543:
779:
level of angular collimation was provided by a tungsten slat collimator grid within the outer CsI barrel, which collimated the response to a 3.8° x 11.4° FWHM rectangular FOV. A plastic scintillator across the front of each module vetoed charged particles entering from the front. The four detectors were typically operated in pairs of two. During a gamma-ray source observation, one detector would take observations of the source, while the other would slew slightly off source to measure the background levels. The two detectors would routinely switch roles, allowing for more accurate measurements of both the source and background. The instruments could
688:
85:
3925:
1162:
1198:
40:
524:
1183:
the interest of public safety that a controlled crash into an ocean was preferable to letting the craft come down on its own at random. It entered the Earth's atmosphere on 4 June 2000, with the debris that did not burn up ("six 1,800-pound aluminum I-beams and parts made of titanium, including more than 5,000 bolts") falling into the
Pacific Ocean.
983:
870:
on which the source of the photon must lie, and a corresponding "event circle" on the sky. Because of the requirement for a near coincidence between the two interactions, with the correct delay of a few nanoseconds, most modes of background production were strongly suppressed. From the collection of
1173:
It was deployed to an altitude of 450 km on April 7, 1991, when it was first launched. Over time the orbit decayed and needed re-boosting to prevent atmospheric entry sooner than desired. It was reboosted twice using onboard propellant: in
October 1993 from 340 km to 450 km altitude,
1182:
After one of its three gyroscopes failed in
December 1999, the observatory was deliberately de-orbited. At the time, the observatory was still operational; however the failure of another gyroscope would have made de-orbiting much more difficult and dangerous. With some controversy, NASA decided in
778:
shield, vetoing events from the rear. A further barrel-shaped CsI shield, also in electronic anticoincidence, surrounded the central detector on the sides and provided coarse collimation, rejecting gamma rays and charged particles from the sides or most of the forward field-of-view (FOV). A finer
731:
Large Area
Detector (LAD) covering the 20 keV to ~2 MeV range, 50.48 cm in dia by 1.27 cm thick, and a 12.7 cm dia by 7.62 cm thick NaI Spectroscopy Detector, which extended the upper energy range to 8 MeV, all surrounded by a plastic scintillator in active anti-coincidence to
1073:
of 1.6 and a distance of 3.2 Gpc. Combining the measured energy of the burst in gamma-rays and the distance, the total emitted energy assuming an isotropic explosion could be deduced and resulted in the direct conversion of approximately two solar masses into energy. This finally convinced the
774:: i.e., particle and gamma-ray events from the rear produced slow-rise time (~1 Ξs) pulses, which could be electronically distinguished from pure NaI events from the front, which produced faster (~0.25 Ξs) pulses. Thus the CsI backing crystal acted as an active
811:, and ESA's Astrophysics Division was tuned to the 0.75-30 MeV energy range and determined the angle of arrival of photons to within a degree and the energy to within five percent at higher energies. The instrument had a field of view of one
736:
later. Bursts were typically detected at rates of roughly one per day over the 9-year CGRO mission. A strong burst could result in the observation of many thousands of gamma-rays within a time interval ranging from ~0.1 s up to about 100 s.
1036:
The BATSE instrument averaged one gamma ray burst event detection per day for a total of approximately 2700 detections. It definitively showed that the majority of gamma-ray bursts must originate in distant galaxies, not nearby in our own
757:
detected gamma rays entering the field of view of any of four detector modules, which could be pointed individually, and were effective in the 0.05 to 10 MeV range. Each detector had a central scintillation spectrometer crystal of
2842:
1069:(23 January 1999) was one of the brightest bursts recorded at the time, and was the first GRB with an optical afterglow observed during the prompt gamma ray emission (a reverse shock flash). This allowed astronomers to measure a
2337:
2812:
1623:
1407:
727:(20 to >600 keV) and conducted full-sky surveys for long-lived sources. It consisted of eight identical detector modules, one at each of the satellite's corners. Each module consisted of both a
1429:
732:
veto the large background rates due to cosmic rays and trapped radiation. Sudden increases in the LAD rates triggered a high-speed data storage mode, the details of the burst being read out to
2737:
826:, given to the recoil electron was measured, while the Compton scattered photon would then be caught in one of the second layers of scintillators to the rear, where its total energy,
3789:
3495:
3471:
1340:
963:
from high energy photons interacting in the detector. The tracks of the high-energy electron and positron created were measured within the detector volume, and the axis of the
1152:
Onboard data recorders failed in 1992 which reduced the amount of data that could be downlinked. Another TDRS ground station was built to reduce the gaps in data collection.
4173:
2817:
5083:
2959:
949:
800:
998:
to act as target for cosmic rays, cannot be seen at all at these energies, which are too high to emerge from primary nuclear reactions, such as solar nuclear fusion.
2693:
944:) measured high energy (20 MeV to 30 GeV) gamma-ray source positions to a fraction of a degree and photon energy to within 15 percent. EGRET was developed by NASA
1399:
1864:
5063:
5053:
2787:
1008:
The EGRET instrument conducted the first all sky survey above 100 MeV. Using four years of data it discovered 271 sources, 170 of which were unidentified.
3328:
2401:
2393:
1587:
1421:
815:. For cosmic gamma-ray events, the experiment required two nearly simultaneous interactions, in a set of front and rear scintillators. Gamma rays would
2879:
2502:
1628:
542:
2099:
1666:
1289:
1051:
The separation of GRBs into two time profiles: short duration GRBs that last less than 2 seconds, and long duration GRBs that last longer than this.
931:
808:
473:
4166:
3614:
3120:
2425:
228:
3784:
2208:
2147:
1474:
5088:
5073:
5048:
3583:
2714:
1613:
1460:
871:
many event energies and event circles, a map of the positions of sources, along with their photon fluxes and spectra, could be determined.
4787:
4050:
4040:
3360:
3224:
3184:
1981:
1608:
3280:
3008:
2701:
2518:
2224:
2123:
1696:
1348:
866:, connecting the two interaction points determined a direction to the sky, and the angle Îļ about this direction, defined a cone about
629:
2176:
4640:
4159:
3895:
3649:
3641:
3368:
2581:
1857:
1731:
1618:
5031:
are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the â sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
546:
Astronaut Jay Apt in the Space
Shuttle bay with the observatory partially deployed but still attached to the Shuttle's robotic arm
2752:
2417:
507:
3804:
3288:
3248:
2802:
2782:
2767:
2605:
2478:
2329:
2313:
2281:
676:
582:, including various specialized sub-instruments and detectors. Following 14 years of effort, the observatory was launched from
347:
858:, of the incident photon. The positions of the interactions, in both the front and rear scintillators, was also measured. The
3689:
3352:
3232:
2494:
2369:
2361:
2256:
2139:
2043:
2027:
1711:
1556:
968:
624:. It was the second of the series to be launched into space, following the Hubble Space Telescope. The CGRO was named after
574:
to 30 GeV, in Earth orbit from 1991 to 2000. The observatory featured four main telescopes in one spacecraft, covering
1074:
community that GRB afterglows resulted from highly collimated explosions, which strongly reduced the needed energy budget.
762:
12 in (303 mm) in diameter, by 4 in (102 mm) thick, optically coupled at the rear to a 3 in (76.2 mm) thick
5093:
5068:
4030:
3961:
3905:
3794:
2991:
2980:
2486:
2462:
2297:
687:
668:
1529:
4589:
3849:
3839:
3834:
3697:
3112:
2757:
1850:
1716:
720:
5026:
Launches are separated by dots ( âĒ ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
3885:
3767:
3755:
3511:
3503:
3487:
2470:
1701:
1568:
1221:
1216:
1095:
945:
804:
609:
486:
3673:
3657:
3386:
3376:
3344:
3272:
3192:
3056:
2975:
2216:
2115:
1957:
1726:
1721:
1676:
1137:
Launched 7 April 1991. Fuel line problems were found soon after launch which discouraged frequent orbital reboosts.
1048:; these sources were relatively weak, mostly below 100 keV and had unpredictable periods of activity and inactivity
986:
The Moon as seen by the
Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, in gamma rays of greater than 20 MeV. These are produced by
775:
703:
to 30 GeV (from 0.02 MeV to 30000 MeV). Those are presented below in order of increasing spectral energy coverage:
5078:
4130:
4088:
4025:
4015:
3928:
3859:
3809:
2289:
1936:
754:
657:
643:
617:
499:
3890:
3829:
696:
598:
93:
72:
1029:
The OSSE instrument completed the most comprehensive survey of the galactic center, and discovered a possible
3535:
3431:
3423:
2822:
1920:
1603:
621:
4600:
3778:
3296:
2951:
2792:
2685:
2377:
2083:
1706:
1686:
971:
613:
601:. It was the heaviest astrophysical payload ever flown at that time at 16,300 kilograms (35,900 lb).
583:
528:
494:
209:
1514:
1297:
1265:
1241:
78:
4758:
2837:
2827:
2772:
2385:
2160:
1023:
967:
of the two emerging particles projected to the sky. Finally, their total energy was measured in a large
653:
3551:
2727:
5010:
4648:
4321:
4876:
4798:
4690:
4616:
4595:
4376:
4361:
4242:
4135:
4045:
3910:
3799:
3216:
3200:
2943:
767:
297:
225:
5001:
4764:
4738:
4530:
1322:"Spaceflight Now | CGRO Deorbit | NASA space telescope heads for fiery crash into Pacific"
1174:
and in June 1997 from 440 km to 515 km altitude, to potentially extend operation to 2007.
4991:
4982:
4728:
4561:
4449:
4356:
4227:
4198:
4187:
4183:
3761:
3740:
3713:
3455:
3000:
2847:
2629:
2273:
2051:
1787:
1211:
1045:
953:
327:
4706:
4583:
4311:
1519:
5015:
4996:
4961:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4803:
4743:
4635:
4630:
4578:
4573:
4535:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4437:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4381:
4371:
4346:
4316:
4306:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4237:
4232:
3844:
3721:
3705:
3543:
3208:
2807:
2747:
2589:
2200:
2192:
2091:
1949:
1681:
1671:
1549:
1368:
1203:
1099:
816:
759:
728:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4661:
4432:
4341:
1448:
1380:
4540:
4460:
4223:
5058:
5005:
4652:
3954:
3567:
3152:
3144:
2871:
2863:
2722:
2067:
1994:
1928:
1817:
1797:
1646:
1582:
1088:
780:
771:
695:
CGRO carried a complement of four instruments that covered an unprecedented six orders of the
672:
590:
559:
357:
4748:
4625:
4386:
4213:
2832:
1400:"NASA Preparing Plans for Destructive Reentry to End Compton Gamma Ray Observatory's Mission"
4966:
4955:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4476:
4351:
4140:
3984:
3336:
3264:
2107:
1965:
1802:
1782:
859:
637:
415:
280:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4109:
3900:
3869:
3439:
3320:
2269:
1888:
1873:
1656:
1651:
960:
724:
594:
290:
847:, the Compton scattering angle, angle Îļ, can be determined, along with the total energy,
632:
who received the Nobel prize for work involved with gamma-ray physics. CGRO was built by
1530:
NASA's GRO Remote
Terminal System Installed at Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex
1494:"Entry Debris Field estimation methods and application to Compton Gamma Ray Observatory"
4151:
3994:
2762:
2742:
2305:
1822:
1757:
1422:"March 1994 â Gamma Ray Observatory Remote Terminal System (GRTS) Declared Operational"
763:
625:
337:
84:
5042:
4871:
2637:
2526:
2240:
1904:
1661:
1542:
995:
567:
204:
1321:
4881:
4733:
4723:
4545:
4366:
4218:
3947:
2797:
2621:
1812:
1807:
1792:
1534:
700:
652:
CGRO was an international collaboration and additional contributions came from the
571:
1896:
1475:"Satellite Marked for Extinction Plunges Into the Sea, on Target (Published 2000)"
4850:
4793:
4524:
4301:
4272:
3989:
3096:
2232:
2131:
1973:
1827:
1524:
1161:
1186:
This de-orbit was NASA's first intentional controlled de-orbit of a satellite.
4987:
4669:
4665:
4104:
4077:
4070:
3575:
2887:
2732:
2441:
1493:
1193:
1066:
1061:
1030:
987:
647:
39:
1624:
Katherine
Johnson Independent Verification and Validation Facility (IV&V)
4644:
4125:
4063:
3999:
3240:
2653:
2353:
2168:
2059:
1038:
812:
733:
579:
419:
411:
523:
27:
NASA space observatory designed to detect X-rays and gamma rays (1991â2000)
4337:
4057:
3970:
3527:
3463:
3304:
3016:
2777:
2677:
2669:
2573:
2510:
2321:
2184:
2010:
2002:
1070:
957:
664:
633:
148:
4808:
4656:
4493:
4415:
3750:
3681:
3519:
3168:
3128:
3024:
2935:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2613:
2597:
2565:
1763:
Christyl
Johnson (Deputy Director, Technology and Research Investments)
1449:"CGRO SSC >> Successful Reboost of Compton Gamma Ray Observatory"
982:
563:
4950:
4782:
4753:
4717:
4712:
4621:
4567:
4455:
4421:
4083:
3854:
3591:
3447:
3160:
3104:
3072:
3064:
2987:
2967:
2557:
2534:
2433:
2409:
2248:
2075:
2035:
1912:
1084:
535:
215:
17:
1842:
4443:
3824:
3819:
3622:
3559:
3479:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3381:
3312:
3176:
3136:
3088:
3080:
3048:
3040:
2645:
2018:
1160:
981:
686:
575:
541:
522:
423:
407:
317:
307:
3864:
3814:
3772:
3745:
3665:
3256:
2661:
2345:
1565:
1456:
1425:
1165:
Compton Gamma Ray
Observatory being deployed from Space Shuttle
605:
65:
4155:
3943:
1846:
1538:
1381:"CGRO SSC >> EGRET Detection of Gamma Rays from the Moon"
991:
110:
3939:
1500:. Mission Operations Directorate Nasa Johnson Space Center.
819:
in a forward detector module, where the interaction energy
1290:"Gamma-Ray Astronomy in the Compton Era: The Instruments"
1443:
1441:
1439:
679:(launched 2008); all remain operational as of May 2023.
589:
during STS-37 on April 5, 1991, and operated until its
1339:
Barry Logan : MSFC, Kathy Forsythe : MSFC.
956:. Its detector operated on the principle of electron-
1122:
CGRO was designed for in-orbit refuelling/servicing.
783:
with a speed of approximately 2 degrees per second.
4975:
4890:
4842:
4774:
4699:
4609:
4554:
4486:
4395:
4330:
4251:
4206:
4118:
4097:
4008:
3977:
3878:
3733:
3634:
3603:
2856:
2713:
2550:
2453:
2268:
2159:
1993:
1948:
1887:
1880:
1773:
1747:
1740:
1637:
1596:
1575:
1011:The COMPTEL instrument completed an all sky map of
469:
461:
453:
445:
438:
403:
395:
387:
379:
374:
356:
346:
336:
326:
316:
306:
296:
286:
276:
271:
247:
242:
221:
199:
183:
178:
162:
154:
144:
139:
123:
105:
92:
71:
61:
53:
766:(Na) crystal of similar diameter, viewed by seven
1266:"NASA â NSSDCA â Spacecraft â Trajectory Details"
950:Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
801:Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
628:, an American physicist and former chancellor of
604:Costing $ 617 million, the CGRO was part of
1667:Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRS)
833:, would be measured. From these two energies,
747:Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment
656:and various universities, as well as the U.S.
457:Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment
4167:
3955:
1858:
1550:
1041:, and therefore must be enormously energetic.
8:
32:
1614:Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility (CSBF)
4174:
4160:
4152:
4037:High Energy Astronomy Observatory Program
3962:
3948:
3940:
1884:
1865:
1851:
1843:
1744:
1609:Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS)
1557:
1543:
1535:
1149:Loss of data tape recorder, and mitigation
597:at 450 km (280 mi) to avoid the
435:
83:
31:
1766:Ray Rubilotta (Associate Center Director)
1697:Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO)
1316:
1314:
534:carrying the observatory to Earth orbit (
5084:Spacecraft launched by the Space Shuttle
938:Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope
932:Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope
881:
878:
809:Netherlands Institute for Space Research
474:Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope
1515:NASA Compton Gamma Ray Observatory site
1463:from the original on November 27, 2023.
1432:from the original on December 28, 2023.
1410:from the original on December 28, 2023.
1233:
994:, which has no similar surface of high
1294:Gamma-Ray Astronomy in the Compton Era
1242:"NASA â NSSDCA â Spacecraft â Details"
713:Burst and Transient Source Experiment
691:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory cutaway
449:Burst and Transient Source Experiment
7:
4046:High Energy Astronomy Observatory 2
1692:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO)
593:on June 4, 2000. It was deployed in
4051:High Energy Astronomy Observatory 3
4041:High Energy Astronomy Observatory 1
1492:Mrozinski, Richard B. (June 2001).
1341:"NASA â NASA's Great Observatories"
667:spacecraft (launched 2002), NASA's
663:Successors to CGRO include the ESA
641:
5064:Spacecraft which reentered in 2000
5054:Satellites formerly orbiting Earth
1717:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO)
1702:Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE)
1398:Cowing, Keith (January 14, 2000).
1217:NASA â Great Observatories program
630:Washington University in St. Louis
25:
3896:List of proposed space telescopes
2582:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
1732:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
1727:James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)
1677:Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)
1619:Spacecraft Magnetic Test Facility
1481:. Associated Press. June 5, 2000.
158:16,329 kilograms (35,999 lb)
3924:
3923:
1722:Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)
1369:BATSE GUEST INVESTIGATOR PROGRAM
1196:
1044:The discovery of the first four
990:bombardment of its surface. The
508:Large Strategic Science Missions
38:
2803:Nautilus Deep Space Observatory
1629:Spacecraft Fabrication Facility
1525:Mapping of BATSE GRB detections
1498:2001 Flight Mechanics Symposium
974:at the rear of the instrument.
677:Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
362:7 April 1991, 18:37:00 UTC
1712:Goddard Earth Observing System
95:
1:
4031:Functional flow block diagram
4021:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory
3906:List of heliophysics missions
1754:Dennis J. Andrucyk (Director)
1604:Wallops Flight Facility (WFF)
1096:terrestrial gamma ray sources
669:Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission
552:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory
33:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory
1687:Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
1296:. NASA/ GSFC. Archived from
721:Marshall Space Flight Center
322:457 kilometres (284 mi)
312:362 kilometres (225 mi)
5089:Great Observatories program
5074:Goddard Space Flight Center
5049:Spacecraft launched in 1991
3886:Great Observatories program
1569:Goddard Space Flight Center
1222:List of heaviest spacecraft
946:Goddard Space Flight Center
805:University of New Hampshire
675:(launched 2007) and NASA's
127:9 years, 2 months
5110:
3377:Orbiting Solar Observatory
1059:
929:
5024:
4131:The Aerospace Corporation
4089:TRW Low Maintenance Rifle
4026:Descent propulsion system
4016:Chandra X-ray Observatory
3929:Category:Space telescopes
3919:
1083:The completion of both a
1033:"cloud" above the center.
793:Imaging Compton Telescope
755:Naval Research Laboratory
658:Naval Research Laboratory
618:Chandra X-ray Observatory
483:
465:Imaging Compton Telescope
434:
430:
370:
366:
267:
263:
238:
234:
174:
170:
135:
131:
49:
37:
3891:List of space telescopes
1760:(Deputy Center Director)
1134:Launch and Commissioning
1046:soft gamma ray repeaters
697:electromagnetic spectrum
599:Van Allen radiation belt
487:NASA Great Observatories
1119:Funding and Development
1098:in 1994 that came from
622:Spitzer Space Telescope
612:series, along with the
418:â 30 GeV (40
383:Scintillation detectors
3217:HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.)
1707:NASA Earth Observatory
1170:
1169:in 1991 in Earth orbit
1067:Gamma ray burst 990123
999:
972:scintillation detector
692:
671:(launched 2004), ASI
614:Hubble Space Telescope
547:
539:
375:Main Telescopes (Four)
191:1991-04-05UTC14:22:45Z
187:5 April 1991, 14:22:45
2838:Space Solar Telescope
1453:heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov
1385:heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov
1164:
1127:Construction and test
1114:Work started in 1977.
1078:Miscellaneous results
985:
768:photomultiplier tubes
723:searched the sky for
690:
654:European Space Agency
545:
526:
514:Astrophysics Division
277:Reference system
255:2000-06-04UTC23:29:56
251:4 June 2000, 23:29:55
140:Spacecraft properties
44:CGRO deployed in 1991
5094:Destroyed spacecraft
5069:Gamma-ray telescopes
4190:Orbital launches in
4136:Goodrich Corporation
3911:List of planetariums
2813:NRO donation to NASA
399:Varied by instrument
391:Varied by instrument
352:68.6827 degrees
332:28.4610 degrees
3607:(Mission completed)
1889:Radio and Microwave
1788:Robert Bindschadler
1270:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
1246:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
1212:Gamma-ray astronomy
1024:isotope of aluminum
954:Stanford University
640:Aerospace Systems)
610:Great Observatories
34:
3544:Suzaku (Astro-EII)
3369:OAO-3 (Copernicus)
3353:Mikhailo Lomonosov
3201:Hinotori (Astro-A)
2808:New Worlds Mission
1774:Notable scientists
1682:Near Earth Network
1672:Hitchhiker Program
1479:The New York Times
1459:. August 1, 2005.
1326:spaceflightnow.com
1204:Spaceflight portal
1171:
1000:
693:
548:
540:
342:91.59 minutes
272:Orbital parameters
5036:
5035:
4149:
4148:
3937:
3936:
3835:SIM & SIMlite
3209:Hisaki (SPRINT-A)
3169:Hakucho (CORSA-b)
2728:Astro-1 Telescope
2546:
2545:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1818:Lissette Martinez
1798:Gene Carl Feldman
1647:Explorers Program
1583:Robert H. Goddard
1094:The discovery of
1089:supernova remnant
928:
927:
673:AGILE (satellite)
560:space observatory
521:
520:
516:
479:
478:
16:(Redirected from
5101:
5079:Space telescopes
4195:
4194:
4193:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4153:
4141:Northrop Grumman
4119:Related articles
3985:Lucas Industries
3964:
3957:
3950:
3941:
3927:
3926:
3726:
3722:Hitomi (Astro-H)
3718:
3710:
3702:
3694:
3686:
3678:
3670:
3662:
3654:
3646:
3627:
3619:
3608:
3596:
3588:
3580:
3572:
3564:
3556:
3548:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3492:
3484:
3476:
3468:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3436:
3428:
3373:
3365:
3357:
3349:
3341:
3333:
3325:
3317:
3309:
3301:
3293:
3285:
3277:
3269:
3261:
3253:
3245:
3237:
3229:
3221:
3213:
3205:
3197:
3189:
3181:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3109:
3101:
3093:
3085:
3077:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2924:
2916:
2908:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2706:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2674:
2666:
2658:
2650:
2642:
2634:
2626:
2618:
2610:
2602:
2594:
2586:
2578:
2570:
2562:
2539:
2531:
2523:
2515:
2507:
2499:
2491:
2483:
2475:
2467:
2456:or unclassified)
2446:
2438:
2430:
2422:
2414:
2406:
2398:
2390:
2382:
2374:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2302:
2294:
2286:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2201:Hinode (Solar-B)
2197:
2189:
2181:
2173:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2092:Hinode (Solar-B)
2088:
2080:
2072:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2024:
2015:
2007:
1986:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1901:
1885:
1874:Space telescopes
1867:
1860:
1853:
1844:
1803:Orlando Figueroa
1783:David Louis Band
1745:
1638:Notable missions
1559:
1552:
1545:
1536:
1520:NASA CGRO images
1502:
1501:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1445:
1434:
1433:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1377:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1347:. Archived from
1336:
1330:
1329:
1318:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1238:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1157:Orbital re-boost
1021:
1019:
1018:
924:20 â 30 000 MeV
879:
770:, operated as a
725:gamma-ray bursts
651:
638:Northrop Grumman
512:
441:
436:
308:Perigee altitude
258:
256:
207:
194:
192:
179:Start of mission
124:Mission duration
119:
116:
114:
112:
97:
88:
87:
81:
42:
35:
21:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5020:
4971:
4886:
4877:Gorizont No.35L
4838:
4799:Molniya-3 No.48
4770:
4695:
4691:Resurs-F1 No.53
4617:Gorizont No.34L
4605:
4596:Resurs-F1 No.52
4550:
4482:
4391:
4377:Molniya-3 No.55
4362:Nadezhda No.409
4326:
4247:
4243:Informator No.1
4202:
4201:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4180:
4150:
4145:
4114:
4110:Dean Wooldridge
4093:
4004:
3973:
3968:
3938:
3933:
3915:
3901:X-ray telescope
3874:
3756:Constellation-X
3729:
3724:
3716:
3708:
3700:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3660:
3652:
3644:
3630:
3625:
3617:
3606:
3605:
3599:
3594:
3592:Yokoh (Solar-A)
3586:
3578:
3570:
3562:
3560:Tenma (Astro-B)
3554:
3546:
3538:
3530:
3522:
3514:
3506:
3498:
3490:
3482:
3474:
3466:
3458:
3450:
3442:
3434:
3426:
3371:
3363:
3355:
3347:
3339:
3331:
3323:
3321:LISA Pathfinder
3315:
3307:
3299:
3291:
3283:
3275:
3267:
3259:
3251:
3243:
3235:
3227:
3219:
3211:
3203:
3195:
3187:
3179:
3177:HALCA (MUSES-B)
3171:
3163:
3155:
3153:Ginga (Astro-C)
3147:
3139:
3131:
3123:
3115:
3107:
3099:
3091:
3083:
3075:
3067:
3059:
3051:
3043:
3035:
3027:
3019:
3011:
3003:
2995:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2914:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2874:
2872:Akari (Astro-F)
2866:
2852:
2709:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2656:
2648:
2640:
2632:
2624:
2616:
2608:
2600:
2592:
2584:
2576:
2568:
2560:
2542:
2537:
2529:
2521:
2513:
2505:
2497:
2489:
2481:
2473:
2465:
2455:
2454:Other (particle
2449:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2316:
2308:
2300:
2292:
2284:
2264:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2187:
2179:
2171:
2155:
2150:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2118:
2110:
2102:
2094:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2054:
2046:
2038:
2030:
2022:
2013:
2005:
1989:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1944:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1915:
1907:
1899:
1876:
1871:
1841:
1832:
1775:
1769:
1736:
1657:Getaway Special
1652:Landsat program
1639:
1633:
1592:
1571:
1563:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1447:
1446:
1437:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1363:
1354:
1352:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1303:
1301:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1274:
1272:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1250:
1248:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1180:
1159:
1108:
1080:
1064:
1058:
1022:(a radioactive
1017:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1005:
980:
961:pair production
934:
877:
856:
852:
845:
838:
831:
824:
817:Compton scatter
789:
776:anticoincidence
743:
709:
685:
595:low Earth orbit
517:
511:
504:
503:
497:
490:
439:
396:Collecting area
318:Apogee altitude
254:
252:
214:
203:
190:
188:
109:
82:
77:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5107:
5105:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5041:
5040:
5034:
5033:
5029:Crewed flights
5025:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5002:Interkosmos 25
4999:
4994:
4985:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4912:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4882:Intelsat VI F1
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4739:Resurs-F2 No.7
4736:
4731:
4726:
4724:Intelsat VI F5
4721:
4709:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4659:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4619:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4564:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4531:Resurs-F2 No.6
4528:
4521:
4496:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4452:
4447:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4418:
4413:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4266:
4261:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4221:
4216:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4197:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4156:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3995:TRW Automotive
3992:
3987:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3944:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3719:
3711:
3703:
3695:
3687:
3679:
3671:
3663:
3655:
3647:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3620:
3611:
3609:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3589:
3581:
3573:
3565:
3557:
3549:
3541:
3533:
3525:
3517:
3509:
3501:
3493:
3485:
3477:
3469:
3461:
3453:
3445:
3437:
3429:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3374:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3342:
3334:
3326:
3318:
3310:
3302:
3294:
3286:
3278:
3270:
3262:
3254:
3246:
3238:
3230:
3222:
3214:
3206:
3198:
3190:
3182:
3174:
3166:
3158:
3150:
3142:
3134:
3126:
3118:
3110:
3102:
3094:
3086:
3078:
3070:
3062:
3054:
3046:
3038:
3033:Compton (CGRO)
3030:
3022:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2965:
2960:ASCA (Astro-D)
2957:
2949:
2941:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2893:
2885:
2877:
2869:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2763:Hypertelescope
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2743:Fresnel Imager
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2699:
2691:
2683:
2675:
2667:
2659:
2651:
2643:
2635:
2627:
2619:
2611:
2603:
2595:
2587:
2579:
2571:
2563:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2516:
2508:
2500:
2492:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2459:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2415:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2378:Max Valier Sat
2375:
2367:
2359:
2351:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2314:HXMT (Insight)
2311:
2306:Einstein Probe
2303:
2295:
2290:Chandra (AXAF)
2287:
2278:
2276:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2222:
2214:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2174:
2165:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2145:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2113:
2105:
2097:
2089:
2081:
2073:
2065:
2057:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2025:
2021:constellation
2016:
2008:
1999:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1979:
1971:
1963:
1954:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1910:
1902:
1893:
1891:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1823:John C. Mather
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1779:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:Anne L. Kinney
1755:
1751:
1749:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1510:
1509:External links
1507:
1504:
1503:
1484:
1466:
1435:
1428:. March 1994.
1413:
1390:
1372:
1361:
1331:
1310:
1281:
1257:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1191:
1188:
1179:
1176:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1142:Communications
1139:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1092:
1079:
1076:
1060:Main article:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1042:
1034:
1027:
1016:
1009:
1004:
1001:
979:
976:
930:Main article:
926:
925:
922:
918:
917:
916:0.75 â 30 MeV
914:
910:
909:
908:0.05 â 10 MeV
906:
902:
901:
898:
894:
893:
890:
886:
885:
876:
873:
854:
850:
843:
836:
829:
822:
788:
785:
742:
739:
708:
705:
684:
681:
626:Arthur Compton
584:Space Shuttle
570:from 20 k
529:Space Shuttle
519:
518:
505:
498:
492:
491:
484:
481:
480:
477:
476:
471:
467:
466:
463:
459:
458:
455:
451:
450:
447:
443:
442:
432:
431:
428:
427:
405:
401:
400:
397:
393:
392:
389:
385:
384:
381:
377:
376:
372:
371:
368:
367:
364:
363:
360:
354:
353:
350:
344:
343:
340:
334:
333:
330:
324:
323:
320:
314:
313:
310:
304:
303:
300:
294:
293:
288:
284:
283:
278:
274:
273:
269:
268:
265:
264:
261:
260:
249:
245:
244:
243:End of mission
240:
239:
236:
235:
232:
231:
223:
219:
218:
201:
197:
196:
185:
181:
180:
176:
175:
172:
171:
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
137:
136:
133:
132:
129:
128:
125:
121:
120:
107:
103:
102:
99:
90:
89:
75:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
47:
46:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5106:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5030:
5023:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4992:Inmarsat-2 F3
4989:
4986:
4984:
4983:Eutelsat-2 F3
4981:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4957:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4872:Progress M-10
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4729:Meteor-3 No.5
4727:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4715:
4714:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4698:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4608:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4563:
4562:Okean-O1 No.6
4560:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4451:
4450:Meteor-3 No.6
4448:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4357:Inmarsat-2 F2
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4228:Eutelsat-2 F2
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4200:
4196:
4185:
4177:
4172:
4170:
4165:
4163:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3960:
3958:
3953:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3930:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3723:
3720:
3715:
3712:
3707:
3704:
3699:
3696:
3691:
3688:
3683:
3680:
3675:
3672:
3667:
3664:
3659:
3656:
3651:
3648:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3624:
3621:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3602:
3593:
3590:
3585:
3582:
3577:
3574:
3569:
3566:
3561:
3558:
3553:
3552:Taiyo (SRATS)
3550:
3545:
3542:
3537:
3534:
3529:
3526:
3521:
3518:
3513:
3510:
3505:
3502:
3497:
3494:
3489:
3486:
3481:
3478:
3473:
3470:
3465:
3462:
3457:
3454:
3449:
3446:
3441:
3438:
3433:
3430:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3370:
3367:
3362:
3359:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3343:
3338:
3335:
3330:
3327:
3322:
3319:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3303:
3298:
3295:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3279:
3274:
3271:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3250:
3247:
3242:
3239:
3234:
3231:
3226:
3223:
3218:
3215:
3210:
3207:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3191:
3186:
3183:
3178:
3175:
3170:
3167:
3162:
3159:
3154:
3151:
3146:
3143:
3138:
3135:
3130:
3127:
3122:
3119:
3114:
3111:
3106:
3103:
3098:
3095:
3090:
3087:
3082:
3079:
3074:
3071:
3066:
3063:
3058:
3055:
3050:
3047:
3042:
3039:
3034:
3031:
3026:
3023:
3018:
3015:
3010:
3007:
3002:
2999:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2958:
2953:
2950:
2945:
2942:
2937:
2934:
2929:
2926:
2921:
2918:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2902:
2897:
2894:
2889:
2886:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2870:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2671:
2668:
2663:
2660:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2638:Solar-C EUVST
2636:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2620:
2615:
2612:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2583:
2580:
2575:
2572:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2527:Solar Orbiter
2525:
2520:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2493:
2488:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2452:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2408:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2384:
2379:
2376:
2371:
2368:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2352:
2347:
2344:
2339:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2288:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2241:Solar Orbiter
2239:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2090:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1905:Solar Orbiter
1903:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:and engineers
1772:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1662:Space Network
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:Main articles
1574:
1570:
1567:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1351:on 2011-08-20
1350:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1300:on 2009-02-24
1299:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1168:
1163:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:thunderclouds
1097:
1093:
1090:
1087:survey and a
1086:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1003:Basic results
1002:
997:
996:atomic number
993:
989:
984:
977:
975:
973:
970:
966:
962:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
933:
923:
920:
919:
915:
912:
911:
907:
904:
903:
900:0.02 â 8 MeV
899:
896:
895:
891:
888:
887:
884:
880:
874:
872:
869:
865:
861:
857:
846:
839:
832:
825:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
786:
784:
782:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
752:
748:
740:
738:
735:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
706:
704:
702:
698:
689:
682:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
661:
659:
655:
649:
645:
644:Redondo Beach
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
544:
537:
533:
532:
525:
515:
510:
509:
502: →
501:
496:
493:←
489:
488:
482:
475:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
369:
365:
361:
359:
355:
351:
349:
345:
341:
339:
335:
331:
329:
325:
321:
319:
315:
311:
309:
305:
301:
299:
295:
292:
289:
285:
282:
279:
275:
270:
266:
262:
250:
246:
241:
237:
233:
230:
227:
224:
220:
217:
213:
212:
206:
205:Space Shuttle
202:
198:
186:
182:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
150:
147:
143:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
108:
104:
100:
98:
91:
86:
80:
76:
74:
70:
67:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
41:
36:
30:
19:
5028:
5011:Gran' No.39L
4949:
4849:
4781:
4763:
4734:Progress M-9
4711:
4707:Molniya 1-82
4588:
4584:Molniya 1-81
4566:
4546:Progress M-8
4523:
4454:
4442:
4426:
4420:
4367:Progress M-7
4322:Gran' No.38L
4312:Molniya 1-80
4219:Progress M-6
4076:
4069:
4062:
4020:
3978:Subsidiaries
3777:
3760:
3604:Hibernating
3356:(2016â2019?)
3032:
2899:(1962, 1964)
2798:Nano-JASMINE
2622:NEO Surveyor
2538:(since 2006)
2530:(since 2020)
2522:(since 1995)
2514:(since 2019)
2506:(since 2017)
2498:(since 2008)
2490:(since 2015)
2482:(since 2015)
2474:(since 2011)
2466:(since 1997)
2445:(since 1999)
2437:(since 2024)
2429:(since 2023)
2421:(since 2022)
2413:(since 2012)
2405:(since 2017)
2397:(since 2018)
2389:(since 2009)
2381:(since 2017)
2373:(since 2004)
2365:(since 2024)
2357:(since 2019)
2349:(since 2021)
2341:(since 2020)
2333:(since 2008)
2325:(since 2002)
2317:(since 2017)
2309:(since 2024)
2301:(since 2015)
2293:(since 1999)
2285:(since 2015)
2260:(since 2004)
2252:(since 2006)
2244:(since 2020)
2236:(since 2008)
2228:(since 1995)
2220:(since 2010)
2212:(since 2013)
2204:(since 2006)
2196:(since 2021)
2188:(since 2015)
2180:(since 2022)
2172:(since 2023)
2151:(since 2018)
2143:(since 2004)
2135:(since 2008)
2127:(since 1995)
2119:(since 2010)
2111:(since 2001)
2103:(since 2013)
2095:(since 2006)
2087:(since 1990)
2079:(since 2005)
2071:(since 2013)
2063:(since 2021)
2055:(since 2023)
2047:(since 2015)
2039:(since 2019)
2031:(since 2021)
2023:(since 2013)
2014:(since 2015)
2006:(since 2018)
1985:(since 2009)
1977:(since 2008)
1969:(since 2001)
1961:(since 2022)
1940:(since 2024)
1932:(since 1994)
1924:(since 2018)
1916:(since 2006)
1908:(since 2020)
1900:(since 2018)
1813:Marc Kuchner
1808:James Hansen
1793:Fred Espenak
1691:
1640:and programs
1588:GSFC History
1497:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1452:
1416:
1403:
1393:
1384:
1375:
1364:
1353:. Retrieved
1349:the original
1345:www.nasa.gov
1344:
1334:
1325:
1302:. Retrieved
1298:the original
1293:
1284:
1273:. Retrieved
1269:
1260:
1249:. Retrieved
1245:
1236:
1185:
1181:
1172:
1166:
1065:
964:
941:
937:
935:
882:
867:
863:
848:
841:
834:
827:
820:
796:
792:
790:
750:
746:
744:
719:) by NASA's
716:
712:
710:
694:
662:
603:
585:
555:
551:
549:
530:
513:
506:
485:
388:Focal length
298:Eccentricity
210:
166:2000.0 Watts
145:Manufacturer
54:Mission type
29:
5016:Zhongxing-4
4997:Kosmos 2174
4962:Kosmos 2173
4945:Kosmos 2172
4940:Kosmos 2171
4935:Kosmos 2170
4931:Kosmos 2169
4927:Kosmos 2168
4923:Kosmos 2167
4919:Kosmos 2166
4915:Kosmos 2165
4867:Kosmos 2164
4862:Kosmos 2163
4857:Foton No.7L
4851:Soyuz TM-13
4834:Kosmos 2162
4830:Kosmos 2161
4826:Kosmos 2160
4822:Kosmos 2159
4818:Kosmos 2158
4814:Kosmos 2157
4804:Kosmos 2156
4794:Kosmos 2155
4744:Kosmos 2154
4636:Kosmos 2153
4631:Kosmos 2152
4579:Kosmos 2151
4574:Kosmos 2150
4536:Kosmos 2149
4525:Soyuz TM-12
4519:Kosmos 2148
4515:Kosmos 2147
4511:Kosmos 2146
4507:Kosmos 2145
4503:Kosmos 2144
4499:Kosmos 2143
4438:Kosmos 2142
4427:Compton GRO
4411:Kosmos 2141
4407:Kosmos 2140
4403:Kosmos 2139
4382:Kosmos 2138
4372:Kosmos 2137
4347:Kosmos 2136
4317:Kosmos 2135
4307:Kosmos 2134
4302:Kosmos 2133
4297:Kosmos 2132
4293:Kosmos 2131
4289:Kosmos 2130
4285:Kosmos 2129
4281:Kosmos 2128
4277:Kosmos 2127
4273:Kosmos 2126
4269:Kosmos 2125
4264:Kosmos 2124
4259:Kosmos 2123
4238:Kosmos 2122
4233:Kosmos 2121
3990:LucasVarity
3717:(2014â2015)
3669:(2012â2013)
3635:Lost/Failed
3626:(1998â2010)
3618:(1998â2005)
3595:(1991â2001)
3587:(2001â2010)
3571:(1970â1973)
3563:(1983â1985)
3555:(1975â1980)
3547:(2005â2015)
3539:(2003â2020)
3531:(2011â2019)
3523:(1979â1985)
3515:(1975â1979)
3507:(1972â1973)
3499:(1992â2004)
3491:(1995â2012)
3483:(1990â1999)
3475:(2002â2018)
3467:(1983â1984)
3459:(2009â2013)
3443:(2006â2016)
3372:(1972â1981)
3364:(1968â1973)
3348:(1996â1997)
3340:(2003â2019)
3332:(2015â2017)
3324:(2015â2017)
3316:(1997â2002)
3308:(1990â2001)
3300:(2009â2018)
3292:(1996â2004)
3284:(1978â1996)
3276:(1996â1998)
3268:(1995â1996)
3244:(1989â1993)
3236:(2000â2008)
3228:(1979â1981)
3220:(1978â1982)
3212:(2013â2023)
3204:(1981â1991)
3196:(2009â2013)
3188:(1977â1979)
3180:(1997â2005)
3172:(1979â1985)
3164:(1989â1998)
3156:(1987â1991)
3148:(1990â1992)
3140:(2003â2013)
3132:(1987â2001)
3124:(1999â2007)
3116:(1992â2001)
3108:(1983â1986)
3097:Explorer 11
3068:(2017â2019)
3060:(1989â1993)
3052:(1975â1982)
3044:(2006â2013)
3036:(1991â2000)
3028:(2003â2008)
3020:(1996â2003)
3012:(1974â1976)
3004:(1983â1991)
2963:(1993â2000)
2955:(1973â1974)
2947:(2017â2019)
2939:(1979â1982)
2931:(1974â1980)
2923:(1971â1972)
2915:(1967â1969)
2891:(1962â1972)
2883:(1993â2005)
2875:(2006â2011)
2867:(2007â2024)
2161:Ultraviolet
1828:Nancy Roman
969:calorimeter
883:Instruments
683:Instruments
527:Launch of
440:Instruments
404:Wavelengths
328:Inclination
222:Launch site
184:Launch date
155:Launch mass
5043:Categories
4988:Telecom 2A
4686:Microsat 7
4682:Microsat 6
4678:Microsat 5
4674:Microsat 4
4670:Microsat 3
4666:Microsat 2
4662:Microsat 1
4342:Meteosat 5
4105:Simon Ramo
4078:Pioneer 11
4071:Pioneer 10
3576:Vanguard 3
2888:Alouette 1
2733:AstroSat-2
2442:XMM-Newton
1958:James Webb
1748:Leadership
1597:Facilities
1355:2020-11-02
1304:2007-12-07
1275:2018-04-30
1251:2018-04-30
1228:References
1062:GRB 990123
1056:GRB 990123
1031:antimatter
988:cosmic ray
892:Observing
889:Instrument
699:, from 20
648:California
620:, and the
580:gamma rays
562:detecting
422:â 60
414:, 20
281:Geocentric
248:Decay date
4775:September
4645:Orbcomm-X
4541:Satcom C5
4461:IBSS/SPAS
4224:Italsat 1
4126:Astrolink
4064:Pioneer 1
4000:TRW Vidar
3779:Eddington
3734:Cancelled
3241:Hipparcos
2654:Spektr-UV
2511:Mini-EUSO
2503:ISS-CREAM
2354:Spektr-RG
2274:Gamma-ray
2169:Aditya-L1
2060:Hayabusa2
1937:Queqiao 2
1881:Operating
1039:Milky Way
813:steradian
799:) by the
753:) by the
734:telemetry
291:Low Earth
259: UTC
195: UTC
79:1991-027B
73:COSPAR ID
57:Astronomy
5059:TRW Inc.
5006:Magion 3
4976:December
4891:November
4653:Tubsat-A
4338:Astra 1B
4252:February
4058:N2 chart
4009:Products
3971:TRW Inc.
3830:Sentinel
3528:Spektr-R
3464:RELIKT-1
3305:Kristall
3193:Herschel
3017:BeppoSAX
2778:JEM-EUSO
2773:iWF-MAXI
2715:Proposed
2678:LiteBIRD
2670:Spektr-M
2394:MinXSS-2
2322:INTEGRAL
2185:Astrosat
2011:Astrosat
1950:Infrared
1461:Archived
1430:Archived
1408:Archived
1404:SpaceRef
1190:See also
1178:De-orbit
1167:Atlantis
1111:Proposal
1071:redshift
958:positron
772:phoswich
665:INTEGRAL
586:Atlantis
568:energies
558:) was a
531:Atlantis
302:0.006998
211:Atlantis
149:TRW Inc.
62:Operator
4843:October
4809:Anik E1
4765:Unnamed
4749:Yuri 3b
4657:UoSAT-5
4626:Losat-X
4590:Unnamed
4494:NOAA-12
4416:Anik E2
4387:Almaz 1
4214:NATO 4A
4207:January
3879:Related
3790:FINESSE
3768:Destiny
3751:Astro-G
3714:Tsubame
3706:Astro-E
3682:ABRIXAS
3536:Spitzer
3520:Solwind
3472:R/HESSI
3432:Orion 2
3424:Orion 1
3129:Kvant-1
3025:CHIPSat
2988:Astro-2
2968:Astro-1
2944:ASTERIA
2936:Ariel 6
2928:Ariel 5
2920:Ariel 4
2912:Ariel 3
2904:Ariel 2
2896:Ariel 1
2857:Retired
2848:THESEUS
2833:Solar-D
2828:PhoENiX
2673:(2030+)
2630:JASMINE
2598:Xuntian
2566:SPHEREx
2551:Planned
2100:NEOSSat
1995:Optical
1921:Queqiao
1106:History
978:Results
913:COMPTEL
797:COMPTEL
787:COMPTEL
760:NaI(Tl)
729:NaI(Tl)
591:deorbit
564:photons
500:Chandra
462:COMPTEL
253: (
226:Kennedy
189: (
106:Website
94:SATCAT
4967:USA-73
4956:USA-75
4951:STS-44
4910:USA-77
4906:USA-76
4902:USA-74
4898:USA-72
4783:STS-48
4759:Yohkoh
4754:IRS-1B
4718:TDRS-5
4713:STS-43
4700:August
4622:USA-71
4568:STS-40
4477:USA-70
4456:STS-39
4422:STS-37
4352:USA-69
4199:1992 â
4184:â 1990
4098:People
4084:TR-201
3855:TAUVEX
3762:Darwin
3741:Aelita
3725:(2016)
3709:(2000)
3701:(1999)
3693:(1996)
3690:HETE-1
3685:(1999)
3677:(1965)
3661:(1976)
3653:(1970)
3645:(1966)
3579:(1959)
3496:SAMPEX
3456:Planck
3451:(2018)
3448:PicSat
3440:PAMELA
3435:(1973)
3427:(1971)
3329:MinXSS
3297:Kepler
3260:(1983)
3252:(2024)
3233:HETE-2
3225:HEAO-3
3185:HEAO-1
3161:Granat
3105:EXOSAT
3100:(1961)
3092:(2010)
3084:(2008)
3076:(1993)
3065:CXBN-2
3001:Astron
2996:(1995)
2971:(1990)
2907:(1964)
2880:ALEXIS
2788:LUVOIR
2738:EXCEDE
2705:(2035)
2697:(2035)
2694:Athena
2689:(2033)
2681:(2032)
2665:(2030)
2657:(2030)
2649:(2029)
2641:(2028)
2633:(2028)
2625:(2027)
2617:(2027)
2609:(2027)
2601:(2026)
2593:(2026)
2585:(2026)
2577:(2026)
2574:K-EUSO
2569:(2025)
2561:(2025)
2558:PETREL
2535:STEREO
2471:AMS-02
2434:XPoSat
2410:NuSTAR
2249:STEREO
2193:Hibari
2084:Hubble
2076:HiRISE
2052:Euclid
2044:DSCOVR
2036:CHEOPS
1913:STEREO
1741:People
1091:survey
1085:pulsar
952:, and
948:, the
860:vector
803:, the
616:, the
576:X-rays
536:STS-37
495:Hubble
338:Period
287:Regime
229:LC-39B
216:STS-37
200:Rocket
4641:ERS-1
4473:CRO-C
4469:CRO-B
4465:CRO-A
4444:BS-3h
4433:ASC-2
4396:April
4331:March
3850:SPOrt
3845:SPICA
3825:OSO K
3820:OSO J
3674:OSO C
3658:CORSA
3650:OAO-B
3642:OAO-1
3623:TRACE
3568:Uhuru
3512:SAS-C
3504:SAS-B
3480:ROSAT
3417:OSO 8
3412:OSO 7
3407:OSO 6
3402:OSO 5
3397:OSO 4
3392:OSO 3
3387:OSO B
3382:OSO 1
3361:OAO-2
3313:LEGRI
3249:ILO-X
3145:Gamma
3137:GALEX
3089:EPOXI
3081:EPOCh
3049:Cos-B
3041:CoRoT
2976:BBXRT
2864:AGILE
2843:THEIA
2818:ORBIS
2768:ILO-1
2753:HabEx
2748:FOCAL
2723:Arcus
2686:Taiji
2646:ARIEL
2590:PLATO
2487:DAMPE
2479:CALET
2426:XRISM
2402:NICER
2370:Swift
2338:GECAM
2330:Fermi
2298:DAMPE
2282:CALET
2270:X-ray
2257:Swift
2233:SOLAR
2177:ASO-S
2140:Swift
2132:SOLAR
2028:CHASE
2019:BRITE
1974:SOLAR
942:EGRET
921:EGRET
897:BATSE
875:EGRET
717:BATSE
707:BATSE
636:(now
566:with
470:EGRET
446:BATSE
412:Îģ-ray
408:X-ray
358:Epoch
208:
163:Power
115:.nasa
113:.gsfc
111:cossc
101:21225
4788:UARS
4649:SARA
4610:July
4555:June
4192:1991
3870:XIPE
3865:XEUS
3840:SNAP
3815:LOFT
3810:JDEM
3795:GEMS
3785:FAME
3773:EChO
3746:AOSO
3698:WIRE
3666:CXBN
3615:SWAS
3584:WMAP
3488:RXTE
3337:MOST
3289:IXAE
3265:IRTS
3257:IRAS
3121:FUSE
3113:EUVE
3057:COBE
2793:Lynx
2783:LUCI
2702:LISA
2662:UVEX
2614:LORD
2606:COSI
2519:SOHO
2495:IBEX
2418:LEIA
2386:MAXI
2362:SVOM
2346:IXPE
2272:and
2225:SOHO
2209:IRIS
2148:TESS
2124:SOHO
2108:Odin
2068:Gaia
1982:WISE
1966:Odin
1929:Wind
1897:NCLE
1566:NASA
1457:NASA
1426:NASA
936:The
905:OSSE
840:and
791:The
781:slew
751:OSSE
745:The
741:OSSE
711:The
606:NASA
578:and
556:CGRO
550:The
454:OSSE
380:Type
348:RAAN
117:.gov
66:NASA
18:CGRO
4601:REX
4487:May
4475:),
3860:TPF
3805:IXO
3800:HOP
3345:MSX
3281:IUE
3273:ISO
3073:DXS
3009:ANS
2992:HUT
2981:HUT
2952:ATM
2823:OST
2758:HWO
2463:ACE
2217:SDO
2116:SDO
2003:Aoi
992:Sun
853:+ E
764:CsI
701:keV
642:in
634:TRW
608:'s
416:keV
410:to
96:no.
5045::
5004:,
4990:,
4933:,
4929:,
4925:,
4921:,
4917:,
4908:,
4904:,
4900:,
4832:,
4828:,
4824:,
4820:,
4816:,
4684:,
4680:,
4676:,
4672:,
4668:,
4664:,
4655:,
4651:,
4647:,
4643:,
4624:,
4517:,
4513:,
4509:,
4505:,
4501:,
4471:,
4467:,
4409:,
4405:,
4340:,
4295:,
4291:,
4287:,
4283:,
4279:,
4275:,
4271:,
4226:,
2994:)
1496:.
1477:.
1455:.
1451:.
1438:^
1424:.
1406:.
1402:.
1383:.
1343:.
1324:.
1313:^
1292:.
1268:.
1244:.
1026:).
1020:Al
862:,
807:,
660:.
646:,
572:eV
424:am
420:pm
4958:)
4954:(
4790:)
4786:(
4720:)
4716:(
4479:)
4463:(
4459:(
4429:)
4425:(
4175:e
4168:t
4161:v
3963:e
3956:t
3949:v
2990:(
1866:e
1859:t
1852:v
1558:e
1551:t
1544:v
1387:.
1358:.
1328:.
1307:.
1278:.
1254:.
965:V
940:(
868:V
864:V
855:2
851:1
849:E
844:2
842:E
837:1
835:E
830:2
828:E
823:1
821:E
795:(
749:(
715:(
650:.
554:(
538:)
426:)
257:)
193:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
