1675:
that funds for the food imports would be available, the cabinet created a committee called the
Dictatorial Economic Committee consisting of Wissell, Gothein and Schmidt. Two votes were required to approve a decision. The committee's decisions on trade and currencies would have the same binding power as cabinet decrees. Wissell was regularly outvoted by the other two. On 6 May, Dernburg announced publicly that the committee would eliminate the wartime coercive industry structures, an important foundation of Wissell's policies. The next day, Wissell wrote a protest note to Scheidemann, demanded an SPD-only cabinet and threatened to resign. He also presented a memorandum and program of action that summarised the common economic policy approach. Schmidt and Gothein responded by presenting opposing memoranda. Before the row could escalate, the Allies informed the Germans about the content of the Treaty of Versailles, and the cabinet turned its focus to that issue. Wissell remained on the defensive against those favouring a liberalisation of foreign trade and was unable to push through his views. He did succeed in winning a sort of ceasefire on the issue of abolishing currency controls on 7 June, when the cabinet would be in office for only another two weeks.
1688:
the degree of uncertainty about the contents of the peace treaty. Neither the coming burden from reparations nor – given the prospect of territorial losses – Germany's future productive capacity were known to the government. A significant fiscal reform would have required the transfer of taxation powers (such as income, corporate and inheritance) from the individual states to the central government, since under the Empire the central government had been dependent on fiscal contributions from the states. Since opposition from the states was to be expected, any progress in that direction was unlikely until the fundamental changes of the new constitution came into force. Fiscal reform thus took place only after the Weimar
Constitution was enacted (Erzberger's finance reforms), but Schiffer and Dernburg did some important preparatory work, and the Scheidemann cabinet discussed their proposals. Some of the bills were introduced in the National Assembly under Scheidemann's government but only debated once it had resigned.
1663:
Wissell (Economic
Affairs) advocated the common economic policy. To avoid a serious confrontation, the coalition partners kept the economic policies of the cabinet intentionally vague. This became evident in Scheidemann's government declaration of 13 February which steered clear of topics like foreign trade and currency altogether. Although it prevented a clash over the cabinet's internal differences, it meant that important decisions on economic policies were not taken by the cabinet but left to individual ministers who would then often come into conflict with each other. The tendency was reinforced by the constitutional equality of the ministers. A direct result was bitter disputes over who was in charge of specific policy issues, made worse by personal animosities between some of the ministers.
668:(Scheidemann himself, Schiffer, Bauer, Schmidt, Giesberts, David and Erzberger). Another six had held offices under the Council of the People's Deputies (Brockdorff-Rantzau, PreuĂź, Wissell, Noske, Landsberg and Koeth). Among the Social Democrats, the moderates or conservative "reformists" predominated. This configuration enabled the government to draw on considerable experience in government and administration, but it underscored the distance between the government and some of the driving forces behind the revolution, notably the unions, the far left and many common workers. The Scheidemann cabinet was nevertheless based on parties representing more than 75% of all voters. No other government of the Weimar Republic would ever have a larger majority in Parliament (the
1617:
and possibly even further advances by German troops seemed likely. Although this was primarily a problem for the government of
Prussia, the cabinet had to deal with the issue due to the danger of unauthorised action by the German army or by refugees from Posen. Initially trying to appease the separatists with political gestures, the cabinet soon had to re-evaluate the situation as more serious. It considered channelling the political forces in the eastern provinces towards a plebiscite about remaining in Germany. The Prussian government opposed the plan, fearing that a majority might decide against continued membership in the Reich. The idea of a plebiscite was then dropped. Opposition from the cabinet (especially Gustav Noske), President Friedrich Ebert and
1867:
1875:"unacceptable" in the National Assembly, to the acclaim of almost all the parties. In the cabinet, it was in particular the representatives of the DDP who threatened to resign unless the Treaty was rejected. Yet the cabinet decision specifically ruled out acceptance of the Treaty only "in its current form". On the third and fourth of June, the cabinet had a discussion about the possibility that the Allies would refuse to make any significant changes to the Treaty. Only Erzberger, David, Wissell and Noske clearly favoured signing in that case; all others were (to different degrees) opposed. Even at that stage, Wissell noted that the Scheidemann cabinet would not be able to sign and that a replacement government would have to be established.
1748:
63:
452:
1545:
tendencies. The cabinet could react to requests for aid or action from that part of the country mainly by issuing declarations and protest notes to the Allies or by public agitation. The scope even for these responses was limited as the Allies might have treated them as violations of the
Armistice. The government's appointment of a Reich and state commissioner for the occupied territory was just a political gesture. The government had to work through other channels, such as the National Assembly delegates from the area, local dignitaries or the local organisations of the Weimar Coalition parties.
397:
441:
430:
364:
2698:
1913:
cabinet took place that evening with the participation of party representatives. The DDP had prepared a mediation proposal to be handed to the Allies which included substantial changes to some of the Treaty's stipulations. If it was accepted by the Allies, the DDP was willing to sign the Treaty. However, the cabinet was unable to reach a consensus on the issue. With no solution in sight, Scheidemann ended the meeting around midnight, went to see
President Ebert and announced his resignation, along with Landsberg and Brockdorff-Rantzau.
2494:
1532:
by widespread strikes that escalated to a form of civil war in some parts of the country, notably in the Ruhr area. The strikes and resulting economic disruptions were a serious threat to
Germany's stability, as the supply of food to the population was already tenuous. Since the Allies had threatened to cut off food shipments to a striking Germany and any losses in tax income would make it harder yet to comply with their demands, the strikes were directly endangering negotiations about extensions of the Armistice.
1841:(commissioner of the Prussian Minister of War at the delegation), objected vehemently. The cabinet, especially Gustav Noske, stood their ground on the issue. Other controversies involved the question of responsibility for the war and the possibility of bringing about an intervention by neutral countries in the case of unacceptable Allied demands (an idea of Erzberger's vigorously opposed by the Foreign Minister), which caused Colonial Minister Johannes Bell to travel to Versailles on 2 June in order to mediate.
375:
419:
2558:
2736:
1403:
all its members (a collegial cabinet). Since the minister president (equivalent to the chancellor under the Weimar
Constitution) was not mentioned in the law, he lacked any special powers and real standing. In fact, he was not much more than a moderator. By contrast, under the old system all the state secretaries had reported directly to the chancellor. He was the only "minister" and accountable to the emperor and, after the
1478:) took place. The workers and their leaders demanded preservation and expansion of the council system, the socialisation of key industries, democratisation of the military via soldiers' councils, higher wages and better working conditions. The government used paramilitary and regular troops to crush left-wing uprisings and council republics. In February, government forces occupied the North Sea ports. Also in February,
1697:
the cabinet included a codification of all labour laws and a first draft of the law on work councils. Short-term measures mostly fell into the purview of the
Ministry of Economic Demobilisation, and it was authorised to take most decisions by simple decree with no need for a cabinet decision. After its dissolution, the powers passed to the relevant ministries, in the case of social policy to the Ministry of Labour.
656:, who headed the Ministry for Economic Demobilization (i.e. was in charge of the transition from a war economy to a peacetime economy), and the head of the Navy. Initially, the latter position was held by the acting state secretary for the Navy, who had no official standing in the cabinet at all. After the Imperial Navy Office was dissolved and replaced with the Admiralty in March 1919, Head of the Admiralty
408:
1659:. The concept of common economic policy combined private property rights with a strong element of central planning and a forced syndication (i.e. association) of industries organised by the state. All those involved in the production processes, including the workers, were to play a role in the administration of the industries. Government control of foreign trade also was a key aspect of the policy.
552:" parties of a republican form of state, a fiscal policy that would "severely" target wealth, and a socialisation of "suitable" industries. Although the SPD did approach the USPD, Ebert reportedly said that he had conducted talks with the extreme left only so that they would bear the responsibility for the talks' failure. For their part, the DDP would not have accepted a coalition with the USPD.
1726:. Intervention by the leaders of the coalition parties caused a change of mind, and the cabinet decided to sign the third prolongation (this time indefinite). Brockdorff-Rantzau considered resigning. The cabinet decided to hand over a note of protest to the Allies, and the final version of the prolongation included some of the changes to the line-of-control requested by the German side.
386:
2794:
44:
1760:
expectations was bad information that fed wishful thinking. The German government was virtually in the dark about what had been decided n Paris in the negotiations between the Allies and their associated states. The cabinet's main sources of information were newspapers and reports by diplomatic staff from neutral countries, both relying heavily on rumours.
1897:
the version deemed "unacceptable" in May. Ultimately, however, the choice between acceptance and refusal rested with the majority parties and the
National Assembly. Over the next several days, there seem to have been constant discussions between members of the cabinet, President Ebert, the Peace Delegation, and party representatives.
1719:
Allies refused to guarantee an end to hostilities on the part of the Poles. Whilst the Foreign Minister was willing to refrain from offensive military action, he thought formal acceptance of a line-of-control to be a degrading loss of sovereignty and the new policy of the Allies in regard to Poland to be in violation of
1901:
the parties, the cabinet met again in the evening. There was no consensus on signing the Treaty. A vote showed that the cabinet was split (7 to 7 according to Erzberger's recollection; 8 for and 6 against signature, according to Landsberg). Since the cabinet was unable to reach a decision, the parties had to decide.
1828:
The delegation received the Allied conditions for peace on 7 May. Rather than waiting for a comprehensive German counterproposal, it started to send the Allies numerous notes on individual points, most of which were disavowed by the cabinet. Brockdorff-Rantzau complained about the interference by the
1787:
handed over to the German armistice commission the invitation to Versailles. It was a shock to the cabinet, as the Germans were only to "receive" the draft of the treaty. The cabinet answered that it would send three civil servants, noting that their task would be simply to transmit the treaty to the
1674:
In May, the DDP members of the cabinet attempted to rein in the Ministry of Economic Affairs by making use of a conflict between Wissell and Schmidt concerning international trade policy. The Brussels Agreement (March 1919) with the Allies governed imports of food on which Germany depended. To ensure
1662:
The three approaches to economic policy were almost mutually exclusive. Gustav Bauer (Labour) and Richard Schmidt (Food and Agriculture) subscribed to views based on the SPD's Erfurt Program. Georg Gothein (Treasury) and Eugen Schiffer and Bernhard Dernburg (Finance) were free-market liberals. Rudolf
1544:
had been transformed by the Armistice into an area in which the German government was without any effective power. Anti-Prussian and pro-French sentiment ran high among some members of the middle-class in the Rhineland and this was used by the French and Belgian occupation forces to foster separatist
1402:
It remained unclear what the consequences would be if a minister lost the confidence of the National Assembly. The most obvious difference with the system under the old Empire and with future cabinets under the Weimar Constitution was that the government was based on the principle of equality between
1819:
Despite prior efforts to regulate the relationship between cabinet and delegation and the personal presence of several cabinet members in Paris, there was significant disunity between the two institutions. There were three main reasons for this: For one, the rules for the delegation had assumed that
1767:
Important organisational issues had also been settled before the cabinet took office. There would be a six-person delegation, supported by a substantial staff of commissioners from the ministries, plus experts. In addition, an office of around 160 people was set up in Berlin, attached to the Foreign
1729:
Subsequently, the cabinet largely left it to Erzberger's commission to negotiate with the Allies over the situation in Posen. Similarly, the cabinet was not closely involved in the Brussels Food Convention of 14 March 1919, which secured much-needed Allied food shipments to Germany. By contrast, the
1687:
The ad hoc approach applied in particular to fiscal policy. Moving Germany's finances from a war footing to a peacetime setting, dealing with the huge rise in public debt caused by the war and closing the large budget deficit were daunting challenges. Yet any systematic approach was impossible given
1670:
In March 1919, strikes in the Ruhr, central Germany and Berlin caused the government to announce placating measures that were more in line with Wissell's views than with the liberal or socialist approaches. Wissell used the opportunity to push forward a socialisation program as well as rules for the
1531:
had been declared and the government saw a serious risk of the state seceding from Germany. In mid-April, the government intervened militarily, and Munich was taken on 1 May. Once again, hundreds of people including many civilians were killed in the fighting. The left-wing uprisings were accompanied
1426:
Finally, the Decree of the Reich President Concerning the Establishment and Designation of the Supreme Reich Authorities of 21 March 1919 established the various portfolios within the government. It also added a confusing new contradiction by allocating the responsibility for "conducting the affairs
663:
Two features of the cabinet are conspicuous: the balance of power between seven SPD members and seven representatives (if Brockdorff-Rantzau is counted as DDP) from the "bourgeois" parties, and the strong continuity in the personnel of government, especially considering the fact that the country had
1904:
An important influence was the possibility (or lack thereof) of resuming hostilities against the Allies with any hope of success. As early as 21 May, the OHL had surveyed the regional commanders on the question, with a clearly negative response. General Wilhelm Groener consequently argued in favour
1900:
The chronological order is somewhat uncertain but has been reconstructed as follows: On the morning of 18 June, the Peace Delegation returned to Weimar, Brockdorff-Rantzau reported to the cabinet and presented the common assessment of the delegation. After discussions in the parliamentary groups of
1836:
Issues that caused frictions between delegation and cabinet were the question of whether or not the reparation payments should be fixed in absolute terms and the question of German disarmament. The latter caused a serious confrontation with the military. The original idea had been to propose a land
1678:
The differences on economic policy within the cabinet were large enough to have brought about a breakup of the coalition sooner or later if the issue of the Treaty had not caused its resignation. Economics was nevertheless the only field of policy in which the cabinet engaged in medium to long-term
1916:
The cabinet remained in office for another day and a half, since there were difficulties in forming a new government that was willing to take responsibility for signing the Treaty. The DDP insisted on transmitting its proposal to the Allies, and it was almost sent, but was vetoed by the SPD at the
1912:
On 19 June, majorities of the parliamentary groups of the SPD and Centre Party expressed support for signing, but the DDP was opposed. Later that day, the cabinet held a meeting with the States Committee, where a majority of the states supported acceptance of the Treaty. The crucial meeting of the
1896:
On 16 June, the Allies gave the German side five days to accept the treaty (later extended to seven days). The cabinet then faced a stark choice between acceptance, refusal or resignation. According to the Peace Delegation's assessment, the final Treaty was not in any meaningful way different from
1696:
A lack of fiscal resources combined with contradictory views in the cabinet also prevented new initiatives in social policy, which was in contrast to the activist approach taken by the cabinet's predecessor, the socialist Council of the Peoples' Deputies. Laws prepared but not debated or passed by
1643:
of 1891: once the proletariat had won control over the government, major industrial enterprises were to be socialised (nationalised) in order to achieve the "socialisation of the means of production". The radicalism of the approach was softened somewhat by the theory of "revisionism", by that time
1616:
was almost completely occupied by Polish forces. Despite a German-Polish armistice, there were constant skirmishes along the line of control. Troop concentrations on both sides threatened an escalation of the situation and, due to the relative strength of the forces involved, a reconquest of Posen
1763:
Preparations for peace negotiations had begun under Brockdorff-Rantzau's lead even before the cabinet was formed. By 27 January 1919, the Council of the People's Deputies had in hand an initial draft on the German position. It was altered multiple times before being finalised on 21 April 1919 as
1422:
by the States Committee, the emperor was replaced by the president and the ministry replaced the chancellor. The powers previously vested within the centralised position of the chancellor were distributed to all members of the cabinet who were independently responsible for their portfolios. This
1380:
The legal position of the Scheidemann cabinet was different from both its predecessors under the Empire and those that followed it. Since it was set up to operate only as a transitional government until the new constitution came into force, it was provisional and improvised in nature. The Law on
1874:
In May, the cabinet decided to refrain from making an immediate statement in reaction to the initial Allied draft of the Peace Treaty, hoping to achieve changes through negotiations. However, Scheidemann himself said that the Treaty was "intolerable" and "unfulfillable". On 12 May, he called it
1718:
On 16 February, the cabinet voted to reject the conditions for the third extension of the armistice as suggested by Foreign Minister Brockdorff-Rantzau. It was deemed unacceptable that the Germans should be barred from resisting Polish military action in Posen and in other places as long as the
1705:
Foreign policy in early 1919 was focussed on the armistice and the subsequent peace treaty. At the time, Germany had diplomatic relations with only a few neutral countries (e.g. Switzerland and the Netherlands), Austria and some countries in Eastern Europe. Relations with the latter were mainly
1647:
By contrast, the DDP ministers and some from the Centre Party (especially Matthias Erzberger) subscribed to a liberal, market-oriented view of the economy. According to this approach, the main goal of economic policy was to maximise productivity. This implied a rapid dismantling of the command
1759:
The cabinet thus held two basic premises: that there would be negotiations and that they would be based on Wilson's fourteen points. There is no evidence that alternative plans for the delegation were made for the case that the expectations would turn out to be wrong. The main reason for such
1666:
Scheidemann's government declaration included policies such as improvements in educational standards, the establishment of a people's army, adequate provision for war widows and war-wounded servicemen, establishing the universal right of association in the constitution, acquiring new land for
1844:
In the end, it turned out that all the arguments between cabinet and delegation had been pointless. On 16 June, the Allies presented the final version of their conditions for peace. In virtually no respect had the Allied demands been scaled back compared to the first draft of 7 May. The sole
1755:
The cabinet focused primarily on the peace treaty. Out of a total of 450 items in the official cabinet minutes, 170 dealt with this issue. Unlike the way the armistice commission was handled – allowing it to become a sort of parallel government – the cabinet was to directly control the peace
1469:
were another disappointment for the radical left after the KPD and USPD had been further roused to anger against the government by the bloody suppression of the Spartacist uprising. Between February and May 1919 numerous "wild" strikes (i.e. without union authorization), armed uprisings and
1824:
now refused to meet the German delegates. Further, the Fourteen Points which were to delimit the delegation's authority were quite general in many respects, giving scope for delegation and for the cabinet to argue about jurisdiction. Finally, the personal differences between Erzberger and
1792:
demanded that the Germans send delegates who were empowered to "negotiate the entirety of questions related to the peace". The cabinet now named the delegation that arrived in Versailles on 29 April: Brockdorff-Rantzau (chairman), Landsberg, Johannes Giesberts, plus non-cabinet members
1756:
delegation. The delegation would possess authority to negotiate only within the confines of the fourteen points (as interpreted by the Germans). Anything that went beyond required the approval of the cabinet, especially the basic decision on acceptance or rejection of the treaty.
1714:
Since November 1918, a permanent armistice commission, led by Matthias Erzberger, was at work negotiating with the Allies on interpretations of the agreed articles and on prolongations of the armistice (it was extended on 13 December 1918, 16 January 1919, and 16 February 1919).
1671:
coal and potash industries. It would be the first and only victory for the advocates of the common economic policy. In April, a law that was to set up the regulation of the paper industry was first changed substantially by the cabinet and then rejected by the National Assembly.
1385:§2: For bringing government proposals to the National Assembly, the assent of the States Committee, the chamber in which the individual states were represented, was needed. If no consensus could be found between cabinet and States Committee, both versions would be submitted.
566:
Apart from Ebert himself – who said that he preferred the more representative office of head of state – Scheidemann was the clear favourite to become head of government. With the exception of Ebert, all the other people's deputies from the Council joined the new cabinet.
1738:
due to concerns that it might seize Western Prussia and thus cause the loss of a second province to Poland before the final peace treaty. In the end, the troops were transported across Germany by land (which still caused substantial resentment among Germans from Posen).
1905:
of signing the Treaty. He thus opposed the position of Prussian Minister of War Reinhardt as well as the majority of Reichswehr commanders who at a meeting on 19 June went so far as to openly threaten a revolt against the government should the Treaty be signed.
1878:
At least since late May, the cabinet had seriously discussed the ramifications of a German refusal to sign. In that case, the cabinet expected Allied troops to occupy Germany. Detailed contingency plans for such a scenario were not made, to avoid providing the
1887:
river should there be a resumption of hostilities, the cabinet was concerned about the actions of those states left unprotected by the strategy (Bavaria, Hesse, Baden and WĂĽrttemberg). They feared leftist uprisings and/or a separate peace by these states.
1519:
In Berlin, the radical left parties organised a general strike to achieve the democratisation of the armed forces. The KPD tried to turn the strike into an insurrection. This resulted in a state of emergency being declared. On 9 March, Reichswehr Minister
1638:
A major matter of dispute in the cabinet was the field of economic policy, notably the basic choice of which economic system was to prevail in the new republic. The SPD was still a socialist party at the time, based on Marxist ideas as laid down in the
1453:), there were separatist movements at work in several parts of the country. One of the government's primary tasks thus was to restore law and order and to ensure that the population throughout Germany accepted it as the legitimate authority.
1829:
cabinet, which caused the government to forbid the further use of such notes on 20 May. The delegation ignored the order, and after threats of resignation by several cabinet ministers, Scheidemann and some other members had to travel to
1552:. There were obvious separatist groups at work, although paradoxically they arose from patriotic sentiments. German bureaucrats, officers, people's councils (set up in response to similar institutions among the Poles) and refugees from
1775:
The cabinet had difficulties agreeing on who was to fill the positions. The members of the delegation were changed several times and even the identity of its leader was not determined until the last moment (both Brockdorff-Rantzau and
1837:
army of 300,000 men, later reduced to 200,000, then 100,000. Just as with the issue of reparations, the cabinet thought that by complaisance in this respect they could limit German territorial losses. The military, notably General
1679:
thinking. Otherwise, the cabinet was mostly concerned with dealing with urgent short-term issues (e.g. assistance for the unemployed, veterans and the wounded or a severe lack of agricultural workers) and taking ad hoc decisions.
1764:"Guidelines for the German Peace Negotiators". On 21/22 March 1919 the cabinet debated the individual points at length, and the meeting minutes show significant differences in position between various members of the cabinet.
1332:
There is contradictory information on whether Schiffer officially resigned on 11 or 19 April. According to Dederke (Appendix: Table 21), Dernburg took over at Finance on 19 April but as deputy minister-president only on 30
2449:
Schieck, H., Die Behandlung der Sozialisierungsfrage in den Monaten nach dem Staatsumsturz (German), in: Kolb, E. (ed.), Vom Kaiserreich zur Republik, Neue Wissenschaftliche Bibliothek 49, Köln, 1972, pp. 138–164.
1625:, helped prevent a secession or a unilateral military move against Poland in the summer of 1919. Prussian Minister of War Walther Reinhardt, however, had been a firm supporter of the plan for an eastern state.
1524:, endowed with executive power, authorised the military and police to shoot instantly "anyone encountered who is fighting government troops with arms". Around 1,000 people died in the Berlin March Battles.
622:
and served as state secretary for the Treasury Department in the Empire but had joined the DDP after the November revolution. Erzberger had been a member of the Baden cabinet, had negotiated the
1706:
influenced by the presence of German troops in the Baltic states, based on Art. XII of the Armistice (which required the German forces to remain in place as a bulwark against Soviet advances).
345:
and the potential repercussions of rejecting the treaty led to the breakup of the cabinet. Scheidemann, who had called the treaty "intolerable", resigned in protest against it on 20 June 1919.
1909:, who was nominally in charge of the OHL, deferred to Groener on the issue. The position of the OHL provided significant if not decisive support for those favouring signature of the Treaty.
1751:
The German delegation at the Paris conference. From left to right, Walther SchĂĽcking, Johannes Giesberts, Otto Landsberg, Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau, Robert Leinert, Karl Melchior (1919)
1398:§9: All decrees and executive orders of the president required the counter-signature of a minister. The ministers were accountable to the National Assembly for the conduct of their affairs.
1414:
The Transition Act of 4 March 1919 clarified the legal position of the existing body of law and its relation to those laws passed by the National Assembly. It also stipulated that the old
637:
was treated as a member of the DDP although he did not belong to the party. He was a career diplomat, and in January 1919 Ebert and Scheidemann asked him to take over the Foreign Office.
555:
The negotiations were difficult and lengthy. The presidency of the National Assembly was in particular hotly contested and almost caused the talks to fail. It was finally agreed that
1439:
in Berlin had amply demonstrated, the domestic security situation in Germany remained highly volatile in early 1919. Shortly after the cabinet took office, what became known as the
1427:
of the Reich" to the Reich ministry whilst the original Transition Act had allocated the task to the president. The decree also mentioned the minister president for the first time.
1667:
settlement, heavy taxation of wartime profits, and making a start to the planned improvement "of public health, protection of mothers, and care of children and young people."
840:
1925:
was ready to lead an SPD and Centre Party cabinet that was willing to sign. The term of office of the Scheidemann cabinet ended on 20 June. The first cabinet meeting of the
1921:
and Eduard David were both considered as new minister president. On the morning of 21 June, when the DDP finally decided not to participate in the new government,
495:
1418:
was still valid unless it was in contradiction to a newer law. The constitutional position of the Reichstag was taken over by the National Assembly, that of the
559:(SPD), who was the Assembly's first president, would resign and in compensation join the cabinet, making way for the former president of the Imperial Reichstag,
1866:
1404:
1651:
Matters were complicated further by a third school of thought that dominated thinking by many in the Ministry of Economic Affairs at the time, notably that of
2658:
2951:
1391:§8: For the purpose of governance, the president was to appoint a governmental ministry which would be in charge of all government agencies, including the
664:
just gone through a revolution. Seven members of the Scheidemann cabinet had been state secretary or undersecretary under the final imperial government of
1747:
2961:
1883:, which had argued for signing the Treaty, with political ammunition. Since the OHL (High Command) planned to move all German troops to the east of the
1820:
there would be face-to-face negotiations, yet despite the fact that the Allied note from 20 April mentioned "negotiations", the representatives of the
2474:
1918:
1208:
2971:
2036:
1590:
2956:
1644:
dominant in the SPD. It focussed on short-term reformist progress rather than on the achievement of long-term goals through revolutionary action.
271:(SPD), was Germany's first democratically elected national government. It took office on 13 February 1919, three months after the collapse of the
338:
525:
for the new republic. After its inaugural session on 6 February it passed a provisional constitution called the Law on Provisional Reich Power.
1038:
784:
2966:
952:
494:. The January elections returned a smaller than expected share of the vote for the socialists (38% for the SPD and 7% for the more radical
2520:
1571:
be signed. Although the plans were inconsistent and contradictory, the general idea was that by temporarily exiting Germany, these parts (
2573:
1656:
530:
479:
241:
202:
62:
467:
2088:
1150:
1059:
1044:
945:
924:
917:
889:
861:
726:
592:
483:
422:
268:
156:
1593:
without being bound by the diplomatic shackles imposed on Germany itself. A new state incorporating East and West Prussia as well as
1423:
played a crucial role in the quarrels and the lack of cooperation that were to become a defining feature of the Scheidemann cabinet.
1368:, was acting state secretary for the Navy and, although not a member of the cabinet, had consistently taken part in cabinet meetings.
2431:
2402:
2331:
2284:
1415:
812:
198:
619:
1780:
were named in drafts). The composition of the delegation caused significant bad blood between Erzberger and Brockdorff-Rantzau.
1381:
Provisional Reich Power that established it was quite vague in many respects. The cabinet's role was mentioned only as follows:
451:
1066:
868:
294:, which was to act as Germany's interim parliament and adopt a constitution for the new republic. The cabinet was based on the
2223:
2062:
1648:
economy that had been created during the war years, as well as an end to capital and currency controls and to trade barriers.
1969:
1769:
122:
396:
2467:
790:
634:
378:
334:
110:
2946:
1528:
1466:
1353:
1003:
491:
471:
221:
1388:§3: Members of the government had the right to attend sessions of the National Assembly and to speak there at any time.
440:
429:
363:
1541:
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erupted in the capital. In addition to these civil-war-like challenges to the parliamentary government by the leftist
669:
595:(minister for Food and Agriculture) and Eduard David, with no portfolio but charged with looking into the question of
318:
1825:
Brockdorff-Rantzau as well as the latter's hyper-sensitivity regarding encroachments on his authority played a role.
533:, was elected as temporary president, or head of state, on 11 February. That same day, Ebert asked his fellow deputy
2900:
2446:
Schieck, H., Der Kampf um die deutsche Wirtschaftspolitik nach dem Novemberumsturz 1918 (German), Heidelberg, 1958.
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1850:
1419:
1408:
487:
309:
During its time in office, Scheidemann's cabinet had to deal with leftist uprisings, most notably in Berlin, the
2766:
2756:
2613:
2530:
2460:
1846:
1572:
1299:
1267:
1242:
1235:
1101:
805:
645:
475:
291:
231:
2663:
2653:
2441:
206:
1203:
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2815:
2771:
2761:
2751:
2588:
1196:
1031:
996:
973:
833:
777:
754:
541:
303:
164:
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2820:
2810:
2781:
2678:
1173:
1122:
1094:
623:
545:
518:
299:
160:
2920:
2910:
2865:
2855:
2850:
2835:
2638:
2440:, edited by Hagen Schulze, Boppard am Rhein (Haraldt Boldt Verlag), 1971 (= Akten der Reichskanzlei, 1)
1549:
1392:
1072:
705:
627:
560:
322:
1008:
591:
in charge of the newly formed Labour Ministry, a position he continued to hold through the revolution.
374:
1870:
Mass demonstration against the Versailles Peace Treaty in front of the Reichstag building, 15 May 1919
1358:
2915:
2905:
2845:
2830:
2723:
2633:
2603:
1813:
1568:
1444:
1440:
522:
342:
1798:
2885:
2875:
2648:
2628:
2598:
1906:
1606:
1436:
1321:
711:
534:
280:
264:
127:
540:
At that point, coalition negotiations had been going on for some time. The SPD was talking to the
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2880:
2870:
2643:
2623:
2593:
2483:
1731:
1158:
615:
596:
455:
2426:
Dederke, K., Reich und Republik – Deutschland 1917–1933 (German), Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart, 1996,
2167:"Erlaß, betreffend die Errichtung und Bezeichnung der obersten Reichsbehörden vom 21. März 1919"
640:
In addition to these fourteen politicians, there were three members of the military who had an
2840:
2776:
2535:
2427:
2280:
1821:
1613:
1557:
1553:
1471:
1252:
981:
762:
649:
641:
514:
418:
367:
146:
2357:
2114:
1077:
2718:
2540:
2525:
2510:
1652:
1462:
1284:
657:
295:
174:
2562:
2515:
2166:
1838:
1784:
1772:, working on questions of detail. It also served as nexus between delegation and cabinet.
1723:
1618:
526:
284:
115:
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2713:
2685:
1789:
1777:
1720:
1640:
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958:
930:
846:
739:
680:
The members of the cabinet (known collectively as the Reich ministry) were as follows:
607:
580:
576:
326:
139:
49:
2140:
1395:(OHL). The ministers were required to possess the confidence of the National Assembly.
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2499:
1926:
1803:
1794:
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1107:
1016:
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513:
were deemed too chaotic for the deliberations and because Weimar was associated with
463:
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389:
352:
272:
251:
407:
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2735:
2702:
2697:
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2250:
1922:
1830:
1576:
1521:
1501:
1220:
1135:
902:
874:
653:
584:
568:
556:
444:
411:
400:
348:
17:
1589:
and Posen) should deal with the political and military challenges offered by the
537:(SPD) to form the new government, referred to in the law as the Reich Ministry.
276:
1562:
644:
seat at the cabinet table but no right to vote in its decisions. They were the
2000:
572:
385:
43:
283:
was not in force yet, it is generally counted as the first government of the
1602:
1497:
1493:
1480:
549:
1556:
were developing various ideas for a German or German-Polish eastern state (
1598:
1509:
579:, the leading thinker on law on the Council became minister of Justice.
2799:
2557:
1809:
1622:
1594:
1586:
1505:
1484:
and regular units moved into central Germany and subsequently occupied
330:
314:
1376:
Legal position and differences with other cabinets of the German Reich
571:
had previously been in charge of Army and Navy affairs, and he became
1853:. The negotiations in Versailles had been negotiations in name only.
1735:
1730:
cabinet dealt at length with the issue of whether to move the Polish
1513:
510:
506:
1548:
The situation was even more complicated in the eastern provinces of
2452:
1485:
602:
Against seven members from the SPD there were three from the DDP (
548:. It was making cooperation conditional on the acceptance by the "
2277:
The German Left and the Weimar Republic: A Selection of Documents
626:
in November 1918 and remained in charge of negotiations with the
478:
on 19 January 1919. At the time, the country was governed by the
1884:
1880:
1475:
1351:
The Admiralty was created in March 1919 as the successor to the
310:
2456:
1470:
occupation of plants (especially in the mining industry around
597:
what responsibility Germany had in bringing about the Great War
583:
had been in charge of economic affairs and kept the portfolio.
333:. By far its biggest challenge, however, was responding to the
1808:, president of the Prussian constituent assembly and mayor of
290:
It was formed from members elected in January 1919 to the
1447:
that wanted to establish a dictatorship of the councils (
2438:
Das Kabinett Scheidemann – 13. Februar bis 20. Juni 1919
2063:"Das Kabinett Scheidemann (13. Februar – 20. Juni 1919)"
1833:
to meet with the delegation and settle the differences.
610:) and three from the Centre Party (Johannes Giesberts,
482:, a revolutionary government made up of members of the
341:. The tension between the outrage at the terms of the
1701:
Foreign policy, armistice and Paris Peace Conference
2790:
2732:
2694:
2554:
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247:
237:
227:
217:
212:
194:
170:
152:
133:
121:
109:
104:
87:
72:
34:
2226:[Scheidemann Cabinet, Introduction III].
2334:[Scheidemann Cabinet, Introduction IV].
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
1972:[Scheidemann Cabinet, Introduction II].
1527:In Bavaria a second council republic called the
2405:[Scheidemann Cabinet, Introduction V].
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
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2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
1964:
1962:
1857:Allied ultimatum and resignation of the cabinet
1605:was also mooted, drawing on earlier ideas of a
486:(SPD), which had been the largest party in the
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
2468:
8:
1448:
599:, completed the SPD members of the cabinet.
2039:[From Empire to Republic 1918/19].
1892:Reaction to the Allied ultimatum of 16 June
660:became a non-voting member of the cabinet.
298:of three centre-left parties: the SPD, the
2475:
2461:
2453:
2279:. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 28.
2258:Vierteljahrshefte fĂĽr Zeitgeschichte (VFZ)
2117:[Law on Provisional Reich Power].
2091:[The Cabinets from 1919 to 1933].
1405:change in the constitution in October 1918
682:
27:First government under the Weimar Republic
2115:"Gesetz über die vorläufige Reichsgewalt"
1995:
1993:
1991:
1865:
1746:
450:
439:
428:
425:(SPD), Minister of Food and Agriculture
417:
406:
395:
384:
373:
362:
1938:
1313:
317:, and with separatist movements in the
2224:"Kabinett Scheidemann, Einleitung III"
2037:"Vom Kaiserreich zur Republik 1918/19"
458:(Centre), Minister without portfolio
31:
2332:"Kabinett Scheidemann, Einleitung IV"
2041:Bundeszentrale fĂĽr politische Bildung
1970:"Kabinett Scheidemann, Einleitung II"
618:). Schiffer had been a member of the
563:(Centre Party) to head the Assembly.
7:
2403:"Kabinett Scheidemann, Einleitung V"
2035:Sturm, Reinhard (23 December 2011).
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
1862:Initial position on the draft Treaty
381:(Ind.), Minister of Foreign Affairs
1320:Equivalent to chancellor under the
648:, since early January 1919 Colonel
496:Independent Social Democratic Party
203:Independent Social Democratic Party
2141:"Übergangsgesetz vom 4. März 1919"
1845:exception was the acceptance of a
1816:, an expert in international law.
635:Ulrich Graf von Brockdorff-Rantzau
509:because conditions in the capital
505:The National Assembly, meeting in
484:Social Democratic Party of Germany
447:(SPD), Minister without portfolio
370:(DDP), Deputy Minister President
25:
2962:1919 disestablishments in Germany
2089:"Die Kabinette von 1919 bis 1933"
1788:government. In response, General
1743:Paris conference and peace treaty
1734:from France to Poland by sea via
2792:
2734:
2696:
2574:Council of the People's Deputies
2556:
2492:
531:Council of the People's Deputies
480:Council of the People's Deputies
392:(DDP), Minister of the Interior
242:Council of the People's Deputies
61:
42:
2972:Cabinets disestablished in 1919
502:(KPD) boycotted the elections.
263:, headed by Minister President
100:(4 months and 7 days)
56:13 February 1919 – 20 June 1919
2957:1919 establishments in Germany
2952:German Revolution of 1918–1919
1770:Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff
1431:Internal and external security
468:German Revolution of 1918–1919
462:Following the collapse of the
351:, also of the SPD, headed the
275:following Germany's defeat in
199:German National People's Party
36:Cabinet of Philipp Scheidemann
1:
2095:(in German). 11 November 2022
2093:Deutsches Historisches Museum
2005:Deutsches Historisches Museum
791:Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau
436:(Centre), Colonial Minister
379:Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau
355:that replaced Scheidemann's.
2967:Cabinets established in 1919
1621:of the Army High Command at
1467:elections of 19 January 1919
321:and in eastern provinces of
67:First meeting of the cabinet
2800:Federal Republic of Germany
2365:United States Census Bureau
414:(SPD), Reichswehr Minister
403:(SPD), Minister of Labour
2988:
2741:German Democratic Republic
1461:The strong showing of the
359:Election and establishment
76:13 February 1919
2521:Hohenlohe-SchillingsfĂĽrst
1529:People's State of Bavaria
1357:. Its head, Vice Admiral
1273:
1241:
1202:
1128:
1100:
1065:
1037:
1002:
951:
923:
895:
867:
839:
811:
783:
734:Deputy Minister-President
732:
704:
699:
587:had been a member of the
575:(armed forces) minister.
135:Deputy Minister-President
60:
55:
41:
2358:"Armistice with Germany"
2251:"Der Oststaat-Plan 1919"
1657:Wichard von Moellendorff
1504:were taken, followed by
1243:Prussian Minister of War
646:Prussian minister of war
633:In the coalition talks,
476:Weimar National Assembly
292:Weimar National Assembly
232:Weimar National Assembly
105:People and organisations
2442:Online version (German)
2249:Schulze, Hagen (1970),
1785:General Alphonse Nudant
1591:Greater Poland Uprising
1204:Economic Demobilization
529:(SPD), chairman of the
470:, the Germans voted in
304:German Democratic Party
269:Social Democratic Party
165:German Democratic Party
157:Social Democratic Party
1871:
1752:
1710:Armistice negotiations
1449:
1275:Chief of the Admiralty
620:National Liberal Party
519:unicameral legislature
500:German Communist Party
459:
448:
437:
426:
415:
404:
393:
382:
371:
339:Paris Peace Conference
91:20 June 1919
2659:Presidential cabinets
1869:
1750:
1416:imperial constitution
1354:Imperial Naval Office
652:, Lieutenant-Colonel
561:Constantin Fehrenbach
454:
443:
432:
421:
410:
399:
388:
377:
366:
222:1919 federal election
207:German People's Party
171:Status in legislature
143:(until 19 April 1919)
2724:Schwerin von Krosigk
2275:Fowkes, Ben (2014).
1783:On 18 April, French
1569:Treaty of Versailles
1536:Separatist movements
1441:Berlin March Battles
1039:Food and Agriculture
606:, Georg Gothein and
523:constituent assembly
343:Treaty of Versailles
2947:Cabinets of Germany
1907:Paul von Hindenburg
1607:United Baltic Duchy
1457:Left-wing uprisings
1437:Spartacist uprising
1322:Weimar Constitution
712:Philipp Scheidemann
684:
535:Philipp Scheidemann
490:following the last
281:Weimar Constitution
265:Philipp Scheidemann
261:Scheidemann cabinet
128:Philipp Scheidemann
18:Cabinet Scheidemann
1872:
1768:Office and led by
1753:
1542:occupied Rhineland
1342:Ministry dissolved
1159:Matthias Erzberger
1073:Johannes Giesberts
706:Minister-President
683:
616:Matthias Erzberger
488:Imperial Reichstag
460:
456:Matthias Erzberger
449:
438:
427:
416:
405:
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383:
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319:occupied Rhineland
195:Opposition parties
123:Minister-President
2934:
2933:
2171:documentArchiv.de
2145:documentarchiv.de
1814:Walther SchĂĽcking
1629:Economic policies
1614:Province of Posen
1612:At the time, the
1540:In the west, the
1445:workers' councils
1393:Army High Command
1305:
1304:
1253:Walther Reinhardt
1130:Without portfolio
982:Bernhard Dernburg
763:Bernhard Dernburg
697:Left office
694:Took office
650:Walther Reinhardt
515:Weimar Classicism
492:elections in 1912
368:Bernhard Dernburg
335:Armistice of 1918
257:
256:
147:Bernhard Dernburg
16:(Redirected from
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2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1997:
1986:
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1974:Das Bundesarchiv
1966:
1929:was on 21 June.
1807:
1653:Walther Rathenau
1566:
1463:Weimar Coalition
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1359:Maximilian Rogge
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1187:13 February 1919
1164:13 February 1919
1141:13 February 1919
1113:13 February 1919
1102:Colonial Affairs
1085:13 February 1919
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1050:13 February 1919
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964:13 February 1919
936:13 February 1919
925:Economic Affairs
908:13 February 1919
880:13 February 1919
852:13 February 1919
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796:13 February 1919
745:13 February 1919
717:13 February 1919
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658:Adolf von Trotha
296:Weimar Coalition
228:Legislature term
175:Weimar Coalition
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279:. Although the
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2018:
2001:"Chronik 1919"
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1934:
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1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1000:
999:
994:
991:
988:
985:
980:
977:
976:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:Eugen Schiffer
957:
955:
949:
948:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:Rudolf Wissell
929:
927:
921:
920:
915:
912:
909:
906:
901:
899:
893:
892:
887:
884:
881:
878:
873:
871:
865:
864:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:Otto Landsberg
845:
843:
837:
836:
831:
828:
825:
822:
817:
815:
809:
808:
803:
800:
797:
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789:
787:
781:
780:
775:
772:
769:
766:
761:
758:
757:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:Eugen Schiffer
738:
736:
730:
729:
724:
721:
718:
715:
710:
708:
702:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
677:
674:
608:Eugen Schiffer
593:Robert Schmidt
581:Rudolf Wissell
577:Otto Landsberg
423:Robert Schmidt
360:
357:
255:
254:
249:
245:
244:
239:
235:
234:
229:
225:
224:
219:
215:
214:
210:
209:
196:
192:
191:
180:
178:331/423 (78%)
172:
168:
167:
154:
153:Member parties
150:
149:
140:Eugen Schiffer
137:
131:
130:
125:
119:
118:
113:
107:
106:
102:
101:
89:
88:Date dissolved
85:
84:
74:
70:
69:
66:
58:
57:
53:
52:
50:Weimar Germany
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2984:
2973:
2970:
2968:
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2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
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2914:
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2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
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2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2803:(since 1949)
2801:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2762:Grotewohl III
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2720:
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2712:
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2699:
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2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2619:Stresemann II
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
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2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
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2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2501:
2500:German Empire
2489:
2485:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2466:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2448:
2445:
2443:
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2432:3-608-91802-7
2429:
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2301:
2299:
2297:
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2286:9789004271081
2282:
2278:
2271:
2268:
2263:
2260:(in German),
2259:
2252:
2245:
2242:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
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2195:
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2191:
2189:
2185:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2146:
2142:
2136:
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2120:
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2110:
2107:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1927:Bauer cabinet
1924:
1920:
1917:last minute.
1914:
1910:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1868:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1851:Upper Silesia
1848:
1842:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1795:Carl Melchior
1791:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1773:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1725:
1722:
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1709:
1707:
1700:
1698:
1692:Social policy
1691:
1689:
1683:Fiscal policy
1682:
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1620:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1582:Netzedistrikt
1578:
1574:
1570:
1567:) should the
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1543:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1517:
1515:
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1507:
1503:
1499:
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1430:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1290:27 March 1919
1289:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1229:30 April 1919
1228:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1190:21 March 1919
1189:
1186:
1183:
1182:Georg Gothein
1179:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1108:Johannes Bell
1105:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1022:21 March 1919
1021:
1018:
1017:Georg Gothein
1014:
1010:
1005:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
987:19 April 1919
986:
983:
979:
978:
975:
972:
969:
967:19 April 1919
966:
963:
960:
956:
954:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
928:
926:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
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904:
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894:
891:
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876:
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866:
863:
860:
857:
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851:
848:
844:
842:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
816:
814:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
788:
786:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
768:30 April 1919
767:
764:
760:
759:
756:
753:
750:
748:19 April 1919
747:
744:
741:
737:
735:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
709:
707:
703:
696:
693:
690:
687:
686:
681:
675:
673:
671:
667:
666:Max von Baden
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
636:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:Johannes Bell
609:
605:
600:
598:
594:
590:
589:Baden cabinet
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
564:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
517:, acted as a
516:
512:
508:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:German Empire
457:
453:
446:
442:
435:
434:Johannes Bell
431:
424:
420:
413:
409:
402:
398:
391:
387:
380:
376:
369:
365:
358:
356:
354:
353:Bauer cabinet
350:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
273:German Empire
270:
266:
262:
253:
252:Bauer cabinet
250:
246:
243:
240:
236:
233:
230:
226:
223:
220:
216:
211:
208:
204:
200:
197:
193:
189:
186:
183:
176:
173:
169:
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162:
158:
155:
151:
148:
141:
138:
136:
132:
129:
126:
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120:
117:
114:
112:
108:
103:
90:
86:
75:
71:
64:
59:
54:
51:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
2821:Adenauer III
2767:Grotewohl IV
2757:Grotewohl II
2744:(1949–1990)
2706:(1933–1945)
2703:Nazi Germany
2614:Stresemann I
2578:
2566:(1918–1933)
2503:(1871–1918)
2437:
2411:. Retrieved
2406:
2368:. Retrieved
2364:
2352:
2340:. Retrieved
2335:
2276:
2270:
2264:(2): 123–163
2261:
2257:
2244:
2232:. Retrieved
2227:
2175:. Retrieved
2170:
2161:
2149:. Retrieved
2144:
2135:
2123:. Retrieved
2118:
2109:
2097:. Retrieved
2092:
2083:
2071:. Retrieved
2066:
2057:
2045:. Retrieved
2040:
2009:. Retrieved
2004:
1978:. Retrieved
1973:
1923:Gustav Bauer
1915:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1877:
1873:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1818:
1797:, a banker,
1782:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1728:
1717:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1686:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1650:
1646:
1637:
1611:
1580:
1577:West Prussia
1573:East Prussia
1547:
1539:
1526:
1522:Gustav Noske
1518:
1502:Braunschweig
1492:. In April,
1479:
1460:
1450:Räterepublik
1434:
1425:
1413:
1401:
1379:
1352:
1347:
1338:
1328:
1316:
1293:20 June 1919
1279:(non-voting)
1261:20 June 1919
1247:(non-voting)
1221:Joseph Koeth
1215:(non-voting)
1167:20 June 1919
1144:20 June 1919
1136:Eduard David
1116:20 June 1919
1088:20 June 1919
1053:20 June 1919
1025:20 June 1919
990:20 June 1919
939:20 June 1919
911:20 June 1919
903:Gustav Noske
883:20 June 1919
875:Gustav Bauer
855:20 June 1919
827:20 June 1919
799:20 June 1919
771:20 June 1919
720:20 June 1919
679:
662:
654:Joseph Koeth
639:
632:
601:
585:Gustav Bauer
569:Gustav Noske
565:
557:Eduard David
554:
546:Centre Party
539:
504:
498:(USPD); the
461:
445:Eduard David
412:Gustav Noske
401:Gustav Bauer
349:Gustav Bauer
347:
308:
300:Centre Party
289:
260:
258:
187:
184:
181:
161:Centre Party
29:
2901:Schröder II
2866:Schmidt III
2826:Adenauer IV
2816:Adenauer II
2782:de Maizière
2772:Grotewohl V
2752:Grotewohl I
2579:Scheidemann
2409:(in German)
2338:(in German)
2230:(in German)
2173:(in German)
2147:(in German)
2121:(in German)
2069:(in German)
2043:(in German)
2007:(in German)
1976:(in German)
1802: [
1561: [
1512:in May and
1474:and in the
1362: [
1300:Independent
1268:Independent
1236:Independent
1207: [
1076: [
1007: [
806:Independent
277:World War I
238:Predecessor
73:Date formed
2941:Categories
2916:Merkel III
2896:Schröder I
2861:Schmidt II
2811:Adenauer I
2679:Schleicher
2669:BrĂĽning II
2594:Fehrenbach
1933:References
1847:plebiscite
897:Reichswehr
819:Hugo PreuĂź
642:ex officio
604:Hugo PreuĂź
573:Reichswehr
390:Hugo PreuĂź
95:1919-06-20
80:1919-02-13
2921:Merkel IV
2911:Merkel II
2856:Schmidt I
2851:Brandt II
2841:Kiesinger
2836:Erhard II
2664:BrĂĽning I
2654:MĂĽller II
2639:Luther II
2536:Michaelis
2413:3 October
2342:20 August
2125:26 August
2099:10 August
1732:Blue Army
1603:Lithuania
1516:in June.
1498:Helmstadt
1494:Magdeburg
1481:Freikorps
1420:Bundesrat
1409:Reichstag
1407:, to the
688:Portfolio
670:Reichstag
624:Armistice
550:bourgeois
472:elections
248:Successor
111:President
2906:Merkel I
2881:Kohl III
2846:Brandt I
2831:Erhard I
2719:Goebbels
2644:Marx III
2634:Luther I
2604:Wirth II
2589:MĂĽller I
2541:Hertling
2511:Bismarck
2234:1 August
1721:Wilson's
1558:Oststaat
1510:Eisenach
1004:Treasury
813:Interior
691:Minister
544:and the
521:and the
474:for the
466:and the
337:and the
325:such as
302:and the
218:Election
2886:Kohl IV
2876:Kohl II
2649:Marx IV
2629:Marx II
2599:Wirth I
2516:Caprivi
2370:23 July
2177:22 July
2151:22 July
2073:30 July
2047:21 July
2011:23 July
1980:23 July
1822:Entente
1810:Hanover
1623:Kolberg
1599:Kurland
1595:Livland
1587:Silesia
1550:Prussia
1506:Leipzig
1435:As the
953:Finance
841:Justice
676:Members
331:Silesia
323:Prussia
315:Bavaria
267:of the
213:History
93: (
78: (
2926:Scholz
2891:Kohl V
2871:Kohl I
2797:
2777:Modrow
2714:Hitler
2686:Hitler
2624:Marx I
2497:
2430:
2283:
1812:, and
1736:Danzig
1579:, the
1514:Erfurt
1333:April.
1296:
1264:
1232:
1193:
1174:Centre
1170:
1147:
1123:Centre
1119:
1095:Centre
1091:
1056:
1028:
993:
970:
942:
914:
886:
869:Labour
858:
830:
802:
774:
751:
723:
700:Party
628:Allies
511:Berlin
507:Weimar
2674:Papen
2584:Bauer
2546:Baden
2526:BĂĽlow
2361:(PDF)
2254:(PDF)
1806:]
1565:]
1554:Posen
1490:Halle
1486:Gotha
1472:Halle
1366:]
1308:Notes
1211:]
1080:]
1011:]
327:Posen
2609:Cuno
2428:ISBN
2415:2013
2372:2023
2344:2013
2281:ISBN
2236:2013
2179:2023
2153:2023
2127:2023
2101:2023
2075:2023
2049:2023
2013:2013
1982:2013
1885:Elbe
1881:USPD
1790:Foch
1655:and
1601:and
1508:and
1500:and
1488:and
1476:Ruhr
614:and
329:and
313:and
311:Ruhr
259:The
1849:in
1831:Spa
1197:DDP
1151:SPD
1060:SPD
1032:DDP
997:DDP
974:DDP
946:SPD
918:SPD
890:SPD
862:SPD
834:DDP
778:DDP
755:DDP
727:SPD
672:).
542:DDP
2943::
2380:^
2363:.
2295:^
2262:18
2256:,
2187:^
2169:.
2143:.
2065:.
2021:^
2003:.
1990:^
1941:^
1804:de
1609:.
1597:,
1585:,
1575:,
1563:de
1496:,
1411:.
1364:de
1209:de
1078:de
1009:de
630:.
306:.
287:.
2476:e
2469:t
2462:v
2434:.
2417:.
2374:.
2346:.
2289:.
2238:.
2181:.
2155:.
2129:.
2103:.
2077:.
2051:.
2015:.
1984:.
97:)
82:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
