil
3651:Mexiprostil
3646:Meteneprost
3601:Eptaloprost
3576:Dimoxaprost
3541:Arbaprostil
3495:Seratrodast
3387:BMS-180,291
3218:Carbacyclin
3168:Unoprostone
3148:(dinoprost)
3131:Latanoprost
3106:Bimatoprost
3101:Alfaprostol
3057:(dinoprost)
2996:ONO-AE3-208
2948:Misoprostol
2904:Sulprostone
2894:Remiprostol
2863:Misoprostol
2858:Latanoprost
2833:Carbacyclin
2794:PF-04418948
2756:Misoprostol
2692:Sulprostone
2669:Misoprostol
2659:Latanoprost
2593:Vidupiprant
2583:Timapiprant
2578:Setipiprant
2553:Fevipiprant
2520:Indometacin
2491:Vidupiprant
2486:Laropiprant
1566:Biosci. Rep
318:Thromb. Res
248:aminopyrine
233:antipyretic
221:antipyretic
217:paracetamol
187:amino acids
183:frame-shift
51:introducing
5251:EC 1.14.99
5245:Categories
5176:Isomerases
5150:Hydrolases
5017:Regulation
4823:Samixogrel
4818:Rolafagrel
4803:Picotamide
4783:Midazogrel
4758:Camonagrel
4619:Timegadine
4564:Pamicogrel
4535:Licofelone
4515:Hyperforin
4480:Clobuzarit
4468:Valdecoxib
4463:Tilmacoxib
4448:Polmacoxib
4423:Etoricoxib
4391:Phenacetin
4359:Nimesulide
4337:Clonixeril
4330:Proquazone
4286:Lornoxicam
4185:Vedaprofen
4135:Miroprofen
4130:Loxoprofen
4125:Ketoprofen
4120:Indoprofen
4095:Fenoprofen
4008:Oxametacin
4003:Nabumetone
3943:Diclofenac
3938:Clometacin
3933:Cinmetacin
3928:Bumadizone
3908:Alclofenac
3893:Acemetacin
3831:Guacetisal
3816:Diflunisal
3766:inhibitors
3731:Tilsuprost
3711:Rivenprost
3706:Rioprostil
3701:Prostalene
3686:Pimilprost
3676:Oxoprostol
3666:Nocloprost
3641:Luprostiol
3631:Lanproston
3626:Froxiprost
3621:Flunoprost
3611:Etiproston
3596:Enisoprost
3591:Eganoprost
3551:Ciprostene
3520:Terutroban
3510:Sulotroban
3490:Samixogrel
3475:Ramatroban
3462:Picotamide
3447:Mipitroban
3442:Linotroban
3427:Imitrodast
3417:ICI-192605
3412:ICI-185282
3397:Domitroban
3377:Argatroban
3276:Taprostene
3198:ACT-333679
3163:Travoprost
3158:Tafluprost
3153:Sulotroban
3111:Carboprost
3067:Taprenepag
3048:Omidenepag
3043:Nocloprost
3033:Evatanepag
3028:Carboprost
2981:Grapiprant
2573:Ramatroban
2481:Asapiprant
2401:modulators
2395:Prostanoid
2294:Tyrosinase
2261:: reduced
2224:: reduced
2192:: reduced
2156:: reduced
1662:: 553–83.
1388:Am. J. Med
1053:Kidney Int
546:Am. J. Med
298:References
256:diclofenac
244:antipyrine
240:phenacetin
145:(NSAIDs).
110:(COX3050)
34:references
5055:EC number
4828:Terbogrel
4808:Pirmagrel
4768:Dazoxiben
4763:Dazmegrel
4656:Retinoids
4574:Romazarit
4520:Itazigrel
4505:FR-122047
4500:Flumizole
4458:Rofecoxib
4443:Parecoxib
4438:Mavacoxib
4428:Firocoxib
4418:Deracoxib
4413:Cimicoxib
4408:Celecoxib
4403:Apricoxib
4354:Flosulide
4318:Glafenine
4301:Tenoxicam
4296:Piroxicam
4291:Meloxicam
4175:Tepoxalin
4155:Pirprofen
4150:Oxaprozin
4115:Ibuproxam
4110:Ibuprofen
4070:Carprofen
4065:Butibufen
4043:Zomepirac
4013:Oxindanac
3998:Mofezolac
3993:Lonazolac
3988:Ketorolac
3968:Fentiazac
3923:Bufexamac
3918:Bromfenac
3898:Aclofenac
3881:Triflusal
3871:Salsalate
3796:Aloxiprin
3746:Viprostol
3691:Piriprost
3661:Nileprost
3636:Limaprost
3586:Ecraprost
3581:Doxaprost
3571:Deprostil
3556:Clinprost
3515:Terbogrel
3505:SQ-29,548
3500:SQ-28,668
3457:ONO-11120
3422:Ifetroban
3392:Daltroban
3382:Bay U3405
3352:Vapiprost
3323:Agonists:
3296:RO1138452
3271:Selexipag
3266:Ralinepag
3223:Cicaprost
3213:BMY-45778
3208:Beraprost
3195:Agonists:
3121:Enprostil
3098:Agonists:
3062:Simenepag
3038:Gemeprost
3012:Agonists:
2986:GW-627368
2940:Agonists:
2843:Enprostil
2838:Cicaprost
2828:Beraprost
2825:Agonists:
2751:Butaprost
2748:Agonists:
2649:Enprostil
2644:Beraprost
2641:Agonists:
2548:Bay U3405
2517:Agonists:
2460:Agonists:
2398:signaling
2263:ascorbate
2226:pteridine
1722:: 35–57.
1417:Am J Ther
1165:Brain Res
772:Clin Ther
688:Brain Res
650:Am J Ther
478:0027-8424
431:0952-3278
264:ibuprofen
225:analgesic
194:Discovery
177:, but in
5079:Kinetics
5003:Cofactor
4966:Activity
4904:See also
4813:Ridogrel
4788:Nafagrel
4778:Isbogrel
4661:Selenium
4629:Tropesin
4604:SC-58125
4589:Satigrel
4554:NCX-4040
4530:L-670596
4525:L-655240
4485:Curcumin
4347:Flunixin
4342:Clonixin
4281:Isoxicam
4276:Enolicam
4271:Droxicam
4249:Isopyrin
4244:Dipyrone
4165:Suprofen
4140:Naproxen
4090:Fenbufen
4033:Tolmetin
4023:Sulindac
3958:Felbinac
3953:Etodolac
3913:Bendazac
3726:Tiaprost
3546:Ataprost
3534:Unsorted
3480:Ridogrel
3452:ONO-3708
3437:L-670596
3432:L-655240
3407:GR-32191
3023:Aganepag
3005:Unsorted
2991:L-161982
2971:TCS-2510
2914:L-798106
2799:TG 4-155
2722:SC-51322
2717:SC-51089
2712:SC-19220
2707:ONO-8130
2543:AZD-1981
2538:ADC-3680
2409:Receptor
1868:10369853
1839:10377455
1757:11192932
1736:11818462
1707:11966529
1676:11807183
1647:10077674
1594:86802611
1549:11260714
1511:11160644
1437:11319582
1408:11166001
1326:10578123
1230:24829484
1193:38071906
1185:10216176
1075:11918727
968:32072662
960:12189364
851:11909558
822:11212158
792:12017395
761:12242329
678:10726593
670:11782819
641:12011469
588:11192935
566:11566461
496:15263079
439:14580368
396:12242329
338:14592546
252:dipyrone
88:) is an
5235:Biology
5189:Ligases
4959:Enzymes
4833:U63557A
4798:Ozagrel
4609:Tenidap
4549:NCX-466
4495:FK-3311
4490:DuP-697
4376:Bucetin
3903:Amfenac
3856:Salicin
3525:TRA-418
3372:AA-2414
3362:12-HETE
3347:U-46619
3281:TRA-418
3238:MRE-269
2789:AH-6809
2702:AH-6809
2588:TM30089
2568:QAV-680
2563:MK-7246
2558:MK-1029
2415:ligands
2309:1.14.99
2287:: other
2281:1.14.18
2259:1.14.17
2222:1.14.16
2190:1.14.15
2154:1.14.14
2054:1.14.13
1981:1.14.11
1921:1849272
1889:Bibcode
1807:Bibcode
1786:5284360
1615:Bibcode
1586:6315101
1557:4428033
1529:Bibcode
1489:9146894
1480:1564640
1445:7754908
1379:1594589
1347:Bibcode
1317:1571744
1283:8265610
1251:Bibcode
1222:8901870
1156:4326310
1148:8967954
1128:Bibcode
1110:1712772
1040:8664664
1031:2351326
997:2664901
931:4174100
923:4564318
903:Bibcode
886:1339449
765:–13931.
716:7960474
708:8891309
609:Bibcode
268:aspirin
213:kidneys
175:enzymes
167:spliced
112:isozyme
47:improve
5221:Portal
5163:Lyases
4846:Others
4695:HQL-79
4599:SC-560
4594:SC-236
4559:NS-398
3760:Enzyme
3402:EP-045
3367:13-APA
3307:TP (TX
3243:NS-304
3203:AFP-07
2158:flavin
2037:ALKBH1
1919:
1909:
1866:
1837:
1827:
1784:
1755:
1734:
1705:
1674:
1645:
1635:
1592:
1584:
1555:
1547:
1521:Nature
1509:
1487:
1477:
1443:
1435:
1406:
1377:
1367:
1324:
1314:
1281:
1271:
1228:
1220:
1191:
1183:
1154:
1146:
1120:Nature
1108:
1073:
1038:
1028:
995:
966:
958:
929:
921:
895:Nature
884:
849:
820:
790:
759:
752:129799
749:
714:
706:
676:
668:
639:
632:124540
629:
586:
564:
494:
487:503757
484:
476:
437:
429:
394:
387:129799
384:
336:
124:intron
90:enzyme
36:, but
5115:Types
3485:S-145
3334:I-BOP
3179:IP (I
3082:FP (F
2608:EP (E
2427:DP (D
2327:HMOX1
2062:NADPH
2020:P4HTM
2013:EGLN3
2008:EGLN2
2003:EGLN1
1974:1.14)
1912:51304
1830:22126
1638:15932
1590:S2CID
1553:S2CID
1441:S2CID
1370:49193
1274:48050
1226:S2CID
1189:S2CID
1152:S2CID
964:S2CID
927:S2CID
712:S2CID
674:S2CID
200:fever
155:PTGS1
137:into
120:COX-2
116:COX-1
95:PTGS1
86:COX-3
5207:list
5200:EC7
5194:list
5187:EC6
5181:list
5174:EC5
5168:list
5161:EC4
5155:list
5148:EC3
5142:list
5135:EC2
5129:list
5122:EC1
4746:TXAS
4704:PGFS
4685:PGES
3783:PTGS
2343:21A2
2338:17A1
2212:11A1
2207:11B2
2202:11B1
2170:19A1
2117:NOS3
2112:NOS2
2107:NOS1
2095:FMO5
2090:FMO4
2085:FMO3
2080:FMO2
2075:FMO1
2058:NADH
2032:AlkB
1917:PMID
1864:PMID
1835:PMID
1782:PMID
1753:PMID
1732:PMID
1703:PMID
1672:PMID
1643:PMID
1582:PMID
1545:PMID
1507:PMID
1485:PMID
1433:PMID
1404:PMID
1375:PMID
1322:PMID
1279:PMID
1218:PMID
1181:PMID
1144:PMID
1106:PMID
1071:PMID
1036:PMID
993:PMID
956:PMID
919:PMID
882:PMID
847:PMID
818:PMID
788:PMID
757:PMID
704:PMID
666:PMID
637:PMID
584:PMID
562:PMID
492:PMID
474:ISSN
435:PMID
427:ISSN
392:PMID
334:PMID
266:and
202:and
179:mice
171:dogs
163:mRNA
159:COX1
133:and
118:and
104:gene
100:COX1
4723:PGI
4640:PGD
3778:COX
2180:2E1
2175:2D6
2160:or
2134:3A4
2060:or
2042:FTO
1907:PMC
1897:doi
1856:doi
1852:340
1825:PMC
1815:doi
1774:doi
1770:231
1724:doi
1693:doi
1664:doi
1633:PMC
1623:doi
1574:doi
1537:doi
1525:410
1503:296
1475:PMC
1467:doi
1463:121
1425:doi
1396:doi
1392:110
1365:PMC
1355:doi
1312:PMC
1304:doi
1300:128
1269:PMC
1259:doi
1210:doi
1173:doi
1169:825
1136:doi
1124:384
1096:doi
1092:266
1061:doi
1026:PMC
1018:doi
1014:312
1010:BMJ
985:doi
948:doi
911:doi
899:240
872:doi
868:267
839:doi
810:doi
780:doi
747:PMC
737:doi
696:doi
692:733
658:doi
627:PMC
617:doi
554:doi
550:111
519:doi
482:PMC
466:doi
462:101
419:doi
382:PMC
372:doi
326:doi
322:110
270:in
165:is
5247::
4671:,
4667:,
4470:;
4398:;
4361:;
4349:;
4332:;
4320:;
4303:;
4261:;
4234:;
4187:;
4045:;
3883:;
3309:A2
3146:2α
3084:2α
3055:2α
2925:EP
2810:EP
2733:EP
2626:EP
2502:DP
2445:DP
2285:19
2056::
1983::
1972:EC
1962::
1915:.
1905:.
1895:.
1885:88
1883:.
1879:.
1862:.
1850:.
1833:.
1823:.
1813:.
1803:96
1801:.
1797:.
1780:.
1768:.
1749:51
1747:.
1730:.
1720:53
1718:.
1701:.
1687:.
1670:.
1660:42
1658:.
1641:.
1631:.
1621:.
1611:96
1609:.
1605:.
1588:.
1580:.
1568:.
1551:.
1543:.
1535:.
1523:.
1501:.
1483:.
1473:.
1461:.
1457:.
1439:.
1431:.
1419:.
1402:.
1390:.
1373:.
1363:.
1353:.
1343:89
1341:.
1337:.
1320:.
1310:.
1298:.
1294:.
1277:.
1267:.
1257:.
1247:90
1245:.
1241:.
1224:.
1216:.
1204:.
1187:.
1179:.
1167:.
1150:.
1142:.
1134:.
1122:.
1104:.
1090:.
1086:.
1069:.
1057:61
1055:.
1051:.
1034:.
1024:.
1012:.
1008:.
991:.
981:37
979:.
962:.
954:.
944:72
942:.
925:.
917:.
909:.
897:.
880:.
866:.
862:.
845:.
835:89
833:.
816:.
806:44
804:.
786:.
776:24
774:.
755:.
745:.
733:99
731:.
727:.
710:.
702:.
690:.
672:.
664:.
652:.
635:.
625:.
615:.
605:99
603:.
599:.
580:51
578:.
560:.
548:.
515:71
513:.
490:.
480:.
472:.
460:.
456:.
433:.
425:.
415:69
413:.
390:.
380:.
368:99
366:.
362:.
346:^
332:.
320:.
306:^
262:,
258:,
250:,
246:,
242:,
235:.
102:)
5223::
5209:)
5205:(
5196:)
5192:(
5183:)
5179:(
5170:)
5166:(
5157:)
5153:(
5144:)
5140:(
5131:)
5127:(
4951:e
4944:t
4937:v
4891:2
4883:2
4727:S
4725:2
4675:)
4663:(
4644:S
4642:2
4544:)
4542:2
3785:)
3781:(
3768:)
3764:(
3469:2
3341:2
3328:2
3311:)
3259:1
3250:2
3183:)
3181:2
3138:2
3086:)
3017:2
2964:2
2955:1
2927:4
2887:2
2878:1
2870:2
2812:3
2772:2
2763:1
2735:2
2685:2
2676:1
2628:1
2612:)
2610:2
2527:2
2504:2
2465:2
2447:1
2431:)
2429:2
2417:)
2413:(
2387:e
2380:t
2373:v
2329:)
2325:(
2283:-
2232:)
2228:(
1970:(
1952:e
1945:t
1938:v
1923:.
1899::
1891::
1870:.
1858::
1841:.
1817::
1809::
1788:.
1776::
1759:.
1738:.
1726::
1709:.
1695::
1678:.
1666::
1649:.
1625::
1617::
1596:.
1576::
1570:3
1559:.
1539::
1531::
1513:.
1491:.
1469::
1447:.
1427::
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