Copyright Term Extension Act

260: 1062:. The key differences between Sensenbrenner's proposal and McCollum's amendment were 1) local arbitration versus court lawsuits in rate disagreements, 2) all retail businesses versus only restaurants and bars, 3) 3500 square feet of general public area versus 3,500 square feet (330 m) of gross area, 4) which music licensing societies it applied to (all versus ASCAP and BMI), and 5) freedom from vicarious liability for landlords and others leasing space versus no such provision. After debate (and the first verse of American Pie) the McCollum Amendment was rejected by a vote of 259 to 150 and the Sensenbrenner amendment was passed by 297 to 112. The Copyright Term Extension Act H.R. 2589 was passed. 1038:

merely "promot the progress of science and useful arts". In fact, some works created under time-limited copyright would not be created under perpetual copyright because the creator of a distantly derivative work does not have the money and resources to find the owner of copyright in the original work and purchase a license, or the individual or privately held owner of copyright in the original work might refuse to license a use at any price (though a refusal to license may trigger a fair use safety valve). Thus they argue that a rich, continually replenished, public domain is necessary for continued artistic creation.

40: 873:" Dixon continues that with increased extensions on copyright protections, authors receive the benefits, while the public have more difficulty accessing these works, weakening public domain. One such extension Dixon mentions is the protection of a copyrighted work for the author's life followed by two generations, which opponents argue that there is no legislation nor intention for this copyright protection. "These constitutionally-grounded arguments 'for limitations on proprietary rights' are being rejected time and time again." 1058:(Texas) called the 'Fairness in Music Licensing Act' the 'Music Theft Act' and claimed that it was a mechanism to "steal the intellectual property of thousands of small businesspeople who are song writers in this land." The majority of subsequent debate was over Sensenbrenner's House Amendment 532 to the CTEA. This amendment was over details of allowing music from radio and television broadcasts in small businesses to be played without licensing fees. An amendment to Sensenbrenner's amendment was proposed by 918:, claiming that such an act is not "necessary and proper" to accomplishing the Constitution's stated purpose of "promot the progress of science and useful arts". They argue that most works bring most of the profits during the first few years and are pushed off the market by the publishers thereafter. Thus there is little economic incentive in extending the terms of copyrights except for the few owners of franchises that are wildly successful, such as Disney. They also point out that the 1176:

two decades surrounding 1923 made available as audiobooks. They found that copyrighted works were significantly less likely to be available than public domain ones, found no evidence of overexploitation driving down the price of works, and that the quality of the audiobook recordings did not significantly affect the price people were willing to pay for the books in print. Heald's later experiment analyzing a random sample of newly posted works on

879:, a law professor, led an effort to try to prevent the CTEA from being passed. He testified before the Committees on the Judiciary arguing "that extending the term of copyright protection would impose substantial costs on the United States general public without supplying any public benefit. The extension bills represent a fundamental departure from the United States philosophy that intellectual property legislation serve a public purpose." 336:, the Sonny Bono Act did not revive copyrights that had already expired, and therefore is not retroactive in that sense. The Act did extend the terms of protection set for works that were already copyrighted and were created before it took effect, so it is retroactive in that sense. However, works created before January 1, 1978, but not published or registered for copyright until recently, are addressed in a special section ( 2580: 1023:. The Bono Act is thus perceived to add an instability to commerce and investment, areas which have a better legal theoretical basis than intellectual property, whose theory is of quite recent development and is often criticized as being a corporate chimera. Conceivably, if one had made such an investment and then produced a derivative work (or perhaps even re-released the work 600: 809:

guarantee that the work will be more widely available or cheaper. Suggesting that quality copies of public domain works are not widely available, they argue that one reason for a lack of availability may be due to publishers' reluctance to publish a work that is in the public domain for fear that they will not be able to recoup their investment or earn enough profit.

2183:"Brief of George A. Akerlof, Kenneth J. Arrow, Timothy F. Bresnahan, James M. Buchanan, Ronald H. Coase, Linda R. Cohen, Milton Friedman, Jerry R. Green, Robert W. Hahn, Thomas W. Hazlett, C. Scott Hemphill, Robert E. Litan, Roger G. Noll, Richard Schmalensee, Steven Shavell, Hal R. Varian, and Richard J. Zeckhauser as Amici Curiae in Support of Petitioners" 558: 942:), life expectancies have roughly doubled. Moreover, life expectancy statistics are skewed due to historically high infant mortality rates. Correcting for infant mortality, life expectancy has only increased by fifteen years between 1850 and 2000. In addition, copyright terms have increased significantly since the 1790 act, but 578:

fair compensation for American creators who deserve to benefit fully from the exploitation of their works. Moreover, by stimulating the creation of new works and providing enhanced economic incentives to preserve existing works, such an extension will enhance the long-term volume, vitality and accessibility of the public domain.

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The term extension was supported for two key reasons. First, "copyright industries give us one of our most significant trade surpluses." Second, the recently enacted legislation in the European Union had extended copyright there for 20 years, and so EU works would be protected for 20 years longer

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Opponents identify another possible harm from copyright extension: loss of productive value of private collections of copyrighted works. A person who collected copyrighted works that would soon "go out of copyright", intending to re-release them on copyright expiration, lost the use of their capital

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Opponents also argue that the Act encourages "offshore production," in which derivative works could be created outside the United States in areas where copyright would have expired, but US law would prohibit these works from being shown to US residents. For example, a cartoon of Mickey Mouse playing

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Some opponents have questioned the proponents' life expectancy argument, making the comparison between the growth of copyright terms and the term of patents in relation to the growth of life expectancies. Life expectancies have risen from about 35 years in 1800 to 77.6 years in 2002. While copyright

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works created before 1978 would still begin entering the public domain January 1, 2003 (Known author: life of the author plus 70 years; anonymous/pseudoanonymous/unknown author/works-for-hire: 120 years from creation), and that the provision remained unaffected by the 1998 extension. They also claim

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performed tests of three key justifications of copyright extension, namely: that public domain works will be underutilized and less available, will be oversaturated by poor quality copies, and poor quality derivative works will harm the reputation of the original works. They compared works from the

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Proponents reject the idea that only works in the public domain can provide artistic inspiration. They note that opponents fail to take into account that copyright applies only to expressions of ideas and not the ideas themselves. Thus artists are free to get ideas from copyrighted works as long as

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Many different versions of the film were made and most if not all were in horrible condition. After underlying rights to the film were enforced, it was given a high quality restoration that was hailed by critics. In addition, proponents note that once a work falls into the public domain there is no

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Proponents contend that Congress has the power to pass whatever copyright term it wants because the language "To promote the progress of science and useful arts" in the United States Constitution is not a substantive limitation on the powers of Congress, leaving the sole restriction that copyrights

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in the exploitation of copyrighted works. The bill accomplishes these goals by extending the current U.S. copyright term for an additional 21 years. Such an extension will provide significant trade benefits by substantially harmonizing U.S. copyright law to that of the European Union while ensuring

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questioned the proponents' argument that "new works would not be created", which implies that the goal of copyright is to make the creation of new works possible. However, the Framers of the United States Constitution evidently thought that unnecessary, instead restricting the goal of copyright to

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The 1998 Act extended these terms to life of the author plus 70 years and for works of corporate authorship to 95 years from publication or 120 years after creation, whichever end is earlier. For works published before January 1, 1978, the 1998 act extended the renewal term from 47 years to 67

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No doubt the highpoint of the Eldred v. Ashcroft case was when I learned Friedman would sign our "Economists' Brief": As it was reported to me, when asked, he responded: "Only if the world 'no brainer' appears in it somewhere." A reasonable man, he signed even though we couldn't fit that word

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The authors of the report believed that extending copyright protection would help the United States by providing more protection for their works in foreign countries and by giving more incentive to digitize and preserve works since there was an exclusive right in them. The report also included

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Proponents also question the idea that extended copyright is "corporate welfare". They state that many opponents also have a stake in the case, claiming that those arguing against copyright term extension are mostly businesses that depend on distributing films and videos that have lost their

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Critics of the CTEA argue that it was never the original intention for copyright protection to be extended in the United States. Attorney Jenny L. Dixon mentions that "the United States has always viewed copyright primarily as a vehicle for achieving social benefit based on the belief that

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decision, the Supreme Court noted that these extensions "were all temporary placeholders subsumed into the systemic changes effected by the 1976 Act." As a result, these works entered the public domain on January 1, following the end of the 75th calendar year after their publication.

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for works covered by the older fixed term copyright rules. Under this Act, works made in 1923 or afterwards that were still protected by copyright in 1998 would not enter the public domain until January 1, 2019, or later. Mickey Mouse specifically, having first appeared in 1928 in

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See Pub. L. 87-668, 76 Stat. 555; Pub. L. 89-142, 79 Stat. 581; Pub. L. 90-141, 81 Stat. 464; Pub. L. 90-416, 82 Stat. 397; Pub. L. 91-147, 83 Stat. 360; Pub. L. 91-555, 84 Stat. 1441; Pub. L. 92-170, 85 Stat. 490; Pub. L. 92-566, 86 Stat. 1181; Pub. L. 93-573, Title I, 88 Stat.

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of 1886, the signatory countries are required to provide copyright protection for a minimum term of the life of the author plus fifty years. Additionally, they are permitted to provide for a longer term of protection. The Berne Convention did not come into force for the

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will soon 'fall into the public domain,' he makes the public domain sound like a dark abyss where songs go, never to be heard again. In fact, when a work enters the public domain it means the public can afford to use it freely, to give it new currency."

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Proponents believe that copyright encourages progress in the arts. With an extension of copyright, future artists have to create something original, rather than reuse old work. However, had the act been in place in the 1960s, it is unlikely that

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would have been able to sell or even exhibit any of his work, since it all incorporated previously copyrighted material. Proponents contend that it is more important to encourage all creators to make new works instead of just copyright holders.

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case, when the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the CTEA. It is also pointed out by proponents that the extension did not prevent all works from going in the public domain. They note that the 1976 Copyright Act established that

618: 622: 621: 617: 616: 799:(who owned the motion picture rights to the short story and the music even after the film itself became public domain) began to assert their rights to the film, various local TV stations and cable networks broadcast the film endlessly. As 623: 368:

Prior to the passage of the 1976 Copyright Act, Congress passed nine incremental extensions between 1962 and 1974 for works that were in their renewal term whose copyright began between September 19, 1906, and December 31, 1918. In the

736:, and that some works would be created under a longer copyright that would never be created under the existing copyright. They also claim that copyrighted works are an important source of income to the US and that media such as 2921: 314:) and anonymous and pseudonymous works. The 1976 Act also increased the renewal term for works copyrighted before 1978 that had not already entered the public domain from 28 years to 47 years, giving a total term of 75 years. 2768: 1050:(Wisconsin) of "H.R. 2589 provides a very generous windfall to the entertainment industry by extending the term of copyright for an additional 20 years." He suggested that it could be balanced by adding provisions from the 2763: 3108: 1143:) introduced a bill that would roll back the copyright term for new works to match to the 1909 Copyright Act, but also applies retroactively to works by a group of large companies specifically designed to target Disney. 620: 1601:

The 1998 extension was a result of intense lobbying by a group of powerful corporate copyright holders, most visibly Disney, which faced the imminent expiration of copyrights on depictions of its most famous cartoon

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terms have not been extended in parallel, with 20-year terms of protection remaining the (presumably under the laws) adequate compensation for innovation in a technical field. Seventeen prominent economists and

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believed that "the CTEA failed to sustain the intermediate level of scrutiny test afforded by the First Amendment because the government did not have an 'important' interest to justify withholding speech."

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according to the letter of the Constitution as long as Congress was ostensibly setting this limit to promote the progress of science and useful arts. This was one of the arguments that prevailed in the

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must only last for "limited times". However, in what respect the granted time must be limited has never been determined, thus arguably even an absurdly long, yet finite, duration would still be a valid

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From 2019 onwards, works published in a given year enter the public domain at the end of the 95th calendar year after publication. For example, works published in 1928 entered the public domain on

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also stated that it was good for consumers since "When works are protected by copyright, they attract investors who can exploit the work for profit." The term extension portion was supported by

995:, when asked to sign the brief, Friedman had originally insisted that it include "the word 'no-brainer' in it somewhere," but still agreed to sign it even though his condition was not met. 408: 3506: 3092: 2463: 1925:"Opposing Copyright Extension, Legislative Materials (105th Congress), Statement of Copyright and Intellectual Property Law Professors in Opposition to H.R. 604, H.R. 2589, and S.505" 3295: 3003: 2956: 2916: 3319: 3247: 3172: 3084: 1046:

The House debated the Copyright Term Extension Act (House Resolution 390) on March 25, 1998. The term extension was almost completely supported, with only the mild criticism by

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would last for the life of the author plus 50 years (or the last surviving author), or 75 years from publication or 100 years after creation, whichever is shorter for a work of

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can be construed as placing limits on the powers that Congress can gain from a treaty. More directly, they see two successive terms of approximately 20 years each (the

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The Senate Report gave the official reasons for passing copyright extension laws and was originally written in the context of the Copyright Term Extension Act of 1995.

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encouragement of individual effort by personal gain is the best way to advance the public welfare;" however, "the U.S. does not consider copyright as a 'natural right.

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protected by the First Amendment." In following this approach, courts have held that copyrights are "categorically immune from challenges under the First Amendment."

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Buccafusco, Christopher; Heald, Paul J. (August 15, 2012). "Do Bad Things Happen When Works Enter the Public Domain?: Empirical Tests of Copyright Term Extension".

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The purpose of the bill is to ensure adequate copyright protection for American works in foreign nations and the continued economic benefits of a healthy surplus

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Proponents say that copyright better preserves intellectual property like movies, music and television shows. One example given is the case of the classic film

591:, who believed that the term extensions were a financial windfall to current owners of copyrighted material at the expense of the public's use of the material. 1013:

with a computer could be legally created in Russia, but the cartoon would be refused admission for importation by US Customs due to infringing US copyrights.

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that Congress has actually increased the scope of the public domain since, for the first time, unpublished works will enter the public domain.

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until it was ratified on March 1, 1989, but the U.S. had previously provided for the minimum copyright term the convention required in the

2484: 2312:, Paper delivered at the Town Meeting on Copyright & Fair Use, College Art Association, Toronto, February 1998. Retrieved 2010-07-27. 1643: 3562: 3463: 3124: 2806: 2737: 732:, that a difference in copyright terms between the United States and Europe would negatively affect the international operations of the 333: 1453: 1427: 3522: 3367: 3279: 3188: 3100: 2870: 2715: 2704: 2613: 2029: 1533: 1114: 337: 322: 241: 673:

Actually, Sonny wanted the term of copyright protection to last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change would violate the

3423: 3215: 2910: 1785: 1204: 196: 2105: 3612: 3479: 1928: 1075: 1051: 130: 122: 1394: 2725: 642:, one of the earliest Mickey Mouse cartoons, was delayed entry into the public domain for several decades because of the act. 1744: 1709: 1678: 50:

To amend the provisions of title 17, United States Code, with respect to the duration of copyright, and for other purposes.

3471: 3439: 3375: 2876: 1125: 400: 1868:"Mickey Mouse & Sonny Bono Go to Court: The Copyright Term Extension Act and its Effect on Current and Future Rights" 3578: 3546: 2887: 2249: 1071: 430: 80: 2305: 3060: 1257: 292: 3625: 718: 3667: 3359: 2513: 1968: 422:, who died nine months before the act became law: he had previously been one of twelve sponsors of a similar bill. 345: 332:, entered the public domain in 2024 with other works following later in accordance with the product's date. Unlike 103: 2189: 888:

argued against the copyright extension on February 21, 1998. The article stated "When Senator Hatch laments that

3607: 3455: 2864: 2635: 2630: 1867: 1781:"The Mythology of the Public Domain: Exploring the Myths Behind Attacks on the Duration of Copyright Protection" 1027:), he could counter a suit made by the copyright holder by declaring that Congress had unconstitutionally made, 39: 2881: 1950: 980: 787: 650:

had lobbied for copyright extension. The legislation delayed the entry into the public domain of the earliest

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expenditures for an additional 20 years when the Bono Act passed. This is part of the underlying argument in

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revealed that public domain works from 1880 were posted at double the rate of copyrighted works from 1980.

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term that nullifies the intended effect and violates the spirit of the "for limited times" language of the

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that would make the provisions of the Bono Act apply only to copyrights that had been registered with the

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for another extension of the term of copyright, to provide for the same term of protection that exists in

357: 115: 681:'s proposal for term to last forever less one day. Perhaps the Committee may look at that next Congress. 3672: 3383: 3231: 2832: 2816: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2131: 1222: 939: 923: 729: 389: 299: 149: 2061: 395:

After the United States' accession to the Berne convention, a number of copyright owners successfully

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on October 9, 2002. On January 15, 2003, the court held the CTEA constitutional by a 7–2 decision.

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Cornell Copyright Information Center, "Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States"

1537: 1252: 1109: 1019: 915: 884: 801: 763: 690: 514: 501: 488: 475: 437:, which exempted smaller establishments from needing a public performance license to play music. 371: 263:

Expansion of U.S. copyright law (assuming authors create their works 35 years before their death)

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Mythology of the public domain: Exploring the myths behind attacks on the duration of copyright

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licensing practices, almost derailed the Act. As a result, the bill was amended to include the

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case began to shift their effort toward the U.S. Congress in support of a bill called the

1002:"because of the prospective and retrospective application of the CTEA." The plaintiffs in 992: 972: 889: 828: 725: 662: 284: 2514:"Josh Hawley wants to punish Disney by taking copyright law back to 1909 and that sucks" 1163:, and because it is unlikely to pass in a Congress where Democrats control both houses. 3263: 2663: 2013: 1189: 1156: 1004: 983:

of the extension was only a 1% increase for newly created works, while the increase in

856:, however, the court explained how a copyright "respects and adequately safeguards the 412: 2618: 1113:, to obtain an injunction on enforcement of the act. Oral arguments were heard by the 440:

Both houses of the United States Congress passed the act as Public Law 105-298 with a

3641: 3602: 2673: 2608: 2296: 2109: 1997: 1969:"Brief of Intellectual Property Law Professors as Amici Curie Supporting Petitioners" 1410: 1369:"Mickey's Headed to the Public Domain! But Will He Go Quietly? – Office of Copyright" 1331:"U.S. Copyright Office – Certain Unpublished, Unregistered Works Enter Public Domain" 1237: 1172: 1059: 1055: 1034: 1028: 976: 960: 451:

As a result of extensions, including the 1976 and 1998 extensions, a small number of

385: 288: 1242: 1067: 968: 678: 651: 607: 445: 230: 1780: 1368: 341: 2509: 1748: 1713: 1682: 1679:"Senator Orrin Hatch's Introduction of The Copyright Term Extension Act of 1997" 1144: 1136: 988: 987:

created by extending the terms of old works would be very large and without any

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cartoons, leading detractors to the nickname "The Mickey Mouse Protection Act".

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signed the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998 on October 27, 1998.

192: 2083: 2021: 2579: 2219:""only if the word 'no-brainer' appears in it somewhere": RIP Milton Friedman" 1902: 1505: 1317: 1177: 752:

have increased the value and commercial life of movies and television series.

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criticized the bill for obviously violating international agreements and the

1082:, the Intellectual Property Law Section of the American Bar Association, the 661:(Sonny Bono's widow and Congressional successor), and the estate of composer 2556:

University of Illinois, Public Law & Legal Theory, Research Paper Series

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House members sympathetic to restaurant and bar owners, who were upset over

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implemented protection for a term of the author's life plus seventy years.

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WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act

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1199: 1140: 836: 396: 134: 71:

2764:

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Heald, Paul J. (July 5, 2013). "How Copyright Keeps Works Disappeared".

2485:"U.S. Congressman Proposes Bill To Strip Disney Of Long-Held Copyrights" 979:

opposing the bill when it was challenged in court. They argued that the

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reporter Bill Carter put it: "the film's currency was being devalued."

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Proponents of the Bono Act argue that it is necessary given that the

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Congressional Record, Volume 144, 1998, Coble, North Carolina, H1458

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The Erosion of Public Protection: Attacks on the concept of Fair Use

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terms have increased threefold, from only 28 years total (under the

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of humans has risen dramatically since Congress passed the original

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Congressional Record, Volume 144, 1998, H1456–H1483, March 25, 1998

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and the Bono Act) as the beginning of a "slippery slope" toward a

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Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works

258: 2157:"United States Patent and Trademark Office – General Information" 1899:"The Copyright Term Extension Act: Is Life Plus Seventy Too Much" 344:) and may remain protected until the end of 2047. The Act became 1066:

than US works if the US did not enact similar term extensions.

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works, within a span of 40 years, entered the public domain:

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European Union 95 year recording copyright extension proposal

2062:"Cornell University Law School – United States Constitution" 1107:

Publishers and librarians, among others, brought a lawsuit,

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supported the act. Mary Bono, speaking on the floor of the

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support for the bill led to detractors nicknaming it the "

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in 1998. It is one of several acts extending the terms of

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http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.uscongress/legislation.105hamdt533

2349:

http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.uscongress/legislation.105hamdt532

2272:"Salon.com Technology | Mickey Mouse vs. The People" 1745:"Excerpts of Bruce A. Lehman's statement before Congress" 685:

Other parties that lobbied in favor of the Bono Act were

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Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection

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Elektra Records Co. v. Gem Electronic Distributors, Inc.

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17 U.S.C. §§ 108, 203(a)(2), 301(c), 302, 303, 304(c)(2)

1480:"U.S. Copyright Office: Annual Report 2002: Litigation" 321:

This law effectively froze the advancement date of the

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Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.

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Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act

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Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act

2274:. Archive.salon.com. February 21, 2002. Archived from 1710:"Senator Dianne Feinstein's Statement before Congress" 1318:

Duration of Copyright – United States Copyright Office

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Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.

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Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc.

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Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.

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3328:

Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp.

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Another argument against the CTEA is focused on the

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The act was named in memory of the late Congressman

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Congressional Record, Volume 144, 1998, H1482–H1483

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Congressional Record, Volume 144, 1998, H1470–H1471

1171:In 2012, law professors Christopher Buccafusco and 240: 171: 163: 155: 145: 140: 121: 99: 94: 86: 75: 67: 54: 46: 3312:Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc. 346: 104: 3392:Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd. 1504:United States Copyright Office (February 2023). 1031:, a restriction on the previously unrestricted. 910:and have tried (but failed) to have it declared 846:One argument against the CTEA is focused on the 657:In addition to Disney, California congresswoman 3256:Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp. 3157:American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc. 2603:Documentation from the United States government 671: 571: 3515:Broderbund Software Inc. v. Unison World, Inc. 3352:Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int'l 3069:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co. 2609:S.505: Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act 1560:"S.483 – Copyright Term Extension Act of 1996" 1159:, as an attempt to punish Disney for opposing 2732:Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices 2689: 2452:Congressional Record, Volume 144, 1998, H1463 2434:Congressional Record, Volume 144, 1998, H1483 2416:Congressional Record, Volume 144, 1998, H1482 2407:Congressional Record, Volume 144, 1998, H1471 2378:"Handle Problem Report (Library of Congress)" 2353:"Handle Problem Report (Library of Congress)" 2339:Congressional Record, Volume 144, 1998, H1457 2330:Congressional Record, Volume 144, 1998, H1459 1395:"ELDRED ET AL. v. ASHCROFT, ATTORNEY GENERAL" 1092:Information Technology Association of America 565:, sponsor of the Copyright Term Extension Act 8: 1619:"Disney In Washington: The Mouse That Roars" 1329:(www.copyright.gov), U.S. Copyright Office. 32: 3648:United States federal copyright legislation 3432:Penguin Group (USA) Inc. v. American Buddha 3077:Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States 2849:Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 3448:Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc. 3304:American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc. 2999: 2781: 2696: 2682: 2674: 2652:editorial, 4/30/2001, "Let the Stories Go" 1612: 1610: 1579: 1577: 3416:Cartoon Network, LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc. 1248:Recording Industry Association of America 1084:Recording Industry Association of America 701:, the major professional sports leagues ( 3663:Acts of the 105th United States Congress 3149:Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1586:"Justices to Review Copyright Extension" 1300: 1298: 457: 3037:Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony 2906:Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998 2585:Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act 1704: 1702: 1700: 1584:Greenhouse, Linda (February 20, 2002). 1294: 1274: 269:Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act 33:Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act 3571:Equals Three, LLC v. Jukin Media, Inc. 3344:A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc. 3240:Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates 3224:Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Co. 3133:Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega, S. A. 2940:Family Entertainment and Copyright Act 1845:"See Two Days of Christmas Classics", 1779:Scott M. Martin (September 24, 2002). 1739: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1673: 1671: 853:Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises 667:United States House of Representatives 31: 3539:RealNetworks, Inc. v. Streambox, Inc. 2591:Summary of copyright protection terms 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1499: 1497: 1233:Motion Picture Association of America 1088:National Music Publishers Association 1080:Motion Picture Association of America 932:United States Constitution, Article I 318:years, granting a total of 95 years. 7: 3555:Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC 3531:Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp. 3408:Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc. 3181:Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc. 2108:. Medical News Today. Archived from 1747:. September 20, 1995. Archived from 1354:U.S. Copyright Office, Circular 1: 3563:Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi Inc. 3464:Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc. 3336:Nunez v. Caribbean Int'l News Corp. 3197:Andy Warhol Foundation v. Goldsmith 3125:MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. 2807:International Copyright Act of 1891 2462:Timothy B. Lee (October 25, 2013). 2132:"Life Expectancy by Age, 1850–2011" 1308:, 48 UCLA L. Rev. 1057, 1065 (2001) 1228:List of countries' copyright length 3523:Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena 3368:In re Aimster Copyright Litigation 3280:Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd. 3189:Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc. 3101:Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc. 2871:Copyright Remedy Clarification Act 2705:Copyright law of the United States 2006:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism 1819:Carter, Bill (December 19, 1994). 1417:§ 1:97 (Thomson Reuters/West 2009) 717:), and the family of slain singer 677:. ... As you know, there is also 351:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 323:public domain in the United States 109:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 25: 3424:Ahanchian v. Xenon Pictures, Inc. 3216:Berlin v. E.C. Publications, Inc. 3173:Fourth Estate v. Wall-Street.com 3165:Star Athletica v. Varsity Brands 2911:Digital Millennium Copyright Act 2578: 2250:"CNET – Copyright extension law" 1821:"The Media Business; Television" 1786:Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 1712:. March 20, 1997. Archived from 1681:. March 20, 1997. Archived from 1617:Ota, Alan K. (August 10, 1998). 1536:. Thomas.loc.gov. Archived from 1456:. Thomas.loc.gov. Archived from 1430:. Thomas.loc.gov. Archived from 1205:Digital Millennium Copyright Act 38: 3613:Home Recording Rights Coalition 2533:Berkeley Technology Law Journal 1120:In 2003, the plaintiffs in the 1076:National Academy of Songwriters 1052:Fairness in Music Licensing Act 906:consider the legislation to be 435:Fairness in Music Licensing Act 2726:United States Copyright Office 1951:"Keeping Copyright in Balance" 1: 3472:Lenz v. Universal Music Corp. 3440:Monge v. Maya Magazines, Inc. 3376:NXIVM Corp. v. Ross Institute 2877:Copyright Renewal Act of 1992 1866:Grzelak, Victoria A. (2002). 1793:(1). Loyola Law Review: 280. 1562:. Congress.gov. July 10, 1996 1428:"Thomas: Status of H.R. 2589" 1126:Public Domain Enhancement Act 529:Copyright Term Extension Act 3579:Hachette v. Internet Archive 3547:Mannion v. Coors Brewing Co. 2900:Copyright Term Extension Act 2888:Uruguay Round Agreements Act 2669:Opposing Copyright Extension 2483:Lang, Jamie (May 11, 2022). 2084:"Life Expectancies in 1800s" 1072:Songwriters Guild of America 1042:March 25, 1998, House debate 273:Copyright Term Extension Act 81:105th United States Congress 3061:Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus 2159:. Uspto.gov. Archived from 2106:"Life Expectancies in 2002" 1849:, December 24, 1999, At E1. 1306:Copyright's First Amendment 1258:United States copyright law 281:Mickey Mouse Protection Act 242:United States Supreme Court 27:United States copyright law 3689: 3360:Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp. 2308:September 9, 2016, at the 2022:10.4135/9781412965811.n220 2002:Nozick, Robert (1938–2002) 1654:Government Printing Office 1454:"Thomas: Status of S. 505" 3593: 3456:Seltzer v. Green Day, Inc 2865:Visual Artists Rights Act 2711: 2614:Senate Report No. 104-315 248: 219:on October 7, 1998 ( 209:on October 7, 1998 ( 180: 37: 3626:You Wouldn't Steal a Car 2882:Audio Home Recording Act 1992:Steelman, Aaron (2008). 981:discounted present value 719:Selena Quintanilla-Pérez 379:Under the international 2963:Music Modernization Act 2894:No Electronic Theft Act 2757:Section 108 Study Group 2631:Copyright Extension.com 1994:"Intellectual Property" 1534:"Senate Report 104-315" 1506:"Duration of Copyright" 1161:Florida House Bill 1557 934:, section 8, clause 8. 648:The Walt Disney Company 411:, member states of the 164:U.S.C. sections amended 3608:Don't Copy That Floppy 3363:(9th Cir. 2002 / 2003) 3109:Quality King v. L'anza 2752:Register of Copyrights 991:benefit. According to 825:idea-expression divide 797:Spelling Entertainment 734:entertainment industry 683: 643: 611: 580: 566: 279:, or (derisively) the 264: 3384:BMG Music v. Gonzalez 3232:Eltra Corp. v. Ringer 2833:Copyright Act of 1976 2817:Copyright Act of 1909 2802:Copyright Act of 1870 2797:Copyright Act of 1831 2792:Copyright Act of 1790 2248:Macavinta, Courtney. 2008:. Thousand Oaks, CA: 1223:Intellectual property 1135:In May 2022, Senator 940:Copyright Act of 1790 924:Copyright Act of 1976 788:It's a Wonderful Life 730:Copyright Act of 1790 636: 602: 583:minority opinions by 560: 553:Senate Report 104-315 467:Copyright expired on 390:Copyright Act of 1976 360:on October 27, 1998. 300:Copyright Act of 1976 262: 150:Copyright Act of 1976 2812:Printing Act of 1895 2112:on December 19, 2010 2016:. pp. 249–250. 1957:. February 21, 1998. 1931:on November 16, 2015 1751:on February 18, 2019 1716:on February 18, 2019 1685:on February 18, 2019 1649:Congressional Record 1540:on December 13, 2012 1155:protections against 308:corporate authorship 271:– also known as the 3619:Nimmer on Copyright 3502:(C.C.D. Mass. 1841) 3045:Banks v. Manchester 2625:Views of proponents 2469:The Washington Post 2163:on February 1, 2011 1373:Office of Copyright 1130:Library of Congress 928:perpetual copyright 480:By the end of 1961 312:works made for hire 233:on October 27, 1998 203:) on March 20, 1997 174:Legislative history 34: 3117:Eldred v. Ashcroft 3053:Callaghan v. Myers 2654:by Lawrence Lessig 2643:Views of opponents 2619:Public Law 105-298 1955:The New York Times 1825:The New York Times 1590:The New York Times 1415:Patry on Copyright 1375:. October 17, 2014 1253:Software copyright 1115:U.S. Supreme Court 1110:Eldred v. Ashcroft 1020:Eldred v. Ashcroft 916:Eldred v. Ashcroft 885:The New York Times 764:Eldred v. Ashcroft 644: 612: 567: 515:1976 Copyright Act 502:1976 Copyright Act 489:1976 Copyright Act 476:1909 Copyright Act 372:Eldred v. Ashcroft 265: 251:Eldred v. Ashcroft 3668:Ex post facto law 3635: 3634: 3589: 3588: 3542:(W.D. Wash. 2000) 3013:Wheaton v. Peters 2989: 2988: 2747:Copyright Catalog 2659:Digital Copyright 2583:Works related to 2278:on April 22, 2009 2064:. Law.cornell.edu 2010:SAGE Publications 1923:Karjala, Dennis. 1656:. October 7, 1998 1335:www.copyright.gov 1304:Lawrence Lessig, 1210:Ex post facto law 1167:Empirical testing 1048:Jim Sensenbrenner 985:transaction costs 908:corporate welfare 902:Opponents of the 877:Dennis S. Karjala 858:freedom of speech 831:). Works such as 793:Republic Pictures 634: 548:Political climate 538: 537: 407:. Since the 1993 257: 256: 211:unanimous consent 207:Passed the Senate 187:in the Senate as 124:Statutes at Large 16:(Redirected from 3680: 3598:Berne Convention 3574:(C.D. Cal. 2015) 3526:(M.D. Fla. 1993) 3518:(N.D. Cal. 1986) 3480:Naruto v. Slater 3272:Whelan v. Jaslow 3029:Trade-Mark Cases 3000: 2782: 2721:Copyright Clause 2698: 2691: 2684: 2675: 2582: 2568: 2567: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2512:(May 10, 2022). 2506: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2459: 2453: 2450: 2444: 2441: 2435: 2432: 2426: 2423: 2417: 2414: 2408: 2405: 2399: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2371: 2365: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2346: 2340: 2337: 2331: 2328: 2322: 2319: 2313: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2232: 2230: 2225:on April 2, 2015 2221:. Archived from 2211: 2205: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2195:on April 2, 2015 2194: 2188:. Archived from 2187: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2153: 2147: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2128: 2122: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2102: 2096: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2058: 2052: 2051: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1973: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1927:. Archived from 1920: 1914: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1897:Dixon, Jenny L. 1894: 1879: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1863: 1850: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1776: 1761: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1741: 1726: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1706: 1695: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1675: 1666: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1614: 1605: 1604: 1598: 1596: 1581: 1572: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1556: 1550: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1530: 1524: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1510: 1501: 1492: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1476: 1470: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1424: 1418: 1408: 1402: 1401: 1399: 1391: 1385: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1365: 1359: 1356:Copyright Basics 1352: 1346: 1345: 1343: 1341: 1326: 1320: 1315: 1309: 1302: 1283: 1279: 975:), submitted an 912:unconstitutional 895:Rhapsody in Blue 882:An editorial in 872: 639:Steamboat Willie 635: 610:Protection Act". 575:balance of trade 543: 534: 521: 506:January 1, 1997 493:January 1, 1983 458: 352: 348: 329:Steamboat Willie 217:Passed the House 176: 125: 110: 106: 90:October 27, 1998 60: 42: 35: 21: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3678: 3677: 3638: 3637: 3636: 3631: 3585: 3582:(S.D.N.Y. 2023) 3566:(S.D.N.Y. 2013) 3558:(S.D.N.Y. 2010) 3550:(S.D.N.Y. 2005) 3534:(S.D.N.Y. 1999) 3510:(E.D.N.Y. 1973) 3499:Folsom v. Marsh 3486: 3483:(9th Cir. 2018) 3475:(9th Cir. 2015) 3459:(9th Cir. 2013) 3443:(9th Cir. 2012) 3427:(9th Cir. 2010) 3419:(2nd Cir. 2008) 3411:(9th Cir. 2006) 3403:(2nd Cir. 2006) 3400:Blanch v. Koons 3395:(2nd Cir. 2006) 3387:(7th Cir. 2005) 3371:(7th Cir. 2003) 3355:(5th Cir. 2002) 3347:(9th Cir. 2001) 3339:(1st Cir. 2000) 3331:(9th Cir. 2000) 3315:(9th Cir. 1997) 3307:(2nd Cir. 1995) 3291:(2nd Cir. 1992) 3288:Rogers v. Koons 3283:(5th Cir. 1988) 3267:(9th Cir. 1986) 3251:(7th Cir. 1983) 3243:(9th Cir. 1978) 3235:(4th Cir. 1978) 3227:(9th Cir. 1970) 3203: 3141:Golan v. Holder 3021:Baker v. Selden 2995: 2985: 2968: 2945: 2928: 2853: 2837: 2821: 2773: 2707: 2702: 2645: 2638:by Scott Martin 2627: 2605: 2593: 2576: 2571: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2530: 2529: 2525: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2493: 2491: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2383: 2381: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2358: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2310:Wayback Machine 2295: 2291: 2281: 2279: 2270: 2269: 2265: 2255: 2253: 2252:. 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Copyright.gov 1478: 1477: 1473: 1463: 1461: 1460:on July 4, 2016 1452: 1451: 1447: 1437: 1435: 1434:on July 5, 2016 1426: 1425: 1421: 1409: 1405: 1397: 1393: 1392: 1388: 1378: 1376: 1367: 1366: 1362: 1353: 1349: 1339: 1337: 1328: 1327: 1323: 1316: 1312: 1303: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1286: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1186: 1169: 1153:Fifth Amendment 1105: 1100: 1044: 1000:First Amendment 993:Lawrence Lessig 973:Milton Friedman 920:Tenth Amendment 914:in the process 890:George Gershwin 870: 866: 848:First Amendment 829:stock character 726:life expectancy 663:George Gershwin 614: 597: 561:US Congressman 555: 550: 542:January 1, 2024 541: 533:January 1, 2019 532: 520:January 1, 1998 519: 366: 350: 285:copyright terms 236: 227:Signed into law 172: 159:17 (Copyrights) 123: 108: 76:Enacted by 58: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3686: 3684: 3676: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3658:Copyright term 3655: 3650: 3640: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3629: 3622: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3594: 3591: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3583: 3575: 3567: 3559: 3551: 3543: 3535: 3527: 3519: 3511: 3503: 3494: 3492: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3484: 3476: 3468: 3467:(2d Cir. 2015) 3460: 3452: 3451:(2d Cir. 2012) 3444: 3436: 3435:(2d Cir. 2011) 3428: 3420: 3412: 3404: 3396: 3388: 3380: 3379:(2d Cir. 2004) 3372: 3364: 3356: 3348: 3340: 3332: 3324: 3323:(2d Cir. 1998) 3316: 3308: 3300: 3299:(2d Cir. 1992) 3292: 3284: 3276: 3275:(3d Cir. 1986) 3268: 3264:Fisher v. Dees 3260: 3259:(3d Cir. 1983) 3252: 3244: 3236: 3228: 3220: 3219:(2d Cir. 1964) 3211: 3209: 3208:Appeals courts 3205: 3204: 3202: 3201: 3193: 3185: 3177: 3169: 3161: 3153: 3145: 3137: 3129: 3121: 3113: 3105: 3097: 3093:Feist v. Rural 3089: 3081: 3073: 3065: 3057: 3049: 3041: 3033: 3025: 3017: 3008: 3006: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2983: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2966: 2960: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2943: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2927: 2926: 2925: 2924: 2919: 2908: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2874: 2868: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2851: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2835: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2788: 2786: 2779: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2760: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2735: 2723: 2718: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2703: 2701: 2700: 2693: 2686: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2666: 2664:Jessica Litman 2655: 2650:New York Times 2644: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2633: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2599: 2592: 2589: 2587:at Wikisource 2575: 2574:External links 2572: 2570: 2569: 2546: 2523: 2501: 2475: 2454: 2445: 2436: 2427: 2418: 2409: 2400: 2391: 2366: 2341: 2332: 2323: 2314: 2289: 2263: 2240: 2206: 2174: 2148: 2123: 2097: 2075: 2053: 2031:978-1412965804 2030: 2014:Cato Institute 1998:Hamowy, Ronald 1984: 1960: 1942: 1915: 1880: 1851: 1838: 1827:. pp. D10 1811: 1762: 1727: 1696: 1667: 1635: 1606: 1573: 1551: 1525: 1493: 1471: 1445: 1419: 1403: 1386: 1360: 1347: 1321: 1310: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1273: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1190:Anti-copyright 1185: 1182: 1168: 1165: 1157:eminent domain 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1043: 1040: 1005:Eldred v. 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