302:
133:
286:, the ÚVOD was also responsible for the transmission of intelligence and military reports. It did so primarily through the use of a secret radio station, which could reach the Czech population. However, the ÚVOD was known to transmit inaccurate reports, whether false intelligence data or military updates. Sometimes this was intentional. Beneš often urged the ÚVOD to relay falsely optimistic reports of the military situation to improve morale or motivate more widespread resistance.
203:
38:
349:
1847:
432:
burned down entire villages as a reprisal. Partisan groups had a diverse membership including former members of Czech resistance groups fleeing arrest, escaped POWs, and German deserters. Other partisans were Czechs who lived in rural areas and continued with their jobs during the day, joining the
423:
The character of warfare changed dramatically after 1942. Partisan groups began to form in forested or mountainous areas. During the spring of 1945, partisan forces in
Bohemia and Moravia had grown to 120 groups, with a combined strength of around 7,500 people. Partisans disrupted the railway and
313:
in June 1941 marked a turning point in Soviet-Czechoslovak relations. Before the invasion, "the main
Communist objective was to stop the imperialist war" and was often sympathetic to the German workers of the Reich. After the invasion, the Resistance began to rely on communist support both within
329:
about the German invasion in April 1941. In March 1941, Beneš received intelligence regarding a German build-up of troops on the Soviet Union's borders. According to his memoirs, he immediately passed on that information to the
Americans, British and Soviet Union. The KSČ's fate was also closely
424:
highway transportation by sabotaging track and bridges and attacking trains and stations. Some railways could not be used at night or on some days, and trains were forced to travel at a slower speed. There were more than 300 partisan attacks on rail communications from Summer 1944 to May 1945.
409:. In October 1942, 1,331 people were sentenced to death by courts in the Protectorate, and 252 people were sent to Mauthausen for involvement with the assassination plot. Finally, in the wake of German revenge, the last remaining members of the ÚVOD were arrested.
78:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
314:
Czechoslovakia and from Moscow. In a broadcast from London on 24 June 1941 via the ÚVOD, Beneš informed his country that "the relationship between our two states thus returned to the pre-Munich situation and the old friendship."
452:
of suspected civilian supporters, the partisans continued to operate. Eventually, the Žižka brigade grew to over 1,500 people and was operating in large parts of
Moravia upon the liberation of the area in April 1945.
400:
The German reaction to
Heydrich's assassination is often credited with the annihilation of an effective Czech underground movement after 1942. The Nazis exacted revenge, razing to the ground the two villages of
471:, citizens of Prague spontaneously attacked the occupiers and Czech resistance leaders emerged from hiding to guide them. German troops counterattacked, but progress was difficult due to the defection of the
1883:
444:
of southern
Moravia. After crossing the border from Slovakia in September 1944, the Žižka brigade sabotaged railroads and bridges and raided the German police forces sent to hunt them down. Despite
1678:
2168:
111:
1142:
230:, coordinated resistance activity while in exile in London. In the context of German persecution, the major resistance groups consolidated under the Central Leadership of Home Resistance (
1018:
289:
While the ÚVOD served as a principal aid to Beneš, it did sometimes depart from his policies. During the summer of 1941, the ÚVOD rejected Beneš' proposals for partial expulsion of the
2017:
397:
in the autumn of 1941. By the end of
September, Heydrich had organised the arrest of nearly all members of the ÚVOD and successfully cut off all links between the ÚVOD and London.
2042:
1939:
475:
and barricades constructed by the Czech citizenry. On 8 May, the Czech and German leaders signed a ceasefire allowing the German forces to withdraw from the city, but not all
179:
1876:
2173:
325:. Beneš often used these KSČ leaders to arrange meetings in Moscow to expand the Soviet-Czechoslovak partnership. There is some evidence that the ÚVOD may have warned the
1992:
1987:
2072:
309:
The ÚVOD's relationship with the KSČ was an important aspect of its daily functions, as Soviet-Czech relations became a central part of their resistance efforts. The
1869:
1116:
2158:
2000:
1272:
1011:
271:
group PVVZ, titled "For
Freedom: Into a New Czechoslovak Republic". In it, ÚVOD professed allegiance to the democratic ideals of past Czechoslovak president
2137:
2047:
1951:
2163:
2067:
1681:
2082:
1405:
137:
293:
after the conclusion of the war and instead demanded their complete expulsion. The ÚVOD succeeded in changing Beneš' official stance on this issue.
81:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
2087:
1972:
1850:
1803:
1729:
1540:
1420:
1004:
89:
2095:
1463:
190:
of May 1945; with Allied armies approaching, about 30,000 Czechs seized weapons. Four days of bloody street fighting ensued before the Soviet
1769:
880:
820:
1591:
1708:
1625:
50:
1366:
1734:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1471:
1107:
394:
155:
150:
1413:
1907:
1287:
923:
372:
331:
301:
1713:
902:
801:
317:
While the KSČ was not an official part of the ÚVOD and kept its organisational independence, it called for unity of action with all
260:
1774:
182:
participated in sabotage and skirmishes with German police forces. The most well-known act of resistance was the assassination of
1762:
1620:
1373:
1354:
1046:
437:
418:
1219:
1779:
990:"Útoky na železniční dopravu v Protektorátu Čechy a Morava (Attacks on rail transport in the Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia)"
507:
238:
intermediary between Beneš and the
Protectorate, which was in existence through 1941. Its long-term purpose was to serve as a
1892:
1548:
1495:
429:
2062:
1808:
468:
441:
322:
1673:
1337:
102:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing Czech
Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
2100:
1527:
2037:
2027:
762:
491:
1640:
1583:
2012:
1922:
1668:
1393:
1349:
132:
170:
policy deterred acts of resistance and annihilated organizations of resistance. In the early days of the war, the
1751:
1630:
141:
1479:
1956:
1635:
1487:
1303:
97:
1361:
1295:
118:
1571:
1447:
830:
Luža, Radomír (December 1969). "The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and the Czech Resistance, 1939–1945".
472:
259:, ON). These groups were all democratic in nature, as opposed to the fourth official resistance group, the
1319:
1124:
1251:
2052:
1645:
211:
1189:
2119:
1917:
1519:
1090:
890:
343:
310:
227:
202:
1977:
239:
17:
1556:
357:
272:
2114:
2109:
1982:
1927:
1150:
980:
960:
857:
849:
380:
2124:
2022:
1912:
1511:
1455:
1185:
1128:
919:
898:
876:
870:
816:
797:
449:
264:
183:
93:
275:, called for the establishment of a republic with socialist features, and urged all those in
2077:
2057:
2032:
2005:
1861:
1832:
1815:
1503:
1388:
1378:
952:
841:
498:, the memory of the uprising was distorted by the Communist regime for propaganda purposes.
486:
Because it was the largest Czech resistance action of the war, the Prague uprising became a
255:
219:
1066:
348:
1944:
1825:
1576:
1400:
1311:
1205:
1193:
989:
462:
445:
389:
384:
353:
290:
245:
The three major resistance groups that consolidated under ÚVOD were the Political Centre (
187:
1054:
776:
223:
1027:
321:
groups. Leaders of the KSČ ingratiated themselves with the ÚVOD by helping to maintain
163:
1561:
362:
2152:
1612:
1173:
1136:
964:
933:
861:
832:
790:
487:
207:
1757:
1383:
1342:
1239:
1132:
1031:
326:
318:
167:
159:
406:
387:. In many ways, the ÚVOD's demise was forecast with Heydrich's appointment as the
376:
235:
996:
913:
766:
1820:
1599:
1078:
973:
520:
937:
1227:
495:
956:
476:
425:
895:
The Czechs Under Nazi Rule: The Failure of National Resistance, 1939–1942
480:
191:
282:
In addition to serving as the means of communication between London and
218:
The Czech resistance network that existed during the early years of the
1934:
853:
268:
175:
100:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
1409:
938:"Conclusory Essay: Activists, Jews, The Little Czech Man, and Germans"
915:
Battle for the Castle: The Myth of Czechoslovakia in Europe, 1914–1948
815:. Nové Město u Chlumce nad Cidlinou: Český svaz bojovníků za svobodu.
27:
Resistance movements within German-occupied Czechoslovakia during WWII
494:
after the war and has been a common subject of literature. After the
402:
283:
171:
845:
226:, who together with the head of Czechoslovak military intelligence,
263:(KSČ). Most of their members were former officers of the disbanded
781:
Memoirs of Dr Eduard Benes: From Munich to New War and New Victory
347:
300:
276:
201:
131:
267:. In 1941, ÚVOD endorsed the political platform designed by the
75:
1865:
1000:
371:
The most famous act of the Czech and Slovak resistance was the
330:
linked with the ÚVOD's. It too suffered annihilation after the
178:
of public transport and large-scale demonstrations. Later on,
31:
669:
667:
783:. Translated by Godfrey Lias. Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
249:, PÚ), the Committee of the Petition "We Remain Faithful" (
305:
Fourteen Czech intellectuals shot by the SS in Mauthausen.
483:
arrived on 9 May, the city was already almost liberated.
242:
until Czechoslovakia's liberation from Nazi occupation.
222:
operated under the leadership of Czechoslovak president
166:
and the formation of the protectorate on 15 March 1939.
594:
592:
279:
to stay in step with the socialist advances at home.
552:
550:
548:
383:
who had been parachuted into Bohemia by the British
297:ÚVOD and the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ)
71:
1965:
1900:
1796:
1743:
1722:
1661:
1654:
1611:
1539:
1440:
1433:
1330:
1280:
1271:
1218:
1166:
1115:
1106:
1045:
1038:
792:
Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century – and After
567:
565:
789:
108:{{Translated|cs|Československý odboj (1939–1945)}}
872:The History of the Czech Republic and Slovakia
436:The largest and most successful group was the
96:accompanying your translation by providing an
62:Click for important translation instructions.
49:expand this article with text translated from
1877:
1012:
974:"Protipartyzánská operace Tetřev v roce 1944"
8:
2169:Germany–Soviet Union relations (1918–1941)
1884:
1870:
1862:
1658:
1437:
1277:
1112:
1042:
1019:
1005:
997:
610:
162:began after the occupation of the rest of
338:The Czechs and the Heydrich assassination
186:. Resistance culminated in the so-called
634:
622:
598:
198:Consolidation of resistance groups: ÚVOD
1804:Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II
897:. New York: Columbia University Press.
745:
733:
721:
709:
697:
685:
673:
539:
532:
375:on 27 May 1942 by exiled Czech soldier
658:
556:
2174:Czechoslovakia–Soviet Union relations
869:Mahoney, William (18 February 2011).
571:
7:
583:
510:(1902–1984), Czech resistance member
234:, ÚVOD). It served as the principal
2159:Czech resistance to Nazi occupation
1735:1st Czechoslovak Mixed Air Division
646:
430:the Red Army's advance into Moravia
311:German invasion of the Soviet Union
253:, PVVZ), and the Nation's Defence (
194:entered the nearly liberated city.
156:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
18:Czech resistance to Nazi occupation
796:. London and New York: Routledge.
373:assassination of Reinhard Heydrich
332:assassination of Reinhard Heydrich
25:
2164:World War II resistance movements
469:last moments of the war in Europe
261:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
1846:
1845:
356:commemorates the victims of the
334:, unable to rebound until 1944.
36:
232:Ústřední vedení odboje domácího
180:armed communist partisan groups
149:Czechoslovak resistance to the
1893:Resistance during World War II
106:You may also add the template
1:
972:Suchánková, Kateřina (2013).
323:Soviet-Czechoslovak relations
251:Petiční výbor Věrni zůstaneme
433:partisans for night raids.
1730:1st Czechoslovak Army Corps
918:. Oxford University Press.
174:population participated in
136:Partisan bunker outside of
119:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
2190:
1923:June Uprising in Lithuania
1394:Slovak Insurgent Air Force
1374:Jan Žižka partisan brigade
460:
438:Jan Žižka partisan brigade
419:Jan Žižka partisan brigade
416:
352:A plaque on the corner of
341:
70:Machine translation, like
1901:Anti-communist resistance
1841:
1752:Freiwillige Schutzstaffel
1674:1st Czechoslovak Division
1496:Bratislava–Brno Offensive
875:. ABC-CLIO. p. 191.
142:Moravian-Silesian Beskids
51:the corresponding article
1641:Sereď concentration camp
1362:Jan Hus partisan brigade
1304:Slovak National Uprising
957:10.1179/174582107x190906
748:, pp. 282–283, 285.
1966:Anti-fascist resistance
1709:11th Infantry Battalion
912:Orzoff, Andrea (2009).
811:Hrošová, Marie (2012).
492:new Czechoslovak nation
479:units obeyed. When the
473:Russian Liberation Army
442:Hostýn-Vsetín Mountains
117:For more guidance, see
1350:Czech National Council
1125:Konstantin von Neurath
467:On 5 May 1945, in the
428:units retreating from
368:
306:
215:
145:
1646:Theresienstadt Ghetto
1592:Kremnička and Nemecká
1096:Chief of Intelligence
988:Šír, Vojtěch (2015).
788:Crampton, RJ (1997).
446:harsh countermeasures
351:
304:
210:in 1939, including a
205:
135:
90:copyright attribution
1918:Lithuanian partisans
1714:1st Armoured Brigade
712:, pp. 171, 176.
344:Operation Anthropoid
2001:Bohemia and Moravia
1763:Emergency Divisions
1669:Czechoslovak Legion
1636:Carpathian Ruthenia
1296:Vrba–Wetzler report
1257:Minister of Defence
1047:Government-in-exile
813:Na každém kroku boj
768:The Prague Uprising
676:, pp. 156–157.
637:, pp. 101–102.
395:Bohemia and Moravia
206:Czech prisoners at
1928:Estonian partisans
1472:Čajánek's barracks
1151:Karl Hermann Frank
981:Masaryk University
934:Pynsent, Robert B.
369:
307:
216:
146:
98:interlanguage link
2146:
2145:
1913:Latvian partisans
1859:
1858:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1604:
1596:
1588:
1568:
1553:
1532:
1524:
1516:
1508:
1500:
1492:
1484:
1476:
1468:
1460:
1452:
1429:
1428:
1358:
1346:
1316:
1308:
1300:
1292:
1267:
1266:
1214:
1213:
1129:Reinhard Heydrich
1091:František Moravec
882:978-0-313-36306-1
822:978-80-260-2483-5
450:summary execution
265:Czechoslovak Army
247:Politické ústředí
240:shadow government
228:František Moravec
184:Reinhard Heydrich
151:German occupation
130:
129:
63:
59:
16:(Redirected from
2181:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1863:
1849:
1848:
1833:Western betrayal
1816:Munich Agreement
1775:Slovak Air Force
1659:
1602:
1594:
1586:
1566:
1565:
1551:
1530:
1522:
1514:
1506:
1504:Prague Offensive
1498:
1490:
1482:
1480:Slovak–Hungarian
1474:
1466:
1464:Carpatho-Ukraine
1458:
1450:
1438:
1417:
1389:Slovak partisans
1370:
1352:
1340:
1338:Council of Three
1314:
1306:
1298:
1290:
1278:
1252:Ferdinand Čatloš
1113:
1084:foreign minister
1043:
1021:
1014:
1007:
998:
993:
984:
978:
968:
942:
936:(18 July 2013).
929:
908:
886:
865:
826:
807:
795:
784:
772:
749:
743:
737:
731:
725:
719:
713:
707:
701:
695:
689:
683:
677:
671:
662:
656:
650:
644:
638:
632:
626:
620:
614:
608:
602:
596:
587:
581:
575:
569:
560:
554:
543:
537:
413:Partisan warfare
366:
220:Second World War
109:
103:
76:Google Translate
61:
57:
40:
39:
32:
21:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2131:
1997:Czechoslovakia
1993:Channel Islands
1961:
1945:Cursed soldiers
1896:
1890:
1860:
1855:
1837:
1826:Sudeten Germans
1784:
1770:Government Army
1739:
1718:
1650:
1607:
1559:
1535:
1425:
1403:
1364:
1326:
1312:Prague uprising
1263:
1220:Slovak Republic
1210:
1206:Emanuel Moravec
1194:Richard Bienert
1190:Jaroslav Krejčí
1162:
1156:Chief of Police
1143:Reichsprotektor
1102:
1034:
1025:
987:
976:
971:
940:
932:
926:
911:
905:
891:Mastný, Vojtěch
889:
883:
868:
846:10.2307/2493961
829:
823:
810:
804:
787:
775:
763:Bartošek, Karel
761:
758:
753:
752:
744:
740:
732:
728:
720:
716:
708:
704:
696:
692:
684:
680:
672:
665:
657:
653:
645:
641:
633:
629:
621:
617:
611:Suchánková 2013
609:
605:
597:
590:
582:
578:
570:
563:
555:
546:
538:
534:
529:
517:
504:
465:
463:Prague uprising
459:
457:Prague uprising
440:, based in the
421:
415:
390:Reichsprotektor
385:Royal Air Force
360:
354:Petschek Palace
346:
340:
299:
291:Sudeten Germans
200:
188:Prague uprising
126:
125:
124:
107:
101:
64:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2187:
2185:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2151:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2090:
2085:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1866:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1755:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1663:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1617:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1589:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1554:
1545:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1525:
1517:
1509:
1501:
1493:
1485:
1477:
1469:
1461:
1453:
1444:
1442:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1359:
1347:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1309:
1301:
1293:
1284:
1282:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1245:Prime Minister
1237:
1236:
1235:
1224:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1199:Prime minister
1183:
1182:
1181:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1121:
1119:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1072:Prime Minister
1064:
1063:
1062:
1051:
1049:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1028:Czechoslovakia
1026:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1001:
995:
994:
985:
969:
951:(2): 211–333.
945:Central Europe
930:
925:978-0199709953
924:
909:
903:
887:
881:
866:
840:(4): 561–576.
827:
821:
808:
802:
785:
773:
757:
754:
751:
750:
738:
736:, p. 156.
726:
714:
702:
690:
688:, p. 133.
678:
663:
661:, p. 207.
651:
639:
627:
625:, p. 101.
615:
603:
588:
576:
561:
544:
542:, p. 191.
531:
530:
528:
525:
524:
523:
516:
513:
512:
511:
503:
502:Notable people
500:
461:Main article:
458:
455:
414:
411:
342:Main article:
339:
336:
298:
295:
199:
196:
164:Czechoslovakia
128:
127:
123:
122:
115:
104:
82:
79:
68:
65:
46:
45:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2186:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1908:Baltic States
1906:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1852:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1529:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1502:
1497:
1494:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1421:Working Group
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1379:Obrana národa
1377:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1137:Wilhelm Frick
1134:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1003:
1002:
999:
991:
986:
982:
975:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
939:
935:
931:
927:
921:
917:
916:
910:
906:
904:0-231-03303-6
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
878:
874:
873:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
834:
833:Slavic Review
828:
824:
818:
814:
809:
805:
803:0-415-16423-0
799:
794:
793:
786:
782:
778:
777:Beneš, Edvard
774:
770:
769:
764:
760:
759:
755:
747:
742:
739:
735:
730:
727:
724:, p. 93.
723:
718:
715:
711:
706:
703:
700:, p. 58.
699:
694:
691:
687:
682:
679:
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
655:
652:
648:
643:
640:
636:
635:Bartošek 1965
631:
628:
624:
623:Bartošek 1965
619:
616:
612:
607:
604:
600:
599:Crampton 1997
595:
593:
589:
585:
580:
577:
573:
568:
566:
562:
558:
553:
551:
549:
545:
541:
536:
533:
526:
522:
519:
518:
514:
509:
506:
505:
501:
499:
497:
493:
489:
488:national myth
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
464:
456:
454:
451:
447:
443:
439:
434:
431:
427:
420:
412:
410:
408:
404:
398:
396:
392:
391:
386:
382:
378:
374:
364:
359:
355:
350:
345:
337:
335:
333:
328:
324:
320:
315:
312:
303:
296:
294:
292:
287:
285:
280:
278:
274:
273:Tomáš Masaryk
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:
256:Obrana národa
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
213:
209:
204:
197:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
152:
143:
139:
134:
120:
116:
113:
105:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
69:
67:
66:
60:
54:
52:
47:You can help
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2078:Soviet Union
1809:
1758:Hlinka Guard
1750:
1626:Protectorate
1557:Heydrichiáda
1384:Out Distance
1256:
1244:
1240:Vojtech Tuka
1232:
1198:
1178:
1155:
1141:
1133:Kurt Daluege
1108:Protectorate
1095:
1083:
1071:
1059:
1055:Edvard Beneš
1032:World War II
992:. Fronta.cz.
948:
944:
914:
894:
871:
837:
831:
812:
791:
780:
767:
756:Bibliography
746:Pynsent 2013
741:
734:Hrošová 2012
729:
722:Hrošová 2012
717:
710:Hrošová 2012
705:
698:Hrošová 2012
693:
686:Hrošová 2012
681:
674:Hrošová 2012
654:
642:
630:
618:
613:, p. 5.
606:
579:
540:Mahoney 2011
535:
485:
466:
435:
422:
399:
388:
381:Jozef Gabčík
370:
358:Heydrichiáda
319:anti-Fascist
316:
308:
288:
281:
254:
250:
246:
244:
231:
224:Edvard Beneš
217:
160:World War II
148:
147:
94:edit summary
85:
56:
48:
29:
2058:Netherlands
1821:Sudetenland
1780:Slovak Army
1621:Sudetenland
1560: [
1549:17 November
1528:Operation B
1404: [
1365: [
1320:Czech Radio
1186:Alois Eliáš
1079:Jan Masaryk
659:Orzoff 2009
557:Mastný 1971
508:Jan Morávek
379:and Slovak
361: [
236:clandestine
58:(June 2018)
2153:Categories
2110:Yugoslavia
2053:Luxembourg
1895:by country
1541:War crimes
1488:Dukla Pass
1288:Anthropoid
1273:Resistance
1228:Jozef Tiso
1174:Emil Hácha
1067:Jan Šrámek
1039:Government
572:Beneš 1954
527:References
417:See also:
212:Franciscan
208:Buchenwald
2134:See also:
2120:Macedonia
2048:Lithuania
1810:Fall Grün
1682:Squadrons
1613:Holocaust
1595:(1944–45)
1233:President
1179:President
1060:President
965:144749278
862:155813819
584:Luža 1969
496:1948 coup
426:Waffen-SS
377:Jan Kubiš
112:talk page
2125:Slovenia
2101:Taganrog
2006:Slovakia
1988:Bulgaria
1935:Bulgaria
1851:Category
1631:Slovakia
1600:Ploština
1584:Životice
1572:Kobylisy
1520:Racibórz
1434:Military
893:(1971).
779:(1954).
771:. Artia.
765:(1965).
647:Šír 2015
521:Ivančena
515:See also
490:for the
481:Red Army
448:such as
327:Russians
192:Red Army
176:boycotts
88:provide
53:in Czech
2115:Croatia
2092:Russia
2088:Moldova
2083:Belarus
2073:Romania
2028:Germany
2018:Estonia
2013:Denmark
1983:Belgium
1978:Austria
1973:Albania
1957:Ukraine
1952:Romania
1662:Western
1512:Slivice
1448:Sudeten
1441:Battles
1281:Actions
854:2493961
269:leftist
158:during
154:of the
140:in the
138:Morávka
110:to the
92:in the
55:.
2138:Jewish
2096:Crimea
2068:Poland
2063:Norway
2043:Latvia
2033:Greece
2023:France
1940:Poland
1797:Topics
1723:Soviet
1603:(1945)
1587:(1944)
1577:Lidice
1567:(1942)
1552:(1939)
1531:(1945)
1523:(1945)
1515:(1945)
1507:(1945)
1499:(1945)
1491:(1944)
1483:(1939)
1475:(1939)
1467:(1939)
1459:(1938)
1456:Liptaň
1451:(1938)
1331:Groups
1315:(1945)
1307:(1944)
1299:(1944)
1291:(1942)
963:
922:
901:
879:
860:
852:
819:
800:
407:Ležáky
403:Lidice
284:Prague
214:friar.
168:German
2038:Italy
1655:Units
1564:]
1416:]
1369:]
1167:Czech
977:(PDF)
961:S2CID
941:(PDF)
858:S2CID
850:JSTOR
365:]
277:exile
172:Czech
72:DeepL
1744:Axis
1401:ÚVOD
1117:Nazi
920:ISBN
899:ISBN
877:ISBN
817:ISBN
798:ISBN
405:and
86:must
84:You
1702:313
1697:312
1692:311
1687:310
1679:RAF
1030:in
953:doi
842:doi
393:of
74:or
2155::
1562:cs
1414:pl
1412:;
1410:de
1408:;
1406:cs
1367:cs
1355:cs
1343:cs
1192:,
1188:,
1135:,
1131:,
1127:,
979:.
959:.
947:.
943:.
856:.
848:.
838:28
836:.
666:^
591:^
564:^
547:^
477:SS
363:cs
1885:e
1878:t
1871:v
1357:)
1353:(
1345:)
1341:(
1020:e
1013:t
1006:v
983:.
967:.
955::
949:5
928:.
907:.
885:.
864:.
844::
825:.
806:.
649:.
601:.
586:.
574:.
559:.
367:.
144:.
121:.
114:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
