Flight attendant - Knowledge (XXG)

2313: 414: 169: 2328: 357: 2241:, where the investigative board found that the flight attendant in charge's "misleading" reports about the fire "influenced the captain's decision to delay the initiation of a descent" and that such "delay increased the time for the fire to propagate and the time that passengers were exposed to the toxic environment before the airplane could be evacuated." The accident killed 23 passengers; none of the flight attendants sustained any injuries. Chief Flight Attendant Sergio Benetti was the first to open the front door of the aircraft, and escaped out that way, leaving all passengers and other crew behind. 1300: 73: 2253: 1177: 569: 624: 2268: 2189:(Sergio Benetti, Judi Davidson, Laura Kayama) used procedures which were not specifically taught in training such as moving passengers to the front of the aircraft to move them away from the fire and smoke, and passing out towels for passengers to cover their nose and mouths with while the cabin was filling with smoke. Chief Flight Attendant Sergio Benetti was the first to open the front door of the aircraft, and escaped out that way, leaving all passengers and other crew behind. 836:: on some aircraft (some airlines Airbus aircraft, and the Boeing 787), this colour is used to indicate interphone calls between two flight attendants, distinguishing them from the pink or red light used for interphone calls made from the flight deck to a flight attendant, and is also accompanied with a high-low chime like the pink or red light. On the Boeing 787, a flashing green light with a repeated high-low chime is used to indicate a call to all flight attendant stations. 2298: 466:'s first complainants were female flight attendants complaining of age discrimination, weight requirements, and bans on marriage. (Originally female flight attendants were fired if they reached age 32 or 35 depending on the airline, were fired if they exceeded weight regulations, and were required to be single upon hiring and fired if they got married.) In 1968, the EEOC declared age restrictions on flight attendants' employment to be illegal sex discrimination under 655:. It is vital that flight attendants remain aware as the majority of emergencies occur during take-off and landing. Upon landing, flight attendants must remain stationed at exits and monitor the airplane and cabin as passengers disembark the plane. They also assist any special needs passengers and small children off the airplane and escort children, while following the proper paperwork and ID process to escort them to the designated person picking them up. 1732: 1717: 912:

flight (in years of service to their respective carrier), chief pursers can have varying levels of "in-flight" or "on board" bidding seniority or tenure in relation to their flying partners. To reach this position, a crew member requires some minimum years of service as flight attendant. Further training is mandatory, and chief pursers typically earn a higher salary than flight attendants because of the added responsibility and managerial role.

1098:. It shows that a level of required training has been met. It is not limited to the air carrier at which the attendant is employed (although some initial documents showed the airlines where the holders were working), and is the attendant's personal property. It does have two ratings, Group 1 and Group 2 (listed on the certificate as "Group I" and "Group II"). Either or both of these may be earned depending upon the general type of aircraft, ( 659: 1619:. They are more likely to have disruptions in their sleep patterns because they may work at night, cross time zones, and have irregular schedules. There is some evidence linking sleep disruptions to increased cancer risk. Flight attendants may also have different lifestyle behaviours related to diet, physical activity, and health care than the general population which could affect overall health and cancer risk. 2283: 272: 1968: 926: 851: 712: 516: 2365: 800:): interphone calls from the cockpit to a flight attendant and/or interphone calls between two flight attendants, the latter case if a green light is not present or being used for the same purpose (steady with high-low chime), or all services emergency call (flashing with repeated high-low chime). On some airlines Airbus' aircraft (such as 1688:. According to Hochschild, flight attendants do emotional labour to enhance the status of the customer and entice further sales by their friendliness, and support this effort by evoking feelings that make the "nice" display seem natural. With regard to how flight attendants are supposed to use their smile in the job, the author writes: 482:

was passed in 1978, and the no-marriage rule was eliminated throughout the US airline industry by the 1980s. The last such broad categorical discrimination, the weight restrictions, were relaxed in the 1990s through litigation and negotiations. Airlines still often have vision and height requirements

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aircraft crashed after an aborted takeoff in 1992. The aircraft was destroyed by fire. Nine flight attendants, along with five off-duty flight attendants, evacuated all 292 persons on board without loss of life. The NTSB in their after accident report noted, "The performance of the flight attendants

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Appearance was considered one of the most important factors to become a stewardess. At that time, airlines believed that the exploitation of female sexuality would increase their profits; thus the uniforms of female flight attendants were often formfitting, complete with white gloves and high heels.

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Although there is no specific major that will prepare you for a career as a flight attendant, degrees in hospitality, tourism, public relations, business, communications, psychology, sociology, nursing, anthropology, police or fire science, and education are all good choices. A business degree with

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has not been disabled or destroyed and to restock supplies as needed. Regular cockpit checks must be done to ensure the health and safety of the pilot(s). They must also respond to call lights dealing with special requests. During turbulence, flight attendants must ensure the cabin is secure. Prior

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The number of flight attendants required on flights is mandated by each country's regulations. In the US, for light planes with 19 or fewer seats, or, if weighing more than 7,500 pounds, 9 or fewer seats, no flight attendant is needed; on larger aircraft, one flight attendant per 50 passenger seats

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Hochschild notes that corporate logic in the airline industry generates a series of links between competition, market expansion, advertising, heightened passenger expectations about rights to display, and company demands for acting; and when conditions allow this logic to work, private use of

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n the flight attendant's work, smiling is separated from its usual function, which is to express a personal feeling, and attached to another one—expressing a company feeling. The company exhorts them to smile more, and "more sincerely," at an increasing number of passengers. The workers respond to

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There are also training schools, not affiliated with any particular airline, where students generally not only undergo generic, though otherwise practically identical, training to flight attendants employed by an airline, but also take curriculum modules to help them gain employment. These schools

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Prior to each flight, flight attendants and pilots go over safety and emergency checklists, the locations of emergency equipment and other features specific to that aircraft type. Boarding particulars are verified, such as special needs passengers, small children travelling alone, or VIPs. Weather

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The chief purser (CP), also titled as in-flight service manager (ISM), flight service manager (FSM), customer service manager (CSM) or cabin service director (CSD) is the senior flight attendant in the chain of command of flight attendants. While not necessarily the most-senior crew members on a

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The studies also found that 70% of flight attendants who experience sexual harassment on the job "chose not to report the incident because they did not think it would be dealt with appropriately or they were concerned reporting it would make the situation worse" and "their airline was not doing

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is in charge of the cabin crew, in a specific section of a larger aircraft, or the whole aircraft itself (if the purser is the highest ranking). On board a larger aircraft, pursers assist the chief purser in managing the cabin. Pursers are flight attendants or a related job, typically with an

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in 1968. The EEOC ruled that sex was not a bona fide occupational requirement to be a flight attendant. For flight attendants, this meant that they had an official governing body to report offences to and allowed them to successfully challenge age ceiling and marriage bans in relation to their

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presented a campaign known as the "Air Strip" with similarly attractive young female flight attendant changing uniforms mid-flight. In the United States, many airlines had a policy such that only unmarried women could be flight attendants, as well as a mandatory retirement age of 32 for flight

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or headquarters city of an airline over a period that may run from four weeks to six months, depending on the country and airline. The main focus of training is safety, and attendants are evaluated for each type of aircraft in which they work. One of the most elaborate training facilities was

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Flight attendants describe the verbal sexual harassment as comments that are "nasty, unwanted, lewd, crude, inappropriate, uncomfortable, sexual, suggestive, and dirty". They also report being subjected to passengers' explicit sexual fantasies, propositions, request for sexual "favours" and

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introduced a requirement that female flight attendants wear high heels until passengers had been seated. The airline's workers' union stated that the requirement would endanger the health and safety of the flight attendants and instructed its members to ignore the rule. Later that year the

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Most airlines have height requirements for safety reasons, making sure that all flight attendants can reach overhead safety equipment. Typically, the acceptable height for this is over 152 cm but under 185 cm tall. Regional carriers using small aircraft with low ceilings can have height

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Originally female flight attendants were required to be single upon hiring, and were fired if they got married, exceeded weight regulations, or reached age 32 or 35 depending on the airline. In the 1970s, the group Stewardesses for Women's Rights protested sexist advertising and company

1147:, Japanese, Arabic, German, Portuguese, Italian, and Turkish. In the United States, airlines with international routes pay an additional stipend for language skills on top of flight pay, and some airlines hire specifically for certain languages when launching international destinations. 2114:, on which the cabin crew provided safety briefings to their passengers, and on their own initiative, warned passengers of the impending crash by commanding passengers to adopt the brace position. At least one flight attendant is known to have assisted in rescuing trapped passengers. 642:. The duty has led to the mildly derogatory slang term "trolley dolly". When not performing customer service duties, flight attendants must periodically conduct cabin checks and listen for any unusual noises or situations. Checks must also be done on the lavatory to ensure the 1417:

declared that it had ended uniform rules based on gender. Female flight attendants are no longer required to wear high heels, male flight attendants can wear makeup, and flight attendants of any gender can wear the same type of jewelry and have long hair in a ponytail or bun.

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The girls who qualify for hostesses must be petite; weight 100 to 118 pounds; height 5 feet to 5 feet 4 inches; age 20 to 26 years. Add to that the rigid physical examination each must undergo four times every year, and you are assured of the bloom that goes with perfect

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away from the plane. The only fatality was flight attendant C.B. Lansing who was blown out of the airplane. Flight attendant Michelle Honda was thrown violently to the floor during the decompression but, despite her injuries, crawled up and down the aisle reassuring

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on aircraft. Other airlines followed suit, hiring nurses to serve as flight attendants, then called "stewardesses" or "air hostesses", on most of their flights. In the United States, the job was one of only a few in the 1930s to permit women, which, coupled with the

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In 1968, the EEOC declared age restrictions on flight attendants' employment to be illegal sex discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The restriction of hiring only women was lifted at all airlines in 1971 due to the decisive court case of

2312: 1871:. The no-marriage rule was eliminated throughout the US airline industry by the 1980s. The last such broad categorical discrimination, the weight restrictions, were relaxed in the 1990s through litigation and negotiations. By the end of the 1970s, the term 6705: 6700: 494:

Typically flight attendants require holding a high school diploma or equivalent, and in the United States, the median annual wage for flight attendants was $ 50,500 in May 2017, higher than the median for all workers of $ 37,690.

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and fabrics of their respective country in their female flight attendants' uniform. It was meant as a marketing strategy to showcase their national culture as well as to convey welcoming warmth and hospitality. For example,

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and unfair work practices such as age limits, size limits, limitations on marriage, and prohibition of pregnancy. Many of these limitations have been lifted by judicial mandates. The largest flight attendants' union is the

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Uniformes: Every detail of the new uniform evokes the refinement of haute couture...In March 1962, Air France launched a new model designed by Marc Bohan at Dior, introducing the "Air France" model into its haute couture

1521:. Passengers are also exposed to this type of cosmic radiation, but they spend considerably less time on average in the air than crew members. An online travel agency report found, in particular, that travelling adults in 5219: 4023: 474:. Also in 1968, the EEOC ruled that sex was not a bona fide occupational requirement to be a flight attendant. The restriction of hiring only women was lifted at all airlines in 1971 due to the decisive court case of 3370:...Education level Advanced Diploma/Diploma: 17.6% Bachelor degree: 15.7% Certificate III/IV: 17.3% Post Graduate/Graduate Diploma or Graduate Certificate: 2.5% Year 10 and below: 5.2% Year 11: 4.2% Year 12: 37.5% 188:. Additionally, the job of a flight attendant revolves around safety to a much greater extent than those of similar staff on other forms of transportation. Flight attendants on board a flight collectively form a 3931: 2088:

aircraft sustained serious damage to one of its engines and crash landed. The NTSB accident report commended "the exemplary manner in which the flight attendant briefed the passengers and handled the emergency".

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airline for several years prior to application for, and further training to become a purser, and normally earn a higher salary than flight attendants because of the added responsibility and supervisory role.

1529:, a flight attendant can spend up to 30 hours of flight time in seven consecutive days and in some cases more. The effect of cosmic radiation on air crew members is a subject of a growing body of research. 413: 2064:, the two forward flight attendants, Arthur Bradbury and Joanna Toff, repeatedly crawled into the smoke filled and burning cabin to drag a number of passengers to safety, and were subsequently awarded the 368:

Female flight attendants rapidly replaced male ones, and by 1936, they had all but taken over the role. They were selected not only for their knowledge but also for their physical characteristics. A 1936

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as the process of managing feelings and expressions to fulfil the emotional requirements of a job through a publicly visible facial and bodily display within the workplace (as opposed to the concept of

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and coloured lights above their stations. While the colours and chimes are not universal and may vary between airlines and aircraft types, these colours and chimes are generally the most commonly used:

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I am sure these people were once normal. That is until they walked into BA's superior 'trolley dolly' school. From day one, I am positive it was drummed into them that all economy passengers are scum.

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often use actual airline equipment for their lessons, though some are equipped with full simulator cabins capable of replicating a number of emergency situations. In some countries, such as France, a

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an emphasis in customer service or public relations is another excellent option. If you are especially interested in international flights, you might consider getting a degree in a foreign language.

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Grajewski, Barbara; Whelan, Elizabeth A.; Lawson, Christina C.; Hein, Misty J.; Waters, Martha A.; Anderson, Jeri L.; MacDonald, Leslie A.; Mertens, Christopher J.; Tseng, Chih-Yu (March 2015).

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Hainan Airlines debuted the collection at the 2017 Laurence Xu Haute Couture Show at Paris Couture Week Fall/Winter 2017 – cementing the airline's status as a fashion force to be reckoned with.

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Hochschild also writes of how flight attendants are trained to control passengers' feelings during times of turbulence and dangerous situations while suppressing their own fear or anxiety.

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During the mid-1990s, several US-based airlines required female flight attendants to wear shoes with heels. Minimum heel heights ranged from one-half inch to the two inches mandated by

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Okabe, Noriko (2019). "Role Ambiguity and Trust Repair of Flight Attendants: Emotional Labor of Human Service Employees". In Kantola, Jussi Ilari; Nazir, Salman; Barath, Tibor (eds.).

1647:. Studies in the United States and Australia have found that the vast majority (two-thirds) of flight attendants experience sexual harassment in the course of their careers, including 6609: 2841: 2120:, in which Kelly Duncan, the lone surviving flight attendant, passed the only life vest she could find to a passenger. She is recognised in the NTSB report for this "unselfish act". 1903:(NTSB) and other aviation authorities view flight attendants as essential for safety, and are thus usually required on Part 121 aircraft operations. Studies, some done in light of 1790:

were formed, beginning at United Airlines in the 1940s, to negotiate improvements in pay, benefits and working conditions. Those unions would later challenge what they perceived as

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Lee, Chongho; An, Myungsook; Noh, Yonghwi (1 September 2015). "The effects of emotional display rules on flight attendants' emotional labor strategy, job burnout and performance".

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value of their female flight attendants, more feminine lines and colours began to appear in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Some airlines began to commission designs from high-end

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the speed-up with a slowdown: they smile less broadly, with a quick release and no sparkle in the eyes, thus dimming the company's message to the people. It is a war of smiles.

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with reports of the latter increasing with every five years spent in the job. The study did not look into what causes this increase, but the authors said increased exposure to

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and chief steward are often used interchangeably describing personnel with similar duties among seafaring occupations. This lingual derivation results from the international

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difficulties among many others that have been reported by flight attendants, particularly on long-haul routes. There is also much concern regarding the transmission of

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to New York, the first time such a position had been held by an African American. She was let go within six months as a result of Mohawk's then-common marriage ban.

6648: 6031: 3821: 3126: 2827: 2805: 3067: 1678:, i.e. the management of one's feelings in private life) was first established and linked to the profession of flight attendants by Professor Emerita of Sociology 1388:. Flight attendants at times avoided censure by changing into more comfortable shoes during flights, since their supervisors were less likely to be present there. 7176: 4588: 3904: 1820: 1116: 4795: 1835: 1806: 4300: 1770:

In 1968, the EEOC declared age restrictions on flight attendants' employment to be illegal sex discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

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attendants because of the belief women would be less appealing and attractive after this age. Many of the women were recruited as seniors in college and in

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flight attendants are required to change from their corporate purple suits into traditional Thai costume prior to passengers boarding. While the uniform of

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may apply for future consideration). 5'2" but no more than 5'9", weight 105 to 135 in proportion to height and have at least 20/40 vision without glasses.

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represents the flight attendants of American Airlines, the world's largest carrier. APFA is the largest independent flight attendant union in the world.

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were designed to be durable, practical, and inspire confidence in passengers with the first female flight attendants dressing in uniforms resembling

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flight attendants are often in demand to accommodate international travellers. The languages most in demand, other than English, are French, Russian,

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enough to put a stop to harassment", and that "they have not noticed any employer efforts over the past year to address sexual harassment at work."

1579:. An open question remains whether these complaints are due to poor cabin air quality or to other factors inherent in flights, such as lowered 4435: 3236: 491:

The role of a flight attendant is to "provide routine services and respond to emergencies to ensure the safety and comfort of airline passengers".

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of the United Kingdom had "cabin boys" or "stewards"; in the 1920s. In the US, Stout Airways was the first to employ stewards in 1926, working on

5245: 3207: 3185: 2074:, when cabin crew recognised an emergency landing was imminent and commanded the passengers to "bend down ... hold your knees" to adopt the 1907:, have concluded that assertive cabin crew are essential for the rapid evacuation of aeroplanes. Notable examples of cabin crew actions include: 1813: 4697: 6210: 5502: 2081: 5472: 4096:"Association between respiratory tract diseases and secondhand smoke exposure among never smoking flight attendants: a cross-sectional survey" 5956: 5791: 5426: 5271: 5132: 3747: 2884: 2500: 2215: 1891:

has begun to replace 'flight attendants' in some parts of the world, because of the term's recognition of their role as members of the crew.

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was hijacked. She was killed while protecting children from the terrorists. After her death she received the Special Courage Award from the

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cancers reported in flight attendants in contrast to the general population. Specifically, the increased cancer cases reported were seen in

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Safety training includes, but is not limited to: emergency passenger evacuation management, use of evacuation slides/life rafts, in-flight

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The majority of flight attendants for most airlines are female, though a substantial number of males have entered the industry since 1980.

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successfully evacuated all passengers from the aircraft within 90 seconds despite the fact that the rear was rapidly filling with water.

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prevented their plane from being hijacked by a passenger with mental health issues. Two of them were taken to hospital with stab wounds.

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From Skygirl to Flight Attendant, Women and the Making of a Union by Georgia Panter Nielsen, ILR Press/Cornell, Ithaca, New York (1982)

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performed by flight attendants and cross-cultural aspects of it have since been actively studied and are a topic of ongoing research.

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USAir flight attendant Richard DeMary helped to evacuate surviving passengers and another crew member from the burning wreckage of

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recalled when interviewed in 2018 that "you had to be able to speak another language" when working in the industry in the 1970s.

349:, led to large numbers of applicants for the few positions available. Two thousand women applied for just 43 positions offered by 7181: 5115:

Taylor, Ian; Brotheridge, Céleste M. (1 January 2006), "Chapter 7 Cultural Differences in Emotional Labor in Flight Attendants",

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Feijo, Denise; Luiz, Ronir R.; Camara, Volney M. (April 2014). "Common mental disorders among civil aviation flight attendants".

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having worked in other occupations, often as teachers. Graduates holding degrees, including those with studies in one or more

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A flight attendant's presentation has changed over the decades. Many early uniforms had a strongly military appearance; hats,

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are in their upright positions, armrests down and carry-ons stowed correctly and seat belts are fastened prior to take-off.

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In the wake of these attacks, many flight attendants at major airlines were laid off because of decreased passenger loads.

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On most commercial airliners, flight attendants receive various forms of notification on board the aircraft in the form of

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debuted their new flight attendant's uniforms at the 2017 Laurence Xu Haute Couture Show at Paris Couture Week in 2017.

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flight attendant in the United States. Hired in December 1957, on 11 February 1958, Taylor was the flight attendant on a

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In the 1960s and 1970s, many airlines began advertising the attractiveness and friendliness of their flight attendants.

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In the United States, they were required to be unmarried and were fired if they decided to wed. The requirement to be a

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or monitor passengers as they watch a safety video. They then must "secure the cabin" ensuring tray tables are stowed,

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were required to wear British Airways' standard "ambassador" uniform, which has not traditionally included trousers.

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requires flight attendants on aircraft with 20 or more seats and used by an air carrier for transportation to hold a

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was the world's first flight attendant, in 1912. Kubis first attended to the passengers on board the DELAG Zeppelin

7171: 7034: 6896: 6675: 6165: 6091: 5552: 5043:. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Vol. 783. Springer International Publishing. pp. 84–96. 3624: 3151: 2161: 2108:, in which a flight attendant was able to prevent a pilot from being lost through a cockpit window that had failed. 2065: 1924: 1525:

spend on average 306 hours on flights to holiday destinations during their lifetime. In contrast, according to the

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Griffiths, Robin F.; Powell, David M. C. (May 2012). "The occupational health and safety of flight attendants".

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by their respective countries, the U.S. Merchant Marine assigns such duties to the chief steward in the overall

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Tokumaru, Osamu; Haruki, Kosuke; Bacal, Kira; Katagiri, Tomomi; Yamamoto, Taisuke; Sakurai, Yutaka (May 2006).

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Actions of flight attendants in emergencies have long been credited in saving lives; in the United States, the

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Ebbert, Jon O; Croghan, Ivana T; Schroeder, Darrell R; Murawski, Judith; Hurt, Richard D (26 September 2007).

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have long sponsored international sporting events and employ their flight attendants to present awards at

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which is a form of radiation that comes from space and intensifies as altitude above sea level increases. The

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Williams, Claire (1 November 2003). "Sky Service: The Demands of Emotional Labour in the Airline Industry".

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A high school graduate, single (widows and divorcees with no children considered), 20 years of age (girls 19

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and was on board when it burst into flames. He survived by jumping out a window when it neared the ground.

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during the emergency was exceptional and probably contributed to the success of the emergency evacuation."

1944: 1747: 1547:(NCRP) reports that aircrew have the largest average annual effective dose of all U.S. radiation workers. 1494: 298: 5119:, Research on Emotion in Organizations, vol. 2, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 167–191, 3657: 7056: 6974: 6946: 6936: 6483: 6390: 6343: 6280: 6086: 5216:"Inside the life of an Aussie flight attendant working for Emirates - from job perks to living in Dubai" 4427: 3233: 2273: 2238: 2211: 2186: 2117: 2095: 1858:

signed the Civil Rights Act into law which prohibited sex discrimination and led to the creation of the

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In the UK, cabin crew can be represented by either Cabin Crew '89, or the much larger and more powerful

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equipment. All hot liquids must be disposed of. A final cabin check must then be completed prior to

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to landing, all loose items, trays and rubbish must be collected and secured along with service and

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on an American airline was relaxed as more women were hired, and disappeared almost entirely during

46:"Cabin crew", "Stewardess", "Stewardesses", and "Air hostess" redirect here. For the music duo, see 7004: 6956: 6881: 6856: 6821: 6816: 6690: 6663: 6353: 6205: 6040: 5199: 2196:, which crashed during a go-around in adverse weather conditions after a failed landing attempt at 2157: 1600: 638:

Once up in the air, flight attendants will usually serve drinks and/or food to passengers using an

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McNeely, Eileen; Mordukhovich, Irina; Tideman, Samuel; Gale, Sara; Coull, Brent (23 March 2018).

3897:"Qantas allowing male cabin crew members to wear makeup and women to scrap high-heels - CBS News" 3710: 2694: 2583: 2338: 2288: 2233:. Though one passenger was killed during the explosion, they took care of the injured passengers. 2168: 1948: 1771: 1739: 1568: 1506: 1471: 1353: 1349: 1222:

for summer. But as the role of women in the air grew, and airline companies began to realise the

691: 596:(flash lights) and firefighting equipment are on board and in proper condition. They monitor the 1943:) actively attempted to protect passengers from assault, and also provided vital information to 1004:

Minimum entry requirements for a career as a flight attendant is usually the completion of the

5313: 3382: 1731: 1716: 1631:

until 1998 with partial smoking bans enacted in 1988. The long-term effects of this historical

7119: 7014: 6989: 6831: 6738: 6715: 6614: 6448: 6370: 6365: 6149: 5983: 5973: 5952: 5931: 5921: 5900: 5869: 5685: 5267: 5128: 5097: 5052: 5013: 4978: 4968: 4945: 4935: 4912: 4902: 4879: 4869: 4846: 4836: 4705: 4679: 4661: 4562: 4544: 4505: 4497: 4406: 4388: 4281: 4273: 4238: 4230: 4192: 4174: 4135: 4117: 4076: 4068: 3997: 3979: 3815: 3743: 3737: 3286: 2880: 2821: 2496: 2193: 1855: 1684: 1644: 1584: 1479: 1271: 1021: 679: 601: 459:

in 1960 following a legal complaint which resulted in the airline being required to hire her.

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successfully evacuated the aircraft within 90 seconds after the A340-300 overran a runway at

1319:

Since the 1980s, Asian airlines, especially national flag carrier ones, usually feature the

670:

Flight attendants are trained to deal with a wide variety of emergencies, and are trained in

6886: 6846: 6743: 6710: 6638: 6473: 6453: 6438: 6405: 6400: 6260: 6134: 6106: 5377:"14 CFR 121.391 – Flight attendants. | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute" 5120: 5089: 5044: 5005: 4669: 4653: 4552: 4536: 4396: 4380: 4265: 4222: 4182: 4166: 4125: 4107: 4058: 3987: 3969: 3836:"Because It Is 2016, British Airways Finally Agrees Female Employees May Wear Pants To Work" 2686: 2677:

Boris, Eileen (2006). "Desirable Dress: Rosies, Sky Girls, and the Politics of Appearance".

2033: 1755: 1628: 1361: 1329: 1227: 1180: 1148: 1144: 1136: 1033: 1029: 675: 648: 456: 448: 422: 346: 329: 302: 286: 265: 58: 5817: 5457: 2725: 2518:"Before the Stewardess, the Steward: When Flight Attendants Were Men – Sociological Images" 2218:. The NTSB stated that the actions of the cabin crew contributed to the 100% survival rate. 1307:(PSA) was known for brightly coloured female flight attendant uniforms that included short 1242:(PSA) was known for brightly coloured female flight attendant uniforms that included short 309:(Pan Am) (1929) were the first US carriers to employ stewards to serve food. Ten-passenger 7114: 7076: 7044: 7019: 6901: 6803: 6773: 6758: 6753: 6563: 6555: 6290: 5657: 5507: 5183: 3795: 3765:"'I don't think the girls thought they could question it': high heels policy study author" 3524: 3453: 3240: 2721: 2660: 2370: 2150: 2138: 2091: 1764: 1705: 1670: 1632: 1596: 1455: 1443: 1407: 1400: 1293: 1267: 1128: 1111: 1017: 801: 605: 444: 337: 197: 5994:

The Great Stewardess Rebellion: How Women Launched a Workplace Revolution at 30,000 Feet

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The Great Stewardess Rebellion: How Women Launched a Workplace Revolution at 30,000 Feet

5757: 7150: 7086: 7061: 7039: 7009: 6984: 6966: 6911: 6861: 6851: 6841: 6680: 6540: 6530: 6478: 6443: 6360: 6338: 6300: 6139: 6129: 5945: 5594: 4674: 4641: 4557: 4524: 4401: 4368: 4187: 4154: 4130: 4095: 3992: 3957: 2876:

When Everything Changed: The Amazing Journey of American Women from 1960 to the Present

2134: 2128: 2075: 1735: 1648: 1522: 1463: 1447: 1435: 1219: 1076: 1049: 643: 597: 430: 371: 241: 233: 212: 208: 177: 5124: 658: 184:, but has more direct involvement with passengers because of the confined quarters on 7165: 7081: 6999: 6768: 6658: 6503: 6348: 6124: 6066: 6056: 5066: 5025: 4063: 4046: 2698: 2124: 2029: 1824: 1555:

Poor cabin air quality is a subject of ongoing study in relation to symptoms such as

1486: 1451: 1427: 1280: 1275: 1005: 773: 695: 388: 290: 256:

and agreements, in which all ships' personnel who sail internationally are similarly

229: 4796:"Majority of flight attendants have experienced sexual harassment, new survey finds" 1202:

and brass buttons. Many uniforms had a summer and winter version, differentiated by

271: 6876: 6793: 6783: 6778: 6748: 6596: 6525: 6458: 6410: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6328: 6310: 6076: 5998: 5850: 5577: 4523:

Pinkerton, Lynne E.; Hein, Misty J.; Grajewski, Barbara; Kamel, Freya (July 2016).

3867:"Virgin Atlantic Won't Make Female Flight Attendants Wear Makeup or Skirts Anymore" 3254:"Flight Attendants: Occupational Outlook Handbook: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics" 2258: 2099: 2022: 1675: 1591:, etc. Other chemical contaminants found in the cabin may include engine leakages, 1576: 1454:(3.4% of flight crew compared to 2.3% in the general population - a 50% increase), 1325: 1320: 1064: 617: 333: 318: 275: 153: 5376: 2908: 2021:

In April 1936, flight attendant Nellie Granger aided survivors after the crash of

1854:

discrimination, and brought many cases to court. In 1964, United States President

1410:

began to allow its female flight attendants to wear trousers and not wear makeup.

1365: 5993: 5915: 5894: 4170: 7096: 7050: 6921: 6787: 6560: 6517: 6433: 5917:

Plane Queer: Labor, Sexuality, and AIDS in the History of Male Flight Attendants

5633: 5409: 5048: 2334: 2098:, died saving passengers from an on-board fire and was posthumously awarded the 1967: 1787: 1651:, inappropriate touching and sexual comments both by colleagues and passengers. 1537: 1533: 1490: 1467: 1044: 925: 850: 804:), this light is accompanied by a high-medium-low chime to call the purser. The 711: 663: 515: 160:, flight attendants are primarily responsible for passenger safety and comfort. 4581:"Lack of Sleep Increases Your Risk of Some Cancers – National Sleep Foundation" 4525:"Mortality From Neurodegenerative Diseases in a Cohort of US Flight Attendants" 3928:"Qantas to allow flat shoes, makeup and long hair for cabin crew of any gender" 3000: 7140: 6488: 6295: 5987: 5538: 5009: 3974: 3593: 2940: 2690: 2360: 1794: 1720: 1475: 1285: 1165: 805: 593: 585: 245: 47: 5935: 5101: 5017: 4709: 4665: 4548: 4501: 4392: 4277: 4234: 4178: 4121: 4072: 3983: 2993:"Male Stewardesses: Male Flight Attendants as a Queer Miscarriage of Justice" 1802:, representing nearly 60,000 flight attendants at 19 airlines within the US. 1536:

than the general population, which can make these workers more vulnerable to

1466:(0.67% compared to 0.56%) and higher rates of both melanoma and non-melanoma 1270:

wore green berets, green capes and nurse's shoes and other airlines, such as

7135: 6428: 5731: 5152: 5117:

Individual and Organizational Perspectives on Emotion Management and Display

5093: 2428: 1932: 1592: 1572: 1369: 1308: 1243: 1235: 1223: 1215: 1199: 1140: 1068: 671: 467: 314: 4982: 4949: 4916: 4883: 4850: 4683: 4657: 4566: 4509: 4410: 4285: 4269: 4242: 4226: 4196: 4139: 4112: 4080: 4016:"Flight attendants have a higher risk of all types of cancers, finds study" 4001: 1493:, reduced respiratory health, adverse reproductive and perinatal outcomes, 228:

Origins of the word "steward" in transportation are reflected in the term "

3208:"eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations: Title 14, §121.391 Flight attendants" 2398: 1750:

began a "Fly Me"; campaign using attractive female flight attendants with

17: 6811: 6545: 6463: 6320: 6114: 5556: 4384: 3736:

Jane C. Banaszak-Holl; Sandra R. Levitsky; Mayer N. Zald (24 June 2010).

2846: 2629:"Liberation at 30,000 Feet: On the Freedom of Early Airline Stewardesses" 2318: 2303: 2178: 1724: 1588: 1556: 1431: 1312: 1247: 1231: 1103: 631: 627: 609: 573: 185: 176:

The role of a flight attendant derives from that of similar positions on

4642:"Flying the smoky skies: secondhand smoke exposure of flight attendants" 1627:

Many of the flight attendants working today were exposed to second-hand

1292:, introducing the "Air France" model into its Haute couture collection. 6733: 6725: 6550: 6513: 6420: 6252: 6119: 6048: 4540: 2177:

suffered a decompression which tore an 18-foot (5.5 m) section of

1992: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1919:

when flight attendants (such as Sandra W. Bradshaw and CeeCee Lyles of

1915:

The role of flight attendants received heightened prominence after the

1751: 1560: 1259: 1207: 1203: 1161: 1037: 1013: 686:, on-board births and deaths, dangerous goods and spills in the cabin, 682:, cardiac and in-flight medical situations, smoke in the cabin, fires, 652: 540: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 294: 201: 193: 145: 6009: 5197:

Serling, Robert (13 September 1963). "They Don't Want Wings Clipped".

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kept the passengers calm after a bomb exploded during the flight from

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for any unusual smells or situations. They assist with the loading of

6498: 6305: 4047:"Incidence of cancer among female flight attendants: a meta-analysis" 3326: 3253: 1791: 1698:

emotional exchange gives way to corporate use of emotional exchange.

1604: 1497:, and higher rates of mental health conditions in flight attendants. 1414: 1333: 1263: 1211: 1191: 1184: 987: 797: 787: 361: 310: 237: 5947:

The Jet Sex: Airline Stewardesses and the Making of an American Icon

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Rayman, Russell B. (March 2002). "Cabin air quality: an overview".

1830:

In New Zealand, flight attendants can be represented by either the

5283: 2230: 1730: 1715: 1564: 1392: 1385: 1357: 1337: 1298: 1195: 1175: 1132: 657: 622: 612:

are willing and able to assist in an evacuation. They then give a

567: 412: 355: 341: 270: 167: 4698:"The sexual harassment of flight attendants is a massive problem" 3322:"When Flying, is Taking off Really More Dangerous Than Landing?" 2226: 1373: 1289: 1238:

to create distinctive and attractive apparel. During the 1960s,

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and may require flight attendants to pass a medical evaluation.

391:

for stewardesses at Eastern Airlines listed these requirements:

6013: 5705: 4740: 3739:

Social Movements and the Transformation of American Health Care

268:

of which pursers are not positionally represented or rostered.

5680:. airdisaster.com. Archived from the original on 15 June 2007. 2749:"Femininity in Flight – Flight attendants & labor history" 1961: 1823:(FAAA). There are two divisions: one for international crews ( 1505:

Flight attendants and crew members are known to be exposed to

919: 844: 820:: call from passenger in seat (steady with single high chime). 705: 509: 30:

This article is about the occupation. Not to be confused with

5473:"Winged Hostess: The girl on the plane may also be a heroine" 3680:"Sight: Inspired by the Rich Textile Tradition of Indonesia" 1012:. Many prospective attendants have a post-secondary school 1841:

In Canada, flight attendants are represented by either the

5041:

Advances in Human Factors, Business Management and Society

3413:"Flight Attendant Certificate of Demonstrated Proficiency" 1845:(CUPE) or by the Canadian Flight Attendants Union (CFAU). 588:. A safety check is conducted to ensure equipment such as 4934:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 127. 4901:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 165. 3125:. U.S. Department of Labor – Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2898: 2896: 4967:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 90. 4868:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 16. 4301:"Brits will spend 12 days onboard flights in a lifetime" 2548:"History of Flight Attendant Uniforms – AOL Travel News" 6610:

Air route authority between the United States and China

3243:". Population Reference Bureau. Retrieved 16 July 2015. 2149:, cabin crew stopped the plane from being crashed by a 1819:

In Australia, flight attendants are represented by the

1198:

showed simple straight lines and military details like

812:

while using pink for interphone calls from the cockpit.

5427:"Evacuation Commands for Optimal Passenger Management" 5310:"Association of Professional Flight Attendants – Home" 1532:

Cabin crew members are also regularly exposed to more

4965: