219:
states that auxin from apical buds travels down shoots to inhibit axillary bud growth. This promotes shoot growth, and restricts lateral branching. Cytokinin moves from the roots into the shoots, eventually signaling lateral bud growth. Simple experiments support this theory. When the apical bud is removed, the axillary buds are uninhibited, lateral growth increases, and plants become bushier. Applying auxin to the cut stem again inhibits lateral dominance. Moreover, it has been shown that cytokinin alone has no effect on
38:
218:
Cytokinins are involved in many plant processes, including cell division and shoot and root morphogenesis. They are known to regulate axillary bud growth and apical dominance. According to the "direct inhibition hypothesis", these effects result from the ratio of cytokinin to auxin. This theory
121:
and other actively dividing tissues also synthesize cytokinins. No phenylurea cytokinins have been found in plants. Cytokinins participate in local and long-distance signalling, with the same transport mechanism as purines and nucleosides. Typically, cytokinins are transported in the
223:
cells. When cultured with auxin but no cytokinin, they grow large but do not divide. When cytokinin and auxin are both added together, the cells expand and differentiate. When cytokinin and auxin are present in equal levels, the parenchyma cells form an undifferentiated
198:
because of its ability to promote cell division and was the first cytokinin to be named. Kinetin was later identified to be 6-furfuryl-amino purine. Later on, the generic name kinin was suggested to include kinetin and other substances having similar properties.
335:
of the receptor, with the phosphate then being transferred to a phosphotransfer protein. The phosphotransfer proteins can then phosphorylate the type-B response regulators (RR) which are a family of
145:, who, in 1892, proposed that initiation of cell division is evoked by endogenous factors, indeed a proper balance among endogenous factors. Somewhat later, the Austrian plant physiologist,
1550:
320:
874:"Plant Physiology: The Lore of Living Plants . By Johannes van Overbeek and Harry K. Wong. National Science Teachers Association, Washington, D.C., 1964. 160 pp. 50g"
1144:"Cytokinins mediate resistance against Pseudomonas syringae in tobacco through increased antimicrobial phytoalexin synthesis independent of salicylic acid signaling"
183:(1954) extended the work of Haberlandt and reported that a substance present in the vascular tissue was responsible for causing cell division in the pith cells.
1736:
1395:"Expression of cytokinin biosynthetic isopentenyltransferase genes in Arabidopsis: tissue specificity and regulation by auxin, cytokinin, and nitrate"
829:
VAN Overbeek J, Conklin ME, Blakeslee AF (October 1941). "Factors in
Coconut Milk Essential for Growth and Development of Very Young Datura Embryos".
202:
The first naturally occurring cytokinin was isolated and crystallised simultaneously by Miller and D.S. Lethum (1963–65) from the milky endosperm of
1612:
254:
Cytokinins have recently been found to play a role in plant pathogenesis. For example, cytokinins have been described to induce resistance against
1436:"Auxin regulation of cytokinin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana: a factor of potential importance for auxin-cytokinin-regulated development"
456:, however they have yet to be widely adopted, probably due to the complex nature of their effects. One study found that applying cytokinin to
1571:
1037:
808:
551:
1103:"The cytokinin-activated transcription factor ARR2 promotes plant immunity via TGA3/NPR1-dependent salicylic acid signaling in Arabidopsis"
1248:
Decker EL, Frank W, Sarnighausen E, Reski R (May 2006). "Moss systems biology en route: phytohormones in
Physcomitrella development".
251:
leaves remained mostly green. It was hypothesized that cytokinin may affect enzymes that regulate protein synthesis and degradation.
1193:"Cytokinin production by Pseudomonas fluorescens G20-18 determines biocontrol activity against Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis"
301:, this class of plant hormones specifically induces the transition from apical growth to growth via a three-faced apical cell in
422:
and carrying an already-prenylated adenosine adjacent to the anticodon release on degradation the adenosine as a cytokinin. The
141:
The idea of specific substances required for cell division to occur in plants actually dates back to the German physiologist
973:"A New Classic of Cytokinin Research: Cytokinin-Deficient Arabidopsis Plants Provide New Insights into Cytokinin Biology"
247:
from nearby tissues. A study that regulated leaf senescence in tobacco leaves found that wild-type leaves yellowed while
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384:
339:. The phosphorylated, and thus activated, type-B RRs regulate the transcription of numerous genes, including the type-A
427:
380:
176:
149:, reported in 1913 that an unknown substance diffuses from the phloem tissue which can induce cell division in the
376:
309:
79:
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Großkinsky DK, Tafner R, Moreno MV, Stenglein SA, García de
Salamone IE, Nelson LM, et al. (March 2016).
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in plants is mediated by a two-component phosphorelay. This pathway is initiated by cytokinin binding to a
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493:
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Grosskinsky DK, Naseem M, Abdelmohsen UR, Plickert N, Engelke T, Griebel T, et al. (October 2011).
494:"Thidiazuron-Induced Tissue Culture Regeneration from Quartered-Seed Explants of Arachis paraguariensis"
392:
368:
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225:
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and his co-workers (1954) isolated and purified the cell division substance in crystallised form from
184:
1493:
Koprna R, De Diego N, Dundálková L, Spíchal L (February 2016). "Use of cytokinins as agrochemicals".
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745:"Auxins and cytokinins - the dynamic duo of growth-regulating phytohormones heading for new shores"
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133:, another plant growth hormone. The two are complementary, having generally opposite effects.
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Nordström A, Tarkowski P, Tarkowska D, Norbaek R, Astot C, Dolezal K, Sandberg G (May 2004).
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led to a 5–10% increase in yield under drought conditions. Some cytokinins are utilized in
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of plant diseases cytokinins seem to have potential functions. Production of cytokinins by
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G20-18 has been identified as a key determinant to efficiently control the infection of
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Campbell NA, Reece JB, Urry LA, Cain ML, Wasserman SA, Minorsky PV, Jackson RB (2008).
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also had this factor, which stimulated cell division and differentiation in very young
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210:) and named Zeatin. Lethem (1963) proposed the term Cytokinins for such substances.
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696:"The yin-yang of hormones: cytokinin and auxin interactions in plant development"
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Sakakibara H (2006). "Cytokinins: activity, biosynthesis, and translocation".
248:
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569:"Localization of cytokinin biosynthetic sites in pea plants and carrot roots"
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546:(8th ed.). San Francisco: Pearson, Benjamin Cummings. pp. 827–30.
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of a specific single cell, and thus is a very specific effect of cytokinin.
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There are two types of cytokinins: adenine-type cytokinins represented by
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Choi J, Huh SU, Kojima M, Sakakibara H, Paek KH, Hwang I (August 2010).
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Cytokinins have been shown to slow aging of plant organs by preventing
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1536:. Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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399:. DMADP and HMBDP used in cytokinin biosynthesis are produced by the
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924:"1955: kinetin arrives: the 50th anniversary of a new plant hormone"
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and growth, they have been studied since the 1970s as potential
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117:(TDZ). Most adenine-type cytokinins are synthesized in roots.
1594:
616:
Mok DW, Mok MC (June 2001). "Cytokinin
Metabolism and Action".
1530:"Plant Hormone Increases Cotton Yields in Drought Conditions"
618:
Annual Review of Plant
Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology
1586:
Regulation of Leaf
Senescence by Cytokinin, Sugar, and Light
1561:
74:, in plant roots and shoots. They are involved primarily in
1393:
Miyawaki K, Matsumoto-Kitano M, Kakimoto T (January 2004).
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breakdown, activating protein synthesis, and assembling
34:, a class of small proteins important in cell signaling.
1020:
Chen CM (1998-02-01), "The
Discovery of Cytokinins",
567:
Chen CM, Ertl JR, Leisner SM, Chang CC (July 1985).
343:s. The type-A RRs negatively regulate the pathway.
694:Schaller GE, Bishopp A, Kieber JJ (January 2015).
1558:"Ch. 21: Cytokinins: Regulators of Cell Division"
351:Adenosine phosphate-isopentenyltransferase (IPT)
228:. A higher ratio of cytokinin induces growth of
1024:, vol. 1, WORLD SCIENTIFIC, pp. 1–15,
1352:
1350:
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917:
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795:, New York, NY: Springer US, pp. 147–180,
27:Class of plant hormones promoting cell division
467:of plants and can also be used to promote the
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793:Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant Hormones
194:sperm DNA. This active compound was named as
8:
782:
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406:Cytokinins can also be produced by recycled
232:buds, while a higher ratio of auxin induces
743:Großkinsky DK, Petrášek J (February 2019).
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308:. This bud induction can be pinpointed to
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1497:. Recent Developments in Agrochemistry.
665:10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105231
1388:
1386:
1359:"Cytokinin biosynthesis and perception"
492:Aina O, Quesenberry K, Gallo M (2012).
484:
1301:Hutchison CE, Kieber JJ (2002-01-01).
109:, and phenylurea-type cytokinins like
7:
1495:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry
1303:"Cytokinin signaling in Arabidopsis"
426:of these adenines is carried out by
1737:Aging-related substances in plants
1551:Agrares Fertilizer with cytokinins
401:methylerythritol phosphate pathway
385:hydroxymethylbutenyl pyrophosphate
45:is named after the genus of corn,
25:
787:Moore TC (1979), Moore TC (ed.),
448:Because cytokinins promote plant
1412:10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01945.x
1376:10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00665.x
630:10.1146/annurev.arplant.52.1.89
129:Cytokinins act in concert with
1357:Hwang I, Sakakibara H (2006).
890:10.1126/science.145.3633.698.c
653:Annual Review of Plant Biology
331:membrane. This results in the
1:
1556:Lincoln T, Zeiger E (2010).
1120:10.1016/j.devcel.2010.07.011
1022:Discoveries in Plant Biology
851:10.1126/science.94.2441.350
801:10.1007/978-1-4684-0079-3_4
510:10.2135/cropsci2011.07.0367
428:tRNA-isopentenyltransferase
381:dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
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1581:Plant Physiology:Cytokinin
1030:10.1142/9789812817563_0001
355:the first reaction in the
293:While cytokinin action in
29:
1666:
1628:
1566:(5th ed.). Sinauer.
1507:10.1016/j.bmc.2015.12.022
1052:Thomas H (January 1978).
971:Eckardt NA (2003-11-01).
436:is known to regulate the
872:Collins S (1964-08-14).
30:Not to be confused with
1461:10.1073/pnas.0402504101
922:Amasino R (July 2005).
391:. This reaction is the
363:cytokinins. It may use
279:Pseudomonas fluorescens
1691:Plant peptide hormones
712:10.1105/tpc.114.133595
337:transcriptions factors
52:
1363:Physiologia Plantarum
1280:10.1055/s-2006-923952
1160:10.1104/pp.111.182931
940:10.1104/pp.104.900160
329:endoplasmic reticulum
272:. Also in context of
161:found that the milky
159:Johannes Van Overbeek
40:
1528:Yao S (March 2010).
1070:10.1104/pp.116.1.329
263:Arabidopsis thaliana
257:Pseudomonas syringae
1452:2004PNAS..101.8039N
1262:2006PlBio...8..397D
1209:2016NatSR...623310G
843:1941Sci....94..350V
749:The New Phytologist
585:10.1104/pp.78.3.510
333:autophosphorylation
321:Cytokinin signaling
107:6-benzylaminopurine
1671:24-Epibrassinolide
1319:10.1105/tpc.010444
1313:(Suppl): S47–S59.
1197:Scientific Reports
1107:Developmental Cell
989:10.1105/tpc.151110
418:that start with a
393:rate-limiting step
274:biological control
82:, but also affect
53:
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1573:978-0-87893-866-7
1534:News & Events
1446:(21): 8039–8044.
1399:The Plant Journal
1217:10.1038/srep23310
1039:978-981-02-1313-8
983:(11): 2489–2492.
884:(3633): 698–699.
837:(2441): 350–351.
810:978-1-4684-0079-3
762:10.1111/nph.15556
553:978-0-555-03883-3
269:Nicotiana tabacum
90:growth, and leaf
62:) are a class of
16:(Redirected from
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459:
455:
454:agrochemicals
451:
450:cell division
443:
441:
439:
435:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
414:. tRNAs with
413:
409:
404:
402:
398:
395:in cytokinin
394:
390:
389:prenyl donors
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
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156:
155:potato tubers
152:
151:parenchymatic
148:
147:G. Haberlandt
144:
136:
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132:
127:
125:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
68:cell division
66:that promote
65:
61:
57:
50:
49:
44:
39:
33:
19:
1658:Gibberellins
1647:
1562:
1533:
1523:
1498:
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1488:
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1429:
1402:
1398:
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1310:
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1186:
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1110:
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1057:
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1021:
1015:
980:
976:
966:
931:
927:
881:
877:
867:
834:
830:
824:
814:, retrieved
792:
789:"Cytokinins"
752:
748:
738:
706:(1): 44–63.
703:
699:
689:
656:
652:
646:
621:
617:
611:
576:
572:
562:
543:
501:
498:Crop Science
497:
487:
447:
438:biosynthesis
432:
405:
397:biosynthesis
379:and may use
357:biosynthesis
350:
347:Biosynthesis
340:
319:
292:
288:P. syringae.
287:
283:
277:
267:
261:
255:
253:
238:
217:
207:
201:
192:herring fish
175:
165:of immature
140:
128:
111:diphenylurea
96:
88:axillary bud
59:
55:
54:
46:
469:germination
424:prenylation
387:(HMBPP) as
383:(DMAPP) or
299:pleiotropic
284:A. thaliana
236:formation.
157:. In 1941,
115:thidiazuron
78:growth and
72:cytokinesis
1732:Cytokinins
1721:Categories
1681:Jasmonates
1648:Cytokinins
816:2022-06-17
504:(3): 555.
479:References
416:anticodons
377:substrates
249:transgenic
221:parenchyma
189:autoclaved
153:tissue of
143:J. Wiesner
92:senescence
56:Cytokinins
18:Cytokinins
1696:Polyamine
1686:Karrikins
1266:CiteSeerX
1203:: 23310.
997:1040-4651
906:239878163
898:0036-8075
461:seedlings
353:catalyses
306:protonema
245:nutrients
177:Jablonski
173:embryos.
163:endosperm
1676:Florigen
1653:Ethylene
1515:26719210
1480:15146070
1421:14675438
1337:12045269
1288:16807833
1235:26984671
1178:21813654
1129:20708590
1088:24408097
958:16009993
859:17729950
771:30644580
730:25604447
681:25584314
673:16669769
638:11337393
603:16664274
518:82510749
412:bacteria
361:isoprene
214:Function
208:Zea mays
32:Cytokine
1448:Bibcode
1258:Bibcode
1226:4794740
1205:Bibcode
1169:3192561
949:1176392
878:Science
839:Bibcode
831:Science
721:4330578
594:1064767
544:Biology
420:uridine
403:(MEP).
241:protein
196:Kinetin
167:coconut
137:History
119:Cambium
99:kinetin
1638:Auxins
1570:
1513:
1478:
1471:419553
1468:
1419:
1335:
1328:151247
1325:
1286:
1268:
1233:
1223:
1176:
1166:
1127:
1086:
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1036:
1006:540265
1003:
995:
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946:
904:
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857:
807:
769:
728:
718:
679:
671:
636:
601:
591:
550:
516:
458:cotton
226:callus
185:Miller
171:Datura
105:, and
103:zeatin
43:zeatin
1079:35173
902:S2CID
677:S2CID
514:S2CID
473:seeds
434:Auxin
408:tRNAs
371:, or
286:with
230:shoot
181:Skoog
131:auxin
124:xylem
70:, or
1568:ISBN
1511:PMID
1476:PMID
1417:PMID
1333:PMID
1284:PMID
1231:PMID
1174:PMID
1125:PMID
1084:PMID
1034:ISBN
993:ISSN
954:PMID
894:ISSN
855:PMID
805:ISBN
767:PMID
726:PMID
669:PMID
634:PMID
599:PMID
548:ISBN
444:Uses
303:moss
266:and
234:root
204:corn
179:and
113:and
76:cell
1503:doi
1466:PMC
1456:doi
1444:101
1407:doi
1371:doi
1367:126
1323:PMC
1315:doi
1276:doi
1221:PMC
1213:doi
1164:PMC
1156:doi
1152:157
1115:doi
1074:PMC
1066:doi
1062:142
1026:doi
1001:PMC
985:doi
944:PMC
936:doi
932:138
886:doi
882:145
847:doi
797:doi
757:doi
753:221
716:PMC
708:doi
661:doi
626:doi
589:PMC
581:doi
506:doi
471:of
375:as
373:AMP
369:ADP
365:ATP
359:of
260:in
48:Zea
1723::
1560:.
1532:.
1509:.
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