3968:
3459:
3449:
3439:
3429:
3419:
1592:
exclusively, but manages memory in chunks of 64 kilobytes called superblocks. Hoard's heap is logically divided into a single global heap and a number of per-processor heaps. In addition, there is a thread-local cache that can hold a limited number of superblocks. By allocating only from superblocks
1689:
and its relatives can have a strong impact on the performance of a program, it is not uncommon to override the functions for a specific application by custom implementations that are optimized for application's allocation patterns. The C standard provides no way of doing this, but operating systems
1350:
A linear allocator can only shrink if the last allocation is released. Even if largely unused, the heap can get "stuck" at a very large size because of a small but long-lived allocation at its tip which could waste any amount of address space, although some allocators on some systems may be able to
297:
The lifetime of allocated memory can also cause concern. Neither static- nor automatic-duration memory is adequate for all situations. Automatic-allocated data cannot persist across multiple function calls, while static data persists for the life of the program whether it is needed or not. In many
965:
Note that realloc must be assumed to have changed the base address of the block (i.e. if it has failed to extend the size of the original block, and has therefore allocated a new larger block elsewhere and copied the old contents into it). Therefore, any pointers to addresses within the original
1267:
twice ("double free"), etc., usually causes a segmentation fault and results in a crash of the program. These errors can be transient and hard to debug – for example, freed memory is usually not immediately reclaimed by the OS, and thus dangling pointers may persist for a while and appear to
1312:
The implementation of memory management depends greatly upon operating system and architecture. Some operating systems supply an allocator for malloc, while others supply functions to control certain regions of data. The same dynamic memory allocator is often used to implement both
2604:
1509:. Experiments measuring number of allocations per second in multithreading application have shown that this makes it scale linearly with the number of threads, while for both phkmalloc and dlmalloc performance was inversely proportional to the number of threads.
2850:
1361:
A linear allocator has extremely poor concurrency characteristics, as the heap segment is per-process every thread has to synchronise on allocation, and concurrent allocations from threads which may have very different work loads amplifies the previous two
1169:. If there is no cast, C90 requires a diagnostic when this integer is assigned to the pointer; however, with the cast, this diagnostic would not be produced, hiding a bug. On certain architectures and data models (such as LP64 on 64-bit systems, where
1358:, while a good allocator will attempt to track and reuse free slots through the entire heap, as allocation sizes and lifetimes get mixed it can be difficult and expensive to find or coalesce free segments large enough to hold new allocation requests.
1593:
on the local per-thread or per-processor heap, and moving mostly-empty superblocks to the global heap so they can be reused by other processors, Hoard keeps fragmentation low while achieving near linear scalability with the number of threads.
1705:
The most common form on POSIX-like systems is to set the environment variable LD_PRELOAD with the path of the allocator, so that the dynamic linker uses that version of malloc/calloc/free instead of the libc implementation.
2858:
1384:(glibc) is derived from Wolfram Gloger's ptmalloc ("pthreads malloc"), a fork of dlmalloc with threading-related improvements. As of November 2023, the latest version of dlmalloc is version 2.8.6 from August 2012.
282:. Static-duration variables are allocated in main memory, usually along with the executable code of the program, and persist for the lifetime of the program; automatic-duration variables are allocated on the
1402:). Unallocated chunks also store pointers to other free chunks in the usable space area, making the minimum chunk size 16 bytes on 32-bit systems and 24/32 (depends on alignment) bytes on 64-bit systems.
1223:. This usually leads to crash (due to the resulting segmentation fault on the null pointer dereference), but there is no guarantee that a crash will happen so relying on that can also lead to problems.
985:), which indicates that it is a pointer to a region of unknown data type. The use of casting is required in C++ due to the strong type system, whereas this is not the case in C. One may "cast" (see
1276:
and its associated functions have behaviors that were intentionally left to the implementation to define for themselves. One of them is the zero-length allocation, which is more of a problem with
1439:
system call. The threshold is usually 128 KB. The mmap method averts problems with huge buffers trapping a small allocation at the end after their expiration, but always allocates an entire
1413:
For requests below 256 bytes (a "smallbin" request), a simple two power best fit allocator is used. If there are no free blocks in that bin, a block from the next highest bin is split in two.
1665:
within a kernel often differs significantly from the implementations used by C libraries, however. For example, memory buffers might need to conform to special restrictions imposed by
1649:
developed by Google, has garbage-collection for local storage of dead threads. The TCMalloc is considered to be more than twice as fast as glibc's ptmalloc for multithreaded programs.
1409:" of similar sizes, implemented by using a double-linked list of chunks (with pointers stored in the unallocated space inside the chunk). Bins are sorted by size into three classes:
1233:
leads to buildup of non-reusable memory, which is no longer used by the program. This wastes memory resources and can lead to allocation failures when these resources are exhausted.
1185:. This issue is less likely to go unnoticed in modern compilers, as C99 does not permit implicit declarations, so the compiler must produce a diagnostic even if it does assume
1296:
RCE was especially prominent. A way to wrap these functions to make them safer is by simply checking for 0-size allocations and turning them into those of size 1. (Returning
1219:
Memory allocation is not guaranteed to succeed, and may instead return a null pointer. Using the returned value, without checking if the allocation is successful, invokes
1432:
system call. This feature was introduced way after ptmalloc was created (from v2.7.x), and as a result is not a part of glibc, which inherits the old best-fit allocator.
1128:
Casting can help the developer identify inconsistencies in type sizing should the destination pointer type change, particularly if the pointer is declared far from the
3495:
1292:
or something else that can be safely freed, not all platforms are required to abide by these rules. Among the many double-free errors that it has led to, the 2019
1690:
have found various ways to do this by exploiting dynamic linking. One way is to simply link in a different library to override the symbols. Another, employed by
848:
828:
3399:
162:
1181:
returns a 32-bit value whereas the actually defined function returns a 64-bit value. Depending on calling conventions and memory layout, this may result in
3060:
1811:
need to be managed (with fixed-size stack frames, one of these is redundant). Larger allocations may also increase the risk of undefined behavior due to a
1398:
which contains a header, and usable memory. Allocated memory contains an 8- or 16-byte overhead for the size of the chunk and usage flags (similar to a
1205:
The improper use of dynamic memory allocation can frequently be a source of bugs. These can include security bugs or program crashes, most often due to
1807:
standard and therefore may not always be portable. It may also cause minor performance problems: it leads to variable-size stack frames, so that both
1463:) cannot be used to allocate and commit individual pages of virtual memory. In the absence of demand paging, fragmentation becomes a greater concern.
3108:
2386:
1778:
The C library implementations shipping with various operating systems and compilers may come with alternatives and extensions to the standard
1304:
it would have signaled that the original memory was not moved and freed, which again is not the case for size 0, leading to the double-free.)
3452:
3256:
3080:
1964:
286:
and come and go as functions are called and return. For static-duration and automatic-duration variables, the size of the allocation must be
294:(for example, if data of arbitrary size is being read from the user or from a disk file), then using fixed-size data objects is inadequate.
3488:
3442:
3999:
3462:
3808:
1555:
291:
1428:("treebin"). If there is no free space left to satisfy the request, dlmalloc tries to increase the size of the heap, usually via the
3972:
2825:
2757:
2634:
2222:
1803:(1978), but its use can be problematic in some (e.g., embedded) contexts. While supported by many compilers, it is not part of the
810:
With realloc we can resize the amount of memory a pointer points to. For example, if we have a pointer acting as an array of size
1795:. No corresponding deallocation function exists, as typically the memory is deallocated as soon as the calling function returns.
231:
provide similar functionality and are recommended by that language's authors. Still, there are several situations in which using
155:
1565:, and to detect use-after-free bugs—as a large memory allocation is completely unmapped after it is freed, further use causes a
3789:
3698:
3481:
3279:
3053:
538:
However, the size of the array is fixed at compile time. If one wishes to allocate a similar array dynamically without using a
3907:
3404:
594:
317:
1819:
as an alternative stack allocation mechanism – however, this feature was relegated to optional in the later
2711:
2238:
1718:
can allocate depends on the host system, particularly the size of physical memory and the operating system implementation.
2609:
Proceedings of the ninth international conference on
Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
3879:
3927:
3264:
3102:
2985:
1406:
748:
2147:
4004:
3937:
3922:
275:
148:
3299:
2460:
3994:
3884:
3613:
3422:
3309:
3289:
3142:
3046:
3010:
44:
1572:
The
GrapheneOS project initially started out by porting OpenBSD's memory allocator to Android's Bionic C Library.
3932:
3638:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3368:
2910:
1820:
1658:
1588:
Hoard is an allocator whose goal is scalable memory allocation performance. Like OpenBSD's allocator, Hoard uses
1285:
543:
302:
279:
183:
64:
2904:
2739:
3912:
3623:
3571:
3504:
3228:
2687:
1727:
type, which is an implementation-dependent unsigned integer representing the size of an area of memory. In the
1392:
1355:
271:
267:
187:
179:
69:
54:
3775:
3750:
3432:
3294:
3269:
3175:
1506:
1132:
call (although modern compilers and static analysers can warn on such behaviour without requiring the cast).
290:
constant (except for the case of variable-length automatic arrays). If the required size is not known until
3793:
3246:
222:
3735:
3198:
3096:
2612:
1862:
1816:
1583:
1451:, as a boundary-tag allocator, is unfriendly for console systems that have virtual memory but do not have
1440:
760:
3031:
2784:
589:
This computes the number of bytes that ten integers occupy in memory, then requests that many bytes from
1867:
613:
539:
3274:
2929:
2748:. The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Software Engineering and Programming (1 ed.). San Francisco, USA:
1435:
For requests above the mmap threshold (a "largebin" request), the memory is always allocated using the
239:
is not applicable, such as garbage collection code or performance-sensitive code, and a combination of
3755:
1192:
If the type of the pointer is changed at its declaration, one may also need to change all lines where
305:, in which memory is more explicitly (but more flexibly) managed, typically by allocating it from the
2525:
2306:
2168:
1666:
1634:
519:
298:
situations the programmer requires greater flexibility in managing the lifetime of allocated memory.
89:
3770:
3765:
3727:
3618:
3152:
2786:
2771:
2591:
2281:
2079:, Holt Rinehart and Winston, 1983 (copyright held by Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1983, 1979); The
316:
is used to allocate a block of memory on the heap. The program accesses this block of memory via a
59:
2617:
361:
system call to request memory from the operating system. The 6th
Edition Unix documentation gives
3836:
3601:
3394:
3378:
3304:
2303:"Wow. The WhatsApp RCE was the wrong behavior for realloc(p,0) so many implementations insist on"
2098:
1616:
1566:
1220:
1206:
1150:
381:
191:
24:
1669:, or the memory allocation function might be called from interrupt context. This necessitates a
3669:
3664:
3633:
3576:
3566:
3170:
3069:
2763:
2753:
2630:
2218:
1960:
1952:
1857:
1490:
1177:
is 32-bit), this error can actually result in undefined behaviour, as the implicitly declared
84:
79:
49:
2994:
3347:
3342:
3185:
3016:
2649:
2622:
2595:
1890:
1833:
that allocates memory with caller-specified alignment. Its allocations are deallocated with
1612:
1343:. The allocator would usually expand and contract the heap to fulfill allocation requests.
1252:
2800:
3780:
3740:
3648:
3337:
3236:
2749:
2672:
1980:
1852:
1847:
986:
384:
calls which allow run-time dynamic allocation from the C stack rather than the heap (e.g.
449:
increases or decreases the size of the specified block of memory, moving it if necessary
4009:
3798:
3953:
3760:
3686:
3586:
3352:
3319:
3314:
3160:
3119:
3026:
2914:
2735:
2060:
2037:
1812:
1674:
1530:. For requests greater in size than one page, the entire allocation is retrieved using
1395:
1182:
833:
813:
601:(due to C syntax, pointers and arrays can be used interchangeably in some situations).
377:
routines in their modern form are completely described in the 7th
Edition Unix manual.
3002:
2962:
2302:
2239:"MEM04-C. Beware of zero-length allocations - SEI CERT C Coding Standard - Confluence"
1300:
has its own problems: it otherwise indicates an out-of-memory failure. In the case of
258:, are available. Their performance varies in both execution time and required memory.
3988:
3856:
3846:
3785:
3329:
3132:
3127:
2879:
1691:
1620:
1547:
1452:
1381:
1380:
dlmalloc ("Doug Lea's Malloc") as a general-purpose allocator, starting in 1987. The
1377:
717:
2256:
1914:
1721:
Theoretically, the largest number should be the maximum value that can be held in a
3826:
3591:
1340:
1260:
978:
609:
287:
39:
254:
Many different implementations of the actual memory allocation mechanism, used by
2548:
1497:, written by Jason Evans. The main reason for this was a lack of scalability of
3917:
3373:
2978:
2192:
1608:
1562:
1399:
1388:
499:
takes two arguments — the number of elements and the size of each element.
2938:
2437:
2407:
1661:
need to allocate memory just as application programs do. The implementation of
3561:
3540:
3137:
1808:
1792:
283:
2448:
755:: the remnants of previously used and discarded data. After allocation with
3284:
3165:
2767:
1938:
1247:. Failures to adhere to this pattern, such as memory usage after a call to
495:
takes a single argument (the amount of memory to allocate in bytes), while
2626:
312:
an area of memory structured for this purpose. In C, the library function
3861:
3851:
3831:
3676:
3643:
3581:
3473:
3218:
3213:
3203:
3193:
2934:
2485:
2131:
2108:
2064:
2054:
2041:
1837:, so the implementation usually needs to be a part of the malloc library.
1800:
1738:
1602:
1554:. This system is designed to improve security by taking advantage of the
1373:
1293:
134:
125:
107:
2660:
2169:"clang: lib/StaticAnalyzer/Checkers/MallocSizeofChecker.cpp Source File"
2031:
1642:
328:
which deallocates the memory so that it can be used for other purposes.
324:
returns. When the memory is no longer needed, the pointer is passed to
3545:
3208:
2317:
2104:
1519:
1474:
1110:
Including the cast may allow a C program or function to compile as C++.
116:
388:). This memory is automatically freed when the calling function ends.
221:
programming language includes these functions; however, the operators
3816:
3713:
3708:
3515:
2381:
2376:
1804:
1787:
1765:
1750:
1723:
1702:
function pointers that an application can reset to custom functions.
1478:
1114:
461:
allocates the specified number of bytes and initializes them to zero
3038:
3902:
3006:– The choices, tradeoffs, and implementations of dynamic allocation
2688:"High Availability MySQL: Double sysbench throughput with TCMalloc"
1322:
1272:
In addition, as an interface that precedes ANSI C standardization,
437:
allocates the specified number of bytes at the specified alignment
343:. Code for a simple model implementation of a storage manager for
218:
3841:
3821:
3745:
3693:
3681:
2566:
2333:
Modern C++ Design: Generic
Programming and Design Patterns Applied
2127:
1826:
1288:
require proper handling of 0-size allocations by either returning
1281:
1101:
There are advantages and disadvantages to performing such a cast.
752:
2597:
Hoard: A Scalable Memory
Allocator for Multithreaded Applications
3703:
2801:"malloc: make malloc fail with requests larger than PTRDIFF_MAX"
1638:
1527:
1501:
in terms of multithreading. In order to avoid lock contention,
1436:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1339:
Implementation of legacy allocators was commonly done using the
1334:
357:
344:
3477:
3042:
2851:"6.172 Performance Engineering of Software Systems, Lecture 10"
2743:
2650:
Microsoft releases optimized malloc() as open source - Slashdot
1239:
All allocations must follow the same pattern: allocation using
3520:
3021:
2500:
2464:
2121:
1728:
522:
of ten integers with automatic scope is straightforward in C:
2012:, and Section 8.7 (page 173) describes an implementation for
1534:; smaller sizes are assigned from memory pools maintained by
1443:
of memory, which on many architectures is 4096 bytes in size.
509:
allocates and sets the bytes in the allocated region to zero.
2526:"A Scalable Concurrent malloc(3) Implementation for FreeBSD"
1455:. This is because its pool-shrinking and growing callbacks (
608:
might not be able to service the request, it might return a
2946:
2789:
2826:"Why is the use of alloca() not considered good practice?"
473:
releases the specified block of memory back to the system
1280:
since it is more common to resize to zero. Although both
767:
will return an allocation that has already been cleared:
396:
The C dynamic memory allocation functions are defined in
2954:
2004:, Prentice-Hall, 1978; Section 7.9 (page 156) describes
2970:
2857:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from
2346:
1619:
with focus on performance. The library is about 11,000
1558:
and gap page features implemented as part of OpenBSD's
1538:
within a number of "bucket pages", also allocated with
1494:
1161:, the C90 standard requires that the C compiler assume
1145:
Adding the cast may mask failure to include the header
16:
Dynamic memory management in the C programming language
3081:
Memory management as a function of an operating system
1791:, which allocates a requested number of bytes on the
1637:
for small allocations. For large allocations mmap or
836:
816:
1758:
On glibc systems, the largest possible memory block
1387:
dlmalloc is a boundary tag allocator. Memory on the
1351:
release entirely empty intermediate pages to the OS.
724:
to return the memory it occupies to the free store:
3946:
3893:
3870:
3807:
3726:
3657:
3600:
3554:
3387:
3361:
3328:
3255:
3227:
3184:
3151:
3118:
3089:
3013:
wiki page with much information about fixing malloc
1546:, memory is released and unmapped from the process
1502:
1498:
1486:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1346:The heap method suffers from a few inherent flaws:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1277:
1273:
466:
454:
442:
430:
418:
2486:"RAM, Virtual Memory, Pagefile and all that stuff"
842:
822:
369:as the low-level memory allocation functions. The
2594:; Blumofe, R. D.; Wilson, P. R. (November 2000).
1416:For requests of 256 bytes or above but below the
546:implementations, the following code can be used:
542:, which is not guaranteed to be supported in all
2930:Definition of malloc in IEEE Std 1003.1 standard
2282:"How a double-free bug in WhatsApp turns to RCE"
2849:Amarasinghe, Saman; Leiserson, Charles (2010).
2142:
2140:
355:as the user interface functions, and using the
2940:The design of the basis of the glibc allocator
2370:
2368:
2366:
1957:Programming: Principles and Practice Using C++
3489:
3054:
830:and we want to change it to an array of size
331:The original description of C indicated that
156:
8:
3400:International Symposium on Memory Management
2996:Scalable Lock-Free Dynamic Memory Allocation
1762:can allocate is only half this size, namely
1157:is found. In the absence of a prototype for
1142:Under the C standard, the cast is redundant.
247:may be required instead of the higher-level
2431:
2429:
2427:
1731:standard and later, it is available as the
1673:implementation tightly integrated with the
3606:
3496:
3482:
3474:
3061:
3047:
3039:
2909: – System Interfaces Reference,
1677:subsystem of the operating system kernel.
1243:, usage to store data, deallocation using
163:
149:
20:
3017:C99 standard draft, including TC1/TC2/TC3
2616:
835:
815:
3027:ISO/IEC 9899 – Programming languages – C
2712:"kmalloc()/kfree() include/linux/slab.h"
1799:was present on Unix systems as early as
1447:Game developer Adrian Stone argues that
425:allocates the specified number of bytes
406:
2000:Brian W. Kernighan, Dennis M. Ritchie,
1879:
301:These limitations are avoided by using
97:
31:
23:
2193:"comp.lang.c FAQ list · Question 7.7b"
339:were in the standard library, but not
2674:TCMalloc : Thread-Caching Malloc
2553:BSD Cross Reference, OpenBSD src/lib/
1885:
1883:
1468:
1420:threshold, dlmalloc since v2.8.0 use
716:When the program no longer needs the
7:
1405:Unallocated memory is grouped into "
1391:is allocated as "chunks", an 8-byte
1216:Not checking for allocation failures
3109:Input–output memory management unit
2987:Simple Memory Allocation Algorithms
2501:"The Hole That dlmalloc Can't Fill"
1939:"aligned_alloc(3) - Linux man page"
1782:interface. Notable among these is:
1354:A linear allocator is sensitive to
1229:Failure to deallocate memory using
1212:Most common errors are as follows:
989:) this pointer to a specific type:
2347:"Wolfram Gloger's malloc homepage"
1892:7.20.3 Memory management functions
1714:The largest possible memory block
1556:address space layout randomization
380:Some platforms provide library or
14:
3967:
3966:
3458:
3457:
3448:
3447:
3438:
3437:
3428:
3427:
3418:
3417:
2671:Ghemawat, Sanjay; Menage, Paul;
2077:Unix Programmer's Manual, Vol. 1
1959:. Addison Wesley. p. 1009.
1902:(Technical report). p. 313.
1629:Thread-caching malloc (tcmalloc)
1569:and termination of the program.
1505:uses separate "arenas" for each
966:block are also no longer valid.
190:via a group of functions in the
3280:Concurrent mark sweep collector
2880:"alloca(3) - Linux manual page"
2774:from the original on 2012-12-05
2484:Sanderson, Bruce (2004-12-12).
2389:from the original on 2009-01-22
1915:"Chapter 11: Memory Allocation"
1900:ISO/IEC 9899:1999 specification
1469:FreeBSD's and NetBSD's jemalloc
310:(informally called the "heap"),
3405:Region-based memory management
3022:Some useful references about C
2686:Callaghan, Mark (2009-01-18).
1:
2911:The Single UNIX Specification
2740:"Chapter 9: Shared libraries"
2488:. Microsoft Help and Support.
2335:. Addison-Wesley. p. 78.
2331:Alexandrescu, Andrei (2001).
1743:. Although not guaranteed by
505:only allocates memory, while
3453:Memory management algorithms
3265:Automatic Reference Counting
3103:Translation lookaside buffer
2301:Felker, Rich (2019-10-03).
2213:Reek, Kenneth (1997-08-04).
1173:and pointers are 64-bit and
759:, elements of the array are
593:and assigns the result to a
3443:Automatic memory management
3242:C dynamic memory allocation
2524:Evans, Jason (2006-04-16).
2461:"Malloc Tunable Parameters"
1774:Extensions and alternatives
1121:that originally returned a
176:C dynamic memory allocation
4026:
4000:Memory management software
3880:Compatibility of C and C++
3463:Memory management software
3310:Tracing garbage collection
3143:Virtual memory compression
3033:Understanding glibc malloc
2087:etc. is given on page 275.
2002:The C Programming Language
1600:
1581:
1332:
720:, it must eventually call
3962:
3609:
3511:
3413:
3076:
2408:"Glibc: Malloc Internals"
1522:'s implementation of the
1286:Single Unix Specification
614:good programming practice
303:dynamic memory allocation
184:dynamic memory allocation
3237:Static memory allocation
3229:Manual memory management
3011:Memory Reduction (GNOME)
3004:Inside memory management
1809:stack and frame pointers
1611:compact general-purpose
1137:Disadvantages to casting
991:
852:
769:
743:The memory set aside by
726:
618:
548:
524:
180:manual memory management
45:Character classification
3295:Garbage-first collector
3270:Boehm garbage collector
3176:x86 memory segmentation
2375:Kaempf, Michel (2001).
2280:Awakened (2019-10-02).
2217:(1 ed.). Pearson.
761:uninitialized variables
3885:Comparison with Pascal
3505:C programming language
3300:Mark–compact algorithm
3097:Memory management unit
2964:The nedmalloc homepage
2567:"History | GrapheneOS"
2549:"libc/stdlib/malloc.c"
2257:"POSIX.1-2017: malloc"
1817:variable-length arrays
1710:Allocation size limits
1584:Hoard memory allocator
1526:function makes use of
1514:
1255:) or before a call to
850:, we can use realloc.
844:
824:
268:C programming language
188:C programming language
2980:The tcmalloc homepage
2972:The jemalloc homepage
2948:The ptmalloc homepage
2627:10.1145/378993.379232
1868:Variable-length array
1369:dlmalloc and ptmalloc
1105:Advantages to casting
845:
825:
540:variable-length array
392:Overview of functions
178:refers to performing
98:Miscellaneous headers
3247:new and delete (C++)
3001:Bartlett, Jonathan;
2716:People.netfilter.org
2692:Mysqlha.blogspot.com
2611:. pp. 117–128.
2449:HTTP for Source Code
2438:"A Memory Allocator"
2377:"Vudo malloc tricks"
1768:(ptrdiff_t) - 1) - 1
1635:thread-local storage
1113:The cast allows for
1048:/* without a cast */
834:
814:
480:Differences between
3153:Memory segmentation
2993:Michael, Maged M.;
2805:Sourceware Bugzilla
2745:Linkers and Loaders
2412:sourceware.org Trac
2134:– Library Functions
1919:C Programming Notes
1829:defines a function
1633:Every thread has a
1207:segmentation faults
1196:is called and cast.
690:"malloc failed
616:to check for this:
243:and placement
4005:C standard library
3395:Automatic variable
3379:Unreachable memory
3305:Reference counting
3275:Cheney's algorithm
3257:Garbage collection
2990:on OSDEV Community
2956:The Hoard homepage
2855:MIT OpenCourseWare
2261:pubs.opengroup.org
2150:. Cprogramming.com
2107:Library Functions
1953:Stroustrup, Bjarne
1617:Microsoft Research
1567:segmentation fault
1493:) was replaced by
1376:has developed the
1221:undefined behavior
1151:function prototype
840:
820:
382:intrinsic function
192:C standard library
90:Alternative tokens
25:C standard library
3995:Memory management
3982:
3981:
3722:
3721:
3471:
3470:
3423:Memory management
3171:Virtual 8086 mode
3070:Memory management
2945:Gloger, Wolfram;
2913:, Version 4 from
2830:stackoverflow.com
2661:TCMalloc homepage
1966:978-0-321-54372-1
1858:Memory protection
1681:Overriding malloc
1657:Operating system
1491:Poul-Henning Kamp
1317:and the operator
1115:pre-1989 versions
1096:/* with a cast */
843:{\displaystyle m}
823:{\displaystyle n}
477:
476:
173:
172:
75:Memory allocation
60:File input/output
4017:
3970:
3969:
3607:
3602:Standard library
3498:
3491:
3484:
3475:
3461:
3460:
3451:
3450:
3441:
3440:
3431:
3430:
3421:
3420:
3348:Dangling pointer
3343:Buffer over-read
3315:Strong reference
3186:Memory allocator
3063:
3056:
3049:
3040:
2961:Douglas, Niall;
2917:
2908:
2907:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2846:
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2816:
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2813:
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2797:
2791:
2782:
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2708:
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2699:
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2372:
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2343:
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2315:
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2291:
2289:
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2277:
2271:
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2268:
2267:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2243:wiki.sei.cmu.edu
2235:
2229:
2228:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2148:"Casting malloc"
2144:
2135:
2125:
2124:
2117:
2111:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2073:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2050:
2044:
2035:
2034:
2027:
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2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1887:
1836:
1832:
1798:
1790:
1781:
1769:
1761:
1754:
1747:, it is usually
1746:
1742:
1734:
1726:
1717:
1701:
1697:
1688:
1672:
1664:
1613:memory allocator
1591:
1561:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1515:OpenBSD's malloc
1504:
1500:
1488:
1485:implementation (
1484:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1320:
1316:
1303:
1299:
1291:
1279:
1275:
1266:
1258:
1253:dangling pointer
1250:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1195:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1131:
1124:
1120:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
984:
976:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
849:
847:
846:
841:
829:
827:
826:
821:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
766:
758:
751:and may contain
746:
739:
736:
733:
730:
723:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
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667:
664:
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649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
607:
600:
592:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
534:
531:
528:
508:
504:
498:
494:
487:
483:
470:
469:
458:
457:
446:
445:
434:
433:
422:
421:
407:
404:header in C++).
403:
399:
387:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
354:
350:
342:
338:
334:
327:
323:
315:
311:
257:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
225:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
165:
158:
151:
138:
129:
120:
111:
21:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4014:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3958:
3942:
3895:
3889:
3873:other languages
3872:
3871:Comparison with
3866:
3803:
3741:Borland Turbo C
3718:
3658:Implementations
3653:
3596:
3550:
3507:
3502:
3472:
3467:
3409:
3383:
3357:
3338:Buffer overflow
3324:
3251:
3223:
3180:
3147:
3114:
3085:
3072:
3067:
2953:Berger, Emery;
2926:
2921:
2920:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2888:
2886:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2864:
2862:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2834:
2832:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2810:
2808:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2777:
2775:
2760:
2750:Morgan Kaufmann
2736:Levine, John R.
2734:
2733:
2729:
2720:
2718:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2696:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2600:
2592:McKinley, K. S.
2590:Berger, E. D.;
2589:
2588:
2584:
2575:
2573:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2509:
2507:
2499:Stone, Adrian.
2498:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2469:
2467:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2442:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2425:
2416:
2414:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2392:
2390:
2374:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2353:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2312:
2310:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2286:
2284:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2265:
2263:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2198:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2177:
2175:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2153:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2138:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1986:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1921:
1913:Summit, Steve.
1912:
1911:
1907:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1876:
1853:Memory debugger
1848:Buffer overflow
1844:
1834:
1830:
1796:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1763:
1759:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1715:
1712:
1699:
1695:
1692:Unix System V.3
1686:
1683:
1670:
1662:
1655:
1631:
1605:
1599:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1559:
1551:
1543:
1542:. On a call to
1539:
1535:
1531:
1523:
1517:
1482:
1471:
1371:
1337:
1331:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1308:Implementations
1264:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1203:
1193:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:, in which the
1146:
1139:
1129:
1122:
1118:
1107:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
987:type conversion
982:
974:
972:
963:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
832:
831:
812:
811:
808:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
764:
763:. The command
756:
744:
741:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
721:
714:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
605:
598:
590:
587:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
536:
535:
532:
529:
526:
516:
506:
502:
496:
492:
489:
485:
481:
467:
455:
443:
431:
419:
401:
397:
394:
385:
374:
370:
366:
362:
356:
352:
348:
347:was given with
340:
336:
332:
325:
321:
313:
306:
270:manages memory
264:
255:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
223:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
169:
132:
123:
114:
105:
80:Process control
17:
12:
11:
5:
4023:
4021:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3987:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3954:Dennis Ritchie
3950:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3899:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3876:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3732:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3679:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3629:Dynamic memory
3626:
3621:
3616:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3478:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3455:
3445:
3435:
3433:Virtual memory
3425:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3353:Stack overflow
3350:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3320:Weak reference
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3161:Protected mode
3157:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3120:Virtual memory
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3008:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2969:Evans, Jason;
2967:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2932:
2925:
2924:External links
2922:
2919:
2918:
2915:The Open Group
2905:posix_memalign
2895:
2871:
2841:
2817:
2792:
2758:
2727:
2703:
2678:
2664:
2653:
2642:
2635:
2582:
2571:grapheneos.org
2558:
2540:
2516:
2491:
2476:
2452:
2423:
2399:
2362:
2338:
2323:
2293:
2272:
2248:
2230:
2223:
2205:
2184:
2173:clang.llvm.org
2160:
2136:
2112:
2089:
2068:
2061:Version 7 Unix
2045:
2038:Version 6 Unix
2022:
1993:
1972:
1965:
1944:
1930:
1905:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1831:posix_memalign
1824:
1815:. C99 offered
1813:stack overflow
1775:
1772:
1764:2^(CHAR_BIT *
1749:2^(CHAR_BIT *
1735:constant from
1711:
1708:
1682:
1679:
1675:virtual memory
1654:
1651:
1630:
1627:
1601:Main article:
1598:
1595:
1582:Main article:
1579:
1576:
1516:
1513:
1470:
1467:
1445:
1444:
1433:
1414:
1396:data structure
1370:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1330:
1327:
1309:
1306:
1270:
1269:
1237:
1236:Logical errors
1234:
1227:
1224:
1217:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1190:
1183:stack smashing
1143:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1111:
1106:
1103:
992:
971:
968:
853:
839:
819:
770:
727:
619:
549:
525:
515:
512:
511:
510:
500:
488:
478:
475:
474:
471:
463:
462:
459:
451:
450:
447:
439:
438:
435:
427:
426:
423:
415:
414:
411:
393:
390:
263:
260:
171:
170:
168:
167:
160:
153:
145:
142:
141:
140:
139:
130:
121:
112:
100:
99:
95:
94:
93:
92:
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32:General topics
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2861:on 2015-06-22
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2215:Pointers on C
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2141:
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2130:Programmer's
2129:
2126: –
2123:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103: –
2100:
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2078:
2072:
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2063:Programmer's
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2040:Programmer's
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1753:(size_t)) - 1
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1548:address space
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1481:5.0, the old
1480:
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1382:GNU C library
1379:
1378:public domain
1375:
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1366:
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1356:fragmentation
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1201:Common errors
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718:dynamic array
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514:Usage example
513:
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491:
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436:
432:aligned_alloc
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359:
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276:automatically
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208:aligned_alloc
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30:
26:
22:
19:
3971:
3827:Code::Blocks
3799:Watcom C/C++
3628:
3587:Preprocessor
3567:Header files
3241:
3032:
3003:
2995:
2986:
2979:
2971:
2963:
2955:
2947:
2939:
2898:
2887:. Retrieved
2883:
2874:
2863:. Retrieved
2859:the original
2854:
2844:
2833:. Retrieved
2829:
2820:
2809:. Retrieved
2807:. 2019-04-18
2804:
2795:
2776:. Retrieved
2744:
2730:
2719:. Retrieved
2715:
2706:
2695:. Retrieved
2691:
2681:
2673:
2667:
2656:
2645:
2608:
2596:
2585:
2574:. Retrieved
2570:
2561:
2552:
2543:
2532:. Retrieved
2519:
2508:. Retrieved
2504:
2494:
2479:
2468:. Retrieved
2455:
2441:. Retrieved
2415:. Retrieved
2411:
2402:
2391:. Retrieved
2380:
2354:. Retrieved
2350:
2341:
2332:
2326:
2316:– via
2311:. Retrieved
2296:
2285:. Retrieved
2275:
2264:. Retrieved
2260:
2251:
2242:
2233:
2214:
2208:
2197:. Retrieved
2187:
2176:. Retrieved
2172:
2163:
2152:. Retrieved
2115:
2092:
2076:
2071:
2048:
2025:
2001:
1996:
1985:. Retrieved
1981:"gcc manual"
1975:
1956:
1947:
1933:
1922:. Retrieved
1918:
1908:
1899:
1891:
1777:
1757:
1720:
1713:
1704:
1684:
1656:
1646:
1632:
1625:
1606:
1587:
1578:Hoard malloc
1574:
1571:
1518:
1511:
1472:
1465:
1446:
1424:bitwise trie
1423:
1422:an in-place
1404:
1386:
1372:
1365:
1345:
1341:heap segment
1338:
1311:
1271:
1261:wild pointer
1226:Memory leaks
1211:
1204:
1100:
979:void pointer
973:
964:
809:
742:
715:
610:null pointer
603:
588:
537:
518:Creating an
517:
413:Description
395:
379:
330:
307:
300:
296:
288:compile-time
265:
253:
216:
175:
174:
74:
70:Localization
18:
3918:Objective-C
3699:Windows CRT
3374:Memory leak
2436:Lee, Doug.
2075:Anonymous,
1609:open-source
1563:system call
1400:dope vector
1263:), calling
1165:returns an
970:Type safety
749:initialized
280:dynamically
55:Mathematics
3989:Categories
3894:Descendant
3766:Norcroft C
3592:Data types
3541:Embedded C
3138:Page table
2889:2016-01-05
2865:2015-01-27
2835:2016-01-05
2811:2020-07-30
2778:2020-01-12
2721:2011-09-18
2697:2011-09-18
2576:2023-03-02
2534:2012-03-18
2510:2019-12-01
2505:Game Angst
2470:2009-05-02
2443:2019-12-01
2417:2019-12-01
2393:2009-04-29
2356:2018-04-01
2313:2022-08-06
2287:2019-11-29
2266:2019-11-29
2199:2007-03-09
2178:2018-04-01
2154:2007-03-09
1987:2008-12-14
1924:2020-07-11
1874:References
1793:call stack
1333:See also:
1329:Heap-based
977:returns a
612:and it is
308:free store
272:statically
251:operator.
40:Data types
3896:languages
3728:Compilers
3670:libhybris
3572:Operators
3562:Functions
3285:Finalizer
3166:Real mode
2935:Lea, Doug
2738:(2000) .
2613:CiteSeerX
2385:(57): 8.
2351:malloc.de
2122:calloc(3)
2099:alloca(3)
2083:page for
2055:malloc(3)
1983:. gnu.org
1863:Page size
1823:standard.
1685:Because
1653:In-kernel
1499:phkmalloc
1487:phkmalloc
1457:sysmalloc
1426:algorithm
410:Function
262:Rationale
194:, namely
65:Date/time
3973:Category
3947:Designer
3862:NetBeans
3852:KDevelop
3832:CodeLite
3677:dietlibc
3644:Variadic
3619:File I/O
3555:Features
3219:ptmalloc
3214:mimalloc
3204:jemalloc
3194:dlmalloc
3090:Hardware
2977:Google;
2884:man7.org
2788:Errata:
2772:Archived
2768:42413382
2387:Archived
2032:alloc(3)
1955:(2008).
1842:See also
1739:stdint.h
1733:SIZE_MAX
1643:TCMalloc
1603:mimalloc
1597:mimalloc
1503:jemalloc
1495:jemalloc
1477:7.0 and
1449:dlmalloc
1374:Doug Lea
1294:WhatsApp
1284:and the
1147:stdlib.h
1130:malloc()
604:Because
507:calloc()
503:malloc()
497:calloc()
493:malloc()
486:calloc()
482:malloc()
400:header (
398:stdlib.h
386:alloca()
292:run-time
135:stdarg.h
126:setjmp.h
108:assert.h
3837:Eclipse
3790:Express
3546:MISRA C
3290:Garbage
3209:libumem
3111:(IOMMU)
2318:Twitter
2195:. C-FAQ
2105:FreeBSD
1659:kernels
1520:OpenBSD
1475:FreeBSD
1461:systrim
1393:aligned
1362:issues.
1302:realloc
1278:realloc
1189:return.
921:realloc
747:is not
678:fprintf
595:pointer
444:realloc
402:cstdlib
318:pointer
200:realloc
186:in the
117:errno.h
85:Signals
50:Strings
3817:Anjuta
3714:uClibc
3709:Newlib
3687:EGLIBC
3665:Bionic
3634:String
3582:Syntax
3577:String
3516:ANSI C
3362:Issues
2783:Code:
2766:
2756:
2633:
2615:
2605:ASPLOS
2382:Phrack
2221:
2132:Manual
2109:Manual
2085:malloc
2065:Manual
2042:Manual
2006:calloc
1963:
1805:ANSI-C
1797:alloca
1788:alloca
1780:malloc
1766:sizeof
1760:malloc
1751:sizeof
1724:size_t
1716:malloc
1696:malloc
1687:malloc
1671:malloc
1663:malloc
1647:malloc
1552:munmap
1550:using
1536:malloc
1524:malloc
1483:malloc
1479:NetBSD
1473:Since
1315:malloc
1274:malloc
1257:malloc
1241:malloc
1194:malloc
1179:malloc
1163:malloc
1159:malloc
1155:malloc
1123:char *
1119:malloc
1081:sizeof
1069:malloc
1033:sizeof
1021:malloc
983:void *
975:malloc
939:sizeof
879:sizeof
867:malloc
796:sizeof
784:calloc
765:calloc
757:malloc
745:malloc
702:return
696:"
684:stderr
645:sizeof
633:malloc
606:malloc
597:named
591:malloc
575:sizeof
563:malloc
456:calloc
420:malloc
371:malloc
341:malloc
333:calloc
322:malloc
314:malloc
256:malloc
241:malloc
237:delete
228:delete
204:calloc
196:malloc
27:(libc)
3928:Limbo
3842:Geany
3822:CLion
3746:Clang
3694:klibc
3682:glibc
3649:POSIX
3388:Other
3199:Hoard
3105:(TLB)
3099:(MMU)
2607:-IX.
2601:(PDF)
2529:(PDF)
2307:Tweet
2128:Linux
2014:alloc
2010:cfree
1896:(PDF)
1827:POSIX
1745:ISO C
1615:from
1282:POSIX
1268:work.
778:array
753:cruft
735:array
663:array
627:array
599:array
557:array
530:array
520:array
363:alloc
349:alloc
337:cfree
320:that
284:stack
278:, or
3938:Vala
3923:Alef
3809:IDEs
3776:SDCC
3704:musl
3639:Time
3624:Math
3614:Char
2764:OCLC
2754:ISBN
2631:ISBN
2219:ISBN
2018:free
2016:and
2008:and
1961:ISBN
1835:free
1801:32/V
1741:>
1737:<
1700:free
1698:and
1645:, a
1639:sbrk
1590:mmap
1560:mmap
1544:free
1540:mmap
1532:mmap
1528:mmap
1441:page
1437:mmap
1418:mmap
1407:bins
1389:heap
1335:sbrk
1298:NULL
1290:NULL
1265:free
1249:free
1245:free
1231:free
1171:long
1153:for
1051:ptr2
1009:ptr2
729:free
722:free
669:NULL
484:and
468:free
375:free
373:and
367:free
365:and
358:sbrk
353:free
351:and
345:Unix
335:and
326:free
266:The
226:and
217:The
212:free
210:and
182:for
137:>
133:<
128:>
124:<
119:>
115:<
110:>
106:<
4010:C++
3903:C++
3794:C++
3781:TCC
3771:PCC
3761:LCC
3756:ICC
3751:GCC
3736:ACK
3536:C23
3531:C17
3526:C11
3521:C99
2623:doi
2465:GNU
2081:man
1821:C11
1729:C99
1667:DMA
1607:An
1507:CPU
1489:by
1430:brk
1323:C++
1321:in
1319:new
1187:int
1175:int
1167:int
1117:of
1093:));
1090:ptr
1060:int
1045:));
1042:ptr
1015:ptr
1000:ptr
994:int
951:arr
948:));
945:int
927:arr
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