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249:—installed in arcades and taverns, but within a few years, private owners of phonographs were increasingly buying them for home use. Unlike later, shorter-playing high-speed cylinders, early cylinder recordings were usually cut at a speed of about 120 rpm and can play for as long as three minutes. They were made of a relatively soft wax formulation and would wear out after they were played a few dozen times. The buyer could then use a mechanism which left their surfaces shaved smooth so new recordings could be made on them.
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brand. They were made from a harder (and more fragile) form of wax to withstand the smaller stylus used to play them. The longer playing time was achieved by reducing the groove size and placing them half as far apart. In 1912, the Edison company eventually acquired
Lambert's patents to the celluloid
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stylus. Beginning in 1915, new Edison cylinder issues consisted of re-recordings from Edison discs; they therefore had lower audio quality than the disc originals. Although his cylinders continued to be sold in steadily dwindling and eventually minuscule quantities, Edison continued to support the
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of France was producing celluloid cylinders as early as 1893, but they were individually recorded rather than molded.) That same year, the
Lambert Company of Chicago began selling cylinder records made of the material. They would not break if dropped and could be played thousands of times without
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Over the years, the type of wax used in cylinders was improved and hardened, so that cylinders could be played with good quality over 100 times. In 1902, Edison
Records launched a line of improved, hard wax cylinders marketed as "Edison Gold Moulded Records". The major development of this line of
735:
Because of the nature of the recording medium, playback of many cylinders can cause degradation of the recording. The replay of cylinders diminishes their fidelity and degrades their recorded signals. Additionally, when exposed to humidity, mold can penetrate a cylinder's surface and cause the
957:
Cylinder on
Dictaphone dictation machine (c. 1922). The recording head moved left to right. The black lines are shiny gaps between tracks. Each cylinder could record 1,200 to 1,500 words. They could be reused 100 to 120 times by putting them in a machine that erased them by shaving off the
763:
format. The resulting sound clip in most cases sounds better than stylus playback from the original cylinder. Having an electronic version of the original recordings enables archivists to open access to the recordings to a wider audience. This technique also has the potential to allow for
132:
wrapped around a hand-cranked, grooved metal cylinder. Tin foil was not a practical recording medium for either commercial or artistic purposes, and the crude hand-cranked phonograph was only marketed as a novelty, to little or no profit. Edison moved on to developing a practical
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176:. After this system was demonstrated to Edison's representatives, Edison quickly resumed work on the phonograph. He settled on a thicker all-wax cylinder, the surface of which could be repeatedly shaved down for reuse. Both the Graphophone and Edison's "
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1305:"History of the Cylinder Phonograph | History of Edison Sound Recordings | Articles and Essays | Inventing Entertainment: The Early Motion Pictures and Sound Recordings of the Edison Companies | Digital Collections | Library of Congress"
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Originally, all cylinders sold needed to be recorded live on the softer brown wax, which wore out after as few as 20 plays. Later cylinders were reproduced either mechanically or by linking phonographs together with rubber tubes.
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Beginning in 1889, prerecorded wax cylinders were marketed. These have professionally made recordings of songs, instrumental music or humorous monologues in their grooves. At first, the only customers for them were proprietors of
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Cylinder machines of the late 1880s and the 1890s were usually sold with recording attachments. The ability to record as well as play back sound was an advantage of cylinder phonographs over the competition from cheaper
473:. Unlike wax, the hard, inflexible material could not be shaved and recorded over, but it had the advantage of being nearly permanent. A 1905 Edison Phonograph may be seen and heard playing a celluloid cylinder at the
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586:. The other songs recorded were "James K. Polk", "Maybe I Know", and "The Edison Museum", the last a song about the site of the recording. These recordings were officially released online as MP3 files in 2001.
180:" were commercialized in 1888. Eventually, a patent-sharing agreement was signed, and the wax-coated cardboard tubes were abandoned in favor of Edison's all-wax cylinders as an interchangeable standard format.
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Small numbers of cylinders have been manufactured in the 21st century out of modern long-lasting materials. Two companies engaged in such enterprise are the Vulcan
Cylinder Record Company of
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511:. Edison marketed its "Fireside" model phonograph with a gearshift and a 'model K' reproducer with two different styli, which allowed it to play both two-minute and four-minute cylinders.
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recording. However, cylinders for older style dictating machines continued to be available for some years, and it was not unusual to encounter cylinder dictating machines into the 1950s.
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to be made from a master cylinder, which then permitted the production of several hundred cylinders to be made from the mold. The process was labeled "Gold
Moulded" because of the
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on a wax cylinder in a limited edition of 40, of which only 30 were put on sale. The box set came with instructions on how to make a cylinder player for less than £20. The
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cylinders were sold in unlined boxes. These protective boxes were normally kept and used to house the cylinders after purchase. Their general appearance allowed bandleader
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player, designed by Henri
Chamoux and the "Endpoint Cylinder and Dictabelt Machine" by Nicholas Bergh. The Archéophone is used by the Edison National Historic Site,
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company in Europe had separately licensed the technology and were able to market Edison's titles in both wax (popular series) and celluloid (indestructible series).
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owners of cylinder phonographs by making new titles available in that format until the company ceased manufacturing all records and phonographs in
November 1929.
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Edison designed several phonograph types, both with internal and external horns for playing these improved cylinder records. The internal horn models were called
268:
In the earliest stages of phonograph manufacturing, various incompatible, competing types of cylinder recordings were made. A standard system was decided upon by
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wearing out. The color was changed to black in 1903, but brown and blue cylinders were also produced. The coloring was purportedly because the dyes reduced
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1923:
566:, who in 1996 recorded "I Can Hear You" and three other songs, performed without electricity, on an 1898 Edison wax recording studio phonograph at the
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phonographs, which began to be mass-marketed at the end of the 1890s, as the disc system machines could be used only to play back prerecorded sound.
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Cylinder records continued to compete with the growing disc record market into the 1910s, when discs won the commercial battle. In 1912,
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recording to have surface noise. Currently, the only professional machines manufactured for the playback of cylinder recordings are the
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On March 20, 1900, Thomas B. Lambert was granted a US patent (645,920) that described a process for mass-producing cylinders made from
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objects have an audio recording engraved on the outside surface which can be reproduced when they are played on a mechanical cylinder
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2003:
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In late 1908, Edison had introduced wax cylinders that played for nominally four minutes (instead of the usual two) under the
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technology, which cut a mechanical groove into a plastic belt instead of into a wax cylinder. This was later replaced by
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Proper way to hold a cylinder record: put fingers on the inside; do not touch the outer surface which has the recording.
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Delivering
Ediphone wax cylinder recordings of propaganda broadcasts for analysis at the CBS listening post (May 1941)
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Transcribing propaganda broadcasts from Europe recorded on
Ediphone cylinders at the CBS listening post (May 1941)
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Portion of the label from the outside of a Columbia cylinder box, before 1901. Note that the title is handwritten.
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was created a decade later, after which they were commercialized. In the 1910s, the competing disc record system
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523:, which had been selling both discs and cylinders, dropped the cylinder format, while Edison introduced his
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In June 2017 the Cthulhu Breakfast Club podcast released a special limited wax cylinder edition of a show.
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as the recording medium, and engraving, rather than indenting, as the recording method. In 1887, their "
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88:. Commonly known simply as "records" in their heyday (c. 1896–1916), a name which has been passed on to
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276:, and other companies in the late 1880s. The standard cylinders are about 4 inches (10 cm) long,
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Thomas Edison in 1888 listening to a wax cylinder phonograph at the Edison laboratory, Orange, N.J.
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1903:
1279:
University of California, Santa Barbara Library Department of Special Collections (2005-11-16).
1663:
1374:
Inventing Entertainment: The Early Motion Pictures and Sound Recordings of the Edison Companies
755:
In an attempt to preserve the historic content of the recordings, cylinders can be read with a
221:, and played at the August 14, 1888, press conference that introduced the phonograph to London.
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In the late 20th and early 21st century, new recordings have been made on cylinders for the
520:
481:
441:
2022:
Schüller, Dietrich (2004). "Technology for the Future". In A. Seeger; S. Chaudhuri (eds.).
842:
Two Edison cylinder records (left and right) and their cylindrical cardboard boxes (center)
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technology, and almost immediately started production under a variation of their existing
157:
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42:
An Edison Gold Mould cylinder record, taken out of its storing tube (left), from c. 1900s
2040:– History of phonograph cylinders; listen to many examples dating from 1878 through 1912
2024:
Archives for the Future: Global Perspectives on Audiovisual Archives in the 21st Century
1196:
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This superior technology was licensed by the Indestructible Record Company in 1906 and
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359:
269:
218:
214:
1702:"The Cylinder Archive – Cylinder Guide: Amberol and 4-minute Indestructible Cylinders"
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81:
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inches (5.7 cm) in diameter, and play about two minutes of recorded material.
37:
17:
1996:
Edison Cylinder Records, 1889–1912, With an illustrated history of the phonograph
1175:
1174:; Radding, Zachary; Maul, Christian; McBride, John; Golden, Mitchell (May 2004).
812:
791:
426:
343:
205:
168:" system was being put to the test of practical use by official reporters of the
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1924:"Mystery recordings will now be heard for the first time in about 100 years"
615:
590:
548:
454:
375:
374:. Later, molded hard-wax cylinders were sold in boxes with a cotton lining.
310:
1755:
649:
songs "Touch-Tone Telephone" and "The Oldest Man On MySpace", from albums
3203:
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3091:
3085:
3073:
3043:
2821:
129:
101:
93:
3394:
1826:
1522:
1466:
The Compleat Talking Machine: A Collector's Guide to Antique Phonographs
1083:
Playback demonstration of a recording and playback demonstration at the
477:, Brentford, England and the quality of the sound is surprisingly good.
382:
to deride their contents as "canned music", an epithet he borrowed from
3291:
3191:
2922:
2875:
2335:
799:
This was played at the conference introducing the phonograph to London.
699: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
562:
of using obsolete technology. Probably the most famous of these are by
528:
371:
246:
3233:
1204:
2043:
1804:
1026:
Close-up of the mechanism of an Edison Amberola, manufactured c. 1915
902:
Edison Gold Moulded record made of relatively hard black wax, c. 1904
744:(Bowling Green, Ohio), the Department of Special Collections at the
1176:"Reconstruction of Mechanically Recorded Sound by Image Processing"
748:, and many other libraries and archives, including the Endpoint by
112:
in the marketplace to become the dominant commercial audio medium.
3624:
Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
3079:
2940:
2851:
1578:
Bierley, Paul Edmund, "The Incredible Band of John Philip Sousa".
726:
370:
The earliest soft wax cylinders were sold wrapped in thick cotton
306:
251:
2053:
1961:, from the Edison National Historic Site, National Park Service.
3683:
3209:
3055:
2415:
2395:
303:
298:
cylinders is that Edison had developed a process that allowed a
3398:
3237:
2071:
2050:: Streaming and downloadable versions of over 10,000 cylinders.
144:
Following seven years of research and experimentation at their
1342:
668:
611:
161:
105:
970:
Celluloid phonograph cylinders displaying a variety of colors
1718:
Model Number taken directly from actual Fireside reproducer.
1562:"The Cylinder Archive - Cylinder Guide: Black Wax Cylinders"
1010:
containing a fragment of a live performance recorded at the
854:
Brown wax cylinders showing various shades (and mold damage)
769:
408:
325:
187:
2037:
1453:(via the Audio Engineering Society). Retrieved 2014-05-04.
806:
1888 speech by Arthur Sullivan at the Little Menlo, London
1593:"Norman Bruderhofer's Cylinder Guide – Lambert Cylinders"
540:
Cylinder phonograph technology continued to be used for
1946:
1224:(2nd ed.). Indianapolis, Indiana: Howard W. Sams.
3522:
Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf
2017:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1784:
The Official Website of Brooklyn's Ambassadors of Love
821:
One of the earliest surviving wax cylinder recordings.
638:
released ten limited edition wax cylinder recordings.
593:, England, and the Wizard Cylinder Records Company in
547:
In 1947, Dictaphone replaced wax cylinders with their
3674:
Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy
1666:. Cylinder Preservation and Digitalization Project.
1222:
From Tin Foil to Stereo: Evolution of the Phonograph
781:
An example of a heavily degraded cylinder: Handel's
604:
released the track "Sewer", from their debut album,
544:
and Ediphone recordings for office use for decades.
172:, with commercial units later being produced by the
3737:
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3535:
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2143:
2106:
750:
The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
63:
55:
47:
982:Wax phonograph cylinders in a variety of diameters
199:One of the earliest surviving recordings of music
2015:Sound Recording – The Life Story of a Technology
1281:"Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project"
994:Wax phonograph cylinders in a variety of lengths
580:in 1996 and re-released on the 2002 compilation
1668:University of California, Santa Barbara Library
1333:"Chronology: Technology and the Music Industry"
764:reconstruction of damaged or broken cylinders.
746:University of California, Santa Barbara Library
3669:Edison Gower-Bell Telephone Company of Europe
3410:
3249:
2083:
583:Dial-A-Song: 20 Years of They Might Be Giants
8:
3745:Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site
1904:"We put Lemon Demon songs on wax cylinders!"
1451:"Charles Sumner Tainter and the Graphophone"
1184:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
30:
3709:New England Telephone and Telegraph Company
3361:Conservation and restoration of vinyl discs
1488:
1486:
602:The Men That Will Not Be Blamed for Nothing
3649:Canadian Aerodrome Baddeck No. 1 and No. 2
3417:
3403:
3395:
3256:
3242:
3234:
2956:
2149:
2090:
2076:
2068:
1523:"Phonograph Cylinders: A Beginner's Guide"
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
607:Now That's What I Call Steampunk! Volume 1
36:
27:Medium for recording and reproducing sound
3755:Alexander Graham Bell honors and tributes
1977:The Edison Cylinder Phonographs 1877–1929
1975:Frow, George L.; Sefl, Albert F. (1978).
1825:Dilg, Peter N. (November–December 2008).
1688:
1516:
1514:
1428:. University of San Diego. Archived from
715:Learn how and when to remove this message
84:) are the earliest commercial medium for
2336:Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon
1678:– via UCSB Cylinder Audio Archive.
100:. The first cylinders were wrapped with
3750:Alexander Graham Bell School (Illinois)
2048:University of California, Santa Barbara
1259:Transcript of History of Recorded Music
1245:
1220:Read, Oliver; Welch, Walter L. (1976).
832:
2195:
2179:
1807:. Vulcan Cylinder Record Company. 2002
1398:"1877 Thomas Edison Cylinder Recorder"
1085:Thomas Edison National Historical Park
918:" celluloid cylinder with plaster core
256:Edison wax cylinder phonograph c. 1899
228:
29:
3760:Bell Homestead National Historic Site
3659:Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech
3497:Hubbard Bell Grossman Pillot Memorial
1918:
1916:
1326:
1324:
614:covered the release on Television on
213:1888 recording of Arthur Sullivan's "
7:
1827:"The Wizard Cylinder Record Company"
1370:"History of the Cylinder Phonograph"
1309:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C
866:Paper record slip from 1903 cylinder
697:adding citations to reliable sources
1979:. Sevenoaks, Kent: George F. Frow.
1831:Canadian Antique Phonograph Society
1525:. Tim's Phonographs and Old Records
1253:Phipps, Aodhan (November 8, 2013).
665:Preservation of cylinder recordings
3794:The Story of Alexander Graham Bell
1734:History of Sound Recording Devices
1493:Orcutt, Russ (September 7, 2017).
1424:Schoenherr, Steve (July 6, 2005).
1006:A sound engineer holds one of the
645:released wax cylinder singles for
600:In 2010 the British musical group
25:
3853:Audiovisual introductions in 1888
3848:Audiovisual introductions in 1877
3198:Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc
2648:Mohawk Message repeater cartridge
2026:. Calcutta, India: Seagull Books.
1998:. Brooklyn, New York: APM Press.
1875:. 2017-05-25 – via Twitter.
1851:"Tech Know: A journey into sound"
1805:"New Phonograph Cylinder Records"
337:Song of the "Ujangong" mask dance
104:but the improved version made of
3817:
3816:
3783:IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal
3378:
1331:Taintor, Callie (May 27, 2004).
1095:
1067:
1055:
1043:
1031:
1019:
999:
987:
975:
963:
950:
938:
923:
907:
895:
883:
871:
859:
847:
835:
810:
789:
673:
424:
351:Phonograph cylinder recorded in
341:
229:Problems playing this file? See
203:
2726:Nippon Electronic Vity cassette
2437:Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1
1754:Curtis, Jason (30 April 2013).
684:needs additional citations for
137:, and the next improvements to
86:recording and reproducing sound
2054:Vulcan Cylinder Record Company
1426:"Recording Technology History"
742:Bowling Green State University
355:on August 23, 1904, by German
1:
3788:Pioneers, a Volunteer Network
3619:Aerial Experiment Association
2013:Morton, David L. Jr. (2004).
878:Back side of 1903 record slip
568:Edison National Historic Site
3385:Record production portal
2522:Thermionic Products Recordon
1786:. They Might Be Giants. 2017
1580:University of Illinois Press
574:. This song was released on
3729:Volta Laboratory and Bureau
3699:National Geographic Society
2909:Analog-to-digital converter
2816:Nippon Electronic Memo-call
2044:UCSB Cylinder Audio Archive
1994:Koenigsberg, Allen (1987).
1611:"Lambert Replica Cylinders"
1255:"History of Recorded Music"
1153:Volta Laboratory and Bureau
632:In April 2019, the podcast
502:Edison Blue Amberol Records
482:Columbia Phonograph Company
309:that was given off by gold
135:incandescent electric light
90:their disc-shaped successor
3894:
3873:History of sound recording
3714:Oriental Telephone Company
3704:National Telephone Company
3654:Canadian Aerodrome Company
3447:Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia
3032:Compact Disc Digital Audio
2116:Music box cylinder or disc
2059:Ethnographic wax cylinders
1495:"13 All About the Records"
1285:cylinders.library.ucsb.edu
945:Disc records and cylinders
457:, an early hard plastic. (
420:1910 Indestructible Record
393:
139:sound recording technology
124:and his team invented the
3812:
3802:The Sound and the Silence
3374:
2732:Grundig Cassette LFH 0084
2511:
1869:"Podcast on Wax Cylinder"
1736:. Sound Recording History
35:
3694:Life Extension Institute
2982:Digital Compact Cassette
2870:Capitol Records Audiopak
2720:Dictaphone Travel master
2516:Telefunken magnetic disc
2485:Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge
1760:Museum of Obsolete Media
1664:"Indestructible Records"
3765:Bell Telephone Memorial
3517:Melville Bell Grosvenor
3487:Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor
3482:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
3442:Alexander Melville Bell
2798:Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord
2479:Protona Minifon special
2100:audio recording formats
1756:"History of Dictaphone"
1730:"History of Dictaphone"
1615:phonographcylinders.com
1463:Reiss, Eric L. (1954).
1111:Recording demonstration
1089:West Orange, New Jersey
572:West Orange, New Jersey
3644:Bell Telephone Company
3578:Walter Seymour Allward
3507:Mabel Gardiner Hubbard
3282:Direct-drive turntable
2882:Bandai micro cartridge
2828:Muntz Stereo Mini-twin
1886:"Wax cylinder episode"
1469:. Sanoran Publishing.
1449:Schoenherr, S. (1999)
1138:Cylinder Audio Archive
774:
732:
527:format, played with a
413:
390:Hard plastic cylinders
330:
257:
192:
174:Dictaphone Corporation
150:Charles Sumner Tainter
128:using a thin sheet of
3878:Obsolete technologies
3863:Alexander Graham Bell
3452:Bell House (Virginia)
3426:Alexander Graham Bell
3277:Phonograph/gramophone
2750:Cousino Echo-matic II
2230:Indestructible record
1959:Very Early Recordings
1689:Read & Welch 1976
1544:"Brown Wax Cylinders"
773:
730:
412:
329:
313:used in the process.
255:
191:
154:Alexander Graham Bell
141:were made by others.
76:(also referred to as
3548:Charles Williams Jr.
3492:Gilbert M. Grosvenor
3287:Belt-drive turntable
2846:Sanyo Tape cartridge
2672:Rediffusion Reditune
2551:Loose (reel-to-reel)
2502:Magnetic stripe card
2431:US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1
2196:Perfected phonograph
2124:(early 17th century)
1728:Gracyk, Tim (2018).
1706:The Cylinder Archive
1597:The Cylinder Archive
1566:The Cylinder Archive
1548:The Cylinder Archive
1521:Gracyk, Tim (2006).
693:improve this article
564:They Might Be Giants
396:Blue Amberol Records
317:Commercial packaging
178:Perfected Phonograph
74:Phonograph cylinders
3868:American inventions
3719:Phonograph cylinder
3328:Phonograph cylinder
3264:Grooved track audio
2660:Mohawk Midgetape RL
2473:Protona Minifon P55
2467:Protona Minifon P51
2242:Blue Amberol record
2224:Gold moulded record
2218:Le Céleste cylinder
2190:Dictaphone cylinder
2180:Phonograph cylinder
1947:Fedeyev et al. 2004
1640:"MMCatalogue (All)"
1406:. September 1, 2006
1378:Library of Congress
1197:2001ASAJ..115.2494F
759:and converted to a
757:confocal microscope
643:Needlejuice Records
274:Columbia Phonograph
32:
31:Phonograph cylinder
18:Cylinder phonograph
3770:Graham Bell Island
3512:Mabel H. Grosvenor
3477:Edwin S. Grosvenor
3115:Electronic circuit
2970:Digital Audio Tape
2684:RCA tape cartridge
2642:Cousino Echo-matic
2540:Audio High Density
2289:Edison Voicewriter
1780:"Factory Showroom"
1644:The Musical Museum
1499:45 Record Adapters
1432:on August 13, 2006
1170:Fedeyev, Vitaliy;
1164:General references
1143:Mapleson Cylinders
1012:Metropolitan Opera
1008:Mapleson Cylinders
775:
733:
536:Later applications
459:Henri Jules Lioret
414:
331:
258:
193:
120:In December 1877,
80:after its creator
3830:
3829:
3689:Hubbard Monoplane
3664:Dictation machine
3392:
3391:
3333:Phonograph record
3231:
3230:
3174:
3173:
2903:
2902:
2738:Orrtronic Tapette
2666:Dictaphone Dictet
2265:Phonograph record
2122:Mechanical cuckoo
1205:10.1121/1.4782907
1106:
1078:
816:
794:
725:
724:
717:
595:Baldwin, New York
431:
380:John Philip Sousa
353:German New Guinea
346:
208:
116:Early development
71:
70:
16:(Redirected from
3885:
3820:
3819:
3573:Thomas A. Watson
3568:Thomas Selfridge
3558:Marcellus Bailey
3472:Graham Fairchild
3419:
3412:
3405:
3396:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3235:
2957:
2810:DC-International
2768:Compact cassette
2586:Fullcoat magfilm
2528:Record Maker Pye
2495:Magnetic surface
2425:Lorenz Textophon
2248:Paradis cylinder
2212:Stentor cylinder
2150:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2069:
2027:
2018:
2009:
1990:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1937:
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1934:
1920:
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1895:
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1675:
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1654:
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1650:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1617:. Archived from
1607:
1601:
1600:
1589:
1583:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1540:
1534:
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1250:
1240:Inline citations
1235:
1216:
1180:
1108:
1107:
1080:
1079:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1023:
1003:
991:
979:
967:
954:
942:
933:cylinder box lid
927:
911:
899:
887:
875:
863:
851:
839:
818:
817:
796:
795:
772:
720:
713:
709:
706:
700:
677:
669:
661:, respectively.
577:Factory Showroom
521:Columbia Records
467:
442:Frank C. Stanley
433:
432:
411:
348:
347:
328:
289:
288:
284:
281:
210:
209:
190:
146:Volta Laboratory
78:Edison cylinders
40:
33:
21:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3808:
3733:
3609:AEA Silver Dart
3582:
3531:
3527:Telephone Cases
3467:David Fairchild
3462:Chichester Bell
3434:
3428:
3423:
3393:
3388:
3379:
3377:
3370:
3349:
3316:
3312:Laser turntable
3265:
3262:
3232:
3227:
3170:
3159:USB flash drive
3153:Toymax VJ Starz
3109:
3018:
2987:
2946:
2899:
2762:Philips EL 3583
2708:Cousino MR-9000
2696:Protona Attaché
2690:Philips EL 3581
2621:
2545:
2507:
2490:
2409:
2394:Loose magnetic
2389:
2346:
2324:
2253:
2165:
2153:Grooved surface
2139:
2102:
2096:
2063:British Library
2034:
2021:
2012:
2006:
1993:
1987:
1974:
1971:
1969:Further reading
1966:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1932:
1930:
1922:
1921:
1914:
1902:
1898:
1884:
1880:
1873:British Library
1867:
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1081:
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1048:
1039:
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1027:
1024:
1015:
1004:
995:
992:
983:
980:
971:
968:
959:
955:
946:
943:
934:
928:
919:
914:Rim of Edison "
912:
903:
900:
891:
888:
879:
876:
867:
864:
855:
852:
843:
840:
831:
826:
825:
824:
823:
822:
819:
811:
808:
802:
801:
800:
797:
790:
787:
785:(June 29, 1888)
783:Israel in Egypt
776:
770:
721:
710:
704:
701:
690:
678:
667:
658:Dinosaurchestra
538:
517:
461:
451:
450:
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447:
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319:
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279:
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238:
237:
236:
235:
227:
225:
224:
223:
222:
217:", recorded by
211:
204:
201:
194:
188:
158:Chichester Bell
118:
92:, these hollow
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3891:
3889:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3835:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3798:
3790:
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3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3614:AEA White Wing
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3563:Thomas Cowherd
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3543:Anthony Pollok
3539:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3457:Bras d'Or Lake
3454:
3449:
3444:
3438:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3399:
3390:
3389:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3307:Record changer
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3238:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3219:
3216:Timecode vinyl
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3119:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3062:Super Audio CD
3059:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3038:Philips CD-BGM
3035:
3028:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2997:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2966:
2964:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2913:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2894:Pocket Rockers
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2858:Steno-Cassette
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2834:Grundig DeJ614
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2632:
2630:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2592:Stripe magfilm
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2558:
2556:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2461:Peirce 330/360
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2421:
2419:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2404:Wire recording
2400:
2398:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2356:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2283:Pathé Actuelle
2280:
2274:
2268:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2236:Amberol record
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2206:Salon cylinder
2203:
2193:
2183:
2176:
2174:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2154:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2112:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2056:
2051:
2041:
2033:
2032:External links
2030:
2029:
2028:
2019:
2010:
2004:
1991:
1985:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1951:
1939:
1912:
1896:
1891:Hello Internet
1878:
1860:
1842:
1817:
1796:
1771:
1746:
1720:
1711:
1693:
1691:, p. 146.
1681:
1655:
1631:
1602:
1584:
1582:, 2006. p. 82.
1571:
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1389:
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1320:
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1231:978-0672212062
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722:
681:
679:
672:
666:
663:
635:Hello Internet
560:novelty effect
537:
534:
516:
513:
475:Musical Museum
438:Auld Lang Syne
435:
423:
418:
417:
416:
407:
406:
405:
404:
403:
400:Edison Records
391:
388:
357:anthropologist
350:
340:
335:
334:
333:
324:
323:
322:
321:
320:
318:
315:
270:Edison Records
226:
219:George Gouraud
215:The Lost Chord
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2:
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3864:
3861:
3859:
3858:Thomas Edison
3856:
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3849:
3846:
3844:
3843:Audio storage
3841:
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3640:
3637:
3635:
3634:Bell Oionus I
3632:
3630:
3629:Bell Boatyard
3627:
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3553:Glenn Curtiss
3551:
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3528:
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3520:
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3503:
3502:Kendall Myers
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
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3415:
3413:
3408:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3387:
3386:
3373:
3367:
3366:Vinyl revival
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3302:Highway Hi-Fi
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
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3259:
3254:
3252:
3247:
3245:
3240:
3239:
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3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3186:Mini-cassette
3184:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3147:Takara E-kara
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3112:
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3027:
3025:
3021:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2993:Sound-on-film
2990:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:Magnetic tape
2958:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
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2910:
2906:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2864:Stenorette DL
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2840:Microcassette
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2792:Micro pack 35
2790:
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2778:
2775:
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2766:
2763:
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2745:
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2736:
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2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2714:IBM Magnabelt
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
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2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:Magnetic tape
2624:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2562:Blattnerphone
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2554:magnetic tape
2552:
2548:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2513:
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2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2352:Sound-on-film
2349:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2313:Highway Hi-Fi
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
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2177:
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2173:
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2155:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2118:(9th century)
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2074:
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2064:
2060:
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2045:
2042:
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2036:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2005:0-937612-07-3
2001:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1986:0-9505462-2-4
1982:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1940:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1857:. 2010-05-27.
1856:
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1846:
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1828:
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1797:
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1690:
1685:
1682:
1669:
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1656:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1621:on 2012-03-24
1620:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1594:
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1572:
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1536:
1524:
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1496:
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1487:
1483:
1478:
1476:9781886606227
1472:
1468:
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1456:
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1427:
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1198:
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1190:
1186:
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1167:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1133:Audio storage
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1065:
1058:
1053:
1046:
1041:
1034:
1029:
1022:
1017:
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1009:
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990:
985:
978:
973:
966:
961:
953:
948:
941:
936:
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917:
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905:
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893:
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874:
869:
862:
857:
850:
845:
838:
833:
828:
807:
786:
784:
765:
762:
761:digital audio
758:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
729:
719:
716:
708:
705:November 2019
698:
694:
688:
687:
682:This section
680:
676:
671:
670:
664:
662:
660:
659:
654:
653:
648:
644:
641:In May 2023,
639:
637:
636:
630:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
608:
603:
598:
596:
592:
587:
585:
584:
579:
578:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
553:magnetic tape
550:
545:
543:
535:
533:
530:
526:
522:
514:
512:
510:
505:
503:
499:
494:
489:
487:
484:in 1908. The
483:
478:
476:
472:
471:surface noise
465:
460:
456:
443:
439:
421:
401:
397:
389:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
361:
358:
354:
338:
316:
314:
312:
308:
305:
301:
295:
291:
275:
271:
266:
264:
254:
250:
248:
244:
234:
232:
220:
216:
200:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
140:
136:
131:
127:
123:
122:Thomas Edison
115:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
82:Thomas Edison
79:
75:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
39:
34:
19:
3800:
3792:
3776:
3718:
3604:AEA Red Wing
3599:AEA June Bug
3376:
3327:
3297:Seeburg 1000
3125:(late 1970s)
3024:Optical disc
2888:Picocassette
2884:(late 1980s)
2678:Saba Sabafon
2449:RCA MI-12877
2443:RCA MI-12875
2329:Grooved tape
2295:SoundScriber
2291:(late 1940s)
2277:Diamond disc
2258:Grooved disc
2171:
2160:Phonautogram
2128:Punched card
2023:
2014:
1995:
1976:
1954:
1942:
1931:. Retrieved
1927:
1907:
1899:
1894:, April 2019
1889:
1881:
1863:
1854:
1845:
1834:. Retrieved
1830:
1820:
1809:. Retrieved
1799:
1788:. Retrieved
1783:
1774:
1763:. Retrieved
1759:
1749:
1738:. Retrieved
1733:
1723:
1714:
1705:
1696:
1684:
1672:. Retrieved
1670:. 2005-11-16
1658:
1647:. Retrieved
1643:
1634:
1623:. Retrieved
1619:the original
1614:
1605:
1596:
1587:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1538:
1527:. Retrieved
1502:. Retrieved
1498:
1465:
1458:
1445:
1434:. Retrieved
1430:the original
1419:
1408:. Retrieved
1403:Mix Magazine
1401:
1392:
1381:. Retrieved
1373:
1346:. Retrieved
1336:
1312:. Retrieved
1308:
1299:
1288:. Retrieved
1284:
1274:
1263:. Retrieved
1258:
1248:
1221:
1188:
1182:
1128:Audio format
931:Blue Amberol
916:Blue Amberol
782:
754:
734:
711:
702:
691:Please help
686:verification
683:
656:
652:Spirit Phone
650:
640:
633:
631:
628:
624:Radio 5 Live
605:
599:
588:
581:
575:
557:
546:
539:
525:Diamond Disc
518:
508:
506:
501:
497:
492:
490:
479:
452:
369:
296:
292:
267:
259:
243:nickelodeons
239:
143:
119:
77:
73:
72:
64:Discontinued
3805:(1992 film)
3797:(1939 film)
3679:Graphophone
3639:Bell System
2935:PCM adaptor
2923:X80/ProDigi
2917:Soundstream
2804:Cantata 700
2774:Grundig En3
2568:Magnetophon
2455:Peirce 265B
2319:Bandai 8ban
2186:Graphophone
2038:Tinfoil.com
1908:Twitter.com
1172:Haber, Carl
1148:Telediphone
1123:Archéophone
738:Archéophone
647:Lemon Demon
486:Edison Bell
462: [
440:", sung by
360:Rudolf Pöch
263:disc record
245:—the first
170:US Congress
166:Graphophone
160:introduced
94:cylindrical
3837:Categories
3724:Photophone
3594:AEA Cygnet
3343:production
3141:Yaboom Box
3129:MP3 player
3123:Sound chip
2941:DA-88/DTRS
2756:Stereo-Pak
2654:Stenorette
2534:Synchrofax
2384:Fantasound
2378:Photophone
2271:Pathé disc
2134:Music roll
2108:Mechanical
1933:2022-04-29
1910:, May 2023
1836:2014-10-20
1811:2014-10-20
1790:2018-01-12
1765:2018-01-12
1740:2018-01-12
1649:2024-08-08
1625:2012-03-15
1529:2018-01-12
1504:2018-01-12
1436:2018-01-12
1410:2016-07-11
1383:2018-01-12
1348:2018-01-12
1314:2024-05-05
1290:2024-05-05
1265:2018-01-12
1191:(5): 172.
1159:References
620:BBC Online
542:Dictaphone
394:See also:
384:Mark Twain
311:electrodes
231:media help
126:phonograph
98:phonograph
3777:Bras d'Or
3338:LP record
3222:VinylDisc
3068:DVD-Audio
2963:cartridge
2780:Sabamobil
2744:3M Scotch
2702:Fidelipac
2629:cartridge
2610:3/4" tape
2580:1/2" tape
2574:1/4" tape
2418:cartridge
2414:Magnetic
2372:Movietone
2366:Tri-Ergon
2360:Phonofilm
2341:Dictabelt
2307:Long play
2301:Audograph
2098:Physical
2061:from the
1338:Frontline
622:, and on
616:BBC Click
591:Sheffield
549:Dictabelt
509:Amberolas
500:brand as
455:celluloid
376:Celluloid
247:jukeboxes
110:triumphed
51:2 minutes
3822:Category
3738:Tributes
3433:Life and
3270:Machines
3204:CD Video
3135:HitClips
3092:BD-Audio
3086:DualDisc
3074:DataPlay
3044:MiniDisc
2822:PlayTape
2636:Optaphon
2200:Ediphone
2172:cylinder
2170:Grooved
1855:BBC News
1674:June 19,
1117:See also
1014:in 1901.
958:surface.
130:tin foil
102:tin foil
56:Released
48:Capacity
3354:Related
3321:Formats
3292:Jukebox
3192:U-matic
3165:MicroSD
2952:Digital
2876:Elcaset
2786:8-track
2616:3" tape
2604:2" tape
2598:1" tape
2220:(1890s)
2214:(1890s)
2208:(1890s)
1928:NPR.org
1261:. Prezi
1213:7371031
1193:Bibcode
829:Gallery
529:diamond
515:Decline
498:Amberol
493:Amberol
444:in 1910
372:batting
285:⁄
59:c. 1888
3536:People
3435:family
3224:(2007)
3218:(2001)
3212:(1991)
3206:(1987)
3200:(1986)
3194:(1971)
3188:(1967)
3179:Hybrid
3167:(2007)
3161:(2004)
3155:(2002)
3149:(2001)
3143:(1999)
3137:(2000)
3131:(1996)
3106:(2014)
3104:MQA-CD
3100:(2013)
3094:(2008)
3088:(2004)
3082:(2004)
3076:(2002)
3070:(2000)
3064:(1999)
3058:(1995)
3052:(1993)
3046:(1992)
3040:(1989)
3034:(1982)
3015:(1993)
3009:(1990)
3003:(1986)
2984:(1992)
2978:(1992)
2972:(1987)
2943:(1993)
2937:(1982)
2931:(1982)
2925:(1980)
2919:(1976)
2896:(1988)
2890:(1985)
2878:(1976)
2872:(1972)
2866:(1972)
2860:(1971)
2854:(1971)
2848:(1969)
2842:(1969)
2836:(1968)
2830:(1967)
2824:(1966)
2818:(1965)
2812:(1965)
2806:(1965)
2800:(1965)
2794:(1964)
2788:(1964)
2782:(1964)
2776:(1964)
2770:(1963)
2764:(1963)
2758:(1962)
2752:(1962)
2746:(1962)
2740:(1962)
2734:(1962)
2728:(1961)
2722:(1961)
2716:(1961)
2710:(1960)
2704:(1959)
2698:(1959)
2692:(1958)
2686:(1958)
2680:(1958)
2674:(1957)
2668:(1957)
2662:(1955)
2656:(1954)
2650:(1953)
2644:(1952)
2638:(1951)
2618:(1978)
2612:(1969)
2606:(1967)
2600:(1957)
2594:(1953)
2588:(1953)
2582:(1953)
2576:(1949)
2570:(1935)
2564:(1928)
2542:(1978)
2536:(1959)
2530:(1953)
2524:(1948)
2518:(1945)
2504:(1900)
2487:(1962)
2481:(1961)
2475:(1955)
2469:(1951)
2463:(1951)
2457:(1951)
2451:(1947)
2445:(1947)
2439:(1944)
2433:(1944)
2427:(1942)
2406:(1898)
2386:(1940)
2380:(1929)
2374:(1926)
2368:(1922)
2362:(1919)
2343:(1947)
2321:(2004)
2315:(1956)
2309:(1948)
2303:(1945)
2297:(1945)
2285:(1920)
2279:(1912)
2273:(1905)
2267:(1889)
2250:(1913)
2244:(1912)
2238:(1908)
2232:(1907)
2226:(1902)
2202:(1888)
2192:(1887)
2182:(1877)
2162:(1857)
2145:Analog
2136:(1883)
2130:(1881)
2002:
1983:
1473:
1228:
1211:
156:, and
3775:HMCS
3587:Works
3080:Hi-MD
2852:HiPac
1209:S2CID
1179:(PDF)
618:, on
466:]
307:vapor
3684:HD-4
3210:ADAT
3098:HFPA
3056:HDCD
3013:SDDS
2929:DASH
2416:wire
2396:wire
2000:ISBN
1981:ISBN
1676:2021
1471:ISBN
1226:ISBN
655:and
398:and
304:gold
300:mold
67:1929
3050:DTS
3007:CDS
1343:PBS
1201:doi
1189:115
1087:in
695:by
612:BBC
570:in
162:wax
106:wax
3839::
3001:DD
2976:NT
2046:,
1926:.
1915:^
1906:,
1888:,
1871:.
1853:.
1829:.
1782:.
1758:.
1732:.
1704:.
1642:.
1613:.
1595:.
1564:.
1546:.
1513:^
1497:.
1485:^
1400:.
1376:.
1372:.
1357:^
1341:.
1335:.
1323:^
1307:.
1283:.
1257:.
1207:.
1199:.
1187:.
1181:.
752:.
626:.
597:.
504:.
464:fr
386:.
272:,
152:,
148:,
3418:e
3411:t
3404:v
3257:e
3250:t
3243:v
2198:/
2188:/
2091:e
2084:t
2077:v
2008:.
1989:.
1949:.
1936:.
1839:.
1814:.
1793:.
1768:.
1743:.
1708:.
1652:.
1628:.
1599:.
1568:.
1550:.
1532:.
1507:.
1479:.
1439:.
1413:.
1386:.
1351:.
1317:.
1293:.
1268:.
1234:.
1215:.
1203::
1195::
718:)
712:(
707:)
703:(
689:.
436:"
287:4
283:1
280:+
278:2
233:.
20:)
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