614:), with apodiform birds nesting deeply within caprimulgiformes and a sister taxon to the owlet-nightjars. The discovery has led to a challenge of reconciling a Linnean hierarchy with phylogenetic relationships while still maintaining nomenclatural stability, resulting in a complicated situation where some researchers currently use the resurrected name Strisores in a new sense, others expand the order Caprimulgiformes to include the 'traditional' apodiform families, whereas others use the superordinal name
2497:(2019) proposed the name Vanescaves for the clade comprising all Caprimulgiformes (=Strisores) except Caprimulgidae. White and Braun (2019) acknowledged that some uncertainty remains; specifically, monophyly of the clade comprising Steatornithidae and Nyctibiidae was limited and that three different resolutions of Steatornithidae, Nyctibiidae, and the clade comprising Podargidae and Daedalornithes remain plausible. However, they viewed topology 2 as the best-supported hypothesis.
158:
189:
638:
132:
1186:
could not properly resolve the oilbird's and frogmouths' relationships beyond the fact that they are quite certainly well distinct. It robustly supported, however, the idea that the owlet-nightjars should be considered closer to
Caprimulgiformes, unlike the methodologically weaker studies of Mariaux
1419:
Subsequent molecular work has converged on two alternative topologies (topologies 1 and 2 below) that differ in the placement of the root. Although Braun et al. (2019) suggested that topology 1 was favored in large-scale analyses of non-coding data were analyzed and that topology 2 was favored in
2802:
Ksepka, D. T.; Clarke, J. A.; Nesbitt, S. J.; Kulp, F. B.; Grande, L. (2013). "Fossil evidence of wing shape in a stem relative of swifts and hummingbirds (Aves, Pan-Apodiformes)". Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences. 280 (1761): 20130580.
3222:
Prum, Richard O.; Berv, Jacob S.; Dornberg, Alex; Field, Daniel J.; Townsend, Jeffrey P.; Lemmon, Emily
Moriarty; Lemmon, Alan R. (2015). "A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing".
1194:
Cypselomorphae might be placed at order rank and substitute the two present orders
Caprimulgiformes and Apodiformes. Such a group would be fairly uninformative as regards its evolutionary history, as it has to include some very
2967:, Reports of explorations and surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean., vol. IX, Washington, D.C.: A. O. P. Nicholson, p. 128
3734:
Reddy, Sushma; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Pandey, Akanksha; Hosner, Peter A.; Braun, Michael J.; Hackett, Shannon J.; Han, Kin-Lan; Harshman, John; Huddleston, Christopher J.; Kingston, Sarah; Marks, Ben D. (1 September 2017).
2511:
study by
Josefin Stiller and collaborators published in 2024. The relationships are identical to those obtained by Richard Prum and collaborators using different data in 2015. The orders shown are those recognised by the
674:
form that at times has been allied with the oilbird and the potoos, but cannot be assigned to either with certainty. In the consensus scenario, it would represent a record of the initial divergence of the three lineages.
1004:. Like the owls, they are nocturnal hunters with a highly developed sense of sight, and like the swifts they are excellent flyers with small, weak legs. At one time or another, they have been allied with owls, swifts,
888:
The classification of the various birds that make up the order has long been controversial and difficult, particularly in the case of the nightjars and the paraphyly of the traditional
Caprimulgiformes in relation to
3519:
Yuri, Tamaki; Kimball, Rebecca; Harshman, John; Bowie, Rauri; Braun, Michael; Chojnowski, Jena; Han, Kin-Lan; Hackett, Shannon; Huddleston, Christopher; Moore, William; Reddy, Sushma (13 March 2013).
587:
for hummingbirds, swifts, and nightjars (including owlet-nightjars and potoos), however, he considered frogmouths and oilbirds unrelated due to aspects of their skull morphology. In the 1880s
1117:(see below) within Metaves, the former was based on only a single locus and could not resolve their relationships according to standard criteria of statistical confidence. No morphological
1424:. (2015)) subsequent analyses of datasets with many non-coding loci have also recovered topology 2. Thus, topology 2 should be viewed as the best-corroborated hypothesis at this time.
961:
The IUCN definition renders the order
Caprimulgiformes identical to the clade Strisores. Authorities that favor the use of Strisores for this group (e.g., Yuri et al. 2013 and Chen
3603:
Hackett, S. J.; Kimball, R. T.; Reddy, S.; Bowie, R. C. K.; Braun, E. L.; Braun, M. J.; Chojnowski, J. L.; Cox, W. A.; Han, K.-L.; Harshman, J.; Huddleston, C. J. (27 June 2008).
1692:
and 117 morphological characters and including fossil taxa), and White and Braun (2019) (based on analyses of multiple UCE datasets, ranging in size from 2289 to 4243 loci):
973:. They also elevate many (or even all) of the families traditionally placed in Caprimulgiformes to ordinal rank. This requires recognizing at least three additional orders:
1179:. The oilbird and the frogmouths seem quite distinct among the remaining Caprimulgiformes, but their exact placement cannot be resolved based on osteological data alone.
2940:
Systematische
Uebersicht der Thiere Brasiliens : welche während einer Reise durch die Provinzen von Rio de Janeiro und Minas geraës gesammlt oder beobachtet Wurden
692:
genus of North
America, cannot be assigned to any one strisore lineage with certainty but appears to be some ancestral form. Over some 20 million years, throughout the
897:
3666:
Jarvis, E. D.; Mirarab, S.; Aberer, A. J.; Li, B.; Houde, P.; Li, C.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Faircloth, B. C.; Nabholz, B.; Howard, J. T.; Suh, A. (12 December 2014).
4148:
461:
The material evidence for this group is very equivocal; the most ancient
Strisores are quite nondescript tree-dwellers but already tend towards peculiarly
3375:
Cracraft, Joel (2013), "Avian higher-level relationships and classification: Nonpasseriforms", in Dickinson, Edward C.; Van Remsen, James Jr. (eds.),
3021:
Die Vögel der zoologischen Gärten : Leitfaden zum Studium der Ornithologie mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der in Gefangenschaft gehaltenen Vögel
678:
This agrees with fossils suggesting that the basal divergence of the owlet-nightjar and apodiform branch also occurred during that time. In addition,
3045:
A review of recent attempts to classify birds; an address delivered before the Second international ornithological congress on the 18th of May, 1891
3841:
Prum, Richard O.; Berv, Jacob S.; Dornburg, Alex; Field, Daniel J.; Townsend, Jeffrey P.; Lemmon, Emily Moriarty; Lemmon, Alan R. (October 2015).
3379:, The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World, vol. 1 (4th ed.), Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press, pp. xxi–xliii,
2513:
2501:
3808:
735:
boundary, some 40 mya, the common ancestors of Nyctibiidae, Caprimulgidae and eared nightjars diverged from those of oilbird and frogmouths.
4143:
2997:"On the classification of birds; and on the taxonomic value of the modifications of certain of the cranial bones observable in that class"
515:
originally coined the name Strisores in 1847 as an order encompassing a much broader group of birds subdivided into two 'tribes': the
3384:
381:
2504:
splits oilbirds, potoos, nightjars, and frogmouths into their own orders, along with the order Apodiformes as previously defined.
3578:
1040:. A close relationship to owls can be rejected since there is strong molecular evidence that owls are members of a clade, called
660:(2019) included 14 fossil lineages in their analysis. Nonetheless, it supports the emerging consensus phylogeny well. The genus
3737:"Why Do Phylogenomic Data Sets Yield Conflicting Trees? Data Type Influences the Avian Tree of Life more than Taxon Sampling"
3279:"Why do phylogenomic data sets yield conflicting trees? Data type influences the avian tree of life more than taxon sampling"
3521:"Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Congruent and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals"
1210:
follows the results of Mayr's (2002) phylogenetic study, which used a parsimony analysis of 25 morphological characters:
602:
as had been used for much of the 20th century (oilbirds, potoos, nightjars, frogmouths, and owlet-nightjars) is actually
595:), but by the late 19th Century, Strisores had fallen into disuse, and this remained the case through the 20th Century.
500:
3190:
Mayr, Gerald (2010). "Phylogenetic relationships of the paraphyletic ,caprimulgiform' birds (nightjars and allies)".
1160:
studies insofar as that the oilbird and the frogmouths seemed rather distinct. The other lineages appeared to form a
598:
By the early 21st century, analyses of anatomical morphology and molecular phylogenomics demonstrated that the order
4046:
3789:"Resolving the Avian Tree of Life from Top to Bottom: The Promise and Potential Boundaries of the Phylogenomic Era"
188:
3911:"Extracting phylogenetic signal from phylogenomic data: Higher-level relationships of the nightbirds (Strisores)"
1121:
have been found that uniquely unite Metaves (or Caprimulgiformes for that matter), but numerous unlinked nuclear
446:
652:
Strisores has a well-represented fossil record, with fossils of most major strisorean lineages known from the
3136:
Hackett, Shannon J.; et al. (2008). "A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history".
4138:
1689:
572:
4078:
2508:
900:
adopts the following classification of Order Caprimulgiformes, which follows recent phylogenetic studies:
881:. Apodidae and Hemiprocnidae are grouped together as Apodi, Apodi and Trochilidae are grouped together as
832:
477:
peculiarities are frequently found in this group, perhaps more often than in any other bird lineage. The
4110:
3448:
Chen, Albert; White, Noor D.; Benson, Roger B.J.; Braun, Michael J.; Field, Daniel J. (23 August 2019).
1191:
1157:
1140:
of the individual lineages is better resolved. Much of the remaining uncertainty regards minor details.
671:
1058:
7 – Fain and Houde considered the families of the Caprimulgiformes to be members of the proposed clade
591:
continued to use Strisores in a similar sense as Huxley's Cypselomorphae (this time also excluding the
1203:. (2017) included hummingbirds and swifts in Caprimulgiformes, preserving the monophyly of the order.
4000:
3922:
3854:
3679:
3616:
3331:
3232:
3145:
2964:
General report on the zoology upon the zoology of the several Pacific railroad routes. Part II. Birds
996:
Traditionally, Caprimulgiformes were regarded, on morphological grounds, as being midway between the
441:(owlet-nightjars) whose distinctness was only recently realized. The Apodiformes (which include the "
4050:
3019:
2996:
2979:
2962:
2938:
2915:
580:
576:
740:
157:
3948:
3886:
3814:
3648:
3256:
3169:
3043:
2865:
2566:
978:
560:
183:
166:
746:
4115:
3406:
Chen, Albert; White, Noor D.; Benson, Roger B. J.; Braun, Michael J.; Field, Daniel J. (2019).
824:
696:, the present-day diversity (as well as some entirely extinct lineages) slowly unfolds. By mid-
4028:
3940:
3878:
3870:
3804:
3766:
3758:
3713:
3695:
3640:
3632:
3560:
3542:
3471:
3380:
3357:
3300:
3248:
3161:
2846:
813:
777:
4018:
4008:
3930:
3862:
3796:
3748:
3703:
3687:
3624:
3550:
3532:
3461:
3450:"Total-Evidence Framework Reveals Complex Morphological Evolution in Nightbirds (Strisores)"
3419:
3408:"Total-evidence framework reveals complex morphological evolution in nightbirds (Strisores)"
3347:
3339:
3290:
3240:
3199:
3153:
3049:
3025:
2944:
2894:
2836:
2826:
2533:
1960:
715:
birds strongly suggest that the two main extant lineages of strisores separated about 60-55
705:
621:
Proposed phylogenetic definitions of Strisores and Caprimulgimorphae treat Strisores as the
403:
343:
296:
284:
139:
3736:
2815:"An unbiased molecular approach using 3'UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life"
2646:
2572:
2256:
2082:
2001:
1744:
1462:
1227:
1087:
986:
588:
495:
438:
418:
407:
121:
3843:"A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing"
3069:
4023:
4004:
3988:
3926:
3858:
3683:
3620:
3335:
3236:
3149:
1129:(2006) concluded that if valid, the "Metaves" must originate quite some time before the
618:
Cracraft, 2013, raising the 'traditional' caprimulgiform families to the rank of order.
3966:
3788:
3708:
3667:
3555:
3520:
3352:
3319:
3120:
3086:
2841:
2814:
2585:
1199:
and some extremely derived lineages (such as hummingbirds) to achieve monophyly. Reddy
1176:
1168:
1118:
1114:
974:
933:
846:
782:
685:
592:
442:
3604:
1684:. (2015) (259 "anchored hybrid enrichment" loci, which are mostly coding exons), Chen
637:
4132:
3952:
3890:
3818:
3260:
3203:
2717:
2620:
2539:
2389:
2312:
2121:
2055:
1966:
1842:
1712:
1582:
1508:
1354:
1271:
982:
858:
766:
410:
308:
148:
83:
3103:
757:
By the distribution of fossils, the Paleogene radiation seems to have originated in
571:. Subsequent authors used either definition according to their own judgement, with
3652:
3173:
2652:
2359:
2088:
1813:
1553:
1317:
1153:
1147:
1103:
1099:
1048:
1037:
1001:
912:
854:
667:
524:
520:
512:
450:
3787:
Braun, Edward L.; Cracraft, Joel; Houde, Peter (2019), Kraus, Robert H. S. (ed.),
3668:"Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds"
3320:"Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds"
3935:
3910:
3800:
2883:"A name for the clade formed by owlet-nightjars, swifts and hummingbirds (Aves)"
2678:
2665:
2591:
2430:
2276:
2162:
2101:
2022:
1881:
1759:
1621:
1477:
1339:
1286:
1196:
1175:; these and the Caprimulgiformes are closely related, being grouped together as
1172:
1067:
990:
905:
890:
882:
862:
850:
802:
701:
662:
626:
622:
478:
434:
414:
279:
175:
58:
4101:
4013:
629:. This allows both names to be valid, with similar but not identical meanings.
131:
2626:
2335:
2061:
1790:
1724:
1530:
1242:
1171:) with about a dozen living species in one genus are apparently closer to the
1136:
While the relationships of cypselomorphs are a subject of ongoing debate, the
1083:
1071:
1052:
1041:
1029:
1021:
1005:
885:, and Apodiformes and Aegotheliformes are grouped together as Daedalornithes.
790:
716:
680:
646:
564:
540:
466:
430:
426:
323:
318:
313:
103:
68:
17:
3874:
3842:
3762:
3699:
3636:
3546:
3475:
2899:
2882:
2831:
3753:
3691:
3628:
3343:
3295:
3278:
3157:
3054:
3029:
2948:
2222:
1940:
1207:
1137:
1130:
1125:
independently support their monophyly either in majority or whole. Ericson
1091:
1025:
1013:
947:
926:
874:
817:
795:
762:
751:
732:
724:
720:
712:
697:
653:
611:
603:
552:
474:
200:
108:
52:
4032:
3944:
3882:
3770:
3717:
3644:
3564:
3537:
3361:
3304:
3252:
3165:
2850:
1943:
based on Prum et al., with phylogenetic definitions following Chen et al.:
1164:, but this is now known to have been caused by methodological limitations.
4095:
2701:
2405:
2137:
1857:
1597:
1369:
1017:
970:
919:
866:
728:
563:
later excluded the taxa in Cabanis' Amphibolae from Strisores, but added
528:
486:
462:
243:
220:
98:
93:
78:
73:
63:
45:
3866:
3244:
511:
The taxonomy of this group of birds has a long and complicated history.
2867:
The Century Dictionary: An Encyclopedic Lexicon of the English Language
2260:
2005:
1075:
1063:
1059:
954:
878:
548:
532:
422:
113:
88:
3466:
3449:
3424:
3407:
2280:
2026:
1432:
1095:
1055:
1033:
1009:
807:
693:
689:
568:
556:
470:
210:
41:
4072:
754:
basin are unresolved, but they bear some similarities to strisores.
3605:"A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History"
1161:
1144:
1122:
940:
870:
636:
536:
395:
3489:
761:, which at that time became a highly fragmented landscape as the
4054:
3989:"Complexity of avian evolution revealed by family-level genomes"
2984:, vol. 1, Cambridge: Welch, Bigelow, & Co., p. 336
1079:
773:
758:
399:
230:
4076:
3024:(in German), vol. 2, Leipzig: L. A. Kittler, p. 162,
2813:
Kuhl., H.; Frankl-Vilches, C.; Bakker, A.; et al. (2020).
997:
370:
2943:(in German), vol. 2, Berlin: Georg Reimer, p. 311,
3192:
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research
364:
355:
1106:. Metaves was also found by the expanded study of Ericson
3074:(3rd ed.), New York: American Ornithologists' Union
2870:, vol. VII, New York: The Century Co., p. 5996
3795:, Springer International Publishing, pp. 151–210,
3108:(5th ed.), Baltimore, MD: The Lord Baltimore Press
1113:
While only the latter study recovered monophyly of the
828:(Middle Eocene of Messel, Germany) - Archaeotrogonidae?
704:
lineages are present and adapting to their present-day
1110:(2006), but support for the clade was extremely weak.
382:
373:
361:
346:
985:. Owlet-nightjars can be placed in their own order (
367:
352:
349:
4085:
3909:White, Noor D.; Braun, Michael J. (December 2019).
1133:, and they reconciled this with the fossil record.
816:(Early Eocene of England ?- Late Eocene/Early
670:(though this is somewhat uncertain), seems to be a
358:
1431:. (2017), which analyzed 54 nuclear loci (mostly
1420:large-scale analyses of coding data (e.g., Prum
969:definition of the order, limiting to the family
3048:, London: Taylor & Francis, pp. 1–90,
3001:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
1156:analysis agreed with earlier morphological and
3091:(4th ed.), Lancaster, PA: Lancaster Press
1187:& Braun (1996) and Fain and Houde (2004).
893:", traditionally considered a separate order.
8:
3272:
3270:
2798:
2796:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3185:
3183:
4073:
437:(swifts and hummingbirds), as well as the
156:
130:
31:
4022:
4012:
3967:"Taxonomic Updates – IOC World Bird List"
3934:
3752:
3707:
3579:"ITIS Standard Report Page: Aegothelidae"
3554:
3536:
3490:"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"
3465:
3423:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3351:
3294:
3125:(6th ed.), Lawrence, KS: Allen Press
3053:
2898:
2840:
2830:
1427:Topology 1: phylogeny according to Reddy
1680:Topology 2: phylogeny according to Prum
3793:Avian Genomics in Ecology and Evolution
3119:American Ornithologists' Union (1983),
3102:American Ornithologists' Union (1957),
3085:American Ornithologists' Union (1931),
3068:American Ornithologists' Union (1910),
2792:
2500:Presently, the taxonomy favored by the
645:, a probable daedalornithean, from the
579:following Burmeister's usage. In 1867,
3904:
3902:
3900:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3318:Jarvis, Erich D.; et al. (2014).
738:The relationships of the Early Eocene
4057:. International Ornithologists' Union
3915:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3836:
3834:
3782:
3780:
3729:
3727:
3514:
3512:
3510:
845:Strisores contains the extant orders
7:
3088:A Check-List of North American Birds
3071:A Check-List of North American Birds
2507:The cladogram below is based on the
413:(nightjars, nighthawks and allies),
120:Possibly an earlier origin based on
3494:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3277:Reddy, Sushma; et al. (2015).
2694:
2671:
2642:
2616:
2562:
2555:
2529:
2519:
2514:International Ornithologists' Union
2382:
2375:
2352:
2328:
2305:
2249:
2242:
2232:
2114:
2107:
2078:
2051:
1993:
1986:
1956:
1946:
1835:
1828:
1806:
1783:
1737:
1730:
1705:
1695:
1575:
1568:
1546:
1523:
1501:
1455:
1448:
1438:
1332:
1310:
1264:
1257:
1220:
1213:
449:) and the Aegotheliformes form the
4149:Extant Paleocene first appearances
4055:"IOC World Bird List Version 14.1"
3122:Check-List of North American Birds
3105:Check-List of North American Birds
1688:(2019) (combined analysis of 2289
1044:, that excludes Caprimulgiformes.
836:(Middle Eocene of Messel, Germany)
25:
3987:Stiller, J.; et al. (2024).
727:), and that some time around the
700:, some 30 million years ago, the
3204:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2009.00552.x
2864:Whitney, William Dwight (1896),
481:that define this clade are the
342:
187:
2819:Molecular Biology and Evolution
989:) or viewed as a family within
776:are tentatively placed here as
485:separated by a large cleft, a
1:
2916:"Ornithologische Notizen. II"
936:(owlet-nightjars, 10 species)
625:and Caprimulgimorphae as the
4144:Selandian first appearances
3936:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106611
3801:10.1007/978-3-030-16477-5_6
3042:Sharpe, R. Bowdler (1891),
908:(hummingbirds, 368 species)
610:(hummingbirds, swifts, and
4165:
4014:10.1038/s41586-024-07323-1
2995:Huxley, Thomas H. (1867).
2961:Baird, Spencer F. (1858),
2920:Archiv für Naturgeschichte
2803:doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.0580
1182:Even the study of Ericson
1062:, which also includes the
3018:Reichenow, Anton (1884),
2981:Ornithology Of California
2937:Burmeister, Jean (1856),
2881:Sangster, George (2005).
2715:
2699:
2692:
2676:
2669:
2650:
2640:
2624:
2614:
2589:
2570:
2560:
2553:
2537:
2527:
2428:
2403:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2357:
2350:
2333:
2326:
2310:
2303:
2274:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2160:
2135:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2086:
2076:
2059:
2049:
2020:
1999:
1991:
1984:
1964:
1954:
1879:
1855:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1811:
1804:
1788:
1781:
1757:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1710:
1703:
1619:
1595:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1551:
1544:
1528:
1521:
1506:
1499:
1475:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1367:
1352:
1337:
1330:
1315:
1308:
1284:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1240:
1225:
1218:
402:that includes the living
271:
266:
184:Scientific classification
182:
164:
155:
138:
129:
34:
2900:10.11646/zootaxa.799.1.1
1690:ultra-conserved elements
929:(frogmouths, 14 species)
575:following Cabanis', and
539:, but notably excluding
447:Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy
4053:, eds. (January 2024).
3692:10.1126/science.1253451
3629:10.1126/science.1157704
3344:10.1126/science.1253451
3158:10.1126/science.1157704
3055:10.5962/bhl.title.13335
3030:10.5962/bhl.title.13560
2949:10.5962/bhl.title.13607
1000:(Strigiformes) and the
950:(treeswifts, 4 species)
922:(nightjars, 98 species)
275:Traditional Two Orders:
3538:10.3390/biology2010419
2978:Cooper, J. G. (1870),
2914:Cabanis, Jean (1847).
2832:10.1093/molbev/msaa191
2509:molecular phylogenetic
1190:Alternatively, Mayr's
769:started to disappear.
649:
4111:Paleobiology Database
3754:10.1093/sysbio/syx041
3296:10.1093/sysbio/syx041
2926:(1). Berlin: 308–352.
1158:DNA-DNA hybridization
1047:Based on analysis of
640:
957:(oilbird, 1 species)
915:(swifts, 96 species)
666:, probably from the
390:), sometimes called
4005:2024Natur.629..851S
3927:2019MolPE.14106611W
3867:10.1038/nature15697
3859:2015Natur.526..569P
3684:2014Sci...346.1320J
3678:(6215): 1320–1331.
3621:2008Sci...320.1763H
3615:(5884): 1763–1768.
3336:2014Sci...346.1320J
3330:(6215): 1320–1331.
3245:10.1038/nature15697
3237:2015Natur.526..569P
3150:2008Sci...320.1763H
3144:(5884): 1763–1768.
2225:based on Reddy, S.
1997:Steatornithiformes
943:(potoos, 7 species)
833:Protocypselomorphus
643:Hassiavis laticauda
581:Thomas Henry Huxley
469:fossils are known.
4049:; Donsker, David;
3741:Systematic Biology
3283:Systematic Biology
2655:(owlet-nightjars)
2567:Steatornithiformes
2362:(owlet-nightjars)
2091:(owlet-nightjars)
1976:sensu stricto
1192:phylogenetic taxon
1167:The Aegothelidae (
979:Steatornithiformes
879:Steatornithiformes
765:lifted up and the
750:from the southern
650:
647:Messel fossil site
583:proposed the name
561:Hermann Burmeister
167:rufous hummingbird
4126:
4125:
4079:Taxon identifiers
4051:Rasmussen, Pamela
3999:(8013): 851–860.
3853:(7574): 569–573.
3810:978-3-030-16476-8
3467:10.3390/d11090143
3425:10.3390/d11090143
3231:(7574): 569–573.
2783:
2782:
2774:
2773:
2765:
2764:
2756:
2755:
2747:
2746:
2738:
2737:
2729:
2728:
2603:
2602:
2490:
2489:
2478:
2477:
2469:
2468:
2460:
2459:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2441:
2417:
2416:
2292:
2291:
2219:
2218:
2210:
2209:
2201:
2200:
2192:
2191:
2183:
2182:
2174:
2173:
2149:
2148:
2038:
2037:
1937:
1936:
1928:
1927:
1919:
1918:
1910:
1909:
1901:
1900:
1892:
1891:
1868:
1867:
1770:
1769:
1677:
1676:
1668:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1650:
1649:
1641:
1640:
1632:
1631:
1608:
1607:
1488:
1487:
1416:
1415:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1397:
1389:
1388:
1380:
1379:
1297:
1296:
1051:data – notably β-
814:Archaeotrogonidae
706:ecological niches
616:Caprimulgimorphae
507:Taxonomic history
499:slender in their
491:pars symphysialis
335:
334:
262:
172:Selasphorus rufus
124:
16:(Redirected from
4156:
4119:
4118:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4074:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4026:
4016:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3938:
3906:
3895:
3894:
3838:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3784:
3775:
3774:
3756:
3731:
3722:
3721:
3711:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3558:
3540:
3516:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3469:
3445:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3403:
3390:
3389:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3355:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3298:
3274:
3265:
3264:
3219:
3208:
3207:
3187:
3178:
3177:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3015:
3009:
3008:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2844:
2834:
2810:
2804:
2800:
2695:
2672:
2643:
2617:
2563:
2556:
2534:Caprimulgiformes
2530:
2520:
2383:
2376:
2353:
2329:
2306:
2250:
2243:
2237:Caprimulgiformes
2233:
2115:
2108:
2079:
2052:
1994:
1987:
1961:Caprimulgiformes
1957:
1947:
1836:
1829:
1807:
1784:
1738:
1731:
1706:
1700:Caprimulgiformes
1696:
1576:
1569:
1547:
1524:
1502:
1456:
1449:
1443:Caprimulgiformes
1439:
1333:
1311:
1265:
1258:
1221:
1214:
867:Caprimulgiformes
798:or Early Eocene)
600:Caprimulgiformes
386:
380:
379:
376:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
309:Caprimulgiformes
304:Multiple Orders:
297:Caprimulgiformes
285:Caprimulgiformes
260:
192:
191:
160:
144:Chordeiles minor
140:Common nighthawk
134:
119:
118:
55:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4114:
4109:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4081:
4071:
4070:
4060:
4058:
4045:
4044:
4040:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3908:
3907:
3898:
3840:
3839:
3832:
3823:
3821:
3811:
3786:
3785:
3778:
3733:
3732:
3725:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3587:
3585:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3518:
3517:
3508:
3498:
3496:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3447:
3446:
3433:
3405:
3404:
3393:
3387:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3276:
3275:
3268:
3221:
3220:
3211:
3189:
3188:
3181:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3017:
3016:
3012:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2775:
2766:
2757:
2748:
2739:
2730:
2681:(hummingbirds)
2647:Aegotheliformes
2604:
2573:Steatornithidae
2491:
2485:sensu lato
2479:
2470:
2461:
2452:
2443:
2433:(hummingbirds)
2418:
2348:Daedalornithes
2293:
2257:Steatornithidae
2220:
2211:
2202:
2193:
2184:
2175:
2165:(hummingbirds)
2150:
2083:Aegotheliformes
2074:Daedalornithes
2039:
2018:Nyctibiiformes
2002:Steatornithidae
1938:
1929:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1893:
1869:
1802:Daedalornithes
1771:
1745:Steatornithidae
1678:
1669:
1660:
1651:
1642:
1633:
1609:
1542:Daedalornithes
1489:
1463:Steatornithidae
1417:
1408:
1399:
1390:
1381:
1298:
1228:Steatornithidae
1169:owlet-nightjars
987:Aegotheliformes
955:Steatornithidae
853:(with families
847:Aegotheliformes
843:
772:Several fossil
635:
593:owlet-nightjars
589:Anton Reichenow
509:
496:rami mandibulae
483:ossa maxillaria
459:
439:Aegotheliformes
419:Steatornithidae
384:
345:
341:
259:
186:
170:
146:
125:
122:molecular clock
117:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
50:
49:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4162:
4160:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4139:Cypselomorphae
4131:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4107:
4091:
4089:
4087:Cypselomorphae
4083:
4082:
4077:
4069:
4068:
4038:
3979:
3958:
3896:
3830:
3809:
3776:
3747:(5): 857–879.
3723:
3658:
3595:
3570:
3531:(1): 419–444.
3506:
3481:
3431:
3391:
3385:
3377:Non-passerines
3367:
3310:
3289:(5): 857–879.
3266:
3209:
3198:(2): 857–879.
3179:
3128:
3111:
3094:
3077:
3060:
3034:
3010:
2987:
2970:
2953:
2929:
2906:
2873:
2856:
2805:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2698:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2675:
2670:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2623:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2588:
2586:Nyctibiiformes
2582:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2569:
2561:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2536:
2528:
2526:
2518:
2488:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2253:
2248:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2231:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1953:
1945:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1694:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1437:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1212:
1206:The following
1177:Cypselomorphae
1119:synapomorphies
1115:Cypselomorphae
975:Nyctibiiformes
965:2019) adopt a
959:
958:
951:
944:
937:
930:
923:
916:
909:
871:Nyctibiiformes
842:
839:
838:
837:
829:
821:
811:
799:
783:incertae sedis
686:Late Paleocene
634:
631:
606:respective to
585:Cypselomorphae
508:
505:
479:synapomorphies
458:
455:
451:Daedalornithes
443:Trochiliformes
333:
332:
331:
330:
329:
328:
327:
326:
321:
311:
301:
300:
299:
289:
288:
287:
282:
269:
268:
264:
263:
254:
247:
246:
241:
234:
233:
228:
224:
223:
218:
214:
213:
208:
204:
203:
198:
194:
193:
180:
179:
162:
161:
153:
152:
136:
135:
127:
126:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
56:
37:
27:Clade of birds
26:
24:
18:Cypselomorphae
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4161:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4117:
4112:
4108:
4103:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4075:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3980:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3662:
3659:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3596:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3482:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3386:9780956861108
3382:
3378:
3371:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3115:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3098:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3081:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3064:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3014:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2974:
2971:
2966:
2965:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2933:
2930:
2925:
2922:(in German).
2921:
2917:
2910:
2907:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2860:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2806:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2778:
2770:
2769:
2761:
2760:
2752:
2751:
2743:
2742:
2734:
2733:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2720:(treeswifts)
2719:
2718:Hemiprocnidae
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2629:(frogmouths)
2628:
2622:
2621:Podargiformes
2619:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2540:Caprimulgidae
2535:
2532:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2498:
2496:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2474:
2473:
2465:
2464:
2456:
2455:
2447:
2446:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2392:(treeswifts)
2391:
2390:Hemiprocnidae
2385:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2338:(frogmouths)
2337:
2331:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2313:Caprimulgidae
2308:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2215:
2214:
2206:
2205:
2197:
2196:
2188:
2187:
2179:
2178:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2124:(treeswifts)
2123:
2122:Hemiprocnidae
2117:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2064:(frogmouths)
2063:
2057:
2056:Podargiformes
2054:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1967:Caprimulgidae
1962:
1959:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1914:
1906:
1905:
1897:
1896:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:Hemiprocnidae
1838:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1713:Caprimulgidae
1708:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1655:
1654:
1646:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:Hemiprocnidae
1578:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1509:Caprimulgidae
1504:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1394:
1393:
1385:
1384:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1355:Hemiprocnidae
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1272:Caprimulgidae
1267:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1197:plesiomorphic
1193:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
994:
992:
988:
984:
983:Podargiformes
980:
976:
972:
971:Caprimulgidae
968:
967:sensu stricto
964:
956:
952:
949:
948:Hemiprocnidae
945:
942:
938:
935:
931:
928:
924:
921:
920:Caprimulgidae
917:
914:
910:
907:
903:
902:
901:
899:
894:
892:
886:
884:
880:
876:
875:Podargiformes
872:
868:
864:
860:
859:Hemiprocnidae
856:
852:
848:
840:
835:
834:
830:
827:
826:
822:
819:
815:
812:
809:
805:
804:
800:
797:
793:
792:
788:
787:
786:
785:
784:
779:
775:
770:
768:
767:Turgai Strait
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
748:
743:
742:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:
676:
673:
669:
665:
664:
659:
655:
648:
644:
639:
632:
630:
628:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
506:
504:
502:
498:
497:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
465:feet, and no
464:
456:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
411:Caprimulgidae
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:
378:
339:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
315:
312:
310:
307:
306:
305:
302:
298:
295:
294:
293:
292:Single Order:
290:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
276:
273:
272:
270:
265:
261:Cabanis, 1847
258:
255:
252:
249:
248:
245:
242:
239:
236:
235:
232:
229:
226:
225:
222:
219:
216:
215:
212:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
195:
190:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
163:
159:
154:
150:
149:Caprimulgidae
145:
141:
137:
133:
128:
123:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
54:
47:
43:
33:
30:
19:
4086:
4059:. Retrieved
4041:
3996:
3992:
3982:
3970:. Retrieved
3961:
3918:
3914:
3850:
3846:
3822:, retrieved
3792:
3744:
3740:
3675:
3671:
3661:
3612:
3608:
3598:
3586:. Retrieved
3583:www.itis.gov
3582:
3573:
3528:
3524:
3497:. Retrieved
3493:
3484:
3457:
3453:
3415:
3411:
3376:
3370:
3327:
3323:
3313:
3286:
3282:
3228:
3224:
3195:
3191:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3121:
3114:
3104:
3097:
3087:
3080:
3070:
3063:
3044:
3037:
3020:
3013:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2980:
2973:
2963:
2956:
2939:
2932:
2923:
2919:
2909:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2866:
2859:
2822:
2818:
2808:
2716:
2700:
2677:
2653:Aegothelidae
2651:
2625:
2590:
2571:
2542:(nightjars)
2538:
2523:
2506:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2484:
2429:
2404:
2388:
2360:Aegothelidae
2358:
2334:
2315:(Nightjars)
2311:
2275:
2255:
2236:
2226:
2221:
2161:
2136:
2120:
2089:Aegothelidae
2087:
2060:
2021:
2000:
1975:
1969:(Nightjars)
1965:
1950:
1939:
1880:
1856:
1841:
1814:Aegothelidae
1812:
1789:
1758:
1743:
1711:
1699:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1620:
1596:
1581:
1554:Aegothelidae
1552:
1529:
1507:
1476:
1461:
1442:
1428:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1368:
1353:
1338:
1318:Aegothelidae
1316:
1285:
1270:
1241:
1226:
1205:
1200:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1166:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1126:
1112:
1107:
1104:hummingbirds
1049:DNA sequence
1046:
1038:hummingbirds
995:
966:
962:
960:
934:Aegothelidae
895:
887:
844:
831:
823:
801:
789:
781:
771:
756:
745:
741:Parvicuculus
739:
737:
710:
679:
677:
668:Early Eocene
661:
657:
651:
642:
620:
615:
607:
604:paraphyletic
599:
597:
584:
544:
531:, including
521:hummingbirds
516:
513:Jean Cabanis
510:
494:
490:
482:
460:
391:
337:
336:
303:
291:
274:
256:
250:
237:
171:
143:
29:
4047:Gill, Frank
2825:: 108–127.
2679:Trochilidae
2666:Apodiformes
2592:Nyctibiidae
2431:Trochilidae
2277:Nyctibiidae
2163:Trochilidae
2102:Apodiformes
2023:Nyctibiidae
1982:Vanescaves
1882:Trochilidae
1760:Nyctibiidae
1622:Trochilidae
1478:Nyctibiidae
1340:Trochilidae
1287:Nyctibiidae
1173:Apodiformes
1148:cytochrome
1068:tropicbirds
1030:woodpeckers
1006:kingfishers
991:Apodiformes
941:Nyctibiidae
906:Trochilidae
891:Apodiformes
883:Apodiformes
863:Trochilidae
851:Apodiformes
841:Systematics
803:Paraprefica
663:Paraprefica
627:total group
623:crown group
608:Apodiformes
565:kingfishers
517:Macrochires
489:with short
457:Description
435:Apodiformes
415:Nyctibiidae
324:Letornithes
280:Apodiformes
176:Trochilidae
4133:Categories
3921:: 106611.
3460:(9): 143.
3418:(9): 143.
3007:: 415–472.
2893:(1): 1–6.
2787:References
2627:Podargidae
2575:(oilbird)
2336:Podargidae
2229:. (2017):
2062:Podargidae
1791:Podargidae
1725:Vanescaves
1531:Podargidae
1243:Podargidae
1084:sunbittern
1072:sandgrouse
1053:fibrinogen
1042:Telluraves
1026:bee-eaters
1014:mousebirds
927:Podargidae
820:of France)
791:Eocypselus
747:Procuculus
681:Eocypselus
641:Fossil of
612:treeswifts
553:mousebirds
545:Amphibolae
543:) and the
541:frogmouths
473:and other
467:Cretaceous
463:apomorphic
431:frogmouths
427:Podargidae
417:(potoos),
392:nightbirds
319:Sedentaves
314:Vanescaves
51:51–0
3953:202573449
3891:205246158
3875:0028-0836
3819:198399272
3763:1063-5157
3700:0036-8075
3637:0036-8075
3547:2079-7737
3476:1424-2818
3454:Diversity
3412:Diversity
3261:205246158
2704:(swifts)
2594:(potoos)
2524:Strisores
2408:(swifts)
2223:Cladogram
2140:(swifts)
1951:Strisores
1941:Cladogram
1208:cladogram
1138:phylogeny
1131:Paleogene
1092:flamingos
1018:hornbills
825:Hassiavis
818:Oligocene
796:Paleocene
763:Himalayas
752:North Sea
733:Bartonian
725:Thanetian
721:Selandian
713:Paleogene
698:Oligocene
688:or Early
654:Paleogene
633:Evolution
529:nightjars
475:metabolic
445:" of the
338:Strisores
257:Strisores
207:Kingdom:
201:Eukaryota
35:Strisores
4102:Q5198624
4096:Wikidata
4033:38560995
4024:11111414
3945:31520780
3883:26444237
3771:28369655
3718:25504713
3645:18583609
3565:24832669
3362:25504713
3305:28369655
3253:26444237
3166:18583609
2851:32781465
2702:Apodidae
2406:Apodidae
2138:Apodidae
1858:Apodidae
1598:Apodidae
1370:Apodidae
1154:sequence
1143:Initial
913:Apodidae
855:Apodidae
729:Lutetian
533:oilbirds
487:mandible
423:oilbirds
404:families
244:Passerea
221:Chordata
217:Phylum:
211:Animalia
197:Domain:
46:Holocene
4001:Bibcode
3972:29 July
3923:Bibcode
3855:Bibcode
3709:4405904
3680:Bibcode
3672:Science
3653:6472805
3617:Bibcode
3609:Science
3588:18 June
3556:4009869
3525:Biology
3353:4405904
3332:Bibcode
3324:Science
3233:Bibcode
3174:6472805
3146:Bibcode
3138:Science
2887:Zootaxa
2842:7783168
2516:(IOC).
2261:oilbird
2006:oilbird
1433:introns
1088:mesites
1076:pigeons
1064:hoatzin
1060:Metaves
1034:trogons
1022:rollers
1010:hoopoes
953:Family
946:Family
939:Family
932:Family
925:Family
918:Family
911:Family
904:Family
806:(Early
656:. Chen
569:motmots
557:turacos
549:hoatzin
394:, is a
267:Orders
227:Class:
4031:
4021:
3993:Nature
3951:
3943:
3889:
3881:
3873:
3847:Nature
3824:7 June
3817:
3807:
3769:
3761:
3716:
3706:
3698:
3651:
3643:
3635:
3563:
3553:
3545:
3499:14 May
3474:
3383:
3360:
3350:
3303:
3259:
3251:
3225:Nature
3172:
3164:
2849:
2839:
2495:et al.
2281:potoos
2027:potoos
1686:et al.
1184:et al.
1127:et al.
1108:et al.
1100:swifts
1096:grebes
1056:intron
1002:swifts
981:, and
963:et al.
861:, and
808:Eocene
794:(Late
711:These
694:Eocene
690:Eocene
658:et al.
577:Cooper
555:, and
537:potoos
527:, and
525:swifts
503:half.
501:distal
493:, and
471:Torpor
408:orders
42:Eocene
40:Early
4116:99103
4061:1 May
3949:S2CID
3887:S2CID
3815:S2CID
3649:S2CID
3257:S2CID
3170:S2CID
2493:Chen
2227:et al
1682:et al
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