166:(WHO) COVID-19 Case Definition states that a person with a positive RAT (also known as an antigen rapid diagnostic test or Antigen-RDT) can be considered a "confirmed case of SARS-CoV-2 infection" in two ways. First, the person with a positive Antigen-RDT could meet a "probable case definition" such as having recent loss of smell or taste without any known cause, or could meet certain "suspect criteria" such as having a severe acute respiratory illness. Second, the person with a positive Antigen-RDT could be asymptomatic but a "contact of a probable or confirmed case." Nevertheless, individual countries may have different case definitions of COVID-19; for example, in New Zealand a positive PCR test (not just a RAT) is necessary for a person to be considered a "confirmed case."
31:
245:
528:
461:
506:(WHO) released interim guidance on COVID-19 "antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests" (Ag-RDTs) including recommendations for their use, selection, and implementation. The interim guidance noted that Ag-RDTs were easier to implement and less expensive than nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs). WHO recommended the use of Ag-RDTs in outbreaks, in monitoring disease trends, and in early identification of cases.
302:. Some strains have been identified with a nucleocapsid mutation (D399N) that does decrease the sensitivity of at least one RAT (Quidel Sofia 2) up to 1,000-fold. Fortunately, the frequency of mutation D399N was still relatively low globally at ~0.02% as of May 2021. A study published in 2022 found that the sensitivities of six rapid antigen detection tests were 70.0%-92.9% for the
737:(CAGR) of -21.7%, leading to a size of $ 14 billion in 2028. A second estimate suggested that the market value was $ 4.6 billion in 2021, with a CAGR of -26.3%, leading to a value of $ 743 million in 2027. A third estimate found a value of $ 5.3 billion in 2020, which was "anticipated to grow with a healthy growth rate of more than 6.7% over the forecast period 2021-2027."
412:
278:
first positive PCR test, with an overall sensitivity of 50%. Compared with PCR tests collected the same day, the RAT sensitivity was 64%; compared with viral cultures collected the same day, the RAT sensitivity was 84%. The sensitivity of the RAT was lower in persons who were vaccinated against COVID-19 than in persons who were not vaccinated against COVID-19.
694:
US president Biden announced in
January 2022 the purchase of 500 million additional RATs for free distribution. In March 2022, WHO issued interim guidance on self-testing with Ag-RDTs. WHO made a strong recommendation that COVID-19 Ag-RDT self-testing "should be offered in addition to professionally
662:
released a national strategy for COVID-19 that pledged to "fund rapid test acquisition and distribution for priority populations, work to spur development and manufacturing of at-home tests and work to ensure that tests are widely available." In March 2021, the US FDA authorized the Abbott BinaxNOW
213:
just before
Christmas 2020, nearly 6,000 lorry drivers were stranded without food, effectively stopping Christmas food deliveries. Rapid tests were deployed by French firefighters within 24 hours at the Channel. Rapid tests enabled lorries to get on the road and complete their deliveries and return
208:
In addition to routine community use, rapid tests have also been utilised as part of humanitarian efforts during the pandemic. Following the flooding in
Jakarta in Indonesia on 2 December 2020, rapid tests were made available in flood shelters. Furthermore, following the closure of national borders
194:
theorized that higher-frequency screening using lower-sensitivity RATs may be more useful than lower-frequency screening using higher-sensitivity PCR tests because the former would "capture most infections while they are still infectious." The quick results of RATs would serve to limit asymptomatic
610:
of
Harvard said that "rapid, self-administered testing could stem the ever-surging tide of disease and death." However, further deployment of rapid tests as part of mass testing approaches in the US stalled as a result of the impasse around the $ 900 billion in COVID-19 relief contained within the
539:
became the first country in the world to initiate country-wide mass testing using rapid tests. Five million rapid tests were performed by 60,000 staff who used the SD Biosensor antigen test and performed swabbing on the population. Two research studies on the
Slovakia experience were published in
512:
approved its first COVID-19 RAT in
October 2020, the Abbott Panbio test. As of October 2020, there were questions in the US as to whether manufacturing capacity could keep up with the potential demand for hundreds of millions of RATs. RATs began to be rolled out across Portuguese schools and care
277:
A 2022 study followed 225 adults and children with COVID-19 over 15 days using PCR tests, viral cultures, and home RATs. It found that the sensitivity of the RAT (Quidel QuickVue) increased from 0% two days prior to symptom onset or first positive PCR test to 77% four days after symptom onset or
712:
5-$ 23, in contrast with PCR tests which cost at least $ 75. In a Danish study published in 2021, RATs cost about $ 5.70 per test, as opposed to PCRs at $ 10.80 per test. A 2021 study from
Germany found that monitoring health care workers exposed to COVID-19 with RATs saves money compared with
602:
By the middle of
December 2020, there were many studies confirming the efficacy and success of using rapid tests to identify individuals with COVID-19 including studies in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the US. These studies all enabled rapid tests to enter standard national COVID-19
446:
If there are no SARS-CoV-2 antigens present, then the gold nanoparticles are carried by the liquid, continue through the test line, and then captured at the control line, showing a single indicating a negative test. However, if there are antigens present, then some of the nanoparticles will be
343:
Some have raised concerns about the slow deployment and uptake of RATs, and the potential loss of life that might have occurred as a result. A modelling study in Canada estimated that half the deaths in care homes in
British Columbia in 2020 could have been prevented if rapid testing had been
127:, and give users a result within 5–30 minutes. RATs have been used in several countries as part of mass testing or population-wide screening approaches. Many RATs can be used for self-testing, in which an individual "collects their own specimen… and interpret their test result themselves".
670:
in the US of more than 77,000 of its RATs in April 2021. Two months later, the FDA warned
Americans to stop using the test because it had "significant concerns that the performance of the test has not been adequately established." A week after the FDA's warning about the Innova test, UK's
442:
specific to SARS-CoV-2 are anchored to the strip; these bind to any SARS-CoV-2 antigens, capturing the associated nanoparticles. Finally at the control line (which may be labelled "C"), antibodies that can attach to the antibodies with nanoparticles are anchored, capturing the remaining
273:
In the systematic reviews, the sensitivity was higher for symptomatic people (76%-82%) than for asymptomatic people (57%-68%). RATs were more sensitive when samples had more viral load, as measured by a low PCR "cycle threshold," and less sensitive when the samples had less viral load.
568:
as part of the accelerated technology evaluation. Further expansion of rapid tests pilots were also launched for many sectors where testing had not been previously available. These included students at Universities who had been particularly hit by outbreaks. This initially started at
330:
videos demonstrated how to use soft drinks to create false positive COVID-19 RAT results. Later, researchers found that introducing fruit juices, alcoholic beverages, bottled water, and other products directly into an Abbott Panbio COVID-19 RAT without the manufacturer's recommended
678:
In October 2021, WHO updated its interim guidance on Ag-RDTs. Among other changes, the 2021 WHO interim guidance included updated information on test performance, uses selection, and storage. Also in October 2021, Ellume recalled more than 2.2 million of its home tests because of
145:(PCR) tests' sensitivity of 88%-96%. Despite this, COVID-19 RATs remain valuable in finding people who would otherwise not know they were infected, helping to prevent further transmission. The tests are more sensitive in the symptomatic and transmissive stages of disease when the
524:, with a preliminary report released in November 2020. The researchers undertook an evaluation of 64 LFDs that proceeded in several phases. Of the four LFDs with "desirable performance characteristics," one (Innova) had a sensitivity of 78.8% and a false positive rate of 0.32%.
615:. The bill was criticized for not specifically supporting COVID rapid self-tests. Meanwhile, the FDA authorized the Abbott BinaxNOW RAT "for prescription use at home." Subsequent approval was given for the first COVID-19 at-home RAT available without a prescription, by Ellume.
290:. The strain rapidly spread around the world. With widespread global use of this form of COVID-19 testing, there was a concern that this variant would render rapid testing obsolete. As part of the UK's accelerated technology evaluation of lateral flow, within 24 hours
573:, who had the infrastructure and expertise to manage the rapid test programme, but was expanded to the majority of UK universities and enabled the national evacuation-style plan to get students safely home for Christmas. Rapid tests were also implemented within the
657:
advocated greater use of rapid tests, noting that "should research prove that rapid antigen tests can be conducted by the testee themselves.... self-testing with or without professional guidance could also be considered." In the US, newly inaugurated US president
548:
and his team. Both studies suggested that rapid antigen mass testing helped to suppress the pandemic in the country, although according to the former study the effect of mass testing on the pandemic was temporary and started to dissipate after about two weeks.
46:
SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 antigen test, rapid antigen detection test (RADT), lateral flow test (LFT), lateral flow device (LFD), antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic test (Ag-RDT), antigen rapid diagnostic test (Antigen-RDT), point of care (POC) test, rapid
218:
strongly endorsed the use of rapid tests in lower- and middle-income countries, noting "COVID-19 antigen tests can deliver rapid and actionable results, ensuring timely identification of people infected with the virus at the community level".
269:
determined that the pooled sensitivities of RATs were 70%-72%. In one systematic review, the range of sensitivities across studies was 37%-90%. As WHO recommends RATs with "≥ 80% sensitivity", many RATs do not meet the WHO recommendation.
4266:"Global COVID-19 Antigen Test Market Size study, by Product & Service (Platforms, Reagents & Kits and Services), by End-Use (Clinics & Hospitals, Home Care, Diagnostic Labs and Others) and Regional Forecasts 2021–2027"
199:
simulated various COVID-19 population screening strategies. The researchers found that "effective screening depends largely on frequency of testing and speed of reporting and is only marginally improved by high test sensitivity."
235:
to enable music festivals. However, many experts were unsure of this approach believing that "rapid tests are not the solution to restart normal life" but might be used in conjunction with other infection control techniques.
3818:
186:
studied a hypothetical college campus with 5000 students. Screening all students every two days with a "low-sensitivity, high-specificity test" (such as a RAT) would be able to control an outbreak of COVID-19.
2629:
A spokesperson for the Department of Health and Social Care said, '… we are going further by investing £500m in next generation tests, like… rapid turnaround tests that can deliver results in just 20 minutes.'
3467:"Performance of Abbott ID Now COVID-19 Rapid Nucleic Acid Amplification Test Using Nasopharyngeal Swabs Transported in Viral Transport Media and Dry Nasal Swabs in a New York City Academic Institution"
3284:
645:, commissioner for Health and Food Safety, said "Rapid antigen tests offer us speed, reliability and quick responses to isolate COVID cases. This is crucial to slow down the spread of the pandemic."
2249:
491:"to expand strategic, evidence-based testing." Later the agency announced that 100 million of the tests were to be sent to governors to use "at their discretion," for example to reopen schools.
1676:
2533:
633:(EC) met in December 2020 and developed a common European framework for "use, validation and mutual recognition of rapid tests", committing 100 million euros for the purchase of tests from
227:
Spain became the first country to use rapid tests to facilitate a return-to-normal with rapid tests being widely available in pharmacies in December 2020, and a free music concert held in
1274:
3866:
294:
laboratories were able to confirm that RATs in global development were not affected (i.e., that they could identify the new variant). This was because rapid test generally targets the
2511:
3569:
3646:
352:
Various concerns have been raised related to the safety of chemical components contained within RAT kits, which can be toxic to humans if not properly used. On February 24, 2022,
484:
3891:
556:
continued their ongoing rapid test development programme using the Innova rapid test, with increasing urgency as COVID-19 cases increased across Europe. On 6 November 2020, the
3936:
725:
of "$ 7890 per infection averted and $ 1 430 000 per death averted" if weekly screening with home-based RATs were performed in the entire US population over a 60-day period.
672:
619:
427:(LFT). For an LFT, a liquid sample (such as from a nasal swab) is placed on a pad at one end of a porous paper-like strip. The liquid is pulled through the strip by wicking (
965:"Accuracy of rapid point-of-care antigen-based diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis with meta-regression analyzing influencing factors"
265:
as low as 50%; that is, if people with COVID-19 as determined by a positive PCR test were also tested with a RAT, about half the time the RAT would be negative. As of 2022,
3158:
2570:
4265:
599:
Austria started country-wide mass testing on 5 December 2020 and ordered seven million tests consisting of the SD Biosensor test and Siemens Clinitest (aka Orientgene).
2054:"Generation of False-Positive SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Results with Testing Conditions outside Manufacturer Recommendations: A Scientific Approach to Pandemic Misinformation"
2101:
502:
would be investing ÂŁ100 billion to systematically assess, develop and implement new technologies for COVID-19 testing, including RATs for COVID-19. In that month, the
1546:
545:
116:
1783:
3841:
3516:
2330:
682:
In December 2021, US president Biden announced that the government planned to purchase and distribute for free 500 million at-home COVID-19 RATs. In response, Dr
356:
issued a public advisory warning that there had been a recent increase in calls to poison control centers associated with RATs, which contained the preservatives
3343:
2323:
1893:
4038:
4015:
2741:
3989:
1813:
1513:
1650:
3962:
3258:
2116:
1572:
3595:
2820:"COVID-19: Rapid antigen detection for SARS-CoV-2 by lateral flow assay: A national systematic evaluation of sensitivity and specificity for mass-testing"
2793:
1180:
3367:"Real-life validation of the Panbio™ COVID-19 antigen rapid test (Abbott) in community-dwelling subjects with symptoms of potential SARS-CoV-2 infection"
2149:
592:(WHO) Emergencies Department who launched a major rapid diagnostic test implementation project on the 10th of November 2020, aided by agreement from the
577:(NHS) for staff to reduce possible transmission to patients, local authorities and care homes to enable visits to visit residents. On 18 November 2020,
3621:
3107:
2239:
1460:
3914:
3543:
2909:
2768:
2794:"Oxford University and PHE confirm lateral flow tests show high specificity and are effective at identifying most individuals who are infectious"
1181:"Oxford University and PHE confirm lateral flow tests show high specificity and are effective at identifying most individuals who are infectious"
2512:"Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes First Antigen Test to Help in the Rapid Detection of the Virus that Causes COVID-19 in Patients"
1702:
2370:"Testing for COVID-19 in dental offices: mechanism of action, application and interpretation of laboratory and point-of-care screening tests"
612:
438:
are picked up by the liquid, attaching to any SARS-CoV-2 antigens present in the sample. Then, at the test line (which may be labelled "T"),
4039:"Accuracy and cost description of rapid antigen test compared with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for SARS-CoV-2 detection"
1755:
770:"Point of care test" and "rapid test" could refer to "rapid antigen test" but could also refer to tests that use PCR or other technologies.
722:
557:
603:
testing strategies. Global piloting of rapid tests was now common place in schools in Canada, travel hubs in Indonesia, and across India.
2646:
2024:
323:
3002:
1599:
3764:
3233:
1729:
593:
3418:"A comparative evaluation between the Abbott Panbio™ COVID-19 IgG/IgM rapid test device and Abbott Architect™ SARS CoV-2 IgG assay"
335:
produced false positives. In contrast, a different RAT (BD Veritor) produced no false positive results under the same conditions.
1278:
3285:"Global partnership to make available 120 million affordable, quality COVID-19 rapid tests for low- and middle-income countries"
1625:
733:
Estimates of value of the worldwide market for RATs vary. One estimate was that the market size was $ 28 billion in 2021 with a
3132:
4269:
4221:
214:
to their families for Christmas, demonstrating the potential global utility of having an easily implementable COVID-19 test.
1252:
215:
2555:
751:
654:
188:
30:
447:
stopped at the test line and the rest will be stopped at the control line, showing two lines indicating a positive test.
3184:
714:
469:
397:
3819:"Council agrees on strengthening the use of rapid antigen tests and on the mutual recognition of COVID-19 test results"
695:
administered testing services." An April 2022 warning from the US FDA concerned two counterfeit at-home COVID-19 RATs.
3335:
3210:
734:
718:
622:
approved the Innova rapid test for self-testing of asymptomatic people. The United Kingdom's chief clinical medic, Dr
541:
473:
393:
262:
258:
138:
134:
2536:. United States Department of Health and Human Services. 27 August 2020. Archived from the original on 28 August 2020
2334:
1305:"Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Screening Strategies to Permit the Safe Reopening of College Campuses in the United States"
862:
307:
286:
In November 2020, a new, marginally more infectious strain of SARS-CoV-2 was identified in the United Kingdom, the
3793:"Coronavirus: Commission puts forward rules on rapid antigen tests and secures 20 million tests for Member States"
3697:
629:
Noting the ability to identify cases more rapidly, and considering the ensuing escalation in cases in Europe, the
4296:
3310:
589:
503:
405:
299:
163:
142:
4243:
3669:
3622:"9 Things You Need to Know About the $ 1.4 Trillion Fiscal Year 2021 Omnibus and $ 900 Billion COVID-19 Package"
2196:"Sodium-azide versus ProClin 300: influence on the morphology of UHMWPE particles generated in laboratory tests"
408:. Similarly, almost all tests on the European Union common list of COVID-19 RATs target nucleocapsid proteins.
244:
3867:"Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Continues to Advance Over-the Counter and Other Screening Test Development"
2672:
1573:"COVID-19 diagnostics: MSF welcomes more affordable rapid tests for lower- and middle-income countries – World"
303:
287:
531:
Contents of a box of free COVID-19 rapid antigen lateral flow tests provided by the NHS Test and Trace system.
1131:"The screening value of RT-LAMP and RT-PCR in the diagnosis of COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis"
3159:"COVID-19: Care home residents allowed to see family after rapid tests rolled out – 'it was very emotional'"
1844:"Comparison of Home Antigen Testing With RT-PCR and Viral Culture During the Course of SARS-CoV-2 Infection"
574:
527:
4301:
2200:
3647:"Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Issues New Authorization for the BinaxNOW COVID-19 Ag Card Home Test"
2095:
863:"Use of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detection rapid diagnostic tests for COVID-19 self-testing. Interim guidance"
517:
291:
85:
81:
77:
73:
2647:"Antigen-detection in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection using rapid immunoassays. Interim guidance"
3765:"Negative result in rapid Covid test is not green light to abandon social distancing, top medic warns"
3544:"Passengers form long queues to take antigen rapid tests in Bali's Ngurah Rai Airport | Coconuts Bali"
1027:
Tapari A, Braliou GG, Papaefthimiou M, Mavriki H, Kontou PI, Nikolopoulos GK, Bagos PG (4 June 2022).
963:
BrĂĽmmer LE, Katzenschlager S, McGrath S, Schmitz S, Gaeddert M, Erdmann C, et al. (26 May 2022).
2955:
2466:
2244:
1414:
1211:
607:
521:
179:
3036:
713:
sending them into quarantine. A 2021 study concluded that if the US is willing to pay $ 100,000 per
3792:
3674:
3365:
Gremmels H, Winkel BM, Schuurman R, Rosingh A, Rigter NA, Rodriguez O, et al. (January 2021).
667:
638:
630:
488:
3055:
901:"Performance of Rapid Antigen Tests for COVID-19 Diagnosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
35:
Negative (left, showing Control line) and positive (right, showing Control and Test lines) results
2195:
499:
416:
175:
112:
1547:"COVID-19: Raw anger among lorry drivers in Dover as coronavirus testing fails to ease tensions"
899:
Khalid MF, Selvam K, Jeffry AJ, Salmi MF, Najib MA, Norhayati MN, et al. (4 January 2022).
460:
4172:"Clinical and Economic Effects of Widespread Rapid Testing to Decrease SARS-CoV-2 Transmission"
4121:"Comparative cost-effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 testing strategies in the USA: a modelling study"
1974:"Analytical Sensitivity of Six SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Tests for Omicron versus Delta Variant"
4203:
4152:
4101:
4050:
3745:
3498:
3447:
3398:
3010:
2983:
2917:
2890:
2849:
2723:
2620:
2571:"Why Rapid Coronavirus Tests in Schools May Not Be the 'Game Changer' Some Officials Hope For"
2549:
2492:
2407:
2389:
2305:
2217:
2176:
2083:
2005:
1954:
1875:
1521:
1442:
1380:
1336:
1229:
1162:
1111:
1060:
1029:"Performance of Antigen Detection Tests for SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
996:
932:
839:
642:
634:
626:, noted that rapid tests provided a means to find "people that...we couldn't otherwise find".
570:
424:
266:
103:
1972:
Bayart JL, Degosserie J, Favresse J, Gillot C, Didembourg M, Djokoto HP, et al. (2022).
4193:
4183:
4142:
4132:
4119:
Du Z, Pandey A, Bai Y, Fitzpatrick MC, Chinazzi M, Pastore y Piontti A, et al. (2021).
4091:
4081:
3735:
3698:"Rapid at-home Covid-19 tests are finally here. Here's how they could help end the pandemic"
3488:
3478:
3437:
3429:
3388:
3378:
2973:
2963:
2942:
Pavelka M, Van-Zandvoort K, Abbott S, Sherratt K, Majdan M, Jarčuška P, et al. (2021).
2880:
2839:
2831:
2713:
2610:
2482:
2474:
2397:
2381:
2295:
2287:
2209:
2166:
2158:
2117:"Rapid tests could have prevented half of B.C. care home deaths in 2020, modelling suggests"
2073:
2065:
1995:
1985:
1944:
1934:
1894:"Rapid evaluation confirms lateral flow devices effective in detecting new COVID-19 variant"
1865:
1855:
1432:
1422:
1370:
1326:
1316:
1219:
1152:
1142:
1101:
1091:
1080:"Estimate false-negative RT-PCR rates for SARS-CoV-2. A systematic review and meta-analysis"
1050:
1040:
986:
976:
922:
912:
829:
819:
746:
428:
124:
3915:"U.K. doubles down on Innova's rapid COVID-19 test, after FDA urged users to throw it away"
808:"The impact of repeated mass antigen testing for COVID-19 on the prevalence of the disease"
686:
was quoted as saying that the number of tests "does not come even close to what's needed."
487:
announced that the US government would be purchasing 150 million BinaxNOW RATs produced by
4070:"Point-of-Care COVID-19 Antigen Testing in Exposed German Healthcare Workers-A Cost Model"
3724:"Covid-19: UK regulator approves lateral flow test for home use despite accuracy concerns"
3416:
Batra R, Olivieri LG, Rubin D, Vallari A, Pearce S, Olivo A, et al. (November 2020).
2944:"The impact of population-wide rapid antigen testing on SARS-CoV-2 prevalence in Slovakia"
381:
332:
4037:
Jakobsen KK, Jensen JS, Todsen T, Tolsgaard MG, Kirkby N, Lippert F, et al. (2021).
3037:"The UK is trialling a lateral flow test for mass Covid-19 diagnosis – how does it work?"
2428:
2052:
Patriquin G, Davidson RJ, Hatchette TF, Head BM, Mejia E, Becker MG; et al. (2021).
1921:
Bourassa L, Perchetti GA, Phung Q, Lin MJ, Mills MG, Roychoudhury P, et al. (2021).
314:; however, for Omicron samples with a low viral load, the sensitivities were 0.0%-23.1%.
162:
COVID-19 rapid antigen tests (RATs) have been widely used for diagnosis of COVID-19. The
3937:"Ellume Recalls COVID-19 Home Test for Potential False Positive SARS-CoV-2 Test Results"
2959:
2470:
1418:
1215:
783:
found a pooled false-negative rate for PCR of 0.12, which implies a sensitivity of 0.88.
516:
One of the early large studies of COVID-19 lateral flow devices (LFDs) was completed by
123:). They are quick to implement with minimal training, cost a fraction of other forms of
4198:
4171:
4147:
4120:
4096:
4069:
3892:"Stop Using Innova SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Rapid Qualitative Test: FDA Safety Communication"
3493:
3466:
3442:
3417:
3393:
3366:
2978:
2943:
2844:
2819:
2575:
2487:
2454:
2402:
2369:
2300:
2275:
2171:
2144:
2078:
2053:
2000:
1973:
1949:
1922:
1870:
1843:
1437:
1403:"Test sensitivity is secondary to frequency and turnaround time for COVID-19 screening"
1402:
1331:
1321:
1304:
1157:
1130:
1106:
1079:
1055:
1028:
991:
964:
927:
900:
834:
807:
582:
553:
495:
130:
4137:
3963:"Biden announces free tests and defends the White House response as COVID cases surge"
2213:
4290:
2673:"Health Canada approves 1st rapid antigen COVID-19 test, feds plan to buy 20 million"
2599:"Covid-19: Government plans to spend ÂŁ100bn on expanding testing to 10 million a day"
2453:
Frew E, Roberts D, Barry S, Holden M, Restell Mand A, Mitsock E, et al. (2021).
2225:
717:
averted, then weekly or monthly testing of the population using RATs is likely to be
623:
561:
509:
353:
210:
1860:
1486:
4244:"COVID-19 Rapid Antigen Test Kits Market - Global Outlook & Forecast 2022-2027"
3056:"Covid-19 updates: University's lateral flow tests available to book from tomorrow"
2742:"Huge demand for COVID-19 rapid antigen testing may face manufacturing constraints"
1842:
Chu VT, Schwartz NG, Donnelly MA, Chuey MR, Soto R, Yousaf AR, et al. (2022).
1703:"Lateral flow testing – new rapid tests to detect COVID-19 – Public health matters"
1401:
Larremore DB, Wilder B, Lester E, Shehata S, Burke JM, Hay JA, et al. (2021).
1147:
435:
401:
357:
3465:
Basu A, Zinger T, Inglima K, Woo KM, Atie O, Yurasits L, et al. (July 2020).
2769:"Portugal rolls out 'rapid tests' to help stem outbreaks in schools and OAP homes"
411:
322:
If a COVID-19 RAT is used outside manufacturer recommendations, the result can be
3383:
2835:
1651:"The Albanian government has approved rapid Covid testing for Unum Festival 2021"
981:
431:), encountering different chemically-enhanced regions embedded within the strip.
1045:
917:
389:
2478:
2385:
2162:
1224:
1199:
824:
3433:
3080:
2069:
1939:
1814:"Antigen-detection in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Interim guidance"
439:
311:
146:
56:
3517:"Rapid COVID-19 Testing Expands to Include Vulnerable Populations in Alberta"
3014:
2921:
2393:
2194:
Affatato, S; Bersaglia, G; Emiliani, D; Foltran, I; Toni, A (February 2004).
1525:
4086:
3990:"You'll be able to order free at-home COVID test kits starting on Wednesday"
3570:"Mumbai: As 15-minutes rapid tests start this week, spike in cases expected"
3259:"SARS-CoV-2 Antigen detecting rapid diagnostic test implementation projects"
2968:
2718:
2701:
1756:"Why India's rapid antigen tests for coronavirus are like 'flipping a coin'"
683:
659:
565:
377:
228:
4207:
4156:
4105:
4054:
3749:
3502:
3451:
3402:
2987:
2894:
2853:
2727:
2624:
2496:
2411:
2309:
2221:
2180:
2087:
2009:
1958:
1879:
1446:
1427:
1384:
1340:
1233:
1166:
1115:
1064:
1000:
936:
843:
588:
Global efforts to step up evaluations of rapid tests were initiated by the
2455:"A SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid diagnostic test for resource limited settings"
2291:
1626:"Barcelona hosts concert for 500 residents in COVID rapid-test experiment"
675:(MHRA) cleared the rapid diagnostic's use and extended its authorization.
3483:
1923:"A SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Variant that Affects Antigen Test Performance"
1784:"Plans for 30-minute Covid testing in England halted amid accuracy fears"
1760:
1375:
1358:
536:
373:
120:
60:
2240:"Rapid antigen test kits and potential exposure to hazardous substances"
2143:
Johnson-Arbor, Kelly; Reid, Nicole; Smolinske, Susan (25 January 2022).
663:
RAT and the Quidel QuickVue RAT for use at home without a prescription.
231:
for individuals who took a rapid test. A similar approach was taken in
3842:"National Strategy for the COVID-19 Response and Pandemic Preparedness"
2121:
385:
369:
232:
41:
3740:
3723:
3108:"NHS staff to get twice-weekly home covid tests with immediate effect"
2885:
2868:
2615:
2598:
1990:
1677:"Rapid tests are not the solution to restart normal life, expert says"
1096:
261:
of RATs are high (98%-99%), in 2020 RATs were criticized for having a
4222:"Global COVID-19 Rapid Antigen Test Kits Market Research Report 2022"
4188:
2910:"Slovakia carries out Covid mass testing of two-thirds of population"
679:"higher-than-acceptable false positive test results for SARS-CoV-2".
477:
327:
295:
2869:"Covid-19: Mass testing in Slovakia may have helped cut infections"
1461:"North Jakarta to provide rapid tests for people in flood shelters"
1359:"Rethinking Covid-19 Test Sensitivity – A Strategy for Containment"
404:
proteins, and one also detected the receptor-binding domain of the
2534:"Trump Administration Will Deploy 150 Million Rapid Tests in 2020"
1730:"Coronavirus antigen tests: quick and cheap, but too often wrong?"
578:
526:
459:
248:
A certification of quality for a COVID-19 rapid antigen home test.
243:
68:
3234:"Results of mass coronavirus testing in Merthyr schools released"
1514:"Army to take over Covid testing for hauliers trapped near Dover"
3596:"Even With A Vaccine, We Still Need Rapid Tests To End Covid-19"
3081:"Covid-19: Universities to oversee student exodus for Christmas"
3003:"Liverpool to pioneer UK's first attempt at mass Covid testing"
709:
3670:"How do home tests for coronavirus work? Where can I get one?"
1275:"Case definition and clinical testing guidelines for COVID-19"
544:
and his coauthors and another one by Martin Pavelka from the
1129:
Pu R, Liu S, Ren X, Shi D, Ba Y, Huo Y, et al. (2022).
3133:"More rapid COVID-19 tests to be rolled out across England"
2025:"How children are spoofing Covid-19 tests with soft drinks"
476:(EUA) for a COVID-19 RAT, the Sofia 2 test manufactured by
2702:"The Challenges of Expanding Rapid Tests to Curb COVID-19"
1600:"Pharmacies in Spain to Roll out Rapid Tests for COVID-19"
434:
First, at a "conjugate pad," soluble antibodies with gold
3211:"Mass Testing in Merthyr Tydfil to continue until Friday"
596:
that limited costs for low- and middle-income countries.
3336:"'20,000 a day': How mass testing is working in Austria"
2818:
Peto T, UK COVID-19 Lateral Flow Oversight Team (2021).
1247:
1245:
1243:
282:
Potential for false negative results due to new variants
384:. COVID-19 rapid antigen tests (RATs) detect antigenic
3185:"ÂŁ149 million to support increased care home testing"
485:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
318:
False positive results when instructions not followed
1487:"Covid-19: Charities send food to stranded truckers"
1200:"Fast coronavirus tests: what they can and can't do"
708:
In late 2020, it was noted that in the US RATs cost
4268:. Market Study Report. 17 July 2021. Archived from
4016:"Counterfeit At-Home OTC COVID-19 Diagnostic Tests"
2145:"Human toxicity from COVID-19 rapid home test kits"
673:
Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
620:
Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
67:
51:
40:
23:
1078:Pecoraro V, Negro A, Pirotti T, Trenti T (2022).
540:early 2021, one by professor Martin Kahanec from
4246:. Arizton Advisory & Intelligence. June 2022
3939:. Food and Drug Administration. 16 November 2021
3886:
3884:
3821:. Council of the European Union. 21 January 2021
3649:. Food and Drug Administration. 16 December 2020
2423:
2421:
2324:"EU Common list of COVID-19 rapid antigen tests"
2047:
2045:
1396:
1394:
546:London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
464:COVID-19 rapid test being administered in Rwanda
3311:"COVID-19 Mass Testing in Austria: All Details"
1916:
1914:
174:Between mid-2020 and early 2021, studies using
2652:. World Health Organization. 11 September 2020
2374:The Journal of the American Dental Association
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2331:Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety
1298:
1296:
1279:New Zealand Ministry of Health – Manatū Hauora
4018:. Food and Drug Administration. 29 April 2022
3869:. Food and Drug Administration. 31 March 2021
1255:. World Health Organization. 16 December 2020
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
801:
799:
581:completed the first whole borough testing at
8:
3894:. Food and Drug Administration. 10 June 2021
2695:
2693:
2269:
2267:
2100:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1512:Rawlinson K, Halliday J (24 December 2020).
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
806:Kahanec M, Lafférs L, Schmidpeter B (2021).
494:By September 2020, it was reported that the
392:. Of the COVID-19 RATs that had received an
2813:
2811:
2448:
2446:
1816:. World Health Organization. 6 October 2021
1352:
1350:
3956:
3954:
3620:Dickerson MD, Ditch D (22 December 2020).
2641:
2639:
2637:
2368:Shirazi S, Stanford CM, Cooper LF (2021).
2150:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1808:
1806:
1804:
178:estimated the benefit of frequent RATs in
29:
16:Diagnostic test for a SARS-CoV-2 infection
4197:
4187:
4146:
4136:
4095:
4085:
3787:
3785:
3739:
3492:
3482:
3441:
3392:
3382:
3315:Vindobona.org | Vienna International News
2977:
2967:
2884:
2843:
2717:
2614:
2486:
2401:
2299:
2276:"Rapid Diagnostic Testing for SARS-CoV-2"
2170:
2077:
1999:
1989:
1948:
1938:
1869:
1859:
1436:
1426:
1374:
1330:
1320:
1303:Paltiel AD, Zheng A, Walensky RP (2020).
1223:
1156:
1146:
1105:
1095:
1054:
1044:
990:
980:
926:
916:
865:. World Health Organization. 9 March 2022
857:
855:
853:
833:
823:
209:in Europe following the emergence of the
141:of 70%-72%, which is lower than COVID-19
2908:Agence France-Presse (2 November 2020).
2796:. University of Oxford. 11 November 2020
1357:Mina MJ, Parker R, Larremore DB (2020).
410:
1782:Halliday J, Pidd H (22 December 2020).
795:
763:
3001:Boseley S, Elgot J (2 November 2020).
2547:
2429:"How COVID-19 lateral flow tests work"
2093:
137:is 98%-99%. However, the tests have a
20:
4068:Diel R, Hittel N, Nienhaus A (2021).
3961:Diaz J, Naylor B (21 December 2021).
723:incremental cost-effectiveness ratios
613:Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021
451:History of development and deployment
7:
4224:. Market Reports World. 10 June 2022
4170:Paltiel AD, Zheng A, Sax PE (2021).
3346:from the original on 9 December 2020
2252:from the original on 24 January 2024
400:(FDA) by January 2022, all detected
1363:The New England Journal of Medicine
1322:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.16818
415:Rapid antigen test functioning by
182:populations for COVID-19. Paltiel
14:
3594:Haseltine WA (11 December 2020).
3542:CoconutsBali (22 December 2020).
3035:Littlejohns P (6 November 2020).
2510:Hahn SM, Shuren JE (9 May 2020).
594:Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
564:, started city-wide screening of
388:on the surface of the SARS-CoV-2
253:False negatives (low sensitivity)
3568:Pinto R, Iyer M (28 June 2020).
3471:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
3232:Wightwick A (10 December 2020).
3054:Sigsworth T (19 November 2020).
2431:. Welsh Government. 30 June 2022
1253:"WHO COVID-19: Case Definitions"
618:In the UK in December 2020, the
4074:Int J Environ Res Public Health
3840:Biden JR Jr (21 January 2021).
3696:Courage KH (18 December 2020).
2597:Iacobucci G, Coombes R (2020).
1861:10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.1827
1707:publichealthmatters.blog.gov.uk
721:. Another 2021 study estimated
3763:Woodcock A (5 December 2020).
2514:. Food and Drug Administration
2333:. 10 June 2022. Archived from
2115:Holliday I (29 January 2021).
1148:10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114392
666:Innova voluntarily launched a
326:. Beginning in December 2020,
1:
4138:10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00002-5
2214:10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00603-3
752:Development of COVID-19 tests
655:Council of the European Union
3988:Naylor B (14 January 2022).
3422:Journal of Clinical Virology
3384:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100677
2836:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100924
2671:Tasker JP (6 October 2020).
982:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004011
704:Costs and cost-effectiveness
470:Food and Drug Administration
423:A typical COVID-19 RAT is a
398:Food and Drug Administration
94:COVID-19 rapid antigen tests
3106:Serle J (9 November 2020).
2023:Lorch, Mark (5 July 2021).
1754:Saxena R (17 August 2020).
1624:Dorn S (12 December 2020).
1598:Glenn A (7 December 2020).
1046:10.3390/diagnostics12061388
918:10.3390/diagnostics12010110
735:compound annual growth rate
542:Central European University
474:Emergency Use Authorization
394:Emergency Use Authorization
24:COVID-19 rapid antigen test
4318:
3668:Wan W (16 December 2020).
2867:Mahase E (December 2020).
2767:Donn N (27 October 2020).
2479:10.1038/s41598-021-02128-y
2386:10.1016/j.adaj.2021.04.019
2163:10.1016/j.ajem.2022.01.048
1728:Service RF (22 May 2020).
1225:10.1038/d41586-020-02661-2
825:10.1007/s00148-021-00856-z
339:Slow deployment and uptake
223:Use for "return to normal"
133:are very rare; the tests'
100:s, also frequently called
3434:10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104645
2569:Blad E (9 October 2020).
2554:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2070:10.1128/Spectrum.00683-21
1940:10.1016/j.jcv.2021.104900
590:World Health Organization
504:World Health Organization
406:coronavirus spike protein
164:World Health Organization
143:polymerase chain reaction
28:
306:and 69.6%-78.3% for the
288:SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant
216:Médecins Sans Frontières
4087:10.3390/ijerph182010767
3913:Hale C (18 June 2021).
3626:The Heritage Foundation
2969:10.1126/science.abf9648
2719:10.1001/jama.2020.21106
2329:. European Commission,
575:National Health Service
472:(FDA) issued the first
3112:Health Service Journal
1604:Euro Weekly News Spain
1428:10.1126/sciadv.abd5393
779:The study by Pecoraro
532:
465:
420:
348:Toxicity of components
249:
3994:National Public Radio
3967:National Public Radio
2292:10.1056/NEJMcp2117115
653:By January 2021, the
530:
518:Public Health England
463:
414:
292:Public Health England
247:
4125:Lancet Public Health
3484:10.1128/JCM.01136-20
2248:. 24 February 2022.
2245:Government of Canada
1376:10.1056/NEJMp2025631
1198:Guglielmi G (2020).
608:William A. Haseltine
535:On 2 November 2020,
522:University of Oxford
483:In August 2020, the
468:In May 2020, the US
298:protein and not the
3797:European Commission
3675:The Washington Post
3342:. 7 December 2020.
3291:. 28 September 2020
2960:2021Sci...372..635P
2471:2021NatSR..1123009F
1419:2021SciA....7.5393L
1216:2020Natur.585..496G
1187:. 11 November 2020.
729:Global market value
631:European Commission
489:Abbott Laboratories
176:mathematical models
113:rapid antigen tests
3799:. 18 December 2020
3574:The Times of India
3523:. 23 December 2020
3265:. 10 November 2020
3213:. 14 December 2020
3191:. 23 December 2020
3165:. 25 December 2020
3139:. 10 November 2020
3087:. 11 November 2020
3041:NS Medical Devices
1683:. 22 December 2020
1681:The Brussels Times
1553:. 24 December 2020
1493:. 23 December 2020
533:
466:
421:
417:lateral flow assay
396:(EUA) from the US
380:that can cause an
310:across a range of
267:systematic reviews
250:
240:Concerns about use
195:spread. Larremore
104:lateral flow tests
4272:on 15 August 2022
3996:. Washington, D.C
3969:. Washington, D.C
3741:10.1136/bmj.m4950
3722:Mahase E (2020).
3371:eClinicalMedicine
2954:(6542): 635–641.
2886:10.1136/bmj.m4761
2824:eClinicalMedicine
2773:Portugal Resident
2746:Modern Healthcare
2712:(18): 1813–1815.
2616:10.1136/bmj.m3520
2380:(7): 514–525.e8.
2274:Drain PK (2022).
1991:10.3390/v14040654
1709:. 8 December 2020
1657:. 2 December 2020
1579:. 29 January 2021
1467:. 2 December 2020
1210:(7826): 496–498.
1185:Oxford University
1097:10.1111/eci.13706
1084:Eur J Clin Invest
715:year of life lost
643:Stella Kyriakides
571:Durham University
425:lateral flow test
204:Humanitarian uses
91:
90:
4309:
4297:COVID-19 testing
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4262:
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4255:
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4211:
4201:
4191:
4189:10.7326/M21-0510
4167:
4161:
4160:
4150:
4140:
4131:(3): e184–e191.
4116:
4110:
4109:
4099:
4089:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4049:(7): A03210217.
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2764:
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2755:
2753:
2748:. 8 October 2020
2738:
2732:
2731:
2721:
2700:Rubin R (2020).
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2058:Microbiol Spectr
2049:
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2020:
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1474:
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1465:The Jakarta Post
1457:
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1407:Science Advances
1398:
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848:
847:
837:
827:
818:(4): 1105–1140.
803:
784:
777:
771:
768:
747:COVID-19 testing
699:Economic aspects
500:Moonshot program
429:capillary action
170:Use in screening
158:Use in diagnosis
125:COVID-19 testing
33:
21:
4317:
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3918:
3917:. FierceBiotech
3912:
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