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640:. The storm extensively damaged about 400 houses in the city of Quelimane, which was left with severely impaired electric facilities. Subsequently, international entities distributed emergency food supplies to storm victims. Substantial rainfall caused damaging floods throughout inland portions of country, reportedly killing as many as 17 people. Floodwaters destroyed 2,500 ha (6,200 acres) of crops and demolished many buildings, including about 12 schools. The
659:, which recorded 135 mm (5.3 in) of precipitation between 15 and 16 January. Unsettled weather extended into Zambia, which endured relatively strong winds and noteworthy precipitation that contributed to above-normal seasonal rainfall totals in many areas; by comparison, rainfall remained average or even trended slightly below-average across northern and eastern sections of the nation. Daily rainfall totals in Zambia peaked at 134 mm (5.3 in) at
506:. Once over water, favorable conditions prompted quick reintensification of the cyclone, as it proceeded west-southwestward toward mainland Africa. At 12:00 UTC on 13 January, Bonita reattained severe tropical storm status, marking its secondary peak intensity with 10-minute winds of 95 km/h (59 mph). With an expansive circulation and a good structure, the cyclone made its second and final landfall over the
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592:. where both infrastructure and crops took a heavy beating. In its seasonal tropical cyclone report, Météo-France confirmed that 25 people in the country were either killed, or unaccounted for and presumed dead. Overall, the storm impacted as many as 150,000 individuals, of whom 5,000 were left homeless. However, coverage of the disaster was scarce.
604:(DHA). At the end of February, the Government of Madagascar requested international aid; by 6 March, France and Germany had donated a combined $ 100,000 in assistance funds, as well as emergency supplies worth nearly $ 80,000. Overall, the DHA handled roughly $ 450,000 in foreign donations, mostly from Europe.
265:
of
Mozambique. Throughout northern parts of the country, Bonita triggered extensive flooding that damaged or destroyed hundreds of buildings and reportedly killed 17 individuals. Swollen rivers submerged roads and bridges, isolating some locations. A meteorological rarity, Bonita continued inland for
241:
to the north before striking northeastern
Madagascar late on 10 January. There, the storm affected up to 150,000 people, flooded wide tracts of croplands, and killed 25 people. In the aftermath, disaster relief came from both the government of Madagascar and the international community, as well as
533:
Although the cyclone's "best track" listings by both Météo-France and the JTWC end at 0600 UTC on 15 January, its residual tropical low remained distinct and active as it continued generally westward across the southern
African continent. Where nearly all landfalling tropical cyclones in the area
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Immediately following the cyclone's onslaught, concerns arose amongst relief agencies and NGOs that the storm was either too early in the season or not damaging enough to dedicate a significant portion of disaster funds. Consequently, disagreements between prospective donors about the extent of
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on 19 January. By the next day, the system had succumbed to cold waters and days of land interaction, dissipating completely. According to a paper published by the Zambia
Meteorological Department, Bonita was the first tropical cyclone known to have traversed southern Africa from the South-West
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Following the storm, a government-endorsed disaster relief program was initiated to mitigate the developing humanitarian crisis in the three hardest-hit communes. The program was to distribute emergency food rations to 40,000 affected individuals, with special supplies intended to reach 1,500
410:(JTWC) promptly began monitoring it. A hostile upper-air pattern prevented further organization over the following several days as the disturbance drifted generally toward the southwest. On 3 January, the low pressure center showed initial signs of strengthening, prompting
480:
According to Météo-France, Bonita began to weaken slightly in the early hours of 9 January, the eye becoming asymmetric and poorly defined. The ridge to the south prevented the storm from progressing to the south, and after passing about 270 km (170 mi) north of
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on the night of 10 January local time, or about 21:30 UTC. At the time of landfall, a clear eye was visible on satellite imagery. It crossed the island nation over the course of about a day, weakening significantly to a moderate tropical storm as it reemerged into the
473:). This made the storm as an intense tropical cyclone, the second-highest category on the regional scale. The JTWC stated that Bonita (06S) peaked at 12:00 UTC the next day, with 1-minute peak winds of 250 km/h (160 mph) (a Category 4 tropical cyclone on the
1203:
225:, causing severe damage. The long-lived storm began developing in the last hours of 1995, and slowly consolidated over the open waters of the South-West Indian Ocean. Tracking generally toward the west-southwest, the disturbance received its name from
441:. The cyclone's inner structure steadily improved in organization, adhering well to the model of a well-developed tropical system. Transcending the severe tropical cyclone stage, Bonita achieved tropical cyclone status at 1200
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278:. A paper published by the Zambia Meteorological Department asserted that Bonita was the first storm confirmed to have tracked across the African continent from the South-West Indian Ocean to the
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The remnants of Bonita dropped significant precipitation, described as the heaviest in 80 years, over drought-stricken eastern
Zimbabwe. A long-standing two-day rainfall total was broken at
648:. Local officials were unable to reach the hardest-hit places, prompting fears of heavier destruction than what had been reported. Significant flooding was also reported in the
426:, and consequently, the system further matured; it was upgraded to a depression early on 5 January, and to a moderate tropical storm 12 hours later. At that time, it was named
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recorded 170 mm (6.7 in) of rain in 24 hours, accompanied by sustained winds of 150 km/h (93 mph). Stronger winds were observed on the offshore island of
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emergency response resulted in delayed intervention. Post-storm assessments of the response to Bonita highlighted the need for increased coordination between agencies.
710:(1994) – impacted Madagascar with greater destruction than Bonita, about two years earlier; used as a benchmark by disaster relief parties in its aftermath of Bonita.
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malnourished children. A malnutrition rehabilitation center was established in
Mahavelona as part of the program, which cost approximately $ 1.2 million (1996
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recurve toward the south or dissipate quickly on moving ashore, a rare synoptic pattern allowed the remnants of Bonita to persist, moving over northern
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Continuing to intensify, the storm accelerated toward the west-southwest, heading nearly due west for a short time as it encountered a subtropical
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about 50 km (31 mi) across. The cyclone quickly strengthened over the course of the same day, with a consolidating eye and a formidable
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on 16 January. For the next two days, the weakening storm remained prominent on satellite imagery, ultimately moving off the coast of
522:, on the night of 13 January local time. Bonita meandered inland, weakening only gradually and nearly tracking back over open water.
728:(2023) – another tropical cyclone which also affected Madagascar and Mozambique, and made landfall near Quelimane 27 years later.
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as a significantly diminished storm, though it quickly regained some of its previous intensity. Three days after its initial
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Cyclone Bonita originated from a weak area of disturbed weather observed about 600 km (370 mi) to the east of
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several days, persisting as a distinct tropical low; the system traversed southern Africa and ultimately entered the
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Madagascar. It remained a strong tropical cyclone as it approached the eastern coast of Madagascar, making
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Newman, Steve (27 January 1996). "Earthweek: Diary of the planet For the week ending 26 January 1996".
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by Météo-France Réunion (MFR). The JTWC upgraded 06S (its internal designation for Bonita) to a
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swelled beyond its banks, sweeping away nearby houses and rendering roadways impassable in the
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Bureau for
Humanitarian Response/Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (August 1996).
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Bonita also proved destructive in northern
Mozambique, notably in the provinces of
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Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
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of 185 km/h (115 mph) and a central barometric air pressure of 920
461:, Bonita reached its peak intensity—as assessed by MĂ©tĂ©o-France—with
1026:"Measures taken following the cyclones and floods that have affected Madagascar"
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Mudenda, O. S.; Mumba, Z. L. S. "The
Unusual Tropical Storm of January 1996".
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The remnants of Bonita at midday on 19 January 1996, off the coast of Angola
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722:(2020) - traversed Southern Africa after striking Madagascar and Mozambique
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used by the agency. The surrounding environment became more favorable for
716:(1994) – struck the northern coast of Mozambique two years before Bonita.
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612:, authorized the allocation of $ 25,000 to distribute tarps, while the
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assisted in the distribution of about $ 450,000 in monetary donations.
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to declare it a tropical disturbance, the lowest of seven distinct
971:
United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs (6 March 1996).
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1062:. United States Agency for International Development. p. 4
947:"Four dead, thousands homeless after cyclone hits Madagascar".
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watershed; bridges over two of its tributaries were submerged.
270:. In the process, it dropped unseasonably heavy rainfall over
799:. Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command. Archived from
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Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
313:
Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
386:, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression
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Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
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Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
746:"1995–1996 Cyclone Season in the South-West Indian Ocean"
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Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
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Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
33:
Satellite image of Cyclone Bonita approaching Madagascar
1057:"Madagascar: Disaster Preparedness Assessment Mission"
489:, apparently steered by a building mid-to-upper-level
1024:
United Nations Secretary-General (3 November 1997).
457:. Tracking about 225 km (140 mi) north of
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Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
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614:United States Agency for International Development
973:"Madagascar Cyclone Bonita Situation Report No.1"
602:United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs
248:United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs
449:, the system exhibited a broad and ill-defined
1389:1995–96 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season
1214:1995–96 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season
206:1995–96 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season
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8:
1031:. United Nations General Assembly. p. 2
992:
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485:, Bonita shifted due west and later roughly
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1081:"International news: Maputo, Mozambique".
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1394:South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclones
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1138:"International news: Harare, Zimbabwe".
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600:) in total, and funded partially by the
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576:) of rice crops in one area alone near
229:on 5 January. Ultimately peaking as an
16:South-West Indian tropical cyclone 1996
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606:United States Ambassador to Madagascar
121:Category 4-equivalent tropical cyclone
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748:(in English and French). Météo-France
616:sent $ 17,000 for medical treatment.
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1142:. Associated Press. 17 January 1996.
1085:. Associated Press. 18 January 1996.
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547:Indian Ocean to the South Atlantic.
445:on 8 January. Passing just south of
261:, the cyclone moved ashore over the
1160:Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC)
1001:. Dartmouth College. Archived from
744:Le Goff, Guy; et al. (1996).
14:
1177:World Meteorological Organization
1144: – via LexisNexis
1125: – via LexisNexis
1119:"Mark falls on German rate cut".
1106: – via LexisNexis
1087: – via LexisNexis
953: – via LexisNexis
797:"06S (Cyclone Bonita) Best Track"
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997:Brakenridge, G. R.; et al.
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434:equivalent early the next day.
215:Intense Tropical Cyclone Bonita
22:Intense Tropical Cyclone Bonita
1172:Météo France (RSMC La Réunion)
1140:Associated Press International
1083:Associated Press International
795:Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
475:Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale
244:non-governmental organizations
1:
422:, with increased upper-level
999:"Global Flood Reports, 1996"
408:Joint Typhoon Warning Center
217:in January 1996 struck both
146:250 km/h (155 mph)
94:185 km/h (115 mph)
1425:
874:Le Goff, et al., pp. 25–26
1399:Intense Tropical Cyclones
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1220:
1212:Tropical cyclones of the
838:(in French). Météo-France
703:Tropical cyclones in 1996
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681:Tropical cyclones portal
253:Bonita emerged into the
231:intense tropical cyclone
73:Intense tropical cyclone
1146:(subscription required)
1127:(subscription required)
1108:(subscription required)
1089:(subscription required)
955:(subscription required)
560:A recording station at
463:maximum sustained winds
280:Southern Atlantic Ocean
1409:Cyclones in Mozambique
1404:Cyclones in Madagascar
937:Le Goff, et al., p. 27
897:Le Goff, et al., p. 28
888:Le Goff, et al., p. 26
865:Le Goff, et al., p. 25
778:Le Goff, et al., p. 24
720:Tropical Storm Chalane
530:
455:central dense overcast
439:ridge of high pressure
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286:Meteorological history
40:Meteorological history
1165:9 August 2015 at the
528:
420:tropical cyclogenesis
384:Extratropical cyclone
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1121:Agence France Presse
949:Agence France Presse
586:Fenoarivo Atsinanana
551:Impact and aftermath
544:South Atlantic Ocean
416:intensity categories
305:Saffir–Simpson scale
268:South Atlantic Ocean
99:Lowest pressure
1005:on 15 December 2013
836:"Donnees De Bonita"
610:Vicki J. Huddleston
374:Subtropical cyclone
80:10-minute sustained
23:
1123:. 31 January 1996.
951:. 22 January 1996.
803:on 10 October 2012
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504:Mozambique Channel
400:Chagos Archipelago
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255:Mozambique Channel
233:, Bonita bypassed
143:Highest winds
128:1-minute sustained
91:Highest winds
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805:. Retrieved
801:the original
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654:
650:Pungwe River
638:Cabo Delgado
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203:Part of the
127:
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975:. ReliefWeb
807:30 November
752:30 November
491:anticyclone
447:St. Brandon
55:Remnant low
1383:Categories
1066:2 December
1035:2 December
1009:2 December
979:2 December
733:References
642:Buzi River
582:Mahavelona
556:Madagascar
514:, between
512:Mozambique
499:Mahavelona
424:divergence
406:, and the
354:Storm type
223:Mozambique
219:Madagascar
172:Mozambique
168:Madagascar
156:Fatalities
64:Dissipated
59:15 January
1314:Guylianna
1278:Doloresse
912:CiteSeerX
842:4 October
562:Toamasina
516:Quelimane
469:(27
459:Mauritius
398:, in the
235:Mauritius
1368:Category
1326:Hansella
1230:Agnielle
1163:Archived
762:Specific
667:See also
630:Zambezia
536:Zimbabwe
495:landfall
348:Unknown
272:Zimbabwe
259:landfall
176:Zimbabwe
738:General
634:Nampula
590:Mahambo
572:(4,400
483:RĂ©union
298:Map key
239:RĂ©union
191:IBTrACS
1338:Itelle
1302:Flossy
1290:Edwige
1266:Coryna
1254:Bonita
914:
657:Rusape
636:, and
624:Africa
588:, and
540:Angola
428:Bonita
346:
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311:
276:Zambia
184:Angola
180:Zambia
46:Formed
1350:Jenna
1060:(PDF)
1029:(PDF)
661:Choma
574:acres
497:near
132:SSHWS
1068:2013
1037:2013
1011:2013
981:2013
844:2011
809:2013
754:2013
518:and
471:inHg
274:and
237:and
221:and
136:JTWC
113:inHg
109:mbar
103:920
1345:MTS
1333:ITC
1309:MTS
1273:STS
1261:STS
1249:ITC
1225:ITC
598:USD
510:of
477:).
467:hPa
451:eye
443:UTC
159:~42
105:hPa
84:MFR
1385::
1321:TC
1297:TC
1285:TC
1242:B2
1237:TD
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
