429:
postsynaptic density (PSD). However, if the stimulation does not induce LTP, the translocation is quickly reversible. Binding to the PSD changes CaMKII so that it is less likely to become dephosphorylated. CaMKII transforms from a substrate for
Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A), which is responsible for dephosphorylating CaMKII, to that of Protein Phosphatase 1. Strack, S. (1997) demonstrated this phenomenon by chemically stimulating hippocampal slices. This experiment illustrates that CaMKII contributes to the enhancement of synaptic strength. Sanhueza et al. found that persistent activation of CaMKII is necessary for the maintenance of LTP. She induced LTP in hippocampal slices and experimentally applied an antagonist (CaMKIINtide) to prevent CaMKII from remaining active. The slices that were applied with CaMKIINtide showed a decrease in Normalized EPSP slope after the drug infusion, meaning that the induced LTP reversed itself. The Normalized EPSP slope remained constant in the control; CaMKII continues to be involved in the LTP maintenance process even after LTP establishment. CaMKII is activated by calcium/calmodulin, but it is maintained by autophosphorylation. CaMKII is activated by the NMDA-receptor-mediated Calcium elevation that occurs during LTP induction. Activation is accompanied by phosphorylation of both the alpha and beta-subunits and Thr286/287.
308:
316:
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165:
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occur because there is not enough calcium or calmodulin present to bind to neighboring subunits. As greater amounts of calcium and calmodulin accumulate, autophosphorylation occurs leading to persistent activation of the CaMKII enzyme for a short period of time. However, the
Threonine 286 residue eventually becomes dephosphorylated, leading to inactivation of CaMKII.
40:
490:
In 1998, Giese and colleagues studied knockout mice that have been genetically engineered to prevent CaMKII autophosphorylation. They observed that mice had trouble finding the hidden platform in the Morris water maze task. The Morris water maze task is often used to represent hippocampus-dependent
454:
Mechanistically, CaMKII phosphorylates AMPA receptors at the P2 serine 831 site. This increases channel conductance of GluA1 subunits of AMPA receptors, which allows AMPA receptors to be more sensitive than normal during LTP. Increased AMPA receptor sensitivity leads to increased synaptic strength.
363:
of this site will permanently activate the CaMKII enzyme. Once the
Threonine 286 residue has been phosphorylated, the inhibitory domain is blocked from the pseudosubstrate site. This effectively blocks autoinhibition, allowing for permanent activation of the CaMKII enzyme. This enables CamKII to be
573:
CaMK2B has an autophosphorylation site at Thr287. It functions as a targeting or docking module. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and sequencing analysis identified at least five alternative splicing variants of beta CaMKII (beta, beta6, betae, beta'e, and beta7) in brain and two of
428:
When alpha-CaMKII is knocked out in mice, LTP is reduced by 50%. This can be explained by the fact that beta-CaMKII is responsible for approximately 65% of CaMKII activity. LTP can be completely blocked if CaMKII is modified so that it cannot remain active. After LTP induction, CaMKII moves to the
415:
are in a local environment with a voltage potential high enough to displace the positively-charged Mg ion from the channel pore. As a result of the channel being unblocked, Ca ions are able to enter into the postsynaptic neuron through the NMDA receptor channel. This Ca influx activates CaMKII. It
542:
delivery allows the mice's genetic material to be modified at specific stages of development. It is possible with viral vector delivery to inject a specific gene of choice into a particular region of the brain in an already developed animal. This, in fact, has been done by
Tonegawa group in early
531:
Mayford and colleagues engineered transgenic mice that express CaMKII with a point mutation of Thr-286 to aspartate, which mimics autophosphorylation and increases kinase activity. These mice failed to show LTP response to weak stimuli, and failed to perform hippocampus-dependent spatial learning
382:
The sensitivity of the CaMKII enzyme to calcium and calmodulin is governed by the variable and self-associative domains. This sensitivity level of CaMKII will also modulate the different states of activation for the enzyme. Initially, the enzyme is activated; however, autophosphorylation does not
564:
CaMKIIA is one of the major forms of CamKII. It has been found to play a critical role in sustaining activation of CamKII at the postsynaptic density. Studies have found that knockout mice without CaMKIIA demonstrate a low frequency of LTP. Additionally, these mice do not form persistent, stable
355:
The catalytic domain has several binding sites for ATP and other substrate anchor proteins. It is responsible for the transfer of phosphate from ATP to Ser or Thr residues in substrates. The autoinhibitory domain features a pseudosubstrate site, which binds to the catalytic domain and blocks its
458:
In addition to increasing the channel conductance of GluA1 subunits, CaMKII has also been shown to aid in the process of AMPA receptor exocytosis. Reserve AMPA receptors are embedded in endosomes within the cell. CaMKII can stimulate the endosomes to move to the outer membrane and activate the
394:
is the process in which a kinase attaches a phosphate group to itself. When CaMKII autophosphorylates, it becomes persistently active. Phosphorylation of the
Threonine 286 site allows for the activation of the catalytic domain. Autophosphorylation is enhanced by the structure of the holoenzyme
467:
Along with helping to establish LTP, CaMKII has been shown to be crucial in maintaining LTP. Its ability to autophosphorylate is thought to play an important role in this maintenance. Administration of certain CaMKII blockers has been shown not only to block LTP but also to reverse it in a
437:
LTP can be induced by artificially injecting CaMKII. When CaMKII is infused in postsynaptically in the hippocampal slices and intracellular perfusion or viral expression, there is a two- to threefold increase in the response of the synapse to glutamate and other chemical signals.
510:
In 2004, Rodrigues and colleagues found that fear conditioning increased phosphorylated CaMKII in lateral amygdala synapses and dendritic spines, indicating that fear conditioning could be responsible for regulating and activating the kinase. They also discovered a drug,
395:
because it is present in two stacked rings. The close proximity of these adjacent rings increases the probability of phosphorylation of neighboring CaMKII enzymes, furthering autophosphorylation. A mechanism that promotes autophosphorylation features inhibition of the
506:
learning of fear conditioning. However, after repeated trials, the impaired mice exhibited similar fear memory formation as the control mice. CaMKII may play a role in rapid fear memory, but does not completely prevent fear memory in the long run.
582:
CaMK2D appears in both neuronal and non-neuronal cell types. It is characterized particularly in many tumor cells, such as a variety of pancreatic, leukemic, breast and other tumor cells. found that CaMK2D is downregulated in human tumor cells.
459:
embedded AMPA receptors. Exocytosis of endosomes enlarges and increases the number of AMPA receptors in the synapse. The greater number of AMPA receptors increases the sensitivity of the synapse to presynaptic depolarization, and generates LTP.
1820:
Yang, H.-W.; Hu, XD; Zhang, HM; Xin, WJ; Li, MT; Zhang, T; Zhou, LJ; Liu, XG (2003). "Roles of CaMKII, PKA, and PKC in the
Induction and Maintenance of LTP of C-Fiber-Evoked Field Potentials in Rat Spinal Dorsal Horn".
543:
1990s and by
Poulsen and colleagues in 2007. Both groups used this method to inject CaMKII into the hippocampus. They found that overexpression of CaMKII resulted in slight enhancement of acquisition of new memories.
476:
As LTP is thought to underlie the processes of learning and memory, CaMKII is also crucial to memory formation. Behavioral studies involving genetically engineered mice have demonstrated the importance of CaMKII.
2422:
2707:
450:
receptors into the membrane and then the PSD of the dendrite. Movement of AMPA receptors increases postsynaptic response to presynaptic depolarization through strengthening the synapses. This produces LTP.
523:α-CaMKII heterozygous mice express half the normal protein level as the wild-type level. These mice showed normal memory storage in the hippocampus, but deficits in consolidation of memory in the cortex.
920:
Bennett, M.K., Erondu, N.E., and
Kennedy, M.B. (1983). Purification and characterization of a calmodulin-dependent protein kinase that is highly concentrated in brain. J Biol Chem 258, 12735-12744.
2149:
Poulsen, D.J.; Standing, D.; Bullshields, K.; Spencer, K.; Micevych, P.E.; Babcock, A.M. (2007). "Overexpression of hippocampal Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II improves spatial memory".
411:(LTP) – the molecular process of strengthening active synapses that is thought to underlie the processes of memory. It is involved in many aspects of this process. LTP is initiated when the
1382:"Hippocampal synaptic plasticity involves competition between Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and postsynaptic density 95 for binding to the NR2A subunit of the NMDA receptor"
2415:
2335:"Targeting of a Novel Ca+2/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II Is Essential for Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase-Mediated Signaling in Differentiated Smooth Muscle Cells"
1973:
Frankland, Paul W.; O'Brien, Cara; Ohno, Masuo; Kirkwood, Alfredo; Silva, Alcino J. (2001). "Alpha-CaMKII-dependent plasticity in the cortex is required for permanent memory".
494:
However, these results were not entirely conclusive because memory formation deficit could also be associated with sensory motor impairment resulting from genetic alteration.
2408:
2615:
311:
The structure of the association domain of CaMKII gamma rendered by pymol from PDB 2ux0 (left) space fill holoenzyme (center) cartoon holoemzyme (right) cartoon monome
132:
4002:
2466:
1293:
Giese, K. P.; Fedorov, NB; Filipkowski, RK; Silva, AJ (1998). "Autophosphorylation at Thr286 of the Calcium-Calmodulin Kinase II in LTP and
Learning".
942:
Hudmon, Andy; Schulman, Howard (2002). "Neuronal Ca/Calmodulin-Dependent
Protein Kinase II: The Role of Structure and Autoregulation in Cellular Function".
4111:
1722:
Collingridge, Graham L.; Benke, Tim A.; Lüthi, Andreas; Isaac, John T. R. (1998). "Modulation of AMPA receptor unitary conductance by synaptic activity".
2849:
2736:
931:
Erondu, N.E., and Kennedy, M.B. (1985). Regional distribution of type II Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase in rat brain. J Neurosci 5, 3270-3277.
647:"Neuronal Ca/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II—Discovery, Progress in a Quarter of a Century, and Perspective: Implication for Learning and Memory"
3124:
1619:
Davies, SN; Lester, RA; Reymann, KG; Collingridge, GL (1989). "Temporally distinct pre- and post-synaptic mechanisms maintain long-term potentiation".
1437:
Silva, A.; Stevens, C.; Tonegawa, S; Wang, Y (1992). "Deficient hippocampal long-term potentiation in alpha-calcium-calmodulin kinase II mutant mice".
367:
The other two domains in CaMKII are the variable and self-association domains. Differences in these domains contribute to the various CaMKII isoforms.
4097:
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2435:
194:
4199:
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2124:
Molecular Neurobiology: Mechanisms Common to Brain, Skin and Immune System. Series: Progress in Clinical and Biological Research. Willey-Liss, Inc
689:
Anderson, M (2005). "Calmodulin kinase signaling in heart: an intriguing candidate target for therapy of myocardial dysfunction and arrhythmias".
1881:
Irvine, Elaine E.; Von Hertzen, Laura S. J.; Plattner, Florian; Giese, Karl Peter (2006). "αCaMKII autophosphorylation: a fast track to memory".
3786:
2655:
2286:"Identification of alternative splicing variants of the β subunit of human Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II with different activities"
2237:"Identification of alternative splicing variants of the β subunit of human Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II with different activities"
3850:
2825:
1865:
1926:"Pavlovian Fear Conditioning Regulates Thr286 Autophosphorylation of Ca/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II at Lateral Amygdala Synapses"
881:/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II—discovery, progress in a quarter of a century, and perspective: implication for learning and memory"
4106:
2640:
821:"A pivotal role for the multifunctional calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in T cells: from activation to unresponsiveness"
4163:
3838:
724:
Fährmann, Michael; Kaufhold, Marc-André (2006). "Functional partitioning of epithelial protein kinase CaMKII in signal transduction".
4278:
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3085:
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3777:
2075:"Mice Expressing Activated CaMKII Lack Low Frequency LTP and Do Not Form Stable Place Cells in the CA1 Region of the Hippocampus"
4046:
3718:
3080:
3071:
4434:
1151:"Regulation of brain type II Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase by autophosphorylation: a Ca-triggered molecular switch"
152:
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2958:
2949:
2606:
2552:
4549:
1523:"Bidirectional regulation of protein kinase M zeta in the maintenance of long-term potentiation and long-term depression"
2649:
2385:
1110:
Griffith LC, Lu CS, Sun XX (October 2003). "CaMKII, an enzyme on the move: regulation of temporospatial localization".
416:
has been shown that there is an increase in CaMKII activity directly in the post synaptic density of dendrites after
2400:
1075:
Giese, K. P. (1998). "Autophosphorylation at Thr286 of the Calcium-Calmodulin Kinase II in LTP and Learning".
3673:
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2987:
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CaMK2G has been shown to be a crucial extracellular signal-regulated kinase in differentiated smooth muscle cells.
4419:
1675:"Pair recordings reveal all-silent synaptic connections and the postsynaptic expression of long-term potentiation"
772:/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II gamma B impairs positive selection of T cells by modulating TCR signaling"
4535:
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4457:
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3638:
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2026:"CaMKII regulates the frequency-response function of hippocampal synapses for the production of both LTD and LTP"
270:
4429:
1333:"Translocation of Autophosphorylated Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase II to the Postsynaptic Density"
4598:
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4326:
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3877:
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Irvine and colleagues in 2006 showed that preventing autophosphorylation of CaMKII cause mice to have impaired
319:
The structure of the kinase domain of CaMKII (gamma) rendered by pymol from PDB 2v7O, green sticks = nucleotide
374:, the function of this domain is the assembly of the single proteins into large (8 to 14 subunits) multimers
140:
535:
Researchers speculate these results could be due to lack of stable hippocampal place cells in these animals.
4331:
4186:
3609:
1028:"Structural examination of autoregulation of multifunctional calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II"
759:
McGargill, Maureen A.; Sharp, Leslie L.; Bui, Jack D.; Hedrick, Stephen M.; Calbo, Sébastien (July 2005).
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243:
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spatial learning. The mice's inability to find the hidden platform implies deficits in spatial learning.
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819:
Lin, Meei Yun; Zal, Tomasz; Ch'en, Irene L.; Gascoigne, Nicholas R. J.; Hedrick, Stephen M. (May 2005).
4424:
2122:
Tonegawa S (1994). "Gene targeting: a new approach for the analysis of mammalian memory and learning".
136:
1482:"CA1 Long-Term Potentiation Is Diminished but Present in Hippocampal Slices from α-CaMKII Mutant Mice"
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1982:
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1628:
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complex. CaMKII is involved in many signaling cascades and is thought to be an important mediator of
446:
There is strong evidence that after activation of CaMKII, CaMKII plays a role in the trafficking of
4388:
399:. This enables CaMKII to be constantly active by increasing the likelihood of autophosphorylation.
391:
3960:
979:"Structural features of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II revealed by electron microscopy"
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2073:
Rotenberg, Alexander; Mayford, Mark; Hawkins, Robert D; Kandel, Eric R; Muller, Robert U (1996).
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2006:
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Blitzer, Robert D.; Wong, Tony; Nouranifar, Rabin; Iyengar, Ravi; Landau, Emmanuel M. (1995).
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1986:
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However, because genetic modifications might cause unintentional developmental changes,
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The structural feature that governs this autoinhibition is the Threonine 286 residue.
4587:
4357:
4316:
2866:
2798:
2042:
2025:
1777:(2002). "The Molecular Basis of CaMKII Function in Synaptic and Behavioural Memory".
1259:
1242:
1211:
1198:
Lisman, J (1994). "The CaM kinase II hypothesis for the storage of synaptic memory".
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412:
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2319:
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1759:
1572:"Reversal of synaptic memory by Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II inhibitor"
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68:
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2010:
1941:
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Gardoni, F; Schrama, LH; Kamal, A; Gispen, WH; Cattabeni, F; Di Luca, M (2001).
837:
820:
515:, that inhibited CaMKII and prevented acquisition of fear conditioning and LTP.
164:
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1894:
788:
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352:, an autoinhibitory domain, a variable segment, and a self-association domain.
328:
4031:
2505:
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Calcium/ calmodulin dependent protein kinase II is also heavily implicated in
371:
236:
209:
1349:
1332:
1044:
1027:
4504:
4478:
2992:
1481:
1458:
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CaMKII accounts for 1–2% of all proteins in the brain, and has 28 different
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2333:
Marganski, W. A.; Gangopadhyay, SS; Je, HD; Gallant, C; Morgan, KG (2005).
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2002:
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Drug-induced changes in CaMKII function have been implicated in addiction.
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39:
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CaMKII gamma holoenzyme in its (A) closed and the (B) open conformations
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Soderling, T (2000). "CaM-kinases: modulators of synaptic plasticity".
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Rodrigues, S. M.; Farb, CR; Bauer, EP; Ledoux, JE; Schafe, GE (2004).
17:
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2500:
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1994:
1640:
1405:
1243:"Postsynaptic CAMP pathway gates early LTP in hippocampal CA1 region"
613:
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601:
278:
274:
232:
147:
2024:
Mayford, Mark; Wang, Jian; Kandel, Eric R; O'Dell, Thomas J (1995).
340:. The isoforms derive from the alpha, beta, gamma, and delta genes.
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2895:
2890:
2839:
2834:
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2716:
2708:
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) kinase
2510:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
1743:
625:
512:
327:
314:
306:
163:
33:
Calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II association domain
4571:
4026:
3953:
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3911:
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3618:
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3539:
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2625:
2620:
2589:
2557:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2525:
2520:
447:
420:, suggesting that activation is a direct result of stimulation.
109:
75:
63:
44:
Crystal structure of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase
4260:
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3560:
2451:
2404:
3995:
2530:
2515:
396:
726:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research
2395:
574:
them (beta6 and beta7) were first detected in any species.
4256:
977:
Kanaseki, T; Ikeuchi, Y; Sugiura, H; Yamauchi, T (1991).
370:
The self-association domain (CaMKII AD) is found at the
1331:
Strack, S.; Choi, S; Lovinger, DM; Colbran, RJ (1997).
364:
active, even in the absence of calcium and calmodulin.
4570:
This article incorporates text from the public domain
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32:
2284:Wang, P; Wu, YL; Zhou, TH; Sun, Y; Pei, G (2000).
2235:Wang, P; Wu, YL; Zhou, TH; Sun, Y; Pei, G (2000).
1480:Hinds H. L.; Tonegawa, S.; Malinow, R. (1998).
1570:Sanhueza, M; McIntyre, CC; Lisman, JE (2007).
231:, chloride transport in epithelia, positive
4272:
2467:Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinases
2416:
1326:
1324:
1288:
1286:
8:
2386:Calcium-Calmodulin+Dependent+Protein+Kinases
684:
682:
532:that depended on visual or olfactory cues.
4279:
4265:
4257:
4195:
4181:
3571:
3557:
2850:Goodpasture-antigen-binding protein kinase
2462:
2448:
2423:
2409:
2401:
216:and memory. CaMKII is also necessary for
100:
38:
3563:Serine/threonine-specific protein kinases
2737:(isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+)) kinase
2454:Serine/threonine-specific protein kinases
2436:Serine/threonine-specific protein kinases
2388:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2350:
2301:
2252:
2090:
2041:
1949:
1690:
1595:
1546:
1497:
1413:
1348:
1258:
1043:
1002:
896:
836:
787:
662:
519:Deficit in consolidation of memory traces
4098:Receptor protein serine/threonine kinase
956:10.1146/annurev.biochem.71.110601.135410
885:Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin
651:Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin
195:serine/threonine-specific protein kinase
4554:
4081:Low-density-lipoprotein receptor kinase
1858:The Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
637:
332:Activation and autoregulation of CaMKII
324:Structure, function, and autoregulation
183:/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II
348:All of the isoforms of CaMKII have: a
29:
2826:Fas-activated serine/threonine kinase
242:Misregulation of CaMKII is linked to
7:
4107:Bone morphogenetic protein receptors
2641:Dephospho-(reductase kinase) kinase
1673:; Pavlidis, P; Madison, DV (2001).
1032:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
356:ability to phosphorylate proteins.
262:There are two types of CaM kinase:
3096:G-protein coupled receptor kinases
2396:To learn more about the CaMKII ...
2352:10.1161/01.RES.0000182630.29093.0d
1539:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-17-05324.1996
1521:Hrabetova, S; Sacktor, TC (1996).
1398:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-05-01501.2001
25:
3086:Beta adrenergic receptor kinase-2
2771:(tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) kinase
868:Yamauchi, Takashi (August 2005).
378:Calcium and calmodulin dependence
4557:
3778:Mitogen-activated protein kinase
2151:Journal of Neuroscience Research
1773:Lisman, John; Schulman, Howard;
703:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.11.002
565:place cells in the hippocampus.
4164:Anti-Müllerian hormone receptor
4047:(acetyl-CoA carboxylase) kinase
3719:(RNA-polymerase)-subunit kinase
3081:Beta adrenergic receptor kinase
3072:Beta adrenergic receptor kinase
2194:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
1337:Journal of Biological Chemistry
691:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
3787:Extracellular signal-regulated
1942:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5303-03.2004
1588:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5049-06.2007
481:Preventing autophosphorylation
1:
3851:P38 mitogen-activated protein
2950:cGMP-dependent protein kinase
2911:cAMP-dependent protein kinase
2607:Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
2553:Ataxia telangiectasia mutated
2303:10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01634-3
2254:10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01634-3
2206:10.1016/S0959-4388(00)00090-8
2092:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81829-2
1692:10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00244-6
1026:Yang, E; Schulman, H (1999).
944:Annual Review of Biochemistry
104:Available protein structures:
2650:AMP-activated protein kinase
2043:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90009-8
1307:10.1126/science.279.5352.870
1260:10.1016/0896-6273(95)90018-7
1212:10.1016/0166-2236(94)90014-0
1169:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90008-5
1089:10.1126/science.279.5352.870
738:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2005.11.012
433:Independent induction of LTP
227:homeostasis and reuptake in
3565:(EC 2.7.11.21-EC 2.7.11.30)
1779:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
1576:The Journal of Neuroscience
1527:The Journal of Neuroscience
1386:The Journal of Neuroscience
983:The Journal of Cell Biology
838:10.4049/jimmunol.174.9.5583
486:Deficit in spatial learning
397:PP1 (protein phosphatase I)
287:, also collectively called
285:Multifunctional CaM kinases
4615:
4569:
3492:Elongation factor 2 kinase
2456:(EC 2.7.11.1-EC 2.7.11.20)
1895:10.1016/j.tins.2006.06.009
1823:Journal of Neurophysiology
789:10.4049/jimmunol.175.2.656
645:Yamauchi, Takashi (2005).
4435:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
4194:
4180:
3887:MAP kinase kinase kinases
3570:
3556:
3419:Myosin light-chain kinase
3125:Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent
2790:Myosin-heavy-chain kinase
2461:
2447:
825:The Journal of Immunology
776:The Journal of Immunology
271:myosin light chain kinase
197:that is regulated by the
99:
37:
4327:Diffusion-limited enzyme
4187:Dual-specificity kinases
2390:Medical Subject Headings
1350:10.1074/jbc.272.21.13467
1045:10.1074/jbc.274.37.26199
498:Deficit in fear memories
3610:Cyclin-dependent kinase
1930:Journal of Neuroscience
1883:Trends in Neurosciences
1856:Rudy, Jerry W. (2004).
1459:10.1126/science.1378648
1200:Trends in Neurosciences
468:time-dependent manner.
442:Mechanistic role in LTP
291:, which play a role in
267:Specialized CaM kinases
995:10.1083/jcb.115.4.1049
409:long-term potentiation
403:Long-term potentiation
333:
320:
312:
169:
4420:Eadie–Hofstee diagram
4353:Allosteric regulation
1835:10.1152/jn.00735.2003
1486:Learning & Memory
331:
318:
310:
167:
4430:Lineweaver–Burk plot
3453:Phosphorylase kinase
2339:Circulation Research
297:transcription factor
273:that phosphorylates
1987:2001Natur.411..309F
1736:1998Natur.393..793B
1633:1989Natur.338..500D
1451:1992Sci...257..201S
1083:(5352): 26199–208.
898:10.1248/bpb.28.1342
664:10.1248/bpb.28.1342
392:Autophosphorylation
387:Autophosphorylation
244:Alzheimer's disease
4389:Enzyme superfamily
4322:Enzyme promiscuity
4064:Tropomyosin kinase
4018:Tau-protein kinase
1499:10.1101/lm.5.4.344
1124:10.1124/mi.3.7.386
463:Maintenance of LTP
334:
321:
313:
170:
4545:
4544:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4171:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3033:Protein kinase N1
2988:Protein kinase Cζ
2163:10.1002/jnr.21163
1867:978-0-87893-669-4
1038:(37): 26199–208.
472:Behavioral memory
344:Structural domain
277:, causing smooth
248:Angelman syndrome
162:
161:
158:
157:
153:structure summary
16:(Redirected from
4606:
4562:
4561:
4553:
4425:Hanes–Woolf plot
4368:Enzyme activator
4363:Enzyme inhibitor
4337:Enzyme catalysis
4281:
4274:
4267:
4258:
4196:
4182:
3829:C-Jun N-terminal
3572:
3558:
3062:Rhodopsin kinase
3053:Rhodopsin kinase
2983:Protein kinase C
2974:Protein kinase C
2959:Protein kinase G
2920:Protein kinase A
2531:Protein kinase B
2463:
2449:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2402:
2373:
2372:
2354:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2305:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2256:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2094:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2045:
2021:
2015:
2014:
1995:10.1038/35077089
1981:(6835): 309–13.
1970:
1964:
1963:
1953:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1694:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1641:10.1038/338500a0
1616:
1610:
1609:
1599:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1550:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1501:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1417:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1352:
1343:(21): 13467–70.
1328:
1319:
1318:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1262:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1047:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1006:
974:
968:
967:
939:
933:
928:
922:
917:
911:
910:
900:
880:
879:
878:
865:
859:
858:
840:
816:
810:
809:
791:
771:
770:
769:
756:
750:
749:
721:
715:
714:
686:
677:
676:
666:
642:
350:catalytic domain
299:regulation, and
293:neurotransmitter
252:heart arrhythmia
235:selection, and
226:
225:
224:
207:
206:
205:
182:
181:
180:
101:
42:
30:
27:Class of enzymes
21:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4599:Protein kinases
4584:
4583:
4582:
4568:
4556:
4548:
4546:
4541:
4453:Oxidoreductases
4439:
4415:Enzyme kinetics
4403:
4399:List of enzymes
4372:
4341:
4312:Catalytic triad
4290:
4285:
4255:
4242:
4190:
4168:
4092:
4075:
4058:
4041:
4012:
3872:
3772:
3743:P70-S6 Kinase 1
3713:
3604:
3566:
3544:
3510:
3486:
3447:
3413:
3119:
3090:
3066:
3047:
2968:
2944:
2905:
2861:
2844:
2820:
2814:Aurora C kinase
2809:Aurora B kinase
2804:Aurora A kinase
2784:
2765:
2731:
2702:
2635:
2601:
2457:
2443:
2429:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2023:
2022:
2018:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1730:(6687): 793–7.
1721:
1720:
1716:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1627:(6215): 500–3.
1618:
1617:
1613:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1533:(17): 5324–33.
1520:
1519:
1515:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1445:(5067): 201–6.
1436:
1435:
1431:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1301:(5352): 870–3.
1292:
1291:
1284:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1025:
1024:
1020:
976:
975:
971:
941:
940:
936:
929:
925:
918:
914:
877:
875:
874:
873:
871:
867:
866:
862:
818:
817:
813:
768:
766:
765:
764:
762:
758:
757:
753:
723:
722:
718:
688:
687:
680:
644:
643:
639:
634:
622:
597:
589:
580:
571:
562:
557:
555:Different forms
549:
529:
521:
500:
488:
483:
474:
465:
444:
435:
426:
405:
389:
380:
361:Phosphorylation
346:
326:
260:
223:
221:
220:
219:
217:
204:
202:
201:
200:
198:
179:
177:
176:
175:
173:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4612:
4610:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4586:
4585:
4567:
4566:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4526:
4513:
4500:
4487:
4474:
4461:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4380:
4378:
4377:Classification
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4261:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4204:
4202:
4192:
4191:
4185:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4103:
4101:
4100:(EC 2.7.11.30)
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4084:
4083:(EC 2.7.11.29)
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4067:
4066:(EC 2.7.11.28)
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4050:
4049:(EC 2.7.11.27)
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4021:
4020:(EC 2.7.11.26)
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3883:
3881:
3880:(EC 2.7.11.25)
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3783:
3781:
3780:(EC 2.7.11.24)
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3722:
3721:(EC 2.7.11.23)
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3615:
3613:
3612:(EC 2.7.11.22)
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3578:(EC 2.7.11.21)
3568:
3567:
3561:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3521:
3519:
3518:(EC 2.7.11.21)
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3494:(EC 2.7.11.20)
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3455:(EC 2.7.11.19)
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3421:(EC 2.7.11.18)
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3127:(EC 2.7.11.17)
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3098:(EC 2.7.11.16)
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3074:(EC 2.7.11.15)
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3055:(EC 2.7.11.14)
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2976:(EC 2.7.11.13)
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2955:
2953:
2952:(EC 2.7.11.12)
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2913:(EC 2.7.11.11)
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2869:(EC 2.7.11.10)
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2795:
2793:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2646:
2644:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2459:
2458:
2452:
2445:
2444:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2381:
2380:External links
2378:
2375:
2374:
2345:(6): 541–549.
2325:
2276:
2227:
2184:
2141:
2114:
2085:(7): 1351–61.
2065:
2036:(6): 891–904.
2016:
1965:
1936:(13): 3281–8.
1916:
1873:
1866:
1848:
1829:(3): 1122–33.
1812:
1791:10.1038/nrn753
1765:
1714:
1685:(3): 691–701.
1671:Montgomery, JM
1662:
1611:
1582:(19): 5190–9.
1562:
1513:
1492:(4): 344–354.
1472:
1429:
1372:
1320:
1282:
1253:(6): 1403–14.
1233:
1206:(10): 406–12.
1190:
1163:(6): 861–870.
1145:Miller, S.G.;
1137:
1118:(7): 386–403.
1102:
1067:
1018:
989:(4): 1049–60.
969:
934:
923:
912:
891:(8): 1342–54.
876:
860:
831:(9): 5583–92.
811:
767:
751:
716:
678:
657:(8): 1342–54.
636:
635:
633:
630:
629:
628:
621:
618:
617:
616:
596:
593:
588:
585:
579:
576:
570:
567:
561:
558:
556:
553:
548:
545:
528:
527:Overexpression
525:
520:
517:
499:
496:
487:
484:
482:
479:
473:
470:
464:
461:
443:
440:
434:
431:
425:
422:
413:NMDA receptors
404:
401:
388:
385:
379:
376:
345:
342:
325:
322:
305:
304:
282:
269:, such as the
259:
256:
229:cardiomyocytes
222:
203:
178:
160:
159:
156:
155:
150:
144:
143:
130:
124:
123:
113:
106:
105:
97:
96:
91:
85:
84:
79:
72:
71:
66:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4611:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4551:
4537:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4485:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4472:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4394:Enzyme family
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4358:Cooperativity
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4317:Oxyanion hole
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4282:
4277:
4275:
4270:
4268:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4179:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4078:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4061:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:(EC 2.7.11.9)
2851:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:(EC 2.7.11.8)
2827:
2823:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2799:Aurora kinase
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:(EC 2.7.11.7)
2791:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:(EC 2.7.11.6)
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:(EC 2.7.11.5)
2738:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:(EC 2.7.11.4)
2709:
2705:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:(EC 2.7.11.3)
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:(EC 2.7.11.2)
2608:
2604:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2563:EIF-2 kinases
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:(EC 2.7.11.1)
2468:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2247:(2): 107–10.
2246:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2200:(3): 375–80.
2199:
2195:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1889:(8): 459–65.
1888:
1884:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1785:(3): 175–90.
1784:
1780:
1776:
1775:Cline, Hollis
1769:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1744:10.1038/31709
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1392:(5): 1501–9.
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1147:Kennedy, M.B.
1141:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
973:
970:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
938:
935:
932:
927:
924:
921:
916:
913:
908:
904:
899:
894:
890:
886:
882:
864:
861:
856:
852:
848:
844:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
815:
812:
807:
803:
799:
795:
790:
785:
782:(2): 656–64.
781:
777:
773:
755:
752:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
720:
717:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
685:
683:
679:
674:
670:
665:
660:
656:
652:
648:
641:
638:
631:
627:
624:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
598:
594:
592:
586:
584:
577:
575:
568:
566:
559:
554:
552:
546:
544:
541:
536:
533:
526:
524:
518:
516:
514:
508:
505:
497:
495:
492:
485:
480:
478:
471:
469:
462:
460:
456:
452:
449:
441:
439:
432:
430:
423:
421:
419:
418:LTP induction
414:
410:
402:
400:
398:
393:
386:
384:
377:
375:
373:
368:
365:
362:
357:
353:
351:
343:
341:
339:
330:
323:
317:
309:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:CaM kinase II
286:
283:
280:
276:
272:
268:
265:
264:
263:
257:
255:
253:
249:
245:
240:
238:
234:
230:
215:
211:
196:
192:
188:
187:CaM kinase II
184:
166:
154:
151:
149:
145:
142:
138:
134:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
114:
111:
107:
102:
98:
95:
92:
90:
86:
83:
80:
77:
73:
70:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
4531:Translocases
4528:
4515:
4502:
4489:
4476:
4466:Transferases
4463:
4450:
4307:Binding site
3738:P70S6 kinase
3163:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2293:
2290:FEBS Letters
2289:
2279:
2244:
2241:FEBS Letters
2240:
2230:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2157:(4): 735–9.
2154:
2150:
2144:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2033:
2029:
2019:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1857:
1851:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1682:
1678:
1665:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1340:
1336:
1298:
1294:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1160:
1154:
1140:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1035:
1031:
1021:
986:
982:
972:
947:
943:
937:
926:
915:
888:
884:
863:
828:
824:
814:
779:
775:
754:
732:(1): 101–9.
729:
725:
719:
697:(1): 39–55.
694:
690:
654:
650:
640:
590:
581:
572:
563:
550:
540:viral vector
537:
534:
530:
522:
509:
503:
501:
493:
489:
475:
466:
457:
453:
445:
436:
427:
406:
390:
381:
369:
366:
358:
354:
347:
335:
288:
284:
266:
261:
241:
239:activation.
190:
186:
172:
171:
4302:Active site
4189:(EC 2.7.12)
3576:Polo kinase
3516:Polo kinase
2296:(2): 1–11.
1112:Mol. Interv
950:: 473–510.
303:metabolism.
295:secretion,
281:to contract
50:Identifiers
4588:Categories
4505:Isomerases
4479:Hydrolases
4346:Regulation
2867:IκB kinase
2442:2.7.11-12)
1860:. Snauer.
870:"Neuronal
632:References
600:CaMK II —
372:C terminus
237:CD8 T-cell
210:calmodulin
116:structures
4594:EC 2.7.11
4580:IPR013543
4384:EC number
2993:PKC alpha
1406:1874/3794
547:Addiction
94:IPR013543
58:CaMKII_AD
4576:InterPro
4408:Kinetics
4332:Cofactor
4295:Activity
3349:KIAA0999
3244:MAPKAPK5
3239:MAPKAPK3
3234:MAPKAPK2
2369:10316848
2361:16109919
2320:39732332
2312:10858498
2271:39732332
2263:10858498
2222:31122499
2214:10851169
2179:45751857
2171:17171706
2130:: 5–18.
2109:16704390
2060:17934142
2003:11357133
1960:15056707
1911:53151434
1903:16806507
1843:14586032
1799:11994750
1760:47246118
1701:11301028
1606:17494705
1424:11222640
1367:37467211
1228:33109273
1149:(1986).
1132:14993460
1062:16106663
1054:10473573
964:12045104
907:16079472
855:21614214
847:15843557
806:35436952
798:16002660
761:"Active
746:16406114
711:15781121
673:16079472
620:See also
338:isoforms
301:glycogen
214:learning
133:RCSB PDB
89:InterPro
4564:Biology
4518:Ligases
4288:Enzymes
4008:MAP3K14
3986:MAP3K11
3981:MAP3K10
3971:MAP3K13
3966:MAP3K12
3768:RPS6KC1
3763:RPS6KA1
3758:RPS6KA3
3753:RPS6KA2
3748:RPS6KB2
3733:RPS6KA4
3728:RPS6KA5
3379:Kalirin
3344:SNF1LK2
2583:EIF2AK4
2578:EIF2AK3
2432:Kinases
2136:7724650
2101:8980240
2052:7781066
2011:4384100
1983:Bibcode
1951:6730013
1807:5844720
1752:9655394
1732:Bibcode
1709:2441189
1657:4339539
1649:2564640
1629:Bibcode
1597:6672374
1557:8757245
1548:6578881
1508:9166287
1467:1378648
1447:Bibcode
1439:Science
1415:6762931
1359:9153188
1315:9452388
1295:Science
1277:8220445
1269:8845163
1220:7530878
1177:3006921
1097:9452388
1077:Science
1013:1659571
1004:2289961
504:initial
279:muscles
193:) is a
69:PF08332
4550:Portal
4492:Lyases
4238:MAP2K7
4233:MAP2K6
4228:MAP2K5
4223:MAP2K4
4218:MAP2K3
4213:MAP2K2
4208:MAP2K1
4159:ACVRL1
4154:ACVR2B
4149:ACVR2A
4144:ACVR1C
4139:ACVR1B
4122:BMPR1B
4117:BMPR1A
3991:MAP3K7
3976:MAP3K9
3927:MAP3K8
3922:MAP3K7
3917:MAP3K6
3912:MAP3K5
3907:MAP3K4
3902:MAP3K3
3897:MAP3K2
3892:MAP3K1
3866:MAPK14
3861:MAPK13
3856:MAPK11
3844:MAPK10
3822:MAPK15
3817:MAPK12
3709:CDC2L1
3684:CDC2L5
3359:SNF1LK
3184:CAMK2G
3179:CAMK2D
3174:CAMK2B
3169:CAMK2A
3159:CAMK1G
3154:CAMK1D
3149:CAMK1B
3144:CAMK1A
2998:PRKCB1
2935:PRKACA
2930:PRKACB
2925:PRKACG
2901:IKBKAP
2727:BCKDHB
2722:BCKDHA
2696:PRKAG3
2691:PRKAG2
2686:PRKAG1
2676:PRKAB2
2671:PRKAB1
2661:PRKAA2
2656:PRKAA1
2501:STK38L
2392:(MeSH)
2367:
2359:
2318:
2310:
2269:
2261:
2220:
2212:
2177:
2169:
2134:
2107:
2099:
2058:
2050:
2009:
2001:
1975:Nature
1958:
1948:
1909:
1901:
1864:
1841:
1805:
1797:
1758:
1750:
1724:Nature
1707:
1699:
1679:Neuron
1655:
1647:
1621:Nature
1604:
1594:
1555:
1545:
1506:
1465:
1422:
1412:
1365:
1357:
1313:
1275:
1267:
1247:Neuron
1226:
1218:
1185:491812
1183:
1175:
1130:
1095:
1060:
1052:
1011:
1001:
962:
905:
853:
845:
804:
796:
744:
709:
671:
614:CAMK2G
610:CAMK2D
606:CAMK2B
602:CAMK2A
587:CaMK2G
578:CaMK2D
569:CaMK2B
560:CaMK2A
424:In LTP
275:myosin
250:, and
233:T-cell
191:CaMKII
148:PDBsum
122:
112:
82:CL0051
55:Symbol
18:CAMKII
4444:Types
4200:MAP2K
4134:ACVR1
4127:BMPR2
4112:BMPR1
4037:GSK-3
3878:MAP3K
3839:MAPK9
3834:MAPK8
3812:MAPK7
3807:MAPK6
3802:MAPK4
3797:MAPK3
3792:MAPK1
3704:PFTK1
3699:PCTK3
3694:PCTK2
3689:PCTK1
3679:CDK12
3674:CDK10
3649:CDKL5
3629:CDKL2
3506:STK19
3501:EEF2K
3482:PHKG2
3477:PHKG1
3467:PHKA2
3462:PHKA1
3443:MYLK4
3438:MYLK3
3433:MYLK2
3409:DCLK1
3404:Titin
3394:TRIB3
3389:TRIB2
3384:TRIB1
3374:TSSK2
3354:STK40
3339:PSKH1
3334:PRKD3
3329:PRKD2
3309:PHKG2
3304:PHKG1
3294:OBSCN
3289:NUAK2
3284:NUAK1
3279:MKNK2
3274:MKNK1
3264:MARK4
3259:MARK3
3254:MARK2
3249:MARK1
3229:STK11
3224:DAPK3
3219:DAPK2
3214:DAPK1
3209:CHEK2
3204:CHEK1
3189:CAMK4
3164:CAMK2
3139:CAMK1
3134:BRSK2
3028:PRKCQ
3023:PRKCI
3018:PRKCG
3013:PRKCH
3008:PRKCE
3003:PRKCD
2964:PRKG1
2896:IKBKG
2891:IKBKE
2840:STK10
2835:FASTK
2761:IDH3G
2756:IDH3B
2751:IDH3A
2717:BCKDK
2511:ROCK1
2496:STK38
2491:MAST2
2486:MAST1
2481:LATS2
2476:LATS1
2365:S2CID
2316:S2CID
2267:S2CID
2218:S2CID
2175:S2CID
2105:S2CID
2056:S2CID
2007:S2CID
1907:S2CID
1803:S2CID
1756:S2CID
1705:S2CID
1653:S2CID
1504:S2CID
1363:S2CID
1273:S2CID
1224:S2CID
1181:S2CID
1058:S2CID
851:S2CID
802:S2CID
626:Actin
595:Genes
513:KN-62
258:Types
4574:and
4572:Pfam
4536:list
4529:EC7
4523:list
4516:EC6
4510:list
4503:EC5
4497:list
4490:EC4
4484:list
4477:EC3
4471:list
4464:EC2
4458:list
4451:EC1
4027:TPK1
4003:CDC7
3961:MLKs
3954:KSR2
3949:KSR1
3944:BRAF
3939:ARAF
3934:RAFs
3669:CDK9
3664:CDK8
3659:CDK7
3654:CDK6
3644:CDK5
3639:CDK4
3634:CDK3
3624:CDK2
3619:CDK1
3600:PLK4
3595:PLK3
3590:PLK2
3585:PLK1
3540:PLK4
3535:PLK3
3530:PLK2
3525:PLK1
3472:PHKB
3428:MYLK
3399:TRIO
3369:SPEG
3364:SNRK
3324:PKD1
3319:PIM2
3314:PIM1
3299:PASK
3269:MELK
3199:CASK
3194:MLCK
3115:GRK6
3110:GRK5
3105:GRK4
3043:PKN3
3038:PKN2
2940:PRKY
2886:TBK1
2881:IKK2
2876:CHUK
2780:STK4
2746:IDH2
2631:PDK4
2626:PDK3
2621:PDK2
2616:PDK1
2595:WEE1
2590:Wee1
2558:mTOR
2546:AKT3
2541:AKT2
2536:AKT1
2526:SGK3
2521:SGK2
2357:PMID
2308:PMID
2259:PMID
2210:PMID
2167:PMID
2132:PMID
2097:PMID
2079:Cell
2048:PMID
2030:Cell
1999:PMID
1956:PMID
1899:PMID
1862:ISBN
1839:PMID
1795:PMID
1748:PMID
1697:PMID
1645:PMID
1602:PMID
1553:PMID
1463:PMID
1420:PMID
1355:PMID
1311:PMID
1265:PMID
1216:PMID
1173:PMID
1156:Cell
1128:PMID
1093:PMID
1050:PMID
1009:PMID
960:PMID
903:PMID
843:PMID
794:PMID
742:PMID
730:1763
707:PMID
669:PMID
448:AMPA
141:PDBj
137:PDBe
120:ECOD
110:Pfam
78:clan
76:Pfam
64:Pfam
4032:TTK
3996:ZAK
2573:HRI
2568:PKR
2516:SGK
2506:CIT
2347:doi
2298:doi
2294:475
2249:doi
2245:475
2202:doi
2159:doi
2128:390
2087:doi
2038:doi
1991:doi
1979:411
1946:PMC
1938:doi
1891:doi
1831:doi
1787:doi
1740:doi
1728:393
1687:doi
1637:doi
1625:338
1592:PMC
1584:doi
1543:PMC
1535:doi
1494:doi
1455:doi
1443:257
1410:PMC
1402:hdl
1394:doi
1345:doi
1341:272
1303:doi
1299:279
1255:doi
1208:doi
1165:doi
1120:doi
1085:doi
1081:279
1040:doi
1036:274
999:PMC
991:doi
987:115
952:doi
893:doi
833:doi
829:174
784:doi
780:175
734:doi
699:doi
695:106
659:doi
189:or
128:PDB
4590::
4578::
2682:γ
2667:β
2652:α
2440:EC
2434::
2363:.
2355:.
2343:97
2341:.
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