Knowledge (XXG)

Cactus Hotel

Source 📝

53: 98: 70: 105: 77: 346:
on April 28, 1929, before he could assume the office. In his place, Hilton selected Sidney Abbott, the manager of the Waco Hilton. Much of the administrative staff were brought to the San Angelo from other Hilton hotels, while locals were hired for service positions; African-Americans were only hired
280:
On March 5, 1928, the West Texas Lumber Company (WTLC) accounted that it had signed a 15-year lease with Hilton to build a hotel on the site of its offices. The WTLC began to move out of its offices to a new location in San Angelo, and delayed the start of construction of the San Angelo Hilton until
317:
reported that the concrete pours for the hotel's first floor were almost complete. Pours for the uppermost portions of the hotel began on January 1, 1929, as did the erection of a steel frame for the roof and bricklaying, both completed on February 3. Interior work was mostly completed by April 14.
289:
To construct the hotel, Belvedere B. Hail, the president of the WTLC, formed the B. B. Hail Building Corporation (B. B. Hail) on June 19, 1928. The WTLC announced on June 5 that bids for contracts would open on June 20, for which contractors from six states began arriving by June 6.
285:
was selected to design the hotel; his plans were made public on April 22, 1928. A test pit was dug at the site on April 5, to ascertain the quality of the hotel's future foundations. The construction and furnishing of the San Angelo Hilton was expected to cost $ 750,000 (equivalent to $
276:
in 1924–25, then identified several West Texas cities, including San Angelo, in which to open hotels. The construction of the Dallas Hilton had exceeded Hilton's budget, however, and he sought partnerships to limit future expenses in the construction of future hotels.
294:
was awarded the general construction contract, the A. T. Cheaney Plumbing and Heating Company was awarded the contract for plumbing, heating, and ventilation, the Sun Electric Company was contracted to supply the hotel's wiring, and the
1636: 302:
Excavations for the basement of the hotel began on July 23, 1928, and was largely completed by August 30. The excavation produced 8,000 cubic yards (6,100 m) of spoil that was disposed of by creating an
390:
The basement, first floor, and mezzanine together have a floor space of 16,875 square feet (1,567.7 m) and the other floors altogether have a floor space of about 6,250 square feet (581 m).
1641: 342:, and W. H. Holcombe, the mayor of San Angelo. To manage the San Angelo Hilton, Hilton had first selected the manager of the Dallas Hilton, A. H. Hilton, who died of 1631: 140: 299:
would supply its elevators. Theodore Montgomery was awarded the contract to demolish the WTLC's offices and began work on the site on July 6.
356: 241: 97: 39: 379:
above the first floor, and stands 165 feet (50 m) tall. The exterior of the building is composed of a classical base, column, and
1563: 1540: 1512: 402: 1499: 415: 394: 69: 326:
The San Angelo Hilton had its grand opening on May 31, 1929. The day started with tours of the hotel from 11:30 AM to 5:30 PM (
307:
at a nearby campground. After bedrock was reached digging continued with explosives, which resulted in rocks striking the
330:) and concluded that night with a ball, and a wedding hosted within the hotel, which were broadcast on the radio station 511: 405:. Its skyscraper-like appearance was typical of hotels constructed in Texas in the first decades of the 20th century. 398: 360: 1251: 1555: 546: 308: 269: 52: 834: 804: 744: 1504: 1209: 1177: 1115: 963: 931: 869: 611: 313: 419:, historian Jay C. Henry called the composition of the Cactus Hotel's exterior "rather weak and unconvincing." 620: 616: 606: 1050: 990: 1353: 774: 645: 380: 364: 1383: 1142: 958: 864: 714: 1598: 1281: 896: 576: 296: 1204: 1110: 1020: 1172: 926: 1532: 1080: 1311: 1578: 1559: 1536: 1508: 327: 253: 237: 128: 367:
accepted the nomination and added the hotel to the National Register on September 20, 1984.
252:
The hotel stands at 36 E. Twohig, on the northwest corner of Twohig and Oakes, in downtown
291: 1592:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Hotel Cactus / Hilton Hotel" 687: 1399: 1369: 1327: 1297: 1267: 1222: 1190: 1158: 1128: 1096: 1066: 1036: 1006: 976: 944: 912: 882: 850: 820: 790: 760: 730: 692: 661: 631: 592: 562: 527: 304: 212: 1625: 1522: 335: 282: 273: 265: 183: 1526: 272:
that he began rapidly expanding across Texas in the 1920s. He constructed the
155: 142: 1582: 376: 343: 331: 1591: 384: 290:
B. B. Hail received its charter on June 20 and began to hear bids.
1452: 1450: 311:
across the street. Construction had begun by September 16, when the
1602: 387:
and isolates the guest rooms from other buildings on the block.
383:, with an attached northern wing that simultaneously provides a 1637:
National Register of Historic Places in Tom Green County, Texas
1616: 194: 281:
the completion of their new office. Dallas-based architect
1590:
Williams, Kim Alan; Barr, Britten (September 20, 1984).
1437: 1435: 1433: 1234: 1232: 1252:"Radio wedding to be performed over KGKL Friday night" 1456: 1424: 447: 1552:
Biographical Dictionary of American Business Leaders
355:
The Cactus Hotel was nominated for inclusion on the
218: 205: 189: 179: 171: 134: 124: 347:for positions Abbott described as "heavy work". 835:"More contracts let for work on hotel building" 745:"Contractors of many states ask for hotel work" 512:"Hilton leases a structure with 225 rooms here" 240:. The hotel was built in 1929 and added to the 805:"El Pasoan will build 12-story Hilton edifice" 1642:Buildings and structures in San Angelo, Texas 375:The Cactus Hotel contains 14 stories, with a 8: 547:"Name architect for new hotel building here" 397:by Anton F. Korn, who had also designed the 51: 40:U.S. National Register of Historic Places 541: 539: 537: 506: 504: 428: 84:Location in Texas and the United States 1577:. San Angelo Cultural Affairs Office. 1468: 1412: 1340: 1238: 674: 495: 483: 471: 459: 435: 359:on April 5, 1984, and surveyed by the 23: 1480: 1441: 1354:"A. H. Hilton to run hotel here" 7: 1384:"A. H. Hilton is victim of flu" 357:National Register of Historic Places 242:National Register of Historic Places 104: 76: 865:"New Hilton hotel to be 14 stories" 16:Historic hotel in San Angelo, Texas 236:, is a historic hotel in downtown 14: 1632:Hotel buildings completed in 1928 403:San Angelo National Bank Building 393:The building was designed in the 1500:Architecture in Texas: 1895-1945 1119:. September 16, 1928. p. 31 416:Architecture in Texas: 1895-1945 334:. Guests included Hilton, Hail, 112:Cactus Hotel (the United States) 103: 96: 75: 68: 1087:. September 18, 1928. p. 3 1051:"Dan Moody may speak Wednesday" 991:"Excavation for hotel finished" 688:"B B HAIL BUILDING CORPORATION" 57:Cactus Hotel from the southeast 1360:. February 13, 1929. p. 1 1181:. February 3, 1929. p. 25 775:"Charter given hotel builders" 646:"Test base for new hotel here" 207: 1: 1575:A History of the Cactus Hotel 1143:"Pouring forms on Hilton top" 959:"Start July 23 on new Hilton" 715:"Bids on Hilton open June 20" 309:O. C. Fisher Federal Building 115:Show map of the United States 1282:"To broadcast Hilton affair" 1213:. April 14, 1929. p. 30 1149:. January 2, 1929. p. 9 997:. August 30, 1928. p. 1 897:"Work started on hotel site" 583:. March 16, 1928. p. 10 577:"Plan to rush work on hotel" 21:United States historic place 1390:. April 30, 1929. p. 1 1147:San Angelo Evening Standard 1085:San Angelo Evening Standard 1055:San Angelo Evening Standard 1025:San Angelo Evening Standard 967:. July 15, 1928. p. 19 901:San Angelo Evening Standard 873:. June 24, 1928. p. 35 781:. June 20, 1928. p. 10 719:San Angelo Evening Standard 652:. April 5, 1928. p. 14 650:San Angelo Evening Standard 615:. April 22, 1928. pp.  607:"Hilton Hotel plans rushed" 516:San Angelo Evening Standard 399:Tom Green County Courthouse 361:Texas Historical Commission 1658: 1556:Greenwood Publishing Group 1457:National Park Service 1984 1425:National Park Service 1984 1318:. May 31, 1929. p. 17 1288:. May 30, 1929. p. 15 1258:. May 31, 1929. p. 13 1205:"Hilton Hotel open June 1" 1111:"Hilton Hotel progressing" 1057:. July 24, 1928. p. 1 1027:. July 25, 1928. p. 8 1021:"Work on new Hilton begun" 841:. June 23, 1928. p. 1 811:. June 22, 1928. p. 1 751:. June 6, 1928. p. 13 721:. June 5, 1928. p. 13 553:. March 6, 1928. p. 1 518:. March 5, 1928. p. 1 448:National Park Service 1984 232:, previously known as the 1573:Noelke, Virginia (1996). 1505:University of Texas Press 1210:San Angelo Standard-Times 1178:San Angelo Standard-Times 1173:"Lay roof on Hilton soon" 1116:San Angelo Standard-Times 964:San Angelo Standard-Times 935:. July 8, 1928. p. 1 932:San Angelo Standard-Times 927:"Clearing off hotel site" 903:. July 6, 1928. p. 1 870:San Angelo Standard-Times 612:San Angelo Standard-Times 395:Italian Renaissance style 340:San Angelo Standard-Times 314:San Angelo Standard-Times 286:13,308,140 in 2023). 206:NRHP reference  62: 50: 46: 37: 30: 26: 1550:Ingham, John N. (1983). 1388:San Angelo Morning Times 1358:San Angelo Morning Times 1316:San Angelo Evening Times 1286:San Angelo Evening Times 1256:San Angelo Evening Times 995:San Angelo Morning Times 839:San Angelo Morning Times 809:San Angelo Morning Times 779:San Angelo Morning Times 749:San Angelo Morning Times 581:San Angelo Morning Times 551:San Angelo Morning Times 156:31.461861°N 100.434750°W 1081:"Rocks into postoffice" 244:on September 20, 1984. 1497:Henry, Jay C. (1993). 1312:"To broadcast banquet" 365:Keeper of the Register 264:In 1919, entrepreneur 161:31.461861; -100.434750 1599:National Park Service 297:Otis Elevator Company 1533:Simon & Schuster 338:, the owner of the 152: /  222:September 20, 1984 1415:, pp. 14–16. 1343:, pp. 13–14. 363:that August. The 322:San Angelo Hilton 254:San Angelo, Texas 238:San Angelo, Texas 226: 225: 129:San Angelo, Texas 87:Show map of Texas 1649: 1617:Official website 1606: 1596: 1586: 1569: 1546: 1518: 1484: 1478: 1472: 1471:, pp. 4, 7. 1466: 1460: 1454: 1445: 1439: 1428: 1422: 1416: 1410: 1404: 1403: 1397: 1395: 1380: 1374: 1373: 1367: 1365: 1350: 1344: 1338: 1332: 1331: 1325: 1323: 1308: 1302: 1301: 1295: 1293: 1278: 1272: 1271: 1265: 1263: 1248: 1242: 1236: 1227: 1226: 1220: 1218: 1201: 1195: 1194: 1188: 1186: 1169: 1163: 1162: 1156: 1154: 1139: 1133: 1132: 1126: 1124: 1107: 1101: 1100: 1094: 1092: 1077: 1071: 1070: 1064: 1062: 1047: 1041: 1040: 1034: 1032: 1017: 1011: 1010: 1004: 1002: 987: 981: 980: 974: 972: 955: 949: 948: 942: 940: 923: 917: 916: 910: 908: 893: 887: 886: 880: 878: 861: 855: 854: 848: 846: 831: 825: 824: 818: 816: 801: 795: 794: 788: 786: 771: 765: 764: 758: 756: 741: 735: 734: 728: 726: 711: 705: 704: 702: 700: 684: 678: 672: 666: 665: 659: 657: 642: 636: 635: 629: 627: 603: 597: 596: 590: 588: 573: 567: 566: 560: 558: 543: 532: 531: 525: 523: 508: 499: 493: 487: 481: 475: 469: 463: 457: 451: 445: 439: 433: 209: 201: 198: 196: 167: 166: 164: 163: 162: 157: 153: 150: 149: 148: 145: 116: 107: 106: 100: 88: 79: 78: 72: 55: 24: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1622: 1621: 1613: 1594: 1589: 1572: 1566: 1554:. Vol. 2. 1549: 1543: 1521: 1515: 1496: 1493: 1488: 1487: 1479: 1475: 1467: 1463: 1455: 1448: 1440: 1431: 1423: 1419: 1411: 1407: 1393: 1391: 1382: 1381: 1377: 1363: 1361: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1339: 1335: 1321: 1319: 1310: 1309: 1305: 1291: 1289: 1280: 1279: 1275: 1261: 1259: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1237: 1230: 1216: 1214: 1203: 1202: 1198: 1184: 1182: 1171: 1170: 1166: 1152: 1150: 1141: 1140: 1136: 1122: 1120: 1109: 1108: 1104: 1090: 1088: 1079: 1078: 1074: 1060: 1058: 1049: 1048: 1044: 1030: 1028: 1019: 1018: 1014: 1000: 998: 989: 988: 984: 970: 968: 957: 956: 952: 938: 936: 925: 924: 920: 906: 904: 895: 894: 890: 876: 874: 863: 862: 858: 844: 842: 833: 832: 828: 814: 812: 803: 802: 798: 784: 782: 773: 772: 768: 754: 752: 743: 742: 738: 724: 722: 713: 712: 708: 698: 696: 686: 685: 681: 673: 669: 655: 653: 644: 643: 639: 625: 623: 605: 604: 600: 586: 584: 575: 574: 570: 556: 554: 545: 544: 535: 521: 519: 510: 509: 502: 498:, pp. 5–6. 494: 490: 482: 478: 474:, pp. 2–3. 470: 466: 458: 454: 446: 442: 434: 430: 425: 411: 373: 353: 324: 292:Robert E. McKee 262: 250: 193: 160: 158: 154: 151: 146: 143: 141: 139: 138: 120: 119: 118: 117: 114: 113: 110: 109: 108: 91: 90: 89: 86: 85: 82: 81: 80: 58: 42: 33: 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 1655: 1653: 1645: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1612: 1611:External links 1609: 1608: 1607: 1587: 1570: 1564: 1547: 1541: 1523:Hilton, Conrad 1519: 1513: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1483:, p. 128. 1473: 1461: 1446: 1444:, p. 129. 1429: 1417: 1405: 1400:Newspapers.com 1375: 1370:Newspapers.com 1345: 1333: 1328:Newspapers.com 1303: 1298:Newspapers.com 1273: 1268:Newspapers.com 1243: 1228: 1223:Newspapers.com 1196: 1191:Newspapers.com 1164: 1159:Newspapers.com 1134: 1129:Newspapers.com 1102: 1097:Newspapers.com 1072: 1067:Newspapers.com 1042: 1037:Newspapers.com 1012: 1007:Newspapers.com 982: 977:Newspapers.com 950: 945:Newspapers.com 918: 913:Newspapers.com 888: 883:Newspapers.com 856: 851:Newspapers.com 826: 821:Newspapers.com 796: 791:Newspapers.com 766: 761:Newspapers.com 736: 731:Newspapers.com 706: 693:OpenCorporates 679: 667: 662:Newspapers.com 637: 632:Newspapers.com 598: 593:Newspapers.com 568: 563:Newspapers.com 533: 528:Newspapers.com 500: 488: 486:, p. 144. 476: 464: 462:, p. 587. 452: 440: 427: 426: 424: 421: 410: 407: 372: 369: 352: 349: 323: 320: 305:athletic field 261: 258: 249: 246: 224: 223: 220: 216: 215: 210: 203: 202: 191: 187: 186: 181: 177: 176: 173: 169: 168: 136: 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 111: 102: 101: 95: 94: 93: 92: 83: 74: 73: 67: 66: 65: 64: 63: 60: 59: 56: 48: 47: 44: 43: 38: 35: 34: 31: 28: 27: 20: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1654: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1627: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1610: 1604: 1600: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1565:9780313239083 1561: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1544: 1542:9780671761745 1538: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1514:9780292730724 1510: 1506: 1502: 1501: 1495: 1494: 1490: 1482: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1406: 1401: 1389: 1385: 1379: 1376: 1371: 1359: 1355: 1349: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1334: 1329: 1317: 1313: 1307: 1304: 1299: 1287: 1283: 1277: 1274: 1269: 1257: 1253: 1247: 1244: 1241:, p. 13. 1240: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1200: 1197: 1192: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1168: 1165: 1160: 1148: 1144: 1138: 1135: 1130: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1106: 1103: 1098: 1086: 1082: 1076: 1073: 1068: 1056: 1052: 1046: 1043: 1038: 1026: 1022: 1016: 1013: 1008: 996: 992: 986: 983: 978: 966: 965: 960: 954: 951: 946: 934: 933: 928: 922: 919: 914: 902: 898: 892: 889: 884: 872: 871: 866: 860: 857: 852: 840: 836: 830: 827: 822: 810: 806: 800: 797: 792: 780: 776: 770: 767: 762: 750: 746: 740: 737: 732: 720: 716: 710: 707: 695: 694: 689: 683: 680: 676: 671: 668: 663: 651: 647: 641: 638: 633: 622: 618: 614: 613: 608: 602: 599: 594: 582: 578: 572: 569: 564: 552: 548: 542: 540: 538: 534: 529: 517: 513: 507: 505: 501: 497: 492: 489: 485: 480: 477: 473: 468: 465: 461: 456: 453: 449: 444: 441: 437: 432: 429: 422: 420: 418: 417: 408: 406: 404: 400: 396: 391: 388: 386: 382: 378: 370: 368: 366: 362: 358: 350: 348: 345: 341: 337: 336:Houston Harte 333: 329: 321: 319: 316: 315: 310: 306: 300: 298: 293: 287: 284: 283:Anton F. Korn 278: 275: 274:Dallas Hilton 271: 270:a hotel chain 267: 266:Conrad Hilton 259: 257: 255: 247: 245: 243: 239: 235: 231: 221: 219:Added to NRHP 217: 214: 211: 204: 200: 192: 188: 185: 184:Anton F. Korn 182: 178: 174: 170: 165: 137: 133: 130: 127: 123: 99: 71: 61: 54: 49: 45: 41: 36: 29: 25: 19: 1601:– via 1574: 1551: 1527: 1498: 1476: 1464: 1459:, p. 2. 1427:, p. 6. 1420: 1408: 1398:– via 1394:December 20, 1392:. Retrieved 1387: 1378: 1368:– via 1364:December 20, 1362:. Retrieved 1357: 1348: 1336: 1326:– via 1322:December 23, 1320:. Retrieved 1315: 1306: 1296:– via 1292:December 21, 1290:. Retrieved 1285: 1276: 1266:– via 1262:December 23, 1260:. Retrieved 1255: 1246: 1221:– via 1217:December 20, 1215:. Retrieved 1208: 1199: 1189:– via 1185:December 20, 1183:. Retrieved 1176: 1167: 1157:– via 1153:December 15, 1151:. Retrieved 1146: 1137: 1127:– via 1123:December 14, 1121:. Retrieved 1114: 1105: 1095:– via 1091:December 13, 1089:. Retrieved 1084: 1075: 1065:– via 1061:December 14, 1059:. Retrieved 1054: 1045: 1035:– via 1031:December 14, 1029:. Retrieved 1024: 1015: 1005:– via 1001:December 13, 999:. Retrieved 994: 985: 975:– via 971:December 14, 969:. Retrieved 962: 953: 943:– via 939:December 14, 937:. Retrieved 930: 921: 911:– via 907:December 11, 905:. Retrieved 900: 891: 881:– via 877:December 14, 875:. Retrieved 868: 859: 849:– via 845:December 11, 843:. Retrieved 838: 829: 819:– via 815:December 11, 813:. Retrieved 808: 799: 789:– via 783:. Retrieved 778: 769: 759:– via 755:December 11, 753:. Retrieved 748: 739: 729:– via 725:December 10, 723:. Retrieved 718: 709: 699:December 12, 697:. Retrieved 691: 682: 677:, p. 6. 670: 660:– via 654:. Retrieved 649: 640: 630:– via 624:. Retrieved 610: 601: 591:– via 585:. Retrieved 580: 571: 561:– via 555:. Retrieved 550: 526:– via 520:. Retrieved 515: 491: 479: 467: 455: 450:, p. 1. 443: 438:, p. 1. 431: 414: 412: 392: 389: 374: 371:Architecture 354: 351:Preservation 339: 325: 312: 301: 288: 279: 268:established 263: 251: 234:Hilton Hotel 233: 230:Cactus Hotel 229: 227: 197:.cactushotel 147:100°26′5.1″W 144:31°27′42.7″N 32:Hilton Hotel 18: 1528:Be My Guest 1469:Noelke 1996 1413:Noelke 1996 1341:Noelke 1996 1239:Noelke 1996 785:December 9, 675:Noelke 1996 656:December 9, 626:December 9, 587:December 9, 557:December 8, 522:December 8, 496:Noelke 1996 484:Hilton 1994 472:Noelke 1996 460:Ingham 1983 436:Noelke 1996 159: / 135:Coordinates 1626:Categories 1481:Henry 1993 1442:Henry 1993 423:References 1525:(1994) . 409:Reception 377:mezzanine 344:influenza 180:Architect 1583:38489054 401:and the 385:ballroom 213:84001999 125:Location 1491:Sources 381:capital 260:History 190:Website 1581:  1562:  1539:  1511:  1595:(pdf) 172:Built 1603:NARA 1579:OCLC 1560:ISBN 1537:ISBN 1509:ISBN 1396:2022 1366:2022 1324:2022 1294:2022 1264:2022 1219:2022 1187:2022 1155:2022 1125:2022 1093:2022 1063:2022 1033:2022 1003:2022 973:2022 941:2022 909:2022 879:2022 847:2022 817:2022 787:2022 757:2022 727:2022 701:2022 658:2022 628:2022 589:2022 559:2022 524:2022 332:KGKL 248:Site 228:The 199:.net 175:1928 413:In 328:CST 208:No. 195:www 1628:: 1597:. 1558:. 1535:. 1531:. 1507:. 1503:. 1449:^ 1432:^ 1386:. 1356:. 1314:. 1284:. 1254:. 1231:^ 1207:. 1175:. 1145:. 1113:. 1083:. 1053:. 1023:. 993:. 961:. 929:. 899:. 867:. 837:. 807:. 777:. 747:. 717:. 690:. 648:. 619:, 609:. 579:. 549:. 536:^ 514:. 503:^ 256:. 1605:. 1585:. 1568:. 1545:. 1517:. 1402:. 1372:. 1330:. 1300:. 1270:. 1225:. 1193:. 1161:. 1131:. 1099:. 1069:. 1039:. 1009:. 979:. 947:. 915:. 885:. 853:. 823:. 793:. 763:. 733:. 703:. 664:. 634:. 621:4 617:1 595:. 565:. 530:.

Index

U.S. National Register of Historic Places

Cactus Hotel is located in Texas
Cactus Hotel is located in the United States
San Angelo, Texas
31°27′42.7″N 100°26′5.1″W / 31.461861°N 100.434750°W / 31.461861; -100.434750
Anton F. Korn
www.cactushotel.net
84001999
San Angelo, Texas
National Register of Historic Places
San Angelo, Texas
Conrad Hilton
a hotel chain
Dallas Hilton
Anton F. Korn
Robert E. McKee
Otis Elevator Company
athletic field
O. C. Fisher Federal Building
San Angelo Standard-Times
CST
KGKL
Houston Harte
influenza
National Register of Historic Places
Texas Historical Commission
Keeper of the Register
mezzanine
capital

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.