Compact Disc Digital Audio - Knowledge (XXG)

1348:, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 and 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall by 20%. Despite rapidly declining sales year-over-year, the pervasiveness of the technology lingered for a time, with companies placing CDs in pharmacies, supermarkets, and filling station convenience stores to target buyers less likely to be able to use Internet-based distribution. In 2012, CDs and DVDs made up only 34% of music sales in the United States. By 2015, only 24% of music in the United States was purchased on physical media, two thirds of this consisting of CDs; however, in the same year in Japan, over 80% of music was bought on CDs and other physical formats. In 2018, U.S. CD sales were 52 million units—less than 6% of the peak sales volume in 2000. In the UK, 32 million units were sold, almost 100 million fewer than in 2008. In 2018, 2238:(mm:ss:ff), where one frame corresponds to 1/75 of a second of audio: 588 pairs of left and right samples. This timecode frame is distinct from the 33-byte channel-data frame described above, and is used for time display and positioning the reading laser. When editing and extracting CD audio, this timecode frame is the smallest addressable time interval for an audio CD; thus, track boundaries only occur on these frame boundaries. Each of these structures contains 98 channel-data frames, totaling 98 × 24 = 2,352 bytes of music. The CD is played at a speed of 75 frames (or sectors) per second, thus 44,100 samples or 176,400 bytes per second. 2098: 929:

vinyl LPs, and, by 1992, CD sales surpassed those of prerecorded music-cassette tapes. The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, which together agreed upon and developed compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged.

1226: 7414: 1252:, which converts high-resolution low-frequency digital input signal into a lower-resolution high-frequency signal that is mapped to voltages and then smoothed with an analog filter. The temporary use of a lower-resolution signal simplified circuit design and improved efficiency, which is why it became dominant in CD players starting from the early 1990s. Philips used a variation of this technique called 49: 1577:, an artificial boost of high audio frequencies. The pre-emphasis improves the apparent signal-to-noise ratio by making better use of the channel's dynamic range. On playback, the player applies a de-emphasis filter to restore the frequency response curve to an overall flat one. Pre-emphasis time constants are 50 μs and 15 μs (9.49 dB boost at 20 kHz), and a binary flag in the disc 7434: 2503: 998: 5690:

pattern with no noticeable difference to the listener. This is something the next technology in optical digital memory, CD-ROM, cannot do because an executable program's data doesn't follow a natural law. An interpolation-based guess isn't just slightly different; it's completely wrong. Because of this precision, CD-ROM drives for PC's came later and much more expensive than audio.

185: 7424: 1062:, told by a former member of the task force, gives background information on the many technical decisions made, including the choice of the sampling frequency, playing time, and disc diameter. The task force consisted of around 6 persons, though according to Philips, the compact disc was "invented collectively by a large group of people working as a team". 2133:. Each timecode frame is one seventy-fifth of a second, and corresponds to a block of 98 channel-data frames—ultimately, a block of 588 pairs of left and right audio samples. Timecode contained in the subchannel data allows the reading device to locate the region of the disc that corresponds to the timecode in the TOC. The TOC on discs is analogous to the 40: 5689:

An added feature of audio CD's is that in the event of damage, the missing data can be interpolated; that is to say, the information follows a predictable pattern that allows the missing value to be guessed at. So if an audio CD is damaged by dirt or a scratch, the missing data can be averaged from a

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are placed at the end of the last track of the disc, often using index 2 or 3, or using the pregap as index 0 (this latter usage will result in the track playing as the time counter counts down to time 0:00 at the start of the track, index 1.) This is also the case with some discs offering "101 sound

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specification briefly mentioned a four-channel mode in its June 1980, September 1983, and November 1991 editions. On the first page, it lays out the "Main parameters" of the CD system, including: "Number of channels: 2 and/or 4 simultaneously sampled." The footnote says, "In the case of more than two

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video recorder. After this, in 1974 the leap to storing digital audio on an optical disc was easily made. Sony first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. A year later, in September 1977, Sony showed the press a 30 cm (12 in) disc that could play an hour of

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In 1974, Lou Ottens, director of the audio division of Philips, started a small group to develop an analog optical audio disc with a diameter of 20 cm (7.9 in) and a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl record. However, due to the unsatisfactory performance of the analog format, two

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CD-DA standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $ 1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984. By 1988, CD sales in the United States surpassed those of

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drives, to prevent the copying of music. This is done by intentionally introducing errors onto the disc that the embedded circuits on most stand-alone audio players can automatically compensate for, but which may confuse CD-ROM drives. Consumer rights advocates as of October 2001 pushed to require

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Beginning in the 2000s, CDs were increasingly being replaced by other forms of digital storage and distribution, with the result that by 2010 the number of audio CDs being sold in the U.S. had dropped about 50% from their peak; however, they remained one of the primary distribution methods for the

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bits are added before each 14-bit word for disambiguation and synchronization. In total, there are 33 × (14 + 3) = 561 bits. A 27-bit word (a 24-bit pattern plus 3 merging bits) is added to the beginning of each frame to assist with synchronization, so the reading device can locate

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beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Unlike the prior art by Optophonie and James Russell, the information on the disc is read from a reflective layer using a laser as a light source through a protective substrate. Prototypes were

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tolerances. Manufacturing processes used in the final years of CD technology allowed an audio CD to contain up to 82 minutes (variable from one replication plant to another) without requiring the content creator to sign a waiver releasing the plant owner from responsibility if the CD produced is

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This stream of audio frames is then subjected to CIRC encoding, which segments and rearranges the data and expands it with error correction codes in a way that allows occasional read errors to be detected and corrected. CIRC encoding interleaves the audio frames throughout the disc over several

1662:, Germany, which could produce huge numbers of CDs having a diameter of 115 mm. Sony did not yet have such a facility. If Sony had agreed on the 115-mm disc, Philips would have had a significant competitive edge in the market. The long playing time of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony imposed by 1420:

Milestone award, 2009, for Philips alone with the citation: "On 8 March 1979, N.V. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken demonstrated for the international press a Compact Disc Audio Player. The demonstration showed that it is possible by using digital optical recording and playback to reproduce audio

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citing its rise to "young people who are finding they like hard copies of music in the digital age". It came at the same time as both vinyl and cassette reached sales levels not seen in 30 years. The RIAA reported that CD revenue made a dip in 2022, before increasing again in 2023 and overtook

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Philips research engineers recommended a digital format in March 1974. In 1977, Philips then established a laboratory with the mission of creating a digital audio disc. The diameter of Philips's prototype compact disc was set at 11.5 cm (4.5 in), the diagonal of an audio cassette.

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and became IEC 908:1987, and later IEC 60908:1999. Since the behavior of the "four-channel" or "Broadcasting use" bit was never specified by either CD standard, no mass-marketed discs have attempted to use the Red Book's four-channel mode, and no players have purported to implement it.

1691:, in which initial CD releases of the album had multiple tracks edited down for length to fit on a single disc; recent CD reissues package the album across two discs as a result. The emergence of 80-minute CDs allowed for some double albums that were previously edited for length, e.g. 2396:-extension, which can be copied directly, randomly and individually by track as if it were actual files. In reality, macOS performs its own as-needed-rips in the background completely transparent to the user. The copied tracks are fully playable and editable on the user's computer. 1465:

in 1987 with the reference IEC 60908. The second edition of IEC 60908 was published in 1999 and it replaces the first edition, amendment 1 (1992) and the corrigendum to amendment 1. The IEC 60908 however does not contain all the information for extensions that is available in the

1245:, a time-related defect. Confronted with the instability of DACs, manufacturers initially turned to increasing the number of bits in the DAC and using several DACs per audio channel, averaging their output. This increased the cost of CD players but did not solve the core problem. 2956: 2336:; 2 channels × 44,100 samples per second per channel × 16 bits per sample. Audio data coming in from a CD is contained in sectors, each sector being 2,352 bytes, and with 75 sectors containing 1 second of audio. For comparison, the bit rate of a "1×" 1325:. However neither of these were adopted partly due to increased relevance of digital (virtual) music and the apparent lack of audible improvements in audio quality to most human ears. These effectively extended the CD's longevity in the music market. 872:

revenues surpassed those of CDs in the U.S. for the first time since the 1980s, whereas in Japan, the CD remains the premier music format, and revenues have grown in 2022, and in Germany it outsold other physical formats at least fourfold in 2022.

1681:, enticing consumers to buy the CD for the extra material. However, attempts to combine double LPs onto one CD occasionally resulted in the opposite situation in which the CD would instead offer less audio than the LP. One such example was with 1645:, Philips' chief engineer, however, denies this, claiming that the increase was motivated by technical considerations and that even after the increase in size, the Furtwängler recording would not have fit onto one of the earliest CDs. 2475:, which stipulates a nominal 1.2 mm, but at least 1.1 mm. Philips and many other companies have stated that including the Compact Disc Digital Audio logo on such non-conforming discs may constitute trademark infringement. 2124:

The lead-in's subcode contains repeated copies of the disc's Table of Contents (TOC), which provides an index of the start positions of the tracks in the program area and lead-out. The track positions are referenced by absolute

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Playing times beyond 74 minutes are achieved by decreasing track pitch (the distance separating the track as it spirals the disc). However, most players can still accommodate the more closely spaced data if it is still within

977:. Sony's AES technical paper was published on 1 March 1979. A week later, on 8 March, Philips publicly demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio disc at a press conference called "Philips Introduce Compact Disc" in 6417: 5451: 4524: 893:

has been credited with inventing the first system to record digital media on a photosensitive plate. Russell's patent application was filed in 1966, and he was granted a patent in 1970. Following litigation,

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Some of the visible features of an audio CD, including the lead-in, program area, and lead-out. A microscopic spiral of digital information begins near the disc's center and progresses toward the edge.

2013:. Therefore, a physical frame on the disc will actually contain information from multiple logical audio frames. This process adds 64 bits of error correction codes to each frame. After this, 8 bits of 1566:(DAC), but Sony insisted on 16-bit. In the end Sony won, so 16 bits and 44.1 kilosamples per second prevailed. Philips found a way to produce 16-bit quality using its 14-bit DAC by using four times 2215:, which consists of 33 bytes and contains six complete 16-bit stereo samples: 24 bytes for the audio (two bytes × two channels × six samples = 24 bytes), eight CIRC error-correction bytes, and one 4214: 2180:

effects", with 100 and 101 being indexed as two and three on track 99. The index, if used, is occasionally put on the track listing as a decimal part of the track number, such as 99.2 or 99.3. (

2171:). Each track can in turn have up to 100 indexes, though players which still support this feature have become rarer over time. The vast majority of songs are recorded under index 1, with the 1182:. One of the first CD markets was devoted to reissuing popular music whose commercial potential was already proven. The first major artist to have their entire catalog converted to CD was 902:

licensed Russell's patents for recording in 1988. It is debatable whether Russell's concepts, patents, and prototypes instigated and in some measure influenced the compact disc's design.

5513: 1241:(DAC), which contained individual electrical components for each bit of the DAC. Even when using high-precision components, this approach was prone to decoding errors. Another issue was 836:, was released in October 1982 in Japan. The format gained worldwide acceptance in 1983–84, selling more than a million CD players in those two years, to play 22.5 million discs. In the 1770: 1485:

The standard is not freely available and must be licensed. It is available from Philips and the IEC. As of 2013, Philips outsources licensing of the standard to Adminius, which charges

1562:, and 44,056 or 44,100 samples/s (Sony) or approximately 44,000 samples/s (Philips). When the Sony/Philips task force designed the Compact Disc, Philips had already developed a 14-bit 5030: 3746: 1367:

connections. Automakers viewed CD players as using up valuable space and taking up weight which could be reallocated to more popular features, like large touchscreens. By 2021, only

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sales began to decline in the late 1980s; CD sales overtook cassette sales in the early 1990s. In 1988, 400 million CDs were manufactured by 50 pressing plants around the world.

7240: 2783: 969:—specifications similar to those later settled upon for the standard compact disc format in 1980. Technical details of Sony's digital audio disc were presented during the 62nd 961:

encoding. In September 1978, the company demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150-minute playing time, 44,056 Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, and

5639: 5443: 6287: 4516: 4403: 4127: 2447:, which modify and compress the audio data in ways that irreversibly change the audio, but that exploit features of human hearing to make the changes difficult to discern. 2340:

is defined as 2,048 bytes per sector × 75 sectors per second = 153,600 bytes per second. The remaining 304 bytes in a sector are used for additional data error correction.

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format struggled. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the

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The growing acceptance of the CD in 1983 marks the beginning of the popular digital audio revolution. It was enthusiastically received, especially in the early-adopting

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marginally or entirely unreadable by some playback equipment. In this final practice, maximum CD playing time crept higher by reducing minimum engineering tolerances.

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discs were introduced. Recordable CDs became an alternative to tape for recording and distributing music and could be duplicated without degradation in sound quality.

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for playing music, rather than as a data storage medium. However, CDs have grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, Immink and

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has pit-and-land-shaped spots on a layer of organic dye instead of actual pits and lands; a laser creates the spots by altering the reflective properties of the dye.

5784: 2028:(EFM), where each 8-bit byte is replaced with a corresponding 14-bit word designed to reduce the number of transitions between 0 and 1. This reduces the density of 1168:

The Japanese launch was followed on 14 March 1983 by the introduction of CD players and discs to Europe and North America where CBS Records released sixteen titles.

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player as standard equipment in new automobiles, with 2010 being the final model year for any car in the United States to have a factory-equipped cassette player.

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The creators of the CD originally aimed at a playing time of 60 minutes with a disc diameter of 100 mm (Sony) or 115 mm (Philips). Sony vice-president

5444:"Taneyev – Vadim Repin, Ilya Gringolts, Nobuko Imai, Lynn Harrell, Mikhail Pletnev – Chamber Music: Piano Quintet = Klavierquintett • Piano Trio = Klaviertrio" 4276: 5605: 5354:

This Rykodisc release was the first compact disc to contain 80 minutes of music; 78 minutes had previously been the longest length possible to encode on a CD.

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During the 2010s, the increasing popularity of solid-state media and music streaming services caused automakers to remove automotive CD players in favor of

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does not refer to sectors, nor does it distinguish the corresponding sections of the disc's data stream except as "frames" in the MSF addressing scheme.

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in 2023, 10.5 million CDs were sold, almost double that of vinyl, but both of them represented generated 12% each of the French music industry revenues.

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communities, and its handling quality received particular praise. As the price of players gradually came down, and with the introduction of the portable

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An international collaboration between Philips and the Sony Corporation lead to the creation of the compact disc. The author explains how it came about

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The audio data stream in an audio CD is continuous, but has three parts. The main portion, which is further divided into playable audio tracks, is the

1677:, was often used to the CD's advantage during the early years when CDs and LPs vied for commercial sales. CDs would often be released with one or more 7245: 6641: 3019: 1609: 1458: 480: 4613: 4583: 2600: 3559: 7250: 7111: 6674: 2632: 732: 4093: 3524: 5574: 5481: 5171: 3919: 2970: 6868: 6091: 5503: 760: 4795: 3722: 2765: 5281: 5024: 4940: 4905: 4176: 3843: 3633: 3210: 2715: 962: 5014: 7064: 6392: 5744: 5115: 4762: 2564: 4494: 3594: 3096: 2259:

number starting at zero, and with tracks aligned on sector boundaries. An audio CD sector corresponds to 2,352 bytes of decoded data. The

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signals with superb stereo quality. This research at Philips established the technical standard for digital optical recording systems."

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and Norio Ohga (Sony), Joop van Tilburg (Philips), and Richard Busch (PolyGram), in the presence of Karajan who praised the new format.

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announced plans to decrease their focus on CD sales, however, while continuing to sell records, sales of which are growing during the

5628: 4691: 3743: 2779: 6968: 6712: 5426:"BRUCKNER: Symphony No. 5 in B flat major (original version) — Munich Philharmonic/Christian Thielemann — DGG – Audiophile Audition" 4817: 4338: 2550: 2485:

emerged at around the same time. Both formats were designed to feature audio of higher fidelity by using a higher sampling rate and

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standard governing CDs, and Amazon.com for example describes them as "copy protected discs" rather than "compact discs" or "CDs".

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specifies the physical parameters and properties of the CD, the optical parameters, deviations and error rate, modulation system (

7153: 4395: 4119: 2048:, with each pit or land representing a series of zeroes, and with the transition points—the edge of each pit—representing a 1. A 1559: 727: 5366: 4669: 3424: 2893: 1406:

Sony and Philips received praise for the development of the compact disc from professional organizations. These awards include:

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has a filter to remove (or apply) the pre-emphasis in order to create standard WAV files, or to create CDs with pre-emphasis.

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The decline in CD sales has slowed in recent years; in 2021, CD sales increased in the US for the first time since 2004, with

6931: 6537: 5770: 5233: 3074: 2599:(XCP) used on some of their audio CDs automatically and surreptitiously installed copy-prevention software on computers (see 2528: 2194:

feature.) The track and index structure of the CD were carried forward to the DVD format as title and chapter, respectively.

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in February 1985, along with four greatest hits albums; his fifteenth and sixteenth albums had already been issued on CD by

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is half the sampling rate and corresponds to the highest frequency which a sampled data system can reproduce without error.

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files typically does not take into account the pre-emphasis, so such files play back with an incorrect frequency response.

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warning labels on compact discs that do not conform to the official Compact Disc Digital Audio standard (often called the

2393: 958: 3655: 3268: 2996: 2471:, which includes both a CD layer and a DVD layer whereby the CD layer is much thinner, 0.9 mm, than required by the 2001:, which has sample values ranging from −32768 to +32767. The source audio data is divided into frames, containing twelve 7473: 5703: 5664: 2592: 2427:, which compress the LPCM data in ways that conserve space yet allow it to be restored without any changes; and various 2424: 2025: 2002: 1608:

In reality, however, the underspecified "four-channel" mode was dropped from the CD standard when it was adopted by the

1435: 1213:, the CD began to gain popularity in the larger popular and rock music markets. With the rise in CD sales, pre-recorded 1130: 1049: 224: 5085: 4729: 4545: 4361: 3480: 2197:

Tracks, in turn, are divided into timecode frames (or sectors), which are further subdivided into channel-data frames.

1264:(PWM), advertising it as MASH, which is an acronym derived from their patented Multi-stAge noiSe-sHaping PWM topology. 7293: 7116: 6833: 6667: 3677: 3295: 2219:

byte. As described in the "Data encoding" section, after the EFM modulation the number of bits in a frame totals 588.

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In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by engineers

688: 633: 578: 5140: 2513: 885:, first presented in 1931, was an early device that used light for both recording and playback of sound signals on a 5315: 4266: 7074: 6861: 6212: 6207: 5837: 5597: 5403: 3942: 2805: 2181: 1998: 1634: 753: 447: 3802: 2919: 2532: 2517: 2085:

are not correctable and signify data loss. Even with uncorrectable errors, a compact disc player interpolates the

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were convinced of the format's commercial potential and pushed further development despite widespread skepticism.

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was released in 1980 by Philips and Sony; it was adopted by the Digital Audio Disc Committee and ratified by the

970: 693: 2868:"3 observations on… how Japan's music industry caters to (and relies on) 'superfans' more than any other market" 2005:

each (six left and six right samples, alternating), for a total of 192 bits (24 bytes) of audio data per frame.

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was used to push Philips to accept 120 mm, so that Philips' PolyGram lost its edge on disc fabrication.

7483: 6958: 6803: 6798: 6202: 5337: 4120:"Music Sales Decline for Seventh Time in Eight Years: Digital Downloads Can't Offset 20% Plunge in CD Sales" 3532: 2129:, relative to the start of the program area, in MSF format: minutes, seconds, and fractional seconds called 2097: 1581:

instructs the player to apply de-emphasis filtering if appropriate. Playback of such discs in a computer or

948:, in 1970, became general manager of Sony's audio department in 1971. In 1973, his team developed a digital 806: 564: 433: 400: 3027: 1547:, an earlier way of storing digital audio. An audio CD can represent frequencies up to 22.05 kHz, the 7488: 7463: 7169: 7059: 7054: 7014: 6660: 5193: 4609: 3129: 3058: 2432: 2266:

The following table shows the relation between tracks, timecode frames (sectors) and channel-data frames:

2142: 1642: 1626: 1462: 1261: 1249: 1010: 1002: 944:, who developed an early digital audio recorder within Japan's national public broadcasting organization, 886: 592: 440: 214: 209: 114: 2954:, "Analog to digital to optical photographic recording and playback system", published 1970-03-17 2017:

are added to each of these encoded frames, which is used for control and addressing when playing the CD.

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CD sales in the United States peaked by 2000. By the early 2000s, the CD player had largely replaced the

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CDs continued to be strong in some markets such as Japan where 132 million units were produced in 2019.

966: 814: 746: 701: 557: 550: 3555: 2403:, digital audio extraction software can be used to read CD-DA audio data and store it in files. Common 7433: 1658:, one of the world's largest music distributors. PolyGram had set up a large experimental CD plant in 7399: 7394: 7224: 7126: 7096: 6610: 6577: 6442: 6011: 5566: 5473: 5167: 3911: 3100: 2206: 2164: 2158: 1854: 1630: 1439: 1334: 1033:

as an international standard in 1987, with various amendments becoming part of the standard in 1996.

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sampling frequency and 16-bit resolution, and was originally specified to store up to 74 minutes of

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track. The lead-in and lead-out tracks encode only silent audio, but all three sections contain

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developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s. Although originally dismissed by

4486: 2603:). Such discs are not legally allowed to be called CDs or Compact Discs because they break the 7281: 7131: 6979: 5277: 5020: 4936: 4911: 4901: 4038: 3839: 3629: 3458: 3329: 2711: 2404: 2385: 1915: 1893: 1698: 1638: 1548: 1442:. These parameters are common to all compact discs and used by all logical formats: audio CD, 1338: 869: 677: 607: 543: 4930: 3356: 2384:(CDA) files, each file containing indexing information, not audio data. By contrast however, 1141:

compact disc was produced on 17 August 1982, a 1979 recording of Chopin waltzes performed by

864:, and YouTube, matched those from physical format sales for the first time. According to the 6167: 3778: 3718: 3321: 3175: 2637: 2373: 2333: 1919: 1752: 1669:

The 74-minute playing time of a CD, which is longer than the 22 minutes per side typical of

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Appetite for Self-Destruction: The Rise and Fall of the Record Industry in the Digital Age

2971:"Inventor and physicist James Russell '53 will receive Vollum Award at Reed's convocation" 2460: 2329: 2134: 1387: 1202: 1079: 793: 4821: 4330: 2190:

was one of very few CD releases to do this, following a release with an equally obscure

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technology. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the

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Kaptainis, Arthur (5 March 1983). "Sampling the latest sound: should last a lifetime".

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Kozinn, Allan (December 1988). "Have Compact Disks Become Too Much of a Good Thing?".

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was a standard published in 1999 that aimed to provide better audio quality than CDs.

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method, CIRC, which offers resilience to defects such as scratches and fingerprints.

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https://www.riaa.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/2023-Year-End-Revenue-Statistics.pdf

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management as a trivial pursuit, the CD became the primary focus for Philips as the

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to refer to each timecode frame, with each sector being identified by a sequential

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CD-DA standard. First published in 1980, the standard was formally adopted by the

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The frames of channel data are finally written to disc physically in the form of

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Two new formats were marketed in the 2000s designed as successors to the CD: the

1194:

in 1983 and 1984, respectively. On 26 February 1987, the first four UK albums by

6142: 5934: 5904: 5897: 5892: 2657: 2502: 2010: 1786: 1678: 1674: 1544: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1104: 949: 4425: 4300:"Best Buy, Winding Down CD Sales, Pounds Another Nail Into The Format's Coffin" 3179: 1625:

suggested extending the capacity to 74 minutes to accommodate the recording of

997: 7338: 7136: 7106: 7069: 6729: 6512: 6437: 6352: 6292: 5144: 4584:"En France comme aux États-Unis, les vinyles en position de force face aux CD" 3750: 3649: 3325: 3262: 3004: 2138: 1991: 1957: 1663: 1622: 1514: 1206: 1186:, whose first fourteen studio albums of (then) sixteen were made available by 1153: 982: 682: 474: 404: 76: 5711: 4915: 3333: 1375:

were still including CD players as standard equipment with certain vehicles.

7379: 7348: 7313: 7201: 7196: 7179: 7141: 6625: 6402: 6337: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6096: 6086: 6081: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6021: 6016: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5929: 5924: 5914: 5887: 5882: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5847: 5842: 5832: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5273: 5079: 4721: 4271: 2482: 2146: 2086: 1876:

Vadim Repin, Ilya Gringolts, Nobuko Imai, Lynn Harrell, and Mikhail Pletnev

1540: 1525: 1364: 1322: 1275:

presented the first experiments with erasable compact discs during the 73rd

1257: 978: 919: 906: 882: 841: 829: 818: 707: 528: 470: 376: 372: 352: 344: 309: 157: 4267:"Best Buy will stop selling CDs as digital music revenue continues to grow" 3685: 2894:"Statistik | Absatz von physischen Tonträgern und digitalen Musikprodukten" 1641:. The additional 14-minute playing time required increasing disc diameter. 1298:

use the same physical geometry as CD, and most DVD and Blu-ray players are

2020:

CIRC encoding plus the subcode byte generates 33-byte long frames, called

1558:

There was a long debate over the use of 16-bit (Sony) or 14-bit (Philips)

184: 7384: 7343: 7303: 7276: 7271: 7121: 7101: 7084: 7026: 6994: 6813: 6781: 6477: 6051: 6031: 5991: 5946: 5877: 5822: 5311: 2973:(Press release). Reed College public affairs office. 2000. Archived from 2585: 2468: 2321: 2231: 2126: 2082: 2064: 1840: 1757: 1659: 1655: 1552: 1360: 1349: 1125: 974: 957:

digital audio (44,100 Hz sampling rate and 16-bit resolution) using

667: 614: 509: 466: 348: 340: 293: 289: 285: 5399: 2032:

on the disc and provides an additional degree of error tolerance. Three

17: 7364: 7328: 7079: 6984: 6953: 6702: 6502: 6467: 6457: 6026: 5939: 5629:"Exact Audio Copy: Audiodaten von optischen Speichermedien extrahieren" 5508: 3709:"How Billy Joel's '52nd Street' Became the First Compact Disc released" 2660:

Co., Ltd. in 1988 as part of the joint Philips-Sony development effort.

2400: 2377: 2369: 2256: 2246: 2216: 2118: 1708: 1654:

interview, the story is slightly more involved. In 1979, Philips owned

1582: 1578: 1471: 1295: 1230: 1210: 1152:

in Japan on 1 October 1982, the first of which was a re-release of the

953: 899: 861: 514: 408: 395: 388: 384: 364: 360: 321: 305: 135: 7437: 4177:"News and Notes on 2015 Mid-Year RIAA Shipment and Revenue Statistics" 2573:

to make audio CDs (Compact Disc Digital Audio) unplayable on computer

7374: 6916: 6744: 6739: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6432: 6372: 6362: 6357: 6347: 6307: 6257: 4094:"Blu-ray is to DVD as SACD was to CD: Better, but not enough better?" 3791:

The New Schwann Record & Tape Guide Volume 37 No. 2 February 1985

3595:"Weltpräsentation des "Compact Disc Digital Audio System" (Audio-CD)" 2574: 2353: 2337: 2251: 2242: 2172: 2069: 2060: 2009:

consecutive frames so that the information will be more resistant to

1590: 1479: 1443: 1395: 1280: 1242: 857: 822: 537: 533: 494: 461: 419: 356: 336: 317: 265: 4752:"IEC 60908:1999 Audio recording – Compact disc digital audio system" 3905: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3232:

Billboard (March 1992). "CD Unit Sales Pass Cassettes, Majors Say".

1070:

Early milestones in the launch and adoption of the format included:

1005:

was part of the team that produced the standard compact disc in 1980

39: 6973: 6707: 6382: 4932:

Digital Signal Processing Using MATLAB for Students and Researchers

3312:

Peek, Hans B. (January 2010). "The Emergence of the Compact Disc".

2191: 1475: 301: 6936: 6926: 6769: 6759: 6262: 6252: 6247: 6237: 6147: 6076: 5742:

IEC 60908:1999 Audio recording – Compact disc digital audio system

5141:"Beethoven's Ninth Symphony of Greater Importance than Technology" 5108:

IEC 60908:1999 Audio recording – Compact disc digital audio system

3753:, Philips Media Release, 16 August 2007. Retrieved 6 October 2013. 2428: 2389: 2096: 1368: 1248:

A breakthrough in the late 1980s culminated in development of the

1224: 1018: 996: 910: 845: 520: 487: 368: 332: 273: 3889:

MAC Audio News. No. 178, November 1989. pp 19–21 Glenn Baddeley.

2037:

frames easily. With this, a frame ends up containing 588 bits of

1600:, supported was originally intended to be included in CD-DA. The 1394:

In the US, 33.4 million CD albums were sold in the year 2022. In

848:, the latter of which has been more commonplace since the 2000s. 7288: 7004: 6906: 6764: 6652: 6407: 6322: 5919: 5762: 3681: 2416: 2365: 2053: 1521: 1417: 1363:

auxiliary inputs, wired connections to USB devices and wireless

1284: 1096:, who had been enlisted as an ambassador for the format in 1979. 1048:, based on video LaserDisc technology. Philips also contributed 895: 865: 313: 269: 131: 72: 6850: 6846: 6656: 5766: 5060:"Red Book" Audio CD specification, September 1983, Sony/Philips 5013:

Baert, Luc; Theunissen, Luc; Vergult, Guido (22 October 2013).

4517:"Vinyl and cassette UK sales continue to surge to 30 year high" 4207:"Music Streaming Service Aims at Japan, Where CD Is Still King" 4150:"Buying CDs continues to be a tradition in Japan – Tokyo Times" 4069:"Journal of the AES » 2007 September - Volume 55 Number 9" 2167:. A CD can contain up to 99 tracks (including a data track for 2141:. Nonstandard or corrupted TOC records are abused as a form of 1605:

channels the encoder and decoder diagrams have to be adapted."

7369: 6101: 5069:"Red Book" Audio CD specification, November 1991, Sony/Philips 3000: 2496: 2486: 2436: 2408: 2392:

presents the CD's content as an actual set of files, with the

2349: 1586: 1539:

is adapted from that attained when recording digital audio on

1518: 1345: 1291: 1115: 1030: 945: 856:. In the 2010s, revenues from digital music services, such as 327: 80: 3576:, and the first CD actually pressed at a factory was ABBA's 2997:"Inventor of the Week – James T. Russell – The Compact Disc" 94:

up to 74–80 minutes (up to 24 minutes for mini 8 cm CD)

4182:. Recording Industry Association of America. Archived from 1438:, EFM) and error correction facility (CIRC), and the eight 84: 5051:"Red Book" Audio CD specification, June 1980, Sony/Philips 2411:

and AIFF, which simply preface the LPCM data with a short

1724:

Progression in the maximum duration of released audio CDs

3744:"Philips celebrates 25th anniversary of the Compact Disc" 3582:, but that disc wasn't released commercially until later. 2595:

was criticized when a copy protection mechanism known as

5338:"Mission of Burma 1988 Rykodisc compilation information" 3624:

Bilyeu, Melinda; Hector Cook; Andrew Môn Hughes (2004).

4426:"Physical Formats Still Dominate Japanese Music Market" 4331:"End of a Era: Best Buy Significantly Cuts Back on CDs" 3601:(in German). Salzburg: Archiv der Erzdiözese Salzburg. 2455:

Recording publishers have created CDs that violate the

1513:

The audio contained in a CD-DA consists of two-channel

5537:"CDs Longer than 80 Minutes Are Becoming More Common" 3267:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 10 June 2015. 2656:

The world's first CD-R was made by the Japanese firm

2584:) to inform consumers which discs do not permit full 1936:

Mozart Violin Concertos (Mozart 225 Boxed Set, CD75)

1267:

The CD was primarily planned as the successor to the

1165:

The first CD played on BBC Radio was in October 1982.

5168:"AES Oral History Project: Kees A.Schouhamer Immink" 3943:"PDM, PWM, Delta-Sigma, 1-Bit DACs by John Atkinson" 1172:

The first artist to sell a million copies on CD was

7357: 7259: 7233: 7217: 7162: 7042: 6884: 6634: 6135: 5800: 5428:. Audiophile Audition. 13 July 2005. Archived from 3292:"Why CDs may actually sound better than vinyl]" 1532:interleaved stream with left channel coming first. 163: 149: 141: 123: 113: 98: 90: 65: 55: 4722:"IEC 60908:1987 Compact disc digital audio system" 3389: 2806:"Vinyl Outsells CDs For the First Time in Decades" 2380:represents the CD's Table of Contents as a set of 2234:expressed in minutes, seconds and another type of 889:. More than thirty years later, American inventor 481:High-Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc (HD VMD) 5394: 5392: 4900:(Revised Reprint ed.). Oxford: Focal Press. 3651:1985 News Story on Debut of the Compact Disc (CD) 3481:"Sony chairman credited with developing CDs dies" 3384: 3382: 3166:Straw, Will (2009). "The Music CD and Its Ends". 2732:"1999: The Year the Record Industry Lost Control" 2364:audio CD; there is only one continuous stream of 1391:downloading for the first time in over a decade. 840:, audio CDs have been generally sold as either a 5227: 5225: 5081:IEC 60908:1987 Compact disc digital audio system 2041:which are decoded to 192 bits of digital audio. 2024:frames. These frames are then modulated through 1879:Deutsche Grammophon/Universal Classics 477 5419 1088:, recorded December 1–3, 1980 and played by the 5474:"Valentina Lisitsa – Études – Amazon.com Music" 1446:, etc. The standard also specifies the form of 3678:"Sony History: A Great Invention 100 Years On" 2286:Timecode frame and sector 2 (2,352 B of data) 2283:Timecode frame and sector 1 (2,352 B of data) 2211:The smallest entity in a CD is a channel-data 2089:with the aim of making the damage unhearable. 6862: 6668: 5778: 5298:Maverick inventor; My Turbulent Years at CBS. 4963:is twice the bandwidth of the signal ... The 3974:"Experiments Toward an Erasable Compact Disc" 3419: 3417: 3020:"Scientist's invention was let go for a song" 2758:"As CD Sales Wane, Music Retailers Diversify" 2368:audio data, and a parallel, smaller set of 8 1099:The world presentation took place during the 754: 8: 5400:"Ambisonic Info | Mirabilis Recordings" 3861:"When Did the CD Replace the Cassette Tape?" 3161: 3159: 2207:Track (optical disc) § Sector structure 1873:Sergey Tanyiev works for piano and ensemble 1283:(read-only memory) and, in 1990, recordable 1044:, and contributed the general manufacturing 32: 4558:"Physical album shipments in the U.S. 2022" 4039:"For Car Cassette Decks, Play Time Is Over" 4001: 3999: 3264:Introducing the amazing Compact Disc (1982) 2531:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2489:media. Neither format was widely accepted. 1103:on 15 April 1981, at a press conference of 6869: 6855: 6847: 6675: 6661: 6653: 5785: 5771: 5763: 5268:Hoffmann, Frank; Ferstler, Howard (2005). 3972:K. Schouhamer Immink and J. Braat (1984). 3138:IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter 3134:"Shannon, Beethoven, and the Compact Disc" 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 2780:"IFPI publishes Digital Music Report 2015" 1237:Early CD players employed binary-weighted 1233:D-E307CK portable CD player with 1-bit DAC 1001:Dutch inventor and Philips chief engineer 761: 747: 172: 47: 38: 6642:International Electrotechnical Commission 5016:Digital Audio and Compact Disc Technology 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 2551:Learn how and when to remove this message 1610:International Electrotechnical Commission 1459:International Electrotechnical Commission 973:Convention, held on 13–16 March 1979, in 844:(now largely dormant), or as full-length 809:, which is why the format is also dubbed 4389: 4387: 3572:The first test CD was Richard Strauss's 3067:Journal of the Audio Engineering Society 2601:Sony BMG copy protection rootkit scandal 2467:. Some do so for extra features such as 2459:standard. Some do so for the purpose of 2268: 2159:Track (optical disc) § Audio tracks 1722: 1040:in line with another audio product, the 27:Data format used for audio compact discs 5737:Philips' Audio Standards licensing info 4867:"2-35] Why 44.1KHz? Why not 48KHz?" 4396:"Do You Want a CD Player in a New Car?" 4008:"The Rise and Fall of the Compact Disc" 3626:The Bee Gees:tales of the brothers Gibb 3391:"A Long Play Digital Audio Disc System" 3307: 3305: 2832:"Mid-Year 2020 RIAA Revenue Statistics" 2673: 2649: 2633:Four-channel compact disc digital audio 2163:The largest entity on a CD is called a 1198:were released in mono on compact disc. 828:The first commercially available audio 733:High-definition optical disc format war 175: 5300:New York: Saturday Review Press, 1973. 3910:van Willenswaard, Peter (1 May 1989). 3836:Digital Audio's Guide to Compact Discs 2812:from the original on 22 September 2020 2226:audio CD, data is addressed using the 1711:, to be re-released on a single disc. 1279:. In June 1985, the computer-readable 985:, later CEO and chairman of Sony, and 572:Stacked Volumetric Optical Disk (SVOD) 455:China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD) 31: 5754:MultimediaWiki article about PCM and 5577:from the original on 21 February 2021 5318:from the original on 18 November 2013 5088:from the original on 4 September 2015 4935:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 82. 4732:from the original on 4 September 2015 4642:from the original on 26 November 2009 4487:"CD Sales Are Rising Again, but Why?" 4466:from the original on 14 November 2022 4156:from the original on 20 December 2016 4049:from the original on 10 November 2012 4037:Williams, Stephen (4 February 2011). 3803:"NOW ON CD'S, FIRST 4 BEATLES ALBUMS" 3654:. acmestreamingDOTcom. 20 July 2010. 3271:from the original on 23 November 2015 3213:from the original on 16 December 2015 2303:Channel-data frame 98 (24 B of data) 2249:(DAE) technology introduced the term 963:cross-interleaved Reed-Solomon coding 7: 7423: 5516:from the original on 29 October 2019 5344:from the original on 17 October 2010 5121:from the original on 16 October 2015 4877:from the original on 21 January 2023 4865:stason.org, Stas Bekman: stas (at). 4768:from the original on 16 October 2015 4616:from the original on 26 October 2014 4436:from the original on 28 October 2022 4372:from the original on 12 January 2022 4279:from the original on 6 February 2018 4247:from the original on 8 November 2020 4217:from the original on 20 October 2017 4130:from the original on 20 October 2017 4018:from the original on 13 October 2019 3953:from the original on 4 February 2021 3922:from the original on 4 February 2021 3871:from the original on 13 October 2019 3556:"Rock on! The compact disc turns 30" 3554:Kelly, Heather (29 September 2012). 3203:"Compact Discs: Sound of the Future" 2565:Compact Disc and DVD copy protection 2529:adding citations to reliable sources 2297:Channel-data frame 1 (24 B of data) 1683:DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince 1461:(IEC) Technical Committee 100 as an 905:The compact disc is an evolution of 5645:from the original on 9 October 2022 5484:from the original on 1 January 2017 5454:from the original on 27 August 2023 5406:from the original on 27 August 2023 5377:from the original on 27 August 2023 5232:Cassidy, Fergus (23 October 2005). 5033:from the original on 27 August 2023 4949:from the original on 27 August 2023 4672:from the original on 7 January 2012 4527:from the original on 27 August 2023 4497:from the original on 27 August 2023 4406:from the original on 27 August 2023 4360:Biersdorfer, J.D. (17 March 2017). 3912:"PDM, PWM, Delta-Sigma, 1-Bit DACs" 3605:from the original on 27 August 2023 3562:from the original on 28 August 2018 3290:Kornelis, Chris (27 January 2015). 2059:Due to the weaker error correction 952:that made audio recordings using a 933:Digital audio laser-disc prototypes 5679:from the original on 9 August 2020 5608:from the original on 9 August 2020 4994:from the original on 28 March 2017 4846:from the original on 21 April 2019 4485:Kariuki, Patrick (18 March 2022). 4310:from the original on 6 August 2018 4237:"Is this the end of owning music?" 3815:from the original on 10 March 2017 3367:from the original on 19 March 2015 3099:. Philips Research. Archived from 3077:from the original on 19 April 2023 2786:from the original on 14 April 2015 1775:My Kore! Kushon Kazuko Utsumi Best 1701:, or packaged as double CDs, e.g. 1573:Some early CDs were mastered with 1333:With the advent and popularity of 1290:Other newer video formats such as 1052:(EFM), while Sony contributed the 25: 7459:Audiovisual introductions in 1982 5627:Wiethoff, André (15 April 2011). 4582:Bazoge, Mickaël (27 March 2024). 4341:from the original on 14 July 2018 3658:from the original on 25 June 2022 3509:Knopper, Steve (7 January 2009). 3402:from the original on 25 July 2009 3355:McClure, Steve (8 January 2000). 3018:Brier Dudley (29 November 2004). 2932:from the original on 4 April 2016 1974:88:41 on disc 1, 89:07 on disc 2 1617:Storage capacity and playing time 993:Collaboration and standardization 800:. The standard is defined in the 7432: 7422: 7413: 7412: 5598:"Fehlerprotoll / Error Check CD" 5547:from the original on 17 May 2017 5310:Andy McFadden (9 January 2010). 5174:from the original on 15 May 2009 4798:from the original on 8 July 2018 3801:JON PARELES (25 February 1987). 3725:from the original on 6 July 2017 3491:from the original on 21 May 2013 3431:. 17 August 2007. Archived from 2768:from the original on 1 May 2017. 2756:Plambeck, Joseph (30 May 2010). 2501: 2280:Timecode frame and sector level 2109:. This section is preceded by a 813:in some contexts. CDDA utilizes 728:History of optical storage media 448:Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD) 183: 7251:Optical disc authoring software 5535:McElhearn, Kirk (12 May 2017). 4818:"Specs for Freeware Developers" 4638:. IEEE Global History Network. 4298:Owsinski, Bobby (7 July 2018). 4175:Friedlander, Joshua P. (2015). 4118:Smith, Ethan (2 January 2009). 3003:. December 1999. Archived from 2848:from the original on 9 May 2023 2332:(1,411 kbit/s) or 176,400 5270:Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound 5198:"How we made the compact disc" 4984:"FFmpeg Filters Documentation" 4394:Ramey, Jay (9 February 2021). 3707:Giles, Jeff (1 October 2012). 3628:. Omnibus Press. p. 519. 1017:, the research pushed forward 981:, Netherlands. Sony executive 1: 5638:(in German). pp. 51–53. 4265:Ong, Thuy (6 February 2018). 4205:Sisario, Ben (11 June 2015). 3599:Salzburg. Geschichte. Kultur. 2617:Audio Interchange File Format 2580: 2569:There have been moves by the 1968:Hot Action/Universal 930 003 1945:/Universal Classics 478 9864 1901:/Universal Classics 478 7697 1890:Chopin & Schumann Etudes 1256:(PDM), while Matsushita (now 959:modified frequency modulation 434:Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD) 83:values sampled at 44100 4329:Chris Morris (2 July 2018). 3314:IEEE Communications Magazine 2710:. McGraw-Hill. p. 244. 2593:Sony BMG Music Entertainment 2425:Windows Media Audio Lossless 2026:eight-to-fourteen modulation 1862:/Universal Classics 477 5377 1436:eight-to-fourteen modulation 1239:digital-to-analog converters 1050:eight-to-fourteen modulation 909:technology, where a focused 441:Forward Versatile Disc (FVD) 4696:Philips Historical Products 3893:. Melbourne Audio Club Inc. 3838:. Bantam Books. p. 4. 2920:"Das Photo als Schalplatte" 2708:Principles of Digital Audio 1688:He's the DJ, I'm the Rapper 1414:for Sony and Philips, 1998. 1335:Internet-based distribution 1066:Initial launch and adoption 868:'s midyear report in 2020, 593:Nintendo optical disc (NOD) 579:Fluorescent Multilayer Disc 558:Ultra Density Optical (UDO) 7505: 7241:CD copy protection schemes 4662:"How the CD was developed" 3425:"How the CD Was Developed" 3201:Rasen, Edward (May 1985). 3180:10.2752/175470709787375751 2562: 2344:Data access from computers 2204: 2201:Frames and timecode frames 2156: 1912:So80s Presents Alphaville 1820:JS Bach, Das Orgelbüchlein 1470:, such as the details for 786:Digital Audio Compact Disc 774:Compact Disc Digital Audio 427:Universal Media Disc (UMD) 33:Compact Disc Digital Audio 7408: 7163:Hardware/software/content 6690: 3891:November 1989 News Update 3457:. Philips. Archived from 3396:Audio Engineering Society 3326:10.1109/MCOM.2010.5394021 2706:Pohlmann, Ken C. (2000). 2682:"Redbook Audio (Concept)" 2623:Digital rights management 2407:for this purpose include 2294:Channel-data frame level 2282: 2274: 2175:being index 0. Sometimes 1801:Late Romantic Masterworks 1453:The first edition of the 1148:The first 50 titles were 694:Apple ISO 9660 Extensions 502:Personal Video Disc (PVD) 46: 37: 5747:26 February 2024 at the 4898:The art of digital audio 4896:Watkinson, John (1989). 4610:"Technical Grammy Award" 3525:"The Inventor of the CD" 3063:"The Compact Disc Story" 2872:Music Business Worldwide 2628:Extended Copy Protection 2597:Extended Copy Protection 2382:Compact Disc Audio track 2247:Digital Audio Extraction 2113:track and followed by a 1981:Technical specifications 1254:pulse-density modulation 1176:, with their 1985 album 1101:Salzburg Easter Festival 1036:Philips coined the term 807:technical specifications 109:(780 nm wavelength) 7246:CD player manufacturers 5194:K. A. Schouhamer Immink 3941:Atkinson, John (1989). 3767:. Toronto. p. E11. 3097:"The History of the CD" 2372:data streams. Computer 1990:Each audio sample is a 700:Universal Disk Format ( 565:3D optical data storage 544:Video Single Disc (VSD) 4692:"Philips Compact Disc" 4362:"Hand Me the AUX Cord" 3834:Canale, Larry (1986). 3455:"Philips Compact Disc" 2328:audio CD is 1,411,200 2143:CD/DVD copy protection 2102: 2073:) than on data discs ( 2063:used on audio CDs and 1643:Kees Schouhamer Immink 1463:international standard 1262:pulse-width modulation 1234: 1078:was of a recording of 1060:The Compact Disc Story 1011:Kees Schouhamer Immink 1006: 1003:Kees Schouhamer Immink 887:transparent photograph 654:(layer jump recording) 220:Recording technologies 210:Optical disc authoring 5636:Hochschule Rhein-Main 5567:"Die Ärzte – Bäst Of" 4929:John W. Leis (2011). 4189:on 30 September 2015. 3714:Ultimate Classic Rock 2808:. 10 September 2020. 2463:, using systems like 2100: 1228: 1118:television programme 1000: 967:error correction code 815:pulse-code modulation 551:Magneto-optical discs 7260:Variants based on CD 7225:Orange-Book-Standard 3666:– via YouTube. 3279:– via YouTube. 3130:K. Schouhamer Immink 3059:K. Schouhamer Immink 2525:improve this section 2399:In a process called 1855:Christian Thielemann 1631:Ludwig van Beethoven 1499:Subcode Channels R-W 1402:Awards and accolades 1112:public demonstration 7474:Japanese inventions 5312:"CD-Recordable FAQ" 4794:. 4 February 2013. 4636:"IEEE CD Milestone" 4462:. 26 January 2022. 4124:Wall Street Journal 3435:on 22 December 2007 2182:Information Society 1943:Deutsche Grammophon 1860:Deutsche Grammophon 1851:Munich Philharmonic 1725: 1627:Wilhelm Furtwängler 1300:backward compatible 1221:Further development 1094:Herbert von Karajan 1090:Berlin Philharmonic 296:), Super Video CD ( 249:Optical media types 107:Semiconductor laser 34: 7185:Portable CD player 7065:CD copy protection 5249:on 12 October 2007 5202:Nature Electronics 5147:on 2 February 2009 4990:. FFmpeg project. 4668:. 17 August 2007. 4521:Officialcharts.com 4366:The New York Times 4243:, 3 January 2019, 4211:The New York Times 4152:. 23 August 2013. 3808:The New York Times 3765:The Globe and Mail 3749:17 August 2015 at 3574:Eine Alpensinfonie 3535:on 29 January 2008 3357:"Heitaro Nakajima" 3249:The New York Times 3168:Design and Culture 2762:The New York Times 2736:theafterword.co.uk 2588:of their content. 2571:recording industry 2405:audio file formats 2103: 1829:Mirabilis Records 1808:Mirabilis Records 1771:Myこれ!クション内海和子ベスト 1723: 1235: 1134:(1981) was played. 1124:in 1981, when the 1085:An Alpine Symphony 1007: 280:, Super Audio CD ( 237:Burst cutting area 215:Authoring software 205:Optical disc drive 7446: 7445: 7282:Video Single Disc 6844: 6843: 6650: 6649: 5714:on 22 August 2009 5296:Goldmark, Peter. 5283:978-0-415-93835-8 5026:978-1-4831-4039-1 4969:folding frequency 4965:Nyquist frequency 4942:978-1-118-03380-7 4907:978-0-08-049936-9 3978:J. Audio Eng. Soc 3845:978-0-553-34356-4 3635:978-1-84449-057-8 3487:, 24 April 2011, 3030:on 10 August 2014 3024:The Seattle Times 3007:on 17 April 2003. 2977:on 9 October 2013 2874:. 23 October 2023 2782:. 14 April 2015. 2717:978-0-07-134819-5 2561: 2560: 2553: 2451:Format variations 2433:perceptual coding 2374:operating systems 2313: 2312: 1978: 1977: 1920:Blank & Jones 1894:Valentina Lisitsa 1639:Bayreuth Festival 1596:Four-channel, or 1549:Nyquist frequency 1528:and written as a 1092:and conducted by 870:phonograph record 817:(PCM) and uses a 796:format for audio 784:), also known as 771: 770: 608:Professional Disc 515:MD Data, MD Data2 409:Mini Blu-ray Disc 171: 170: 16:(Redirected from 7496: 7479:Dutch inventions 7436: 7426: 7425: 7416: 7415: 7314:Hybrid DVD-Audio 7075:CD manufacturing 7015:business card CD 6871: 6864: 6857: 6848: 6677: 6670: 6663: 6654: 5787: 5780: 5773: 5764: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5710:. Archived from 5699: 5693: 5692: 5686: 5684: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5644: 5633: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5602:Just Add Grooves 5593: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5396: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5363: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5349: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5307: 5301: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5276:. p. 1289. 5265: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5248: 5242:. Archived from 5229: 5220: 5219: 5214: 5212: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5143:. Archived from 5136: 5130: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5120: 5113: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5076: 5070: 5067: 5061: 5058: 5052: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5010: 5004: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4956: 4954: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4820:. Archived from 4814: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4767: 4756: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4702:on 25 April 2016 4698:. Archived from 4688: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4554: 4548: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4432:. 24 June 2020. 4422: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4391: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4181: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4006:Richter, Felix. 4003: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3907: 3894: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3798: 3792: 3789: 3783: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3760: 3754: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3719:Townsquare Media 3704: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3688:on 2 August 2008 3684:. Archived from 3674: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3569: 3567: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3531:. Archived from 3529:Philips Research 3521: 3515: 3514: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3461:on 19 March 2009 3451: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3421: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3393: 3386: 3377: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3309: 3300: 3299: 3298:on 9 April 2016. 3294:. Archived from 3287: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3163: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3126: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3055: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3026:. Archived from 3015: 3009: 3008: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2931: 2924: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2847: 2836: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2678: 2661: 2654: 2638:Gapless playback 2556: 2549: 2545: 2542: 2536: 2505: 2497: 2493:Copyright issues 2356:, there are no " 2334:bytes per second 2269: 2169:mixed mode discs 2061:sector structure 1996:two's complement 1939:Various Artists 1931:85:10 and 85:57 1805:Andrew Fletcher 1783:(Kazuko Utsumi) 1753:Mission of Burma 1747:Mission of Burma 1726: 1685:'s double album 1496: 1488: 1440:subcode channels 1339:lossy-compressed 1302:with audio CDs. 1179:Brothers in Arms 1121:Tomorrow's World 1054:error-correction 1042:Compact Cassette 987:Heitaro Nakajima 942:Heitaro Nakajima 916:Philips Research 891:James T. Russell 825:audio per disc. 763: 756: 749: 648:(packet writing) 413:Ultra HD Blu-ray 401:BD-R & BD-RE 187: 173: 153: 127: 102: 51: 42: 35: 21: 7504: 7503: 7499: 7498: 7497: 7495: 7494: 7493: 7449: 7448: 7447: 7442: 7404: 7353: 7255: 7229: 7213: 7158: 7038: 6880: 6875: 6845: 6840: 6686: 6681: 6651: 6646: 6630: 6131: 5796: 5791: 5749:Wayback Machine 5733: 5728: 5727: 5717: 5715: 5708:DVD Demystified 5701: 5700: 5696: 5682: 5680: 5669:cs.stanford.edu 5663: 5662: 5658: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5631: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5611: 5609: 5595: 5594: 5590: 5580: 5578: 5565: 5564: 5560: 5550: 5548: 5534: 5533: 5529: 5519: 5517: 5502: 5501: 5497: 5487: 5485: 5472: 5471: 5467: 5457: 5455: 5450:. 1 July 2005. 5442: 5441: 5437: 5432:on 16 May 2013. 5424: 5423: 5419: 5409: 5407: 5398: 5397: 5390: 5380: 5378: 5367:"内海和子/内海和子ベスト" 5365: 5364: 5360: 5347: 5345: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5321: 5319: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5295: 5291: 5284: 5267: 5266: 5262: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5234:"Great Lengths" 5231: 5230: 5223: 5210: 5208: 5192: 5191: 5187: 5177: 5175: 5165: 5164: 5160: 5150: 5148: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5100: 5091: 5089: 5078: 5077: 5073: 5068: 5064: 5059: 5055: 5050: 5046: 5036: 5034: 5027: 5012: 5011: 5007: 4997: 4995: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4952: 4950: 4943: 4928: 4927: 4923: 4908: 4895: 4894: 4890: 4880: 4878: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4849: 4847: 4834: 4833: 4829: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4801: 4799: 4792:Edocpublish.com 4786: 4785: 4781: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4759:Webstore.iec.ch 4754: 4750: 4749: 4745: 4735: 4733: 4726:Webstore.iec.ch 4720: 4719: 4715: 4705: 4703: 4690: 4689: 4685: 4675: 4673: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4645: 4643: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4619: 4617: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4593: 4591: 4581: 4580: 4576: 4566: 4564: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4540: 4530: 4528: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4500: 4498: 4484: 4483: 4479: 4469: 4467: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4439: 4437: 4424: 4423: 4419: 4409: 4407: 4393: 4392: 4385: 4375: 4373: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4344: 4342: 4328: 4327: 4323: 4313: 4311: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4282: 4280: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4250: 4248: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4220: 4218: 4204: 4198: 4194: 4186: 4179: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4133: 4131: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4102: 4100: 4092: 4091: 4087: 4077: 4075: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4052: 4050: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4021: 4019: 4005: 4004: 3997: 3987: 3985: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3956: 3954: 3947:stereophile.com 3940: 3939: 3935: 3925: 3923: 3916:stereophile.com 3909: 3908: 3897: 3888: 3884: 3874: 3872: 3859:Harlow, Oliva. 3858: 3857: 3853: 3846: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3818: 3816: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3776: 3772: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3742: 3738: 3728: 3726: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3691: 3689: 3676: 3675: 3671: 3661: 3659: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3565: 3563: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3538: 3536: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3494: 3492: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3464: 3462: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3438: 3436: 3423: 3422: 3415: 3405: 3403: 3388: 3387: 3380: 3370: 3368: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3311: 3310: 3303: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3274: 3272: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3216: 3214: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3165: 3164: 3157: 3147: 3145: 3128: 3127: 3116: 3106: 3104: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3080: 3078: 3057: 3056: 3043: 3033: 3031: 3017: 3016: 3012: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2980: 2978: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2957: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2935: 2933: 2929: 2922: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2903: 2901: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2834: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2815: 2813: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2789: 2787: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2740: 2738: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2718: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2690: 2688: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2664: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2613: 2567: 2557: 2546: 2540: 2537: 2522: 2506: 2495: 2461:copy prevention 2453: 2346: 2330:bits per second 2318: 2209: 2203: 2161: 2155: 2135:partition table 2095: 1988: 1983: 1648:According to a 1619: 1511: 1494: 1486: 1428: 1404: 1381: 1331: 1308: 1223: 1203:classical music 1080:Richard Strauss 1068: 995: 935: 879: 811:"Redbook audio" 767: 738: 737: 723: 715: 714: 629: 621: 620: 250: 242: 241: 225:Recording modes 195: 151: 125: 100: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7502: 7500: 7492: 7491: 7486: 7484:Joint ventures 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7451: 7450: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7440: 7430: 7420: 7409: 7406: 7405: 7403: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7361: 7359: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7325: 7324: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7300: 7299: 7291: 7286: 7285: 7284: 7274: 7269: 7267:5.1 Music Disc 7263: 7261: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7237: 7235: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7227: 7221: 7219: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7211: 7210: 7209: 7207:Mini CD single 7199: 7194: 7189: 7188: 7187: 7177: 7172: 7166: 7164: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7145: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7046: 7044: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7036: 7035: 7034: 7024: 7019: 7018: 7017: 7007: 7002: 7001: 7000: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6971: 6966: 6965: 6964: 6956: 6951: 6950: 6949: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6923: 6922: 6914: 6913: 6912: 6904: 6903: 6902: 6894: 6888: 6886: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6874: 6873: 6866: 6859: 6851: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6838: 6837: 6836: 6828: 6827: 6826: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6808: 6807: 6806: 6796: 6795: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6774: 6773: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6754: 6753: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6734: 6733: 6732: 6727: 6717: 6716: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6680: 6679: 6672: 6665: 6657: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6644: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6139: 6137: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5937: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5895: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5804: 5802: 5798: 5797: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5782: 5775: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5751: 5739: 5732: 5731:External links 5729: 5726: 5725: 5694: 5656: 5619: 5588: 5558: 5527: 5495: 5465: 5435: 5417: 5388: 5358: 5329: 5302: 5289: 5282: 5260: 5239:Sunday Tribune 5221: 5185: 5158: 5131: 5098: 5071: 5062: 5053: 5044: 5025: 5005: 4975: 4941: 4921: 4906: 4888: 4857: 4827: 4824:on 1 May 2012. 4809: 4779: 4743: 4713: 4683: 4653: 4627: 4601: 4574: 4549: 4538: 4508: 4477: 4460:Strata-gee.com 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March 1979. 3378: 3363:. p. 68. 3347: 3301: 3282: 3254: 3239: 3224: 3193: 3155: 3114: 3103:on 23 May 2016 3088: 3073:(5): 458–460. 3041: 3010: 2988: 2962: 2943: 2911: 2885: 2859: 2823: 2797: 2771: 2748: 2723: 2716: 2698: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2612: 2609: 2563:Main article: 2559: 2558: 2509: 2507: 2500: 2494: 2491: 2479:Super Audio CD 2452: 2449: 2345: 2342: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2291: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2276: 2273: 2241:In the 1990s, 2205:Main article: 2202: 2199: 2157:Main article: 2154: 2151: 2145:, in e.g. the 2121:data streams. 2094: 2093:Data structure 2091: 2046:pits and lands 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1961: 1953: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1913: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1857: 1848: 1837: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1825:Richard Marlow 1822: 1816: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1784: 1778: 1777:) compilation 1767: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1743: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1651:Sunday Tribune 1635:Ninth Symphony 1618: 1615: 1510: 1507: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1415: 1403: 1400: 1380: 1379:Current status 1377: 1373:General Motors 1330: 1327: 1319:Super Audio CD 1312:audio cassette 1307: 1304: 1277:AES Convention 1222: 1219: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1146: 1135: 1108: 1097: 1067: 1064: 994: 991: 934: 931: 878: 875: 854:music industry 838:music industry 769: 768: 766: 765: 758: 751: 743: 740: 739: 736: 735: 730: 724: 721: 720: 717: 716: 713: 712: 711: 710: 705: 698: 697: 696: 691: 686: 680: 675: 662: 657: 656: 655: 649: 630: 627: 626: 623: 622: 619: 618: 611: 604: 596: 589: 582: 575: 568: 561: 554: 547: 540: 524: 517: 505: 498: 491: 484: 477: 458: 451: 444: 437: 430: 423: 416: 411:, 4K Blu-ray ( 394:Blu-ray Disc ( 391: 324: 278:5.1 Music Disc 255:Compact disc ( 251: 248: 247: 244: 243: 240: 239: 234: 233: 232: 230:Packet writing 227: 217: 212: 207: 202: 196: 193: 192: 189: 188: 180: 179: 169: 168: 165: 161: 160: 155: 147: 146: 143: 139: 138: 129: 121: 120: 117: 111: 110: 104: 96: 95: 92: 88: 87: 71:2 channels of 69: 63: 62: 57: 53: 52: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7501: 7490: 7489:Rainbow Books 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7464:Audio storage 7462: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7429: 7421: 7419: 7411: 7410: 7407: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7356: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7322: 7321: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7297: 7296: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7258: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7232: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7216: 7208: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7161: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7091: 7088: 7087: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7050:Rainbow Books 7048: 7047: 7045: 7041: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 6998: 6997: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6990:Mixed Mode CD 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6962: 6961: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6920: 6919: 6918: 6915: 6910: 6909: 6908: 6905: 6900: 6899: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6872: 6867: 6865: 6860: 6858: 6853: 6852: 6849: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6825: 6822: 6821: 6820:Scarlet Book 6819: 6815: 6812: 6811: 6809: 6805: 6802: 6801: 6800: 6797: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6778: 6775: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6751: 6750:Mixed Mode CD 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6721: 6718: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6692: 6689: 6685: 6684:Rainbow Books 6678: 6673: 6671: 6666: 6664: 6659: 6658: 6655: 6643: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6633: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 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4273: 4268: 4261: 4258: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4232: 4229: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4202: 4199:Sisaro, Ben. 4196: 4193: 4185: 4178: 4171: 4168: 4155: 4151: 4145: 4142: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4114: 4111: 4099: 4095: 4089: 4086: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4061: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4033: 4030: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3968: 3965: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3934: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3886: 3883: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3852: 3847: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3827: 3814: 3810: 3809: 3804: 3797: 3794: 3788: 3785: 3781: 3780: 3774: 3771: 3766: 3759: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3745: 3740: 3737: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3715: 3710: 3703: 3700: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3673: 3670: 3657: 3653: 3652: 3645: 3642: 3637: 3631: 3627: 3620: 3617: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3587: 3583: 3581: 3580: 3575: 3561: 3557: 3550: 3547: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3517: 3513:. Free Press. 3512: 3505: 3502: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3476: 3473: 3460: 3456: 3450: 3447: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3420: 3418: 3414: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3385: 3383: 3379: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3308: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3286: 3283: 3270: 3266: 3265: 3258: 3255: 3250: 3243: 3240: 3235: 3228: 3225: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3197: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3102: 3098: 3092: 3089: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3014: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2992: 2989: 2976: 2972: 2966: 2963: 2953: 2947: 2944: 2928: 2925:(in German). 2921: 2915: 2912: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2886: 2873: 2869: 2863: 2860: 2844: 2840: 2833: 2827: 2824: 2811: 2807: 2801: 2798: 2785: 2781: 2775: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2752: 2749: 2737: 2733: 2727: 2724: 2719: 2713: 2709: 2702: 2699: 2687: 2683: 2677: 2674: 2667: 2659: 2653: 2650: 2643: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2614: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2582: 2576: 2572: 2566: 2555: 2552: 2544: 2541:December 2021 2534: 2530: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2510:This section 2508: 2504: 2499: 2498: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2435:formats like 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2315: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2271: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2253: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2208: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2177:hidden tracks 2174: 2170: 2166: 2160: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2099: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2079:Mode 2 Form 1 2076: 2072: 2071: 2070:Mode 2 Form 2 2066: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2030:physical pits 2027: 2023: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1986:Data encoding 1985: 1980: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1954: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1794: 1791: 1789:– PCCA-01870 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749:(compilation) 1748: 1745: 1744: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1721: 1718: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1695: 1690: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1564:D/A converter 1561: 1556: 1555:sample rate. 1554: 1553:44.1 kHz 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1537:sampling rate 1533: 1531: 1530:little-endian 1527: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1497:each for the 1492: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1448:digital audio 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1425: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1392: 1389: 1384: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1354:vinyl revival 1351: 1347: 1343: 1342:audio formats 1340: 1336: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1232: 1227: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1215:cassette tape 1212: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1144: 1143:Claudio Arrau 1140: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1076:test pressing 1073: 1072: 1071: 1065: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1015:Toshitada Doi 1012: 1004: 999: 992: 990: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 932: 930: 927: 926: 921: 917: 912: 908: 903: 901: 897: 892: 888: 884: 876: 874: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 849: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 826: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 805: 804: 799: 798:compact discs 795: 791: 788:or simply as 787: 783: 779: 775: 764: 759: 757: 752: 750: 745: 744: 742: 741: 734: 731: 729: 726: 725: 719: 718: 709: 706: 703: 699: 695: 692: 690: 687: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 670: 669: 666: 665: 664:File systems 663: 661: 660:Rainbow Books 658: 653: 650: 647: 646:Mount Rainier 644: 643: 642: 638: 635: 632: 631: 625: 624: 617: 616: 612: 610: 609: 605: 603: 601: 600:Archival Disc 597: 595: 594: 590: 588: 587: 583: 581: 580: 576: 574: 573: 569: 567: 566: 562: 560: 559: 555: 553: 552: 548: 546: 545: 541: 539: 535: 532: 530: 525: 523: 522: 518: 516: 513: 511: 506: 504: 503: 499: 497: 496: 492: 490: 489: 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