2511:
2541:
2866:
583:. Historically large areas of range were covered in forest. The forested area of the Jebel Akhdar has been shrinking in recent decades. A 1996 report to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization estimated that the forested area was reduced to 320,000 hectares from 500,000 hectares, mostly cleared to grow crops. The Green Mountain Conservation and Development Authority estimates that the forested area decreased from 500,000 hectares in 1976 to 180,000 hectares in 2007.
1372:
952:
1396:
876:
1499:
890:
78:
94:
416:
469:, the shore is all precipitous. A steep escarpment separates the coastal plain from a relatively level plateau, known as the Marj Plain, which lies at about 300 meters elevation. Above the Marj Plain lies a dissected plateau at about 700 meters elevation, which contains the highest peaks in the range.
1574:
while
Tripolitania and Fezzan remained under Gaddafi's government control. Some proposed a "two-state solution" to the conflict, with Cyrenaica becoming an independent state, but this concept was strongly rejected by both sides, and the three regions were united again in October 2011, as rebel forces
1299:
while the Banu Hilal marched westwards. The invasion contributed to the decline of the port cities and maritime trade. The number of
Hilalians who moved westward out of Egypt has been estimated as high as 200,000 families. As a result of the migration by Arab tribes, Cyrenaica became more Arab than
740:) – of which the chief was the eponymous Cyrene. The term "Pentapolis" continued to be used as a synonym for Cyrenaica. In the south, the Pentapolis faded into the Saharan tribal areas, including the pharaonic oracle of
758:
Cyrene became one of the greatest intellectual and artistic centers of the Greek world, famous for its medical school, learned academies and architecture, which included some of the finest examples of the
579:
from ancient times to the present day. Plenty of springs issue on the highlands. Wild olive trees are abundant, and large areas of oak savanna provide pasture to the flocks and herds of the local
2908:
1203:
Although it retained the title "Pentapolis", the ecclesiastic province actually included all of the
Cyrenaica, not just the five cities. Pentapolis is still included in the title of Popes of the
77:
612:
South of the coastal highlands of
Cyrenaica is a large east–west running depression, extending eastward from the Gulf of Sidra into Egypt. This region of the Sahara is known as the
926:) dates to the first century BC. Although some confusion exists as to the exact territory Rome inherited, by 78 BC it was organized as one administrative province together with
1357:, however, looked after the military and judicial affairs. The bureaucratic setup was similar to the one in Tripoli. The mutasarrifate existed until the Italian invasion.
597:
The lower Jebel el-Akabah lies to the south and east of the Jebel Akhdar. The two highlands are separated by a depression. This eastern region, known in ancient times as
4049:
2901:
2605:
1514:. This emirate became part of the Kingdom of Libya when it was established, and an independent kingdom on 24 December 1951, with Idris al-Senussi becoming King Idris.
1159:
601:, is much drier than the Jebel Akhdar and here the Sahara extends to the coast. Historically, salt-collecting and sponge fishing were more important than agriculture.
1713:
1220:
1184:
After being repeatedly destroyed and restored during the Roman period
Pentapolis became a mere borough, but was nevertheless the site of a diocese. Its bishop,
2865:
1174:
2510:
2894:
2540:
419:
Satellite image of Libya with
Cyrenaica on the right side, showing the green Mediterranean coast in the north and the large desert in the centre and south
2490:
1837:
El-Darier, S. M. and F.M. El-Mogaspi (2009). "Ethnobotany and
Relative Importance of Some Endemic Plant Species at El-Jabal El-Akhdar Region (Libya)".
1477:
159:
2448:
517:, as the predominant species. Small areas of maquis are found on north-facing slopes near the sea, becoming more extensive on the lower plateau.
2111:
A Mediterranean
Society The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza, Vol. I: Economic Foundations
697:, which they had abandoned because of a severe famine. Their commander, Aristoteles, took the Libyan name Battos. His descendants, known as the
1708:
1523:
1295:
confederation devastated the North
African coast under Zirid control. Barqa was ravaged by the Hilalian invasion and left to be settled by the
587:
537:
are common tree and large shrub species in the maquis. The upper plateau includes areas of garrigue, two maquis communities, one dominated by
453:
and reaches an elevation of 882 meters. There is no continuous coastal plain, the longest strip running from the recess of Gulf of Sidra past
2374:
2172:
1807:
Gimingham, C. H. and K. Walton (1954). "Environment and the
Structure of Scrub Communities on the Limestone Plateaux of Northern Cyrenaica."
1765:
1328:
later claimed suzerainty of Cyrenaica based on the Mamluk claim of suzerainty through alliance with the tribes. Cyrenaica was subsumed into
767:, a school of thinkers who expounded a doctrine of moral cheerfulness that defined happiness as the sum of human pleasures, were founded by
4034:
2598:
1177:
after the Pope was the Metropolitan of Western Pentapolis, although, since its demise as a major Archiepiscopal Metropolis in the days of
1555:. The plan, known as The Cyrene Declaration, aimed to revive Cyrenaica's agriculture, create a national park and develop the region as a
1703:
1208:
483:
of hot, dry summers and relatively mild and rainy winters. The plant communities of this portion of Cyrenaica include forest, woodland,
473:
3414:
1698:
1563:
destination. The announced pilot projects included plans for three hotels, including the Cyrene Grand Hotel near the ruins of Cyrene.
3563:
2407:
2307:
2283:
2256:
2229:
2219:
2202:
2118:
2093:
2043:
1939:
1902:
1131:
1080:
1008:
1000:
866:
245:
2458:
3988:
3239:
2591:
3307:
3231:
3220:
2483:
2145:
1240:
1020:
400:
2972:
established after 584. After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by the
2273:
2135:
3374:
3008:
1571:
1076:
392:
2005:
2002:
Recueil des itinéraires anciens, comprenant l'itinéraire d'Antonin, la table de Peutinger, et un choix des périples grecs
4039:
3811:
2917:
2810:
911:
375:. During World War II, it fell under British military and civil administration from 1943 until 1951, and finally in the
4044:
3294:
2688:
2192:
1350:
837:, stepson of Ptolemy I, but was reabsorbed into the Ptolemaic empire after his death. It was separated from the main
2795:
1178:
1155:
1147:
31:
2886:
2246:
1879:
1821:
1320:
were seemingly unable to exert any significant control and had to ally with the resident Bedouins to accept their
3491:
3433:
3244:
2718:
2476:
1185:
1989:
3831:
3816:
3640:
3369:
3316:
3312:
3274:
3206:
3027:
2855:
2845:
2728:
2693:
2673:
2653:
1312:
emir Qaraqush marched into the Maghreb and according to al-Maqrizi had taken control of Cyrenaica on orders of
1284:
for the Fatimids. Around 1051/52, Jabbara, emir of Barqa, transferred his allegiance from the Fatimids to the
590:, a transitional ecoregion lying between the Mediterranean climate regions of North Africa and the hyper-arid
3635:
3582:
3519:
3359:
3349:
3178:
3148:
2800:
2785:
2723:
2638:
2628:
2334:
1693:
1189:
1151:
286:
1783:
821:
in 332 BC, who received tribute from the cities after taking Egypt. The Pentapolis was formally annexed by
3841:
3284:
3168:
2773:
2633:
1462:
1204:
1166:
549:
501:
275:
45:
999:. Both belonged to the Diocese of the Orient, with its capital at Antioch in Syria, and from 370, to the
3856:
3625:
3438:
3364:
2957:
2668:
2562:
2552:
1952:
1723:
1567:
1548:
1537:
1454:
as a form of an imperial triumphal arch at the border between Cyrenaica and Tripolitani near the coast.
1004:
944:
480:
388:
499:. Garrigue shrublands occupy the non-agricultural portions coastal plain and coastal escarpments, with
3279:
3994:
3511:
3163:
2995:
2965:
2805:
2698:
2434:
2414:
Note archeologiche e topografiche sull’itinerario da Derna a Cirene seguito da Claude Le Maire (1706)
1657:
1652:
1606:
1511:
1503:
1493:
1354:
1265:
1224:
1127:
1050:
1031:
1027:
956:
931:
733:
713:
662:
513:
353:
165:
379:
from 1951 until 1963. The region that used to be Cyrenaica officially until 1963 has formed several
4000:
3955:
3773:
3763:
3425:
3254:
3201:
3196:
2969:
2703:
2678:
2318:
Associated Press, 'Libyan Opposition to Khadafy Growing but Fragmented Says Expert,' 17 April 1986.
1593:
1552:
1451:
1097:
879:
862:
818:
776:
519:
442:
337:
2345:
2194:
Saladin, the Almohads and the Banū Ghāniya: The Contest for North Africa (12th and 13th centuries)
4029:
3851:
3826:
3733:
3708:
3597:
3481:
3331:
3143:
2940:
2790:
2748:
2743:
2572:
2567:
2557:
1611:
1228:
1170:
1123:
1119:
682:
621:
523:
507:
384:
372:
368:
315:
311:
171:
2275:
The Origins of the Libyan Nation: Colonial Legacy, Exile and the Emergence of a New Nation-State
1435:
until 1929. In that year, Italy withdrew recognition of him and the Senussi. On 1 January 1934,
2583:
1371:
708:; the more important western portion was known as the Pentapolis, as it comprised five cities:
3978:
3685:
3675:
3670:
3574:
3544:
3341:
3191:
3082:
3072:
3047:
3042:
2875:
Italy was never constituted as a province, instead retaining a special juridical status until
2835:
2830:
2758:
2753:
2463:
2403:
2370:
2303:
2279:
2252:
2225:
2198:
2168:
2141:
2114:
2089:
2079:
2060:
2052:
1935:
1931:
1898:
1621:
1420:
1404:
1388:
1366:
1305:
1269:
1236:
1232:
1016:
969:
reforms of 293 altered Cyrenaica's administrative structure. It was split into two provinces:
830:
798:
568:
533:
527:
431:
404:
360:
153:
2016:
1063:, indicating the cities of Bernice, Hadrianopolis, Taucheira, Ptolomaide, Callis, Cenopolis,
3914:
3909:
3866:
3821:
3728:
3473:
3463:
3453:
3401:
3138:
3130:
2763:
2733:
2048:
1892:
1718:
1556:
1481:
1424:
1416:
1384:
1376:
1101:
1086:
1035:
951:
870:
560:
484:
376:
189:
1971:
Ring, Trudy, Robert M. Salkin and Sharon La Boda (1996). "Cyrene (Gebel Akhdar, Libya)" in
1747:
3894:
3884:
3791:
3743:
3698:
3617:
3539:
3524:
3443:
3186:
3090:
3062:
3037:
3019:
2648:
2438:
2402:(Society for Libyan Studies Occasional Papers). Graeme Barker, John Lloyd, Joyce Reynolds
1674:
1533:
1090:
838:
834:
822:
806:
792:
760:
747:
The region produced barley, wheat, olive oil, wine, figs, apples, wool, sheep, cattle and
543:
266:
2028:
1272:
it was essentially annexed to Egypt, although still under the same name, first under the
930:. It became a senatorial province in 20 BC, like its far more prominent western neighbor
809:(Achaemenid Persian province) over parts of the region for about the next two centuries.
82:
The traditional region of Cyrenaica (dark green), and the modern expansion (light green)
3904:
3899:
3889:
3836:
3781:
3592:
3486:
3458:
3448:
3326:
3115:
3110:
3067:
3057:
2738:
2658:
2614:
1728:
1412:
1325:
1059:
1039:
850:
617:
333:
319:
135:
2000:
Agricole Joseph F.X.P.E.S.P.A. Fortia d'Urban (marq. de), Bénigne Emmanuel C. Miller,
4023:
3786:
3738:
3703:
3693:
3602:
3302:
3105:
3100:
3052:
3032:
2961:
2945:
2683:
2663:
2643:
1751:
1641:
1627:
1444:
1380:
1329:
1285:
1246:
1162:
to this day includes the Pentapolis in his title as an area within his jurisdiction.
846:
709:
690:
613:
553:
450:
446:
364:
329:
303:
147:
2453:
1395:
875:
3984:
3801:
3796:
3748:
3534:
3501:
3496:
3321:
3095:
2973:
2708:
2530:
2329:
1647:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1436:
1408:
1143:
1043:
1012:
889:
883:
842:
780:
729:
602:
466:
129:
704:
The eastern portion of the province, with no major population centers, was called
2162:
4007:
3879:
3846:
3758:
3713:
3587:
3529:
2850:
2779:
2713:
1598:
1560:
1498:
1470:
1296:
990:
935:
802:
772:
752:
721:
496:
462:
2980:
and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century.
1476:. In late 1942, Allied forces liberated Cyrenaica from Axis occupation and the
1034:. After the Empire's division, Cyrenaica became part of the East Roman Empire (
3874:
3718:
3120:
2949:
2876:
2468:
2300:
The British Empire: An Encyclopedia of the Crown's Holdings, 1493 through 1995
2085:
1547:
In 2007, the Green Mountain Conservation and Development Authority, headed by
1321:
1301:
1292:
1291:
In the middle of the 11th century, several Arab tribes, including the Bedouin
1113:
962:
768:
751:, a herb that grew only in Cyrenaica and was regarded as a medicinal cure and
741:
324:
38:
2064:
2019:, Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States, accessed 19 May 2009
1973:
International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 4: Middle East and Africa
1928:
International Dictionary of Historic Places: Volume 4: Middle East and Africa
977:, comprising the above-mentioned Pentapolis, with Cyrene as its capital, and
3660:
3549:
3158:
3153:
2768:
1957:
1687:
1666:
1536:, Cyrenaica occasionally experienced nationalist activity against Gaddafi's
1510:
In 1949, Idris al-Senussi, with British backing, proclaimed the independent
1281:
1197:
986:
966:
906:
764:
717:
705:
698:
694:
598:
476:
435:
427:
2454:
Worldstatesmen.org's History and list of rulers of Tripolitania, Cyrenaica.
2443:
1154:
in 325, Cyrenaica had been recognized as an ecclesiastical province of the
1146:, whose classes he had attended. Synesius was raised to the episcopate by
17:
3753:
3723:
3645:
3354:
3269:
2977:
1637:
1615:
1135:
1064:
826:
748:
725:
670:
488:
458:
454:
396:
380:
123:
117:
3950:
3806:
3665:
3607:
3264:
3259:
3249:
2825:
1529:
1428:
1336:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1273:
1193:
1139:
1105:
995:
701:, persisted despite severe conflict with Greeks in neighboring cities.
650:
633:
580:
424:
415:
141:
1015:, the largest split-off from Africa proconsularis, became part of the
993:
as its capital. Each came under a governor holding the modest rank of
3960:
2840:
2820:
2815:
2525:
1632:
1541:
1440:
1277:
629:
606:
591:
576:
492:
1100:
was born in the Pentapolis, and later returned after preaching with
693:, established in about 631 BC by colonists from the Greek island of
4006: Affected (i.e. boundaries modified, abolished or renamed) by
2248:
The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and Libya, 1830-1980
1399:
Littorio Palace in Benghazi was the seat of the Cyrenaican assembly
1200:(451) give the names of two other bishops, Zenobius and Theodorus.
3655:
3650:
3630:
2500:
1497:
1394:
1370:
950:
927:
888:
874:
625:
572:
414:
391:
started in Cyrenaica, which came largely under the control of the
310:. Cyrenaica includes all of the eastern part of Libya between the
307:
99:
3370:
Numidia (divided as Cirtensis and Militiana during the Tetrarchy)
1833:
1831:
1829:
1551:, announced a regional plan for Cyrenaica, developed by the firm
1138:, and he entertained a great deal of reverence and affection for
1432:
1250:
1109:
737:
666:
37:"Pentapolis (North Africa)" redirects here. For other uses, see
3939:
3399:
2993:
2929:
2890:
2587:
2472:
2416:, in "L'Africa romana XX", Roma 2015, vol. 2, pp. 955–970.
571:
are found on the Marj Plain, which has borne abundant crops of
237:
2221:
Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History
1820:"Mediterranean woodlands and forests". WWF Scientific Report
1423:, and, on 25 October 1920, the Italian government recognized
586:
The southward slopes of the Jebel Akhdar are occupied by the
2426:
1316:
who wanted to use the province as an agricultural base. The
1181:, it was held as a Titular See attached to another Diocese.
1878:"North Saharan steppe and woodlands" WWF Scientific Report
1575:
took Tripolitania and Fezzan and the government collapsed.
225:
213:
204:
198:
2964:. Empire permanently partitioned after 395. Exarchates of
2459:
Hostkingdom.net's History and list of rulers of Cyrenaica.
2431:
1112:(Phil 24; 2 Tim 4:11); from Pentapolis he made his way to
849:, who, dying without heirs in 96 BC, bequeathed it to the
685:
beginning in the seventh century BC, when it was known as
348:. During the Islamic period, the area came to be known as
1245:
Cyrenaica was conquered by Muslim Arabs under command of
771:
of Cyrene. Other notable natives of Cyrene were the poet
673:
tribes of Cyrenaica made frequent incursions into Egypt.
297:
219:
2302:
McFarland & Co., Jefferson, North Carolina, p. 125,
2017:"St. Mark the Apostle, the Founder of the Coptic Church"
472:
The Jebel Akhdar and its adjacent coast are part of the
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1165:
The Eparchy of the Western Pentapolis was part of the
1093:
carried the cross of Jesus Christ to the crucifixion.
1038:), bordering Tripolitania. It was briefly part of the
2078:
Popovkin, Alex V.; Rowson, Everett K. (7 June 2007).
2029:"Atiya, Aziz S. "The Copts and Christian Civilization
712:(near the modern village of Shahat) with its port of
653:
were the earliest recorded inhabitants of Cyrenaica.
246:
234:
231:
228:
222:
210:
195:
192:
2113:. University of California Press. pp. 327–328.
1950:
Details of the founding are contained in Book IV of
1173:
was the Pope of Africa. The most senior position in
399:) for most of the war. In 2012, a body known as the
280:
201:
3865:
3772:
3684:
3616:
3573:
3562:
3510:
3472:
3424:
3413:
3340:
3293:
3230:
3219:
3177:
3129:
3081:
3018:
3007:
2186:
2184:
1967:
1965:
207:
110:
105:
87:
58:
2042:
1975:. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Chicago and London.
1894:Libya and the West: From Independence to Lockerbie
1419:. On 17 May 1919, Cyrenaica was established as an
1391:, formed the government of Cyrenaica in late 1940s
1264:after its provincial capital, the ancient city of
689:. The first and most important colony was that of
541:and the other a mixed maquis in which the endemic
1570:, Cyrenaica was largely under the control of the
1130:, received his instruction at Alexandria in both
1583:Ancient episcopal sees of the Roman province of
1986:The Library of Congress Country Studies: Libya
1784:"Eastern Libyan leaders declare semi-autonomy"
1714:Postage stamps and postal history of Cyrenaica
1349:and was further divided into five qadaas. The
3987:by the Eastern Empire in 534 as the separate
2902:
2599:
2484:
1457:There was heavy fighting in Cyrenaica during
1340:
1221:History of Islamic Tripolitania and Cyrenaica
1150:, patriarch of Alexandria, in 410. Since the
120:(632-440 BC; 276-249 BC; 163-96 BC; 34-30 BC)
8:
1849:
1847:
1665:For the ancient sees of Libya Inferior, see
1339:of the Ottoman Empire. In 1888, it became a
1175:The Holy Synod of the Coptic Orthodox Church
461:. Thereafter, except for deltaic patches at
44:"Barqa" redirects here. For other uses, see
4010:'s administrative reorganization in 534–536
1755:. 24 February 2011. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
1403:The Italians occupied Cyrenaica during the
1077:Early centers of Christianity § Cyrene
829:dynasty of the Lagids, better known as the
434:and falls inland with a gradual descent to
423:Geologically, Cyrenaica rests on a mass of
371:was designated as one of the three primary
216:
3936:
3570:
3421:
3410:
3396:
3227:
3015:
3004:
2990:
2926:
2909:
2895:
2887:
2606:
2592:
2584:
2491:
2477:
2469:
1484:was established and granted independence.
1411:on 15 October 1912. Three days later, the
441:This mass is divided into two blocks. The
55:
2944:. Provincial administration reformed and
2333:12 September 2007. Accessed 2 April 2011.
1478:United Kingdom administered most of Libya
661:Egyptian records mention that during the
403:unilaterally declared Cyrenaica to be an
2918:Late Roman and early Byzantine provinces
2449:Dynamic map of Cyrenaica on Google Maps.
1249:during the tenure of the second caliph,
1158:, per the ruling of the Nicaean Fathers.
938:itself, which became an imperial domain
4050:Ancient Greek geography of North Africa
1918:
1916:
1914:
1740:
1431:, who was granted the princely rank of
833:. It briefly gained independence under
797:In 525 BC, after conquering Egypt, the
556:, Quercus coccifera, Ceratonia siliqua,
445:extends parallel to the coast from the
104:
86:
74:
2444:Lexiorient.com's article on Cyrenaica.
2327:Rose, Steve. "Gadafy's green vision".
1930:Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Chicago,
1926:(1996) "Cyrene (Gebel Akhdar, Libya)"
1839:World Journal of Agricultural Sciences
1709:Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe
1524:History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi
1276:caliphs. The region became a base for
588:Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe
2137:Islamic Maritime Law: An Introduction
1766:"East Libya declares self-government"
1450:The Italian fascists constructed the
1443:were united as the Italian colony of
1415:officially ceded the province to the
624:. The Libyan Desert is home to a few
109:
7:
2615:Provinces of the early Roman Empire
2348:. BBC Today programme. 25 March 2011
1540:, including a military rebellion at
322:. The coastal region, also known as
2218:Lapidus, Ira M. (22 October 2012).
1704:List of colonial heads of Cyrenaica
1407:in 1911 and declared it an Italian
1379:(left), and behind him (from left)
1324:indirectly while paying taxes. The
1209:Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria
474:Mediterranean woodlands and forests
270:
1699:List of Catholic dioceses in Libya
1532:dynasty was overthrown by Colonel
1160:The patriarch of the Coptic Church
989:, with the important port city of
25:
2427:Cyrenaica Archaeological Project.
2369:(Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013
2298:Stewart, John (1996) "Cyrenaica"
1841:5 (3): 353-360, 2009, pp 353-360.
1528:Since 1 September 1969, when the
1122:spread to Pentapolis from Egypt;
1081:Diocese of Egypt (Late Antiquity)
942:(under a special governor styled
867:Praetorian prefecture of the East
385:administrative divisions of Libya
3350:Africa proconsularis (Zeugitana)
2976:in c. 640–660, although in
2864:
2539:
2509:
2387:Grosser Atlas zur Weltgeschichte
2377:), "Sedi titolari", pp. 819-1013
2272:Baldinetti, Anna (12 May 2014).
2134:Khalilieh, Hassan Salih (1998).
2051:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
1984:"Cyrenaica and the Greeks" from
825:, and through him passed to the
188:
92:
76:
2960:established after the death of
2432:Inscriptions of Roman Cyrenaica
2346:"Two-state solution for Libya?"
2245:Anderson, Lisa (14 July 2014).
2191:Baadj, Amar S. (19 June 2015).
2081:The History of al-Tabari: Index
430:that tilts up steeply from the
27:Eastern coastal region of Libya
3308:Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium
3232:Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy
2464:Zum.de's History of Cyrenaica.
2251:. Princeton University Press.
2224:. Cambridge University Press.
2059:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
1869:p. 134. Oxford Business Group.
1241:Arab migrations to the Maghreb
817:The Persians were followed by
401:Cyrenaica Transitional Council
363:. After the 1934 formation of
318:meridians east, including the
1:
3375:Tripolitania (Roman province)
2953:
1572:National Transitional Council
1517:
1268:. After the breakdown of the
1254:
1192:in 325. The subscriptions at
665:(thirteenth century BC), the
547:is prominent, and forests of
393:National Transitional Council
1335:In 1879, Cyrenaica became a
1096:According to one tradition,
306:), is the eastern region of
298:
4035:Countries in ancient Africa
3983: Re-established after
3295:Diocese of Annonarian Italy
1304:except for the interior of
1030:, the capital was moved to
805:seized the Pentapolis, and
281:
4066:
2421:Sources and external links
1958:Herodotus of Halicarnassus
1811:Vol. 42, No. 2, Jul., 1954
1521:
1491:
1364:
1218:
1179:Pope John VI of Alexandria
1074:
860:
790:
290:
43:
36:
32:Cyrenaica (disambiguation)
29:
3973:
3956:Quaestura exercitus (536)
3946:
3935:
3409:
3395:
3003:
2989:
2936:
2925:
2873:
2862:
2624:
2548:
2537:
2516:
2507:
1991:. Accessed 27 March 2011.
1897:. I.B.Tauris. p. 1.
1881:. Accessed 27 March 2011.
724:or Berenice (near modern
716:(Marsa Susa), Arsinoe or
361:an Italian colony in 1911
75:
68:
3832:Palaestina III Salutaris
3028:Alpes Poeninae et Graiae
2654:Alpes Graiae et Poeninae
2437:18 December 2009 at the
2367:Annuario Pontificio 2013
1823:. Accessed 27 March 2011
1673:For those of Creta, see
1502:Flag of the short-lived
1280:, many of whom acted as
1044:reconquest by Belisarius
903:
896:
373:provinces of the country
168:(643-? AD; 1949-1951 AD)
126:(440-322 BC; 249-246 BC)
62:
3999: Placed under the
3360:Mauretania Caesariensis
3179:Diocese of the Britains
2801:Mauretania Caesariensis
2109:Goitein, S. D. (1999).
1867:The Report: Libya 2008,
1855:Encyclopædia Britannica
1694:List of kings of Cyrene
1518:Gaddafi's Arab republic
1480:through 1951, when the
1190:First Council of Nicaea
1152:First Council of Nicaea
1132:the Catechetical School
1042:to the west, until its
1028:Crete earthquake of 365
1011:. Its western neighbor
775:and the mathematicians
683:colonized by the Greeks
552:, Juniperus phoenicea,
160:Military administration
132:(322-276 BC; 246-96 BC)
3842:Phoenice II Libanensis
3545:Macedonia II Salutaris
2958:praetorian prefectures
2920:(4th–7th centuries AD)
2774:Hispania Tarraconensis
2499:Historical regions of
2400:Cyrenaica in Antiquity
2057:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1891:Simons, Geoff (2003).
1857:Eleventh Edition, 1911
1507:
1400:
1392:
1341:
1260:, and became known as
1205:Coptic Orthodox Church
1167:Coptic Orthodox Church
959:
915:
886:
550:Cupressus sempervirens
502:Sarcopoterium spinosum
420:
3564:Praetorian prefecture
3439:Noricum mediterraneum
3415:Praetorian prefecture
3365:Mauretania Sitifensis
3260:Picenum Suburbicarium
3221:Praetorian prefecture
3009:Praetorian prefecture
2956: 293. Permanent
2167:. Hurst. p. xv.
2161:Wright, John (2012).
2041:Krais, Jakob (2021).
1748:"Endgame in Tripoli".
1724:Christianity in Libya
1549:Saif al-Islam Gaddafi
1538:military dictatorship
1501:
1427:as the leader of the
1398:
1374:
1361:Italian colonial rule
1215:Arab and Ottoman rule
1188:, was present at the
1126:(370–414), bishop of
1019:, subordinate to the
1005:praetorian prefecture
954:
945:praefectus augustalis
892:
878:
845:and given to his son
807:established a satrapy
481:Mediterranean climate
418:
389:2011 Libyan Civil War
340:, later divided into
3995:Diocese of Illyricum
3989:Prefecture of Africa
3744:Galatia II Salutaris
3512:Diocese of Macedonia
3402:Eastern Roman Empire
3164:Mauretania Tingitana
2996:Western Roman Empire
2806:Mauretania Tingitana
2699:Corsica and Sardinia
2639:Africa proconsularis
1690:philosophical school
1512:Emirate of Cyrenaica
1504:emirate of Cyrenaica
1494:Emirate of Cyrenaica
1488:Emirate of Cyrenaica
1355:Ottoman Tripolitania
1225:Ottoman Tripolitania
1051:Tabula Peutingeriana
957:Ptolemais, Cyrenaica
932:Africa proconsularis
799:Achaemenid (Persian)
663:New Kingdom of Egypt
657:Ancient Egyptian Era
514:Artemisia herba-alba
352:, after the city of
302:, after the city of
30:For other uses, see
4040:Crete and Cyrenaica
4001:Quaestura exercitus
3774:Diocese of the East
3764:Pontus Polemoniacus
3426:Diocese of Pannonia
3255:Lucania et Bruttium
3202:Maxima Caesariensis
3197:Flavia Caesariensis
2704:Crete and Cyrenaica
2679:Bithynia and Pontus
2412:Sandro Lorenzatti,
2044:"Barqa (Cyrenaica)"
1809:Journal of Ecology,
1594:Annuario Pontificio
1589:Libya Pentapolitana
1553:Foster and Partners
1461:on the part of the
1098:Mark the Evangelist
880:Crete and Cyrenaica
863:Crete and Cyrenaica
819:Alexander the Great
616:, and includes the
609:have good harbors.
520:Juniperus phoenicea
338:Crete and Cyrenaica
328:("Five Cities") in
4045:Historical regions
3852:Syria II Salutaris
3709:Armenian Satrapies
3482:Dacia Mediterranea
3404:(395–c. 640)
3332:Venetia et Histria
3240:Apulia et Calabria
2941:Notitia Dignitatum
2791:Lycia et Pamphylia
2769:Hispania Lusitania
2749:Gallia Narbonensis
2744:Gallia Lugdunensis
2164:A History of Libya
2047:. In Fleet, Kate;
1853:"Cyrenaica", from
1653:Ptolemais in Libya
1508:
1425:Sheikh Sidi Idriss
1401:
1393:
1229:Rashidun Caliphate
1171:Pope of Alexandria
1124:Synesius of Cyrene
1120:Early Christianity
960:
916:
910:in the Roman era (
887:
677:Greek colonization
622:Calanshio Sand Sea
539:Pistacia lentiscus
524:Pistacia lentiscus
508:Asphodelus ramosus
421:
395:(headquartered in
387:, since 1995. The
369:Cyrenaica province
332:, was part of the
4017:
4016:
3979:Septem Provinciae
3969:
3968:
3941:Other territories
3931:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3714:Armenia III (536)
3686:Diocese of Pontus
3676:Phrygia Salutaris
3671:Phrygia Pacatiana
3575:Diocese of Thrace
3558:
3557:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3342:Diocese of Africa
3215:
3214:
3083:Diocese of Vienne
3073:Maxima Sequanorum
2985:
2984:
2884:
2883:
2836:Pannonia Superior
2831:Pannonia Inferior
2759:Germania Superior
2754:Germania Inferior
2618:
2581:
2580:
2375:978-88-209-9070-1
2174:978-1-84904-227-7
1439:, Cyrenaica, and
1405:Italo-Turkish War
1389:Mustafa Ben Halim
1367:Italian Cyrenaica
1300:any place in the
1270:Ummayad caliphate
1237:Abbasid Caliphate
1233:Umayyad Caliphate
1156:See of Alexandria
1142:, the last pagan
1085:According to the
1017:Diocese of Africa
831:Ptolemaic dynasty
761:Hellenistic style
534:Ceratonia siliqua
528:Quercus coccifera
432:Mediterranean Sea
405:autonomous region
359:Cyrenaica became
296:
279:
181:
180:
111: • Type
16:(Redirected from
4057:
3993: Later the
3977: Later the
3937:
3915:Thebais Inferior
3910:Thebais Superior
3867:Diocese of Egypt
3857:Theodorias (528)
3719:Armenia IV (536)
3571:
3474:Diocese of Dacia
3464:Valeria ripensis
3422:
3411:
3397:
3280:Tuscia et Umbria
3228:
3131:Diocese of Spain
3016:
3005:
2991:
2955:
2938:As found in the
2927:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2888:
2868:
2764:Hispania Baetica
2734:Gallia Aquitania
2616:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2585:
2543:
2513:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2470:
2378:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2342:
2336:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2310:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2084:. Vol. XL.
2075:
2069:
2068:
2046:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
1998:
1992:
1982:
1976:
1969:
1960:
1948:
1942:
1920:
1909:
1908:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1851:
1842:
1835:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1805:
1792:
1791:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1762:
1756:
1745:
1719:History of Libya
1568:Libyan civil war
1566:For much of the
1482:Kingdom of Libya
1417:Kingdom of Italy
1385:Muhammad Sakizli
1377:Idris as-Senussi
1344:
1259:
1256:
1102:Paul the Apostle
1087:Synoptic Gospels
1071:Christianization
1036:Byzantine Empire
1026:. Following the
1023:Italia et Africa
1001:Diocese of Egypt
975:Libya Pentapolis
909:
904:
899:
897:
871:Diocese of Egypt
561:Pinus halepensis
377:Kingdom of Libya
342:Libya Pentapolis
301:
295:romanized:
294:
292:
284:
274:
272:
257:
253:
249:
244:
243:
240:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
98:
96:
95:
80:
56:
21:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4013:
3965:
3942:
3919:
3895:Augustamnica II
3861:
3768:
3680:
3618:Diocese of Asia
3612:
3565:
3554:
3540:Macedonia Prima
3506:
3468:
3444:Noricum ripense
3416:
3405:
3379:
3336:
3289:
3222:
3211:
3173:
3125:
3091:Alpes Maritimae
3077:
3063:Lugdunensis III
3020:Diocese of Gaul
3010:
2999:
2998:(395–476)
2981:
2948:established by
2932:
2921:
2915:
2885:
2880:
2869:
2860:
2821:Moesia Superior
2816:Moesia Inferior
2649:Alpes Maritimae
2620:
2612:
2582:
2577:
2544:
2535:
2514:
2503:
2497:
2439:Wayback Machine
2423:
2396:
2394:Further reading
2382:
2381:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2190:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2088:. p. 109.
2077:
2076:
2072:
2053:Rowson, Everett
2040:
2039:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2011:
1999:
1995:
1983:
1979:
1970:
1963:
1949:
1945:
1921:
1912:
1905:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1852:
1845:
1836:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1806:
1795:
1790:. 7 March 2012.
1782:
1781:
1777:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1684:
1675:Byzantine Crete
1671:
1662:
1658:Sozusa in Libya
1581:
1534:Muammar Gaddafi
1526:
1520:
1496:
1490:
1369:
1363:
1257:
1243:
1219:Main articles:
1217:
1108:(Col 4:10) and
1091:Simon of Cyrene
1083:
1073:
1057:to the east of
955:Roman ruins of
918:The Latin name
902:
901:
898: Cyrenaica
895:
894:
873:
861:Main articles:
859:
835:Magas of Cyrene
823:Ptolemy I Soter
815:
813:Hellenistic era
795:
793:Libya (satrapy)
789:
679:
659:
647:
642:
544:Arbutus pavarii
413:
255:
251:
247:
191:
187:
177:
93:
91:
83:
71:
64:
61:
54:
53:Region in Libya
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4063:
4061:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4022:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3991:
3981:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3905:Libya Inferior
3902:
3900:Libya Superior
3897:
3892:
3890:Augustamnica I
3887:
3882:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3778:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3690:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3646:Lycaonia (370)
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3579:
3577:
3568:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3487:Dacia Ripensis
3484:
3478:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3419:
3407:
3406:
3400:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3225:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3149:Carthaginensis
3146:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3116:Novempopulania
3113:
3111:Narbonensis II
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3068:Lugdunensis IV
3065:
3060:
3058:Lugdunensis II
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3013:
3001:
3000:
2994:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2923:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2891:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2739:Gallia Belgica
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2659:Arabia Petraea
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2588:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2429:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2380:
2379:
2359:
2337:
2320:
2311:
2291:
2284:
2264:
2257:
2237:
2230:
2210:
2203:
2180:
2173:
2153:
2146:
2126:
2119:
2101:
2094:
2070:
2049:Krämer, Gudrun
2033:
2021:
2009:
1993:
1977:
1961:
1943:
1910:
1903:
1883:
1871:
1859:
1843:
1825:
1813:
1793:
1775:
1757:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1729:Islam in Libya
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1683:
1680:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1609:
1603:
1591:listed in the
1585:Libya Superior
1580:
1579:Episcopal sees
1577:
1519:
1516:
1492:Main article:
1489:
1486:
1421:Italian colony
1413:Ottoman Empire
1365:Main article:
1362:
1359:
1342:mutasarrıfiyya
1326:Ottoman Empire
1216:
1213:
1072:
1069:
1060:Syrtes Maiores
1040:Vandal Kingdom
1021:prefecture of
979:Libya Inferior
971:Libya Superior
882:, 2nd century
858:
857:Roman province
855:
851:Roman Republic
814:
811:
791:Main article:
788:
785:
681:Cyrenaica was
678:
675:
658:
655:
646:
643:
641:
638:
618:Great Sand Sea
412:
409:
334:Roman province
320:Kufra District
179:
178:
176:
175:
174:(1951-1963 AD)
169:
163:
162:(1943-1949 AD)
157:
156:(1911-1934 AD)
154:Italian colony
151:
150:(1888-1911 AD)
145:
144:(1879-1888 AD)
139:
138:(74 BC-643 AD)
136:Roman province
133:
127:
121:
114:
112:
108:
107:
103:
102:
89:
85:
84:
81:
73:
72:
69:
66:
65:
59:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4062:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4009:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3938:
3934:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3827:Palaestina II
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3734:Cappadocia II
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3704:Armenia Maior
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3561:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3303:Alpes Cottiae
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3218:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3169:Tarraconensis
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3106:Narbonensis I
3104:
3102:
3101:Aquitanica II
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3053:Lugdunensis I
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2962:Constantine I
2959:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2912:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2878:
2872:
2867:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2644:Alpes Cottiae
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2542:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2502:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2409:
2408:0-86054-303-X
2405:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2360:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2324:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2308:0-7864-0177-X
2305:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2285:9781135245023
2281:
2278:. Routledge.
2277:
2276:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2258:9781400859023
2254:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2231:9781139851121
2227:
2223:
2222:
2214:
2211:
2206:
2204:9789004298576
2200:
2196:
2195:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2120:9780520221581
2116:
2112:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2095:9780791472514
2091:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2074:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1940:1-884964-03-6
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1904:9781860649882
1900:
1896:
1895:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1770:aljazeera.com
1767:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1752:The Economist
1749:
1744:
1741:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1642:Uaili-Et-Trun
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1397:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:Hussein Maziq
1378:
1373:
1368:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1330:Ottoman Libya
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1252:
1248:
1247:Amr ibn al-As
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1003:, within the
1002:
998:
997:
992:
988:
985:, comprising
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
958:
953:
949:
947:
946:
941:
937:
934:, and unlike
933:
929:
925:
921:
913:
912:Samuel Butler
908:
891:
885:
881:
877:
872:
868:
864:
856:
854:
852:
848:
847:Ptolemy Apion
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
812:
810:
808:
804:
800:
794:
786:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
756:
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
728:), Balagrae (
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
676:
674:
672:
668:
664:
656:
654:
652:
645:Berber people
644:
639:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
614:Libyan Desert
610:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
565:
564:
562:
557:
555:
554:Olea europaea
551:
546:
545:
540:
536:
535:
530:
529:
525:
521:
516:
515:
510:
509:
505:, along with
504:
503:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
475:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
451:Gulf of Bomba
448:
447:Gulf of Sidra
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
426:
417:
410:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
365:Italian Libya
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
326:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
300:
288:
283:
277:
268:
264:
260:
259:
242:
185:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
113:
101:
90:
79:
67:
57:
51:
47:
40:
33:
19:
3961:Spania (552)
3822:Palaestina I
3802:Euphratensis
3749:Helenopontus
3729:Cappadocia I
3636:Hellespontus
3535:Epirus Vetus
3502:Praevalitana
3417:of Illyricum
3207:Valentia (?)
3192:Britannia II
3096:Aquitanica I
2974:theme system
2939:
2778:
2563:Governorates
2553:Subdivisions
2531:Tripolitania
2520:
2413:
2399:
2389:(in German).
2386:
2366:
2362:
2350:. Retrieved
2340:
2330:The Guardian
2328:
2323:
2314:
2299:
2294:
2274:
2267:
2247:
2240:
2220:
2213:
2193:
2163:
2156:
2136:
2129:
2110:
2104:
2080:
2073:
2056:
2036:
2024:
2012:
2001:
1996:
1985:
1980:
1972:
1951:
1946:
1927:
1923:
1922:Ring, Trudy
1893:
1886:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1838:
1816:
1808:
1787:
1778:
1769:
1760:
1750:
1743:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1599:titular sees
1592:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1565:
1546:
1527:
1509:
1506:, 1949–1951.
1474:Afrika Korps
1467:Italian Army
1465:against the
1459:World War II
1456:
1449:
1437:Tripolitania
1409:protectorate
1402:
1346:
1334:
1290:
1261:
1244:
1202:
1183:
1164:
1144:Neoplatonist
1118:
1095:
1084:
1067:and Cyrene.
1058:
1055:Pentapolites
1054:
1048:
1022:
1013:Tripolitania
994:
982:
978:
974:
970:
961:
948:) in 30 BC.
943:
939:
923:
919:
917:
884:Roman Empire
843:Ptolemy VIII
816:
796:
787:Persian rule
781:Eratosthenes
757:
746:
703:
686:
680:
660:
648:
628:, including
611:
596:
585:
566:
559:
548:
542:
538:
532:
518:
512:
506:
500:
471:
443:Jebel Akhdar
440:
422:
358:
349:
345:
341:
323:
262:
183:
182:
50:
4008:Justinian I
3880:Aegyptus II
3812:Mesopotamia
3759:Paphlagonia
3588:Haemimontus
3566:of the East
3530:Epirus Nova
3454:Pannonia II
3187:Britannia I
3048:Germania II
2879:'s reforms.
2811:Mesopotamia
2385:Westermann
2352:24 December
1561:eco-tourism
1471:Nazi German
1452:Marble Arch
1297:Banu Sulaym
991:Paraetonium
983:Libya Sicca
940:sui generis
803:Cambyses II
773:Callimachus
753:aphrodisiac
722:Euesperides
497:oak savanna
479:and have a
346:Libya Sicca
287:Koinē Greek
4024:Categories
3985:reconquest
3875:Aegyptus I
3837:Phoenice I
3792:Cilicia II
3699:Armenia II
3449:Pannonia I
3121:Viennensis
3043:Germania I
3038:Belgica II
2978:Asia Minor
2950:Diocletian
2877:Diocletian
2689:Cappadocia
2147:9004109552
2086:SUNY Press
2031:Coptic.net
1735:References
1522:See also:
1347:mutasarrif
1322:suzerainty
1302:Arab world
1293:Banu Hilal
1282:privateers
1258: 642
1196:(431) and
1148:Theophilus
1114:Alexandria
1075:See also:
963:Diocletian
769:Aristippus
407:of Libya.
325:Pentapolis
299:Kūrēnaïkḗ
291:Κυρηναϊκή
148:Mutasarrıf
106:Government
39:Pentapolis
18:Cyrenaican
4030:Cyrenaica
3787:Cilicia I
3739:Galatia I
3694:Armenia I
3661:Pamphylia
3593:Moesia II
3550:Thessalia
3327:Raetia II
3159:Lusitania
3154:Gallaecia
3144:Balearica
3033:Belgica I
2796:Macedonia
2684:Britannia
2573:Baladiyat
2568:Districts
2558:Provinces
2521:Cyrenaica
2197:. BRILL.
2140:. BRILL.
2065:1873-9830
1953:Histories
1688:Cyrenaics
1667:Marmarica
1624:(Tabibbi)
1544:in 1980.
1198:Chalcedon
1169:, as the
1128:Ptolemais
1032:Ptolemais
987:Marmarica
967:Tetrarchy
920:Cyrenaica
907:Marmarica
777:Theodorus
765:Cyrenaics
720:(Tocra),
718:Taucheira
714:Apollonia
706:Marmarica
699:Battiadae
687:Kyrenaïka
599:Marmarica
567:Areas of
477:ecoregion
436:sea level
428:limestone
411:Geography
330:antiquity
276:romanized
263:Kyrenaika
184:Cyrenaica
60:Cyrenaica
3754:Honorias
3724:Bithynia
3497:Moesia I
3492:Dardania
3434:Dalmatia
3355:Byzacena
3322:Raetia I
3270:Sardinia
3245:Campania
3223:of Italy
2946:dioceses
2719:Dalmatia
2634:Aegyptus
2617:(117 AD)
2435:Archived
2055:(eds.).
2004:, 1845,
1988:. 2001.
1682:See also
1638:Erythrum
1616:Benghazi
1612:Berenice
1557:cultural
1469:and the
1345:under a
1207:and the
1136:Mouseion
1134:and the
1065:Balacris
1046:in 533.
924:Kyrenika
801:army of
749:silphium
742:Ammonium
726:Benghazi
671:Meshwesh
620:and the
581:Bedouins
569:red soil
489:garrigue
459:Tolmeita
455:Benghazi
397:Benghazi
381:shabiyat
254:-ik-ə-,-
172:Province
124:Republic
3951:Taurica
3885:Arcadia
3847:Syria I
3817:Osroene
3807:Isauria
3666:Pisidia
3641:Islands
3608:Thracia
3603:Scythia
3598:Rhodope
3317:Aemilia
3313:Liguria
3285:Valeria
3275:Sicilia
3265:Samnium
3250:Corsica
3139:Baetica
3011:of Gaul
2966:Ravenna
2931:History
2856:Thracia
2846:Sicilia
2826:Noricum
2729:Galatia
2694:Cilicia
2674:Assyria
2664:Armenia
1530:Senussi
1429:Senussi
1337:wilayah
1318:Mamluks
1314:Saladin
1310:Ayyubid
1274:Fatimid
1194:Ephesus
1186:Zopyrus
1140:Hypatia
1106:Colosse
996:praeses
914:, 1907)
893:Map of
839:kingdom
827:diadoch
651:Berbers
640:History
634:Jaghbub
449:to the
438:again.
425:Miocene
278::
166:Emirate
142:Vilayet
118:Kingdom
88:Country
4003:in 536
3797:Cyprus
3782:Arabia
3583:Europa
3520:Achaea
2970:Africa
2841:Raetia
2786:Iudaea
2780:Italia
2724:Epirus
2709:Cyprus
2629:Achaia
2526:Fezzan
2406:
2373:
2306:
2282:
2255:
2228:
2201:
2171:
2144:
2117:
2092:
2063:
2006:p. 286
1938:
1932:p. 194
1924:et al.
1901:
1633:Dystis
1628:Cyrene
1622:Boreum
1542:Tobruk
1463:Allies
1441:Fezzan
1308:. The
1306:Arabia
1286:Zirids
1278:piracy
1262:Barqah
1239:, and
1079:, and
1053:shows
1009:Oriens
905:
869:, and
763:. The
732:) and
710:Cyrene
691:Cyrene
630:Awjila
607:Tobruk
592:Sahara
577:barley
493:steppe
485:maquis
383:, the
367:, the
304:Cyrene
282:Barqah
267:Arabic
97:
70:Region
3656:Lydia
3651:Lycia
3631:Caria
3525:Creta
3459:Savia
2851:Syria
2714:Dacia
2501:Libya
1956:, by
1648:Olbia
1607:Barca
1445:Libya
1375:Emir
1266:Barce
1253:, in
936:Egypt
928:Crete
734:Barce
730:Bayda
695:Thera
626:oases
603:Bomba
573:wheat
467:Derna
354:Barca
350:Barqa
308:Libya
261:) or
100:Libya
46:Barka
3626:Asia
2968:and
2669:Asia
2404:ISBN
2371:ISBN
2354:2011
2304:ISBN
2280:ISBN
2253:ISBN
2226:ISBN
2199:ISBN
2169:ISBN
2142:ISBN
2115:ISBN
2090:ISBN
2061:ISSN
1936:ISBN
1899:ISBN
1559:and
1433:Emir
1387:and
1351:wali
1251:Omar
1110:Rome
1049:The
922:(or
900:and
779:and
738:Marj
669:and
667:Libu
649:The
632:and
605:and
575:and
558:and
531:and
511:and
495:and
465:and
463:Susa
344:and
316:25th
314:and
312:16th
271:برقة
256:SIRR
250:-rə-
130:Nome
63:برقة
3315:et
1788:CNN
1597:as
1587:or
1353:of
1104:in
1007:of
981:or
973:or
965:'s
841:by
457:to
336:of
252:NAY
4026::
2954:c.
2952:,
2183:^
1964:^
1934:,
1913:^
1846:^
1828:^
1796:^
1786:.
1768:.
1601::
1447:.
1383:,
1332:.
1288:.
1255:c.
1235:,
1231:,
1227:,
1223:,
1211:.
1116:.
1089:,
865:,
853:.
783:.
755:.
744:.
636:.
594:.
526:,
522:,
491:,
487:,
356:.
293:,
289::
285:,
273:,
269::
258:-ə
248:SY
241:-/
238:ɪr
214:eɪ
199:aɪ
2910:e
2903:t
2896:v
2607:e
2600:t
2593:v
2492:e
2485:t
2478:v
2356:.
2288:.
2261:.
2234:.
2207:.
2177:.
2150:.
2123:.
2098:.
2067:.
1907:.
1772:.
1677:.
1669:.
1644:)
1640:(
1618:)
1614:(
736:(
563:.
265:(
235:s
232:ˌ
229:ˌ
226:ə
223:k
220:ɪ
217:.
211:n
208:ˈ
205:ə
202:r
196:s
193:ˌ
190:/
186:(
48:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
