Government of the Soviet Union

1354:, administrating defense enterprises and overseeing space research, implementing Soviet foreign policy, crime-fighting, and maintaining defense and state security. It also worked alongside the republican governments to develop financial and credit policy, administer fuel and power supplies and transport systems, and developing welfare and social programs. In addition the Cabinet of Ministers was responsible for coordinating All-Union policy on science, technology, patents, use of airspace, prices, general economic policy, housing, environmental protection and military appointments. At last, the Law on the Cabinet of Ministers granted the Cabinet of Ministers the right to issue 1297: 1335:

Cabinet of Ministers would report directly to the President of the Soviet Union, and be accountable to both the presidency and to the Supreme Soviet. While the term of the Council of Ministers had been tied to the election of the Supreme Soviet, the Cabinet of Ministers was obliged by law to tender its resignation if the sitting president stepped down. Similar to the Council of Ministers, the leading decision-making organ of the Cabinet of Ministers was the Presidium. It was to be chaired by the newly created office of Prime Minister of the Soviet Union. In accordance with law the Presidium had to consist of the prime minister, his

49: 1221:'s leadership. At first, the new leadership sought to solve problems within the existing bureaucratic framework, however, by 1954 the government initiated reforms which devolve more economic decision-making to the republican governments. Around this time Khrushchev suggested abolishing the industrial and construction ministries and distributing their duties and responsibilities to republican governments and regional bureaucrats. The end-goal was to reduce the size of the All-Union government and increase economic growth. A similar idea was proposed to the 1565:

government. At the same time, the union-republican ministries had double subordination – they simultaneously submitted to the union republican government, within the framework of which they were created, and to the corresponding all-union government, orders and instructions which should have been guided in their activities. In contrast to the union republican ministries of the union republic, the republican ministries were subordinate only to the government of the corresponding union republic.

1076:

meantime the commissariats for foreign affairs, commerce and industry, transport, military and navy affairs, finance, foreign trade, labour, post and telegraphs, supply and the interior were granted All-Union status. This system created troubles at first since neither the constitution or any legal document defined the relations between All-Union commissariats, their organs in republics and the separate unified republican commissariats. However, this system was kept with minor changes until the

1319:

Extraordinary Session of the Congress of People's Deputies was convened to amend the constitution. The Law on the Presidency which was adopted by the Congress of People's Deputies stated that the president had to be elected in a nationwide election, but Gorbachev argued that the country was not ready for divisive election. Therefore, the Congress of People's Deputies held a vote in which 1329 voted to elect Gorbachev as President of the Soviet Union, while 916 voted against him.

1620:. The officeholder was responsible for convening the government and its Presidium, reporting to the Supreme Soviet on behalf of the government and leading the work on formulating the five-year plans. The "Law on the Council of Ministers of the USSR" states that the chairman "heads the Government and directs its activity... coordinates the activity of the first deputy chairmen and deputy chairmen in urgent cases, makes decisions on particular questions of state administration." 1170:

Industry and Bureau for Culture and Health. This decision transformed the government's working methods. The new resolution delegated authorities to the bureaus and away from the deputy chairmen of government and high-standing ministers. Every sectoral bureau was headed by a deputy chairman of government, but decision-making was devolved into these collegial decision-making organs. The net effect of these change was to greatly increase the legislative activity of government.

1105: 997: 5102: 1288:. It defined for the first time the responsibilities and membership of the government's Presidium. The constitution defined the Presidium as a permanent governmental organ responsible for establishing and securing good economic leadership and to assume administrative responsibilities. It stated that the government chairman, alongside the first deputy chairmen, deputy chairmen and the republican governmental heads made up the Presidium's membership. 710: 1035:(CEC). The Congress of Soviets held legislative responsibilities and was the highest organ of state power, while the CEC was to exercise the powers of the Congress of Soviets whenever it was not in session, which in practice comprised the majority of its existence. It stated that the government, named the Council of People's Commissars, was to be the executive arm of the CEC. This governmental structure was copied from the one established in the 1162:

sought to explain the role of the Council of Ministers, its internal operations and its relationship with the party. It stated that the party politburo had the right to decide on all political matters, which included such topics as governmental appointments and defense, foreign policy and internal security. It went on to define the government solely as an institution of administering the economy. The non-economic ministries, such as the

5114: 966:, in a speech to the II Supreme Soviet in March 1946, argued to change the name of government from Council of People's Commissars to Council of Ministers because "The commissar reflects the period of revolutionary rupture and so on. But that time has now passed. Our social system has come into being and is now made flesh and blood. It is time to move on from the title 'people's commissar' to that of 'minister. 1557:

to it. The Council coordinated and directed the work of the union republics and union ministries, state committees and other organs subordinate to it. The competence of the government and its Presidium with respect to their procedures and activities and the council's relationships with subordinate organs were defined in the Soviet constitution by the Law on the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

1006: 1207: 984: 1277:. In the decade 1965 to 1975, twenty-eight industrial ministries were established. Of these seven were All-Union ministries and the remainder seventeen were republican ministries. In addition, the Kosygin Government sought to reform the economy by strengthening enterprise autonomy while at the same time retaining strong centralised authority. The 1238:

increase inter-branch cooperation and specialization. However, the reforms did not manage to cure the failings of the Soviet economy, and actually showed shortcomings in other areas as well. Khrushchev's government responded by initiating reforms that reversed decentralisation measures, and sought to recentralise control over resource allocation.

1638:

The government appointed first deputy chairmen and deputy chairmen to assist the work of the government chairman. These deputies worked with the responsibilities allocated to them by the government. They could coordinate the activities of ministries, state committees and other organs subordinated to

1507:, state committees chairmen and the republican governmental chairmen. The premier could recommend individuals who he found suitable for membership in the governmental council to the Supreme Soviet. The government tendered its resignation to the first plenary session of a newly elected Supreme Soviet. 1264:

was regifted responsibility for agriculture (which it lost in one Khrushchev's earlier reforms). By October the same year the Council of Ministers abolished the industrial state committees and regional economic councils and reestablished the system of industrial ministers as they existed before 1957.

1556:

The government could issue decrees and resolutions and later verify their execution. All organisations were obliged to obey the decrees and resolutions issued by the government. The All-Union Council also had the power to suspend all mandates and decrees issued by itself or organisations subordinate

1564:

had its own governments formed by the republican legislature of the respective union republic or autonomous republic. Republican governments were not legally subordinate to the All-Union government, but they were obliged in their activities to be guided by the decrees and decisions of the All-Union

1087:

defined the Council of People's Commissars as the Soviet government, and conferring upon it the role of the "highest executive and administrative organ of state power". The constitution stripped the Council of People's Commissars of powers to initiate legislation, and instead confined it to issuing

1669:

The Administrator of Affairs was tasked with co-signing decrees and resolutions made by government with the government chairman. The government apparatus prepared items of policy, which the officeholder would check systematically against decrees of the party-government. This function consisted of

1161:

The government's Bureau was established in 1944. After the war, the bureau was split into two. These bureaus were merged on 20 March 1946, reestablishing the government's Bureau. The party Politburo adopted on 8 February 1947 the resolution "On the Organization of the Council of Ministers", which

1075:

The 1924 constitution differentiated between All-Union and unified (referred to as republican from 1936 onwards) people's commissariats. The people's commissariats for justice, internal affairs, social security, education, agriculture and public health remained republican-level ministries. In the

1054:

The original idea was for the Council of People's Commissars to report directly (and be subordinate) to the CEC, but the working relations of the two bodies were never clearly defined in depth. Eventually, the powers of the Council of People's Commissars outstripped those of the CEC. However, the

1322:

As President of the Soviet Union Gorbachev could appoint and dismiss government ministers. However, he grew concerned about his inability to control All-Union ministries. On 24 September 1990 Gorbachev managed to get the Supreme Soviet to grant him temporary powers of unrestricted decrees on the

1237:

was given responsibility over companies that could not be decentralised to republican governments. The Soviet media began propagating the idea of developing complex, regional economies and comparing them to the old ministerial system. The belief was that the Soviets of the National economy would

1169:

In addition, the 8 February resolution established eight sectoral bureaus; Bureau for Agriculture, Bureau for Metallurgy and Chemicals, Bureau for Machine Construction, Bureau for Fuel and Electric Power Stations, Bureau for Food Industry, Bureau for Transport and Communication, Bureau for Light

1334:

By November 1990 Gorbachev was calling for the dissolution of the Council of Ministers and its replacement with a Cabinet of Ministers. Formerly executive power had been divided into two separate institutions; the presidency and the Council of Ministers. Both reported to the Supreme Soviet. The

1173:

Stalin, who had not attended a meeting of the Bureau since 1944, resorted to appointing acting government chairmen. Molotov was first appointed, but could rarely fulfill his duties since he was simultaneously Minister of Foreign Affairs and often away on business. On 29 March 1948 the politburo

1318:

was seen as an important tool to strengthen Gorbachev's control over the state apparatus. Gorbachev proposed to the 3rd Plenary Session of the XXI Supreme Soviet in February 1990 to establish the Office of the President of the Soviet Union. The Supreme Soviet passed the motion, and in March an

1514:. It regularly reported to the Supreme Soviet on its work, as well as being tasked with resolving all state administrative duties in the jurisdiction of the USSR which were not the responsibility of the Supreme Soviet or the Presidium. Within its limits, the government had responsibility for: 1427:

was established and superseded the government in terms of power by giving each republican president a seat on the council. In addition, every decision had to be decided by a vote–a move that greatly weakened Gorbachev's control. In tandem, the Russian SFSR seized the building and staff of the

1372:

The Cabinet of Ministers was by law forced to work more closely with republican governments than the Council of Ministers. Republican governments could petition the Cabinet of Ministers at any time, and the Cabinet of Ministers was forced to take all questions from republican governments into

1717:

According to the Soviet constitution, ministries were divided into all-union and union-republican. All-Union ministries managed the branch of state administration entrusted to them throughout the entire Soviet Union directly or through the organs appointed by them, while the union-republican

1698:

USSR state committees were different from the ministries in that a state committee was primarily responsible for several parts of government as opposed to the one specific topic for which a ministry was solely responsible. Therefore, many state committees had jurisdiction over certain common

1059:

defined the Council of People's Commissars as the "executive and administrative organ" of the CEC. The ability to legislate was restricted by the powers conferred to it by the CEC, and on the Statute of the Council of People's Commissars. The legislative dominance of the Council of People's

1153:

concurrently served as SDC head and as chairman of the Soviet government until 1946. On 15 March 1946 the 1st Plenary Session of the 2nd Supreme Soviet transformed the Council of People's Commissars into the Council of Ministers. Accordingly, the people's commissariats were renamed

1225:

in January 1957. The proposal sought to switch the function of the All-Union government from active management of operational management of industry to active branch policy-making. Operational management was to be decentralised to republican governments and local authorities.

1699:

activities performed by ministries such as research and development, standardisation, planning, building construction, state security, publishing, archiving and so on. The distinction between a ministry and a state committee could be obscure as for the case of the

1125:

contended that "Stalin's style of rule was characterised by the way in which rule through regular machinery (party, government apparatus) gave way increasingly to the rule of personal agents and agencies, each operating separately and often in conflict, with

1323:

economy, law and order and appointment of government personnel until 31 March 1992. Still feeling stifled by anti-reformist elements, Gorbachev proposed in November 1990 to radically reorganise the Soviet political system, being greatly inspired by the

1265:

Of the 33 newly appointed construction- and industry ministers appointed in 1965, twelve had served as ministers in 1957 or before and ten had worked and risen to the rank of deputy minister by this time. This was followed by the establishment of the

1718:

ministries operated, as a rule, through the same-named ministry of the specific union republic in question. It managed only a certain limited number of activities directly according to the list approved by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet.

1678:

The Presidium of the Council of Ministers consisted of the chairman, First Deputy Chairmen, and the deputy chairman. It is important to note that the Presidium of the Council of Ministers is different than the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet.

1186:. Lacking a formal leader, most controversial issues were solved at meetings of the Bureau. On 1 September 1949 power was even more dispersed. The Bureau changed its name to the Presidium of the Council of Ministers, and Beria, Malenkov, 2825:

On the order of publication of the laws and orders of the Government of the Soviet Union: Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union and the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union of August 22,

3920: 970:" Scholar Yoram Gorlizki writes that "Notwithstanding the reversion to bourgeois precedents, the adoption of the new nomenclature signaled that the Soviet order had entered a new phase of postrevolutionary consolidation." 903: 901:

in its place. At the 1st Plenary Session of the II Supreme Soviet in 1946, the government was renamed Council of Ministers. Minor changes were introduced with the enactment of the 1977 constitution. The CPSU's

1116:

Stalin's power grab in the 1930s had weakened the formal institutions of governance, both in the party and government. Scholar T. H. Rigby writes that "all institutions had gradually dissolved in the acid of

4021: 866: 3402: 1639:

the government, take control of these organs and issue day-to-day instructions. At last, they could give prior consideration to proposals and draft decisions submitted to the government. For example,

1365:

The Council of Ministers had been the sole permanent executive and administrative body in the Soviet Union during its existence. The Cabinet of Ministers existed alongside the Federation Council, the

1452:, to elect a new Cabinet of Ministers. This committee was later transformed into the Committee for the Operational Management of the National Economy (COMSE), also chaired by Silayev, to manage the 3562: 4425: 4408: 812: 532: 144: 129: 1121:", and that from 1946 until Stalin's death in 1953 "only the most minimal of gestures were made to reverse the atrophy of formal organs of authority, in both party and state." British academic 4455: 3367: 404: 1655:. In the case of the government chairman not being able to perform his duties one of the first deputy chairmen would take on the role of acting head of government until the premier's return. 962:. However, scholar Derek Watson states that "the term 'commissar' was regarded as interchangeable with 'minister', and there seems little doubt that the Bolshevik leaders meant 'minister'." 1281:

also sought to de-regulate the economy to give state enterprises more autonomy, while giving state enterprises more room to discuss their production goals with their respective ministries.

1415:

was one of the leaders of the coup. The Cabinet of Ministers alongside most All-Union organs of power supported the coup attempt against Gorbachev. In the aftermath of the coup attempt,

792:, controlled the government by holding a two-thirds majority in the All-Union Supreme Soviet. The government underwent several name changes throughout its history, and was known as the 1314:

and one-man leadership. However, Gorbachev was meeting stiff resistance from bureaucrats and anti-reformist elements against his reformist policies. The establishment of the office of

4398: 4918: 4418: 3737: 747: 160: 1229:

The CPSU Presidium adopted Khrushchev's proposal. By July 1957 the management functions of the construction and industrial ministries had been transferred to 105 newly established

1549:, economic, scientific-technical and cultural cooperation of the USSR with foreign countries as well as the power to confirm or denounce international treaties signed by the USSR. 1369:

and other executive organs that reported directly to the president. However, as the sole executive organ responsible for the economy and the ministries it was the most important.

3542: 3487: 793: 4444: 4413: 2838: 1754: 1590: 1222: 907: 241: 155: 1483:

The government was the highest executive and administrative body of the Soviet state. It was formed at the 1st Plenary Session of the Supreme Soviet (the joint meeting of the

1043:

governed the Soviet Union until 6 July 1923, when the CEC established the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union. Lenin was appointed its chairman, alongside five

5553: 4403: 4355: 3607: 882: 429: 124: 134: 4652: 3218: 1670:

several departments and other structural units. In addition the Administrator of Affairs headed the government apparatus and was a member of the government's Presidium.

662: 5548: 3447: 3387: 1310:

Gorbachev had been speaking critically of the idea of a Soviet presidency until October 1989. He had argued that a presidency could lead to the reestablishment of the

1593:

and ratified later by the Council of People's Commissars. This informal system of government, in which the party decides and the government implements, lasted until

1051:

notified the central executive committees of the union republics and their respective republican governments that it had begun to fulfill the tasks entrusted to it.

3302: 2846: 1764: 1032: 201: 3843: 3752: 3617: 2842: 1759: 1350:

The duties and responsibilities of the Cabinet of Ministers overlapped with the former Council of Ministers. It was responsible for formulating and executing the

4350: 3963: 3472: 3297: 1378: 846:; they were chosen by the premier and confirmed by the Supreme Soviet. The Government of the Soviet Union exercised its executive powers in conformity with the 3126: 2775: 1475:

voted to dissolve the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as a state and subject of international law, legally terminating the Soviet government's existence.

4016: 3853: 1664: 1416: 1344: 1069: 1036: 870: 372: 4535: 4505: 3597: 3567: 3547: 3427: 1270: 1048: 3989: 1436:

and the Bank for Foreign Economic Relations. With the central government's authority greatly weakened, Gorbachev established a four-man committee, led by

4792: 4752: 4662: 4473: 3888: 3467: 3382: 3246: 1779: 919: 740: 657: 547: 253: 78: 1738:"Bulletin of the Central Executive Committee, the Council of People's Commissars and the Council of Labor and Defense of the Soviet Union" (1923–1924); 1464:. The All-Union government tried to rebuff the seizure attempts by the Russian government but by September 1991 the Soviet government had broken down. 4780: 4675: 4547: 4333: 3883: 3783: 3717: 3647: 3582: 3522: 3362: 3347: 1404: 1163: 885:

established the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The treaty established the government, which was later legitimised by the adoption of the

90: 3798: 4685: 4602: 4495: 3342: 3253: 1629: 1496: 1336: 1273:

in 1966. Four All-Union construction ministries were established in 1967 and a fifth in 1972. In addition, in 1970 the government reestablished the

1039:(Russian SFSR), and the government was modeled on the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR. The government of the Russian SFSR led by 831: 797: 667: 632: 362: 100: 31: 1721:

The government had the right to create, reorganize and abolish subordinate institutions, which were directly subordinate to the government itself.

5543: 4625: 4432: 4299: 3788: 3707: 3372: 3327: 1769: 1065: 890: 827: 682: 672: 342: 191: 772:. It was formed on 30 December 1922 and abolished on 26 December 1991. The government was headed by a chairman, most commonly referred to as the 5150: 4323: 4168: 3288: 1261: 930:. The head of the Cabinet of Ministers was the Prime Minister of the Soviet Union. The government was forced to resign in the aftermath of the 878: 851: 416: 258: 3602: 3317: 1296: 5278: 4311: 4277: 4265: 4260: 4151: 3682: 3211: 3093: 3074: 3007: 2960: 2867: 2810: 1774: 1285: 1084: 1056: 894: 886: 789: 733: 3557: 1396: 931: 5208: 4847: 4615: 3677: 3512: 3437: 3268: 1266: 647: 1158:, and the people's commissars into ministers. On 25 February 1947, appropriate changes were made to the Constitution of the Soviet Union. 3612: 3462: 3392: 4727: 4393: 4340: 4328: 3808: 3697: 3637: 3622: 3159: 2668: 2647: 2626: 2605: 2584: 2563: 2542: 2521: 1693: 1522: 1366: 874: 843: 816: 801: 781: 337: 113: 68: 3632: 3307: 1456:. On 28 August 1991 a Supreme Soviet temporarily gave the COMSE the same authority as the Cabinet of Ministers, and Silayev became the 4775: 4770: 4490: 4438: 3823: 3793: 3757: 3657: 3587: 3577: 3537: 3517: 3477: 3442: 3422: 3417: 2770: 1633: 1500: 1429: 1374: 1340: 1274: 1089: 1044: 1024: 898: 835: 823: 777: 769: 527: 367: 296: 211: 83: 3778: 3337: 1373:

consideration. To foster better relations ministers moved to create collegiums with their republican counterparts. For instance, the

5027: 4978: 4911: 4722: 4450: 4052: 3956: 3527: 3263: 3048: 3029: 2988: 2941: 2890: 2464: 2424: 1546: 1424: 1252:

The removal of Khrushchev was followed by reversing his reforms of the government apparatus. The first move came in early 1965 when

399: 95: 3114: 3110: 955: 3925: 1331:

of France. Gorbachev sought to reorganise institutions at the All-Union level by subordinating executive power to the presidency.

5522: 5415: 5228: 5057: 5045: 4869: 4859: 4815: 4630: 4306: 4255: 4138: 3828: 3742: 3482: 3204: 847: 652: 588: 411: 285: 3642: 5481: 5253: 5062: 5050: 4906: 4891: 4805: 4707: 4289: 4109: 3930: 3452: 3407: 3377: 1648: 1511: 1390: 1093: 1077: 522: 231: 48: 3397: 5003: 4983: 4737: 4680: 4119: 4047: 3873: 3283: 2491: 1712: 1581:

responded to criticism in 1923 by stating that "Everyone understands that our Politburo is the principal body of the state."

1504: 1155: 1130:

in supreme overall control." The government, which was at this point the most formalised Soviet state institution, developed

959: 839: 677: 627: 332: 3863: 3838: 3818: 3258: 1652: 3652: 3457: 5496: 5448: 5340: 5335: 5074: 4901: 4765: 4717: 4478: 4272: 4146: 4129: 3532: 3497: 3332: 3322: 3241: 3174: 1468: 1315: 1257: 1109: 1028: 927: 820: 593: 562: 73: 3687: 3552: 3357: 4670: 4345: 4240: 4041: 3949: 3662: 3627: 3432: 958:

was chosen to distinguish the Soviet government from its bourgeois counterparts, especially its tsarist predecessor the

765: 720: 608: 40: 3848: 3722: 3502: 2258: 1552:

Creation of necessary organisations within the government concerning economics, socio-cultural development and defence.

5453: 5300: 4951: 4933: 4810: 4699: 4557: 4518: 4485: 4175: 4163: 4079: 3981: 3908: 3732: 3672: 3273: 2882: 1784: 1611: 1492: 1457: 1278: 942:

headed by Silayev to run the basic governmental functions until a new cabinet was appointed. On 26 December 1991, the

773: 577: 537: 512: 352: 1137:

Stalin was elected to the government chairmanship on 6 May 1941. The government continued to function normally until

1072:, which he considered the "organ of legislation", and the administrative role of the Council of People's Commissars. 1015: 3878: 3762: 2900:

Gorlizki, Y. (2002). "Ordinary Stalinism: The Council of Ministers and the Soviet Neopatrimonial State, 1946–1953".

5458: 5420: 5143: 4946: 4923: 4896: 3692: 598: 3727: 3592: 5400: 4988: 4961: 4864: 3868: 3702: 3352: 1528:

Defence of the interests of state, socialist property, public order and to protect the rights of Soviet citizens.

939: 785: 557: 3747: 3572: 5370: 5330: 5310: 5290: 5193: 5069: 3667: 3507: 2664: 2643: 2622: 2601: 2580: 2559: 2538: 2517: 1542: 1328: 915: 311: 306: 301: 1741:"Collection of laws and regulations of the Workers' and Peasants' Government of the Soviet Union" (1924–1938); 1096:, having replaced the Congress of Soviets and the Central Executive Committee respectively, could alter laws. 5486: 5305: 4318: 3833: 3712: 2412: 1488: 1472: 1213:

was the longest-serving chairman of the Soviet government, holding office from 1964 until his death in 1980.

1146: 926:. The Council of Ministers was abolished and replaced by a Cabinet of Ministers that was responsible to the 805: 394: 226: 5506: 5491: 5476: 5438: 5385: 5380: 5355: 5213: 4998: 4590: 4528: 4089: 2480:Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 28 августа 1991 г. № 2367-I «О недоверии Кабинету Министров СССР» 910:

and weakened the party's control over the Supreme Soviet. Later, on 20 March 1991, the Supreme Soviet on

5410: 5360: 5320: 5273: 5268: 5258: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5218: 5203: 5198: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5136: 5117: 1589:, echoed the same sentiments. According to Bazhanov appointment of people's commissars were made by the 4360: 906:

voted in favor of amending the constitution. It allowed for multi-candidate elections, established the

445: 5501: 5443: 5405: 5395: 5375: 5365: 5350: 5345: 5325: 5295: 5263: 5248: 5223: 5159: 4879: 4742: 4562: 4074: 3492: 3312: 3178: 3145: 923: 5390: 5315: 5285: 5106: 4835: 4640: 4569: 4377: 4226: 4104: 4026: 3999: 3066: 2859: 1616:

The government chairman was until the establishment of the Cabinet of Ministers in 1991 the Soviet

1561: 1535: 1484: 1324: 1311: 1179: 1142: 714: 542: 221: 1104: 4973: 4956: 4884: 4201: 4114: 4004: 3994: 3412: 2917: 1617: 1088:"decrees and regulations on the basis and in execution of the laws currently in force". Only the 603: 2416: 2406: 1060:

Commissars continued despite the 1924 constitution's insistence on its relationship to the CEC.

17: 1467:

On 25 December 1991 Gorbachev announced in a televised speech his resignation from the post of

5081: 5021: 4800: 4586: 4282: 4084: 4069: 4011: 3089: 3070: 3044: 3025: 3003: 2984: 2956: 2937: 2886: 2863: 2806: 2460: 2420: 1594: 1441: 1247: 1218: 1131: 911: 552: 2953:

Party Leadership under Stalin and Khrushchev: Party Officials and the Soviet State, 1948–1964

1573:

Lenin sought to create a governmental structure that was independent of the party apparatus.

3058: 2909: 1644: 1578: 1574: 1408: 1362:, but not of the same power and scope of those formerly issued by the Council of Ministers. 1359: 1191: 1187: 1122: 471: 440: 3196: 4993: 4206: 4158: 4064: 1412: 1198:

were handed the chairmanship. This mode of operating lasted until Stalin's death in 1953.

1183: 1175: 1134:

due to Stalin's habit of ruling through "the strict personal loyalty of his lieutenants".

1061: 935: 859: 830:, such as Ryzhkov's second government, had more than 100 government ministers, serving as 1377:

established the Council of Ministers of Culture to better coordinate policies, while the

1525:

for "economic and social development" to the Supreme Soviet along with the state budget.

1014:

Lenin and Trotsky (both photographed in 1920) were viewed as the leading figures in the

996: 5013: 4941: 4221: 4211: 3184: 3163: 3017: 2929: 2763: 1640: 1582: 1453: 1253: 1217:

The Post-Stalin Era saw several changes to the government apparatus, especially during

1210: 1195: 1040: 943: 855: 786:

The leading and guiding force of Soviet society and the nucleus of its political system

5537: 4966: 4874: 2921: 1744:"Collection of decrees and orders of the Government of the Soviet Union" (1938–1946). 1586: 1445: 1420: 1150: 963: 946:

dissolved the union and therefore, the government of the USSR shut down permanently.

692: 567: 463: 1300:

Gorbachev at the 1st Plenary Session of the I Congress of People's Deputies in 1989.

938:

participated in. In its place, the Soviet state established what was supposed to be

4757: 4578: 3972: 3134: 1449: 1437: 1351: 1138: 2495: 1518:

Management of the union's economy and socio-cultural construction and development.

4620: 4582: 4574: 4196: 4180: 4094: 4036: 3893: 1305: 637: 477: 2439: 4610: 3915: 1765:

Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union § Government and politics

1381:

established the Council of Foreign Ministers of the USSR and Union Republics.

1230: 1206: 1005: 687: 30:"Council of Ministers (Soviet Union)" redirects here. Not to be confused with 2981:

Executive Power and Soviet Politics: The Rise and Decline of the Soviet State

2803:

Executive Power and Soviet Politics: The Rise and Decline of the Soviet State

4830: 4825: 4647: 4540: 4370: 4031: 2456: 1118: 458: 1233:. Republican planning committees were given more responsibility, while the 983: 4820: 4365: 4099: 4059: 1732: 1149:(SDC), formed on 30 June 1941 to govern the Soviet Union during the war. 484: 453: 2440:Указ Президента СССР от 24.08.1991 N УП-2461 "О Кабинете Министров СССР" 5128: 4712: 4216: 3898: 3858: 1538:

and determination of how many citizens were to be drafted into service.

1433: 1234: 165: 3941: 3111:

Governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from 1917–1964

1755:

Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War § Government

889:

in 1924. The 1924 constitution made the government responsible to the

1355: 1127: 2913: 2408:

Revolutionary Passage: From Soviet to Post-Soviet Russia, 1985–2000

4635: 4513: 3000:

Soviet Economic Management under Khrushchev: The Sovnarkhoz Reform

1295: 1205: 1103: 982: 819:(CPSU) and elected by delegates at the first plenary session of a 642: 2479: 4747: 4523: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 1760:

Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union § Government

5132: 3945: 3200: 979:

Revolutionary beginnings and Molotov's chairmanship (1922–1941)

893:. In 1936, the state system was reformed with the enactment of 806:

Committee on the Operational Management of the National Economy

4732: 4552: 3903: 1700: 27:

Highest executive and administrative organ in the Soviet Union

2879:

Russian Law: The End of the Soviet System and the Role of Law

2453:

Socialist Economies and the Transition to the Market: A Guide

1510:

The government was responsible to the Supreme Soviet and its

1047:

and ten people's commissars (ministers). On 17 July 1923 the

3041:

The Nature of Stalin's Dictatorship: The Politburo 1928–1953

2494:[Силаев, Иван Степанович]. Praviteli. Archived from 1068:

noted in 1928 that one needed to differentiate between the

897:. It abolished the Congress of Soviets and established the 2934:

Cold Peace: Stalin and the Soviet Ruling Circle, 1945–1953

2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2048: 2046: 2033: 2031: 2018: 2016: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1945: 1943: 3598:

Machine Building for Animal Husbandry and Fodder Products

1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1830: 1828: 1826: 764:(USSR) was the executive and administrative organ of the 2388: 2386: 2384: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2241: 2239: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 1292:

Presidentialism and the Cabinet of Ministers (1990–1991)

2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2124: 1174:

resolved to create a rotational chairmanship headed by

2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2139: 2137: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 1984: 1982: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1423:

sought to weaken Gorbachev's presidential powers. The

914:'s suggestion amended the constitution to establish a 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1857: 1855: 1801: 1799: 762:

Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

3784:

Construction in the Far East and Transbaikal Regions

3122: 2839:

Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War

5515: 5467: 5429: 5166: 5038: 5012: 4932: 4846: 4791: 4698: 4661: 4601: 4504: 4466: 4386: 4248: 4239: 4189: 4137: 4128: 3980: 3807: 3799:

Construction in the Urals and West Siberian Regions

3771: 3403:

Construction of Road Building and Communal Machines

3282: 3234: 850:and legislation enacted by the Supreme Soviet. The 1271:All-Union Ministry of Preservation of Public Order 3563:Instrument-Making, Automation and Control Systems 3086:Molotov and Soviet Government: Sovnarkom, 1930–41 2083: 4821:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences 3789:Construction in the Northern and Western Regions 3242:President and Vice President of the Soviet Union 3063:The Government and Politics of the Soviet Union 2908:(4). The University of Chicago Press: 699–736. 2847:Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union 2259:"Soviet Union – The U.S.S.R. from 1953 to 1991" 2843:Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 1284:The Brezhnev Era also saw the adoption of the 5144: 3957: 3212: 2760: 811:The government chairman was nominated by the 741: 8: 3603:Machine Building for Light and Food Industry 3318:Automobile and Agricultural Machine Building 2167: 1665:Administrator of Affairs of the Soviet Union 1417:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 1037:Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic 2776:Law of the Council of Ministers of the USSR 1145:in Russia) when it was subordinated to the 5554:1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union 5151: 5137: 5129: 4852: 4245: 4134: 3964: 3950: 3942: 3738:Timber, Paper and Wood Processing Industry 3558:Installation and Special Construction Work 3219: 3205: 3197: 3127:All-Russian Council of People's Commissars 3119: 2762:Кабинет Министров СССР. 5 июля 1978 « 2186: 1780:List of heads of state of the Soviet Union 1025:Treaty on the Creation of the Soviet Union 748: 734: 507: 434: 280: 186: 118: 36: 3678:Oil Processing and Petrochemical Industry 3543:Heavy and Transport Machines Construction 1405:State Committee on the State of Emergency 3894:Standards and Product Quality Management 3228:All-Union Government of the Soviet Union 2788: 2071: 2052: 2037: 2022: 2007: 1973: 1961: 1949: 1934: 1922: 1834: 1630:First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union 1407:in a bid to oppose the enactment of the 1049:All-Union Council of People's Commissars 978: 32:Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union 5549:1922 establishments in the Soviet Union 3613:Machinery for Stock Raising and Feeding 3608:Machine Tool and Tool Building Industry 3393:Construction of Petrochemical Machinery 1795: 1770:List of governments of the Soviet Union 1066:All-Russian Central Executive Committee 891:Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union 617: 575: 510: 350: 320: 283: 239: 209: 189: 142: 39: 3990:Index of Soviet Union–related articles 2974:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2741: 2720: 2703: 2684: 2392: 2375: 2352: 2333: 2316: 2287: 2245: 2230: 2213: 2143: 2128: 2095: 1903: 1882: 1861: 1846: 1817: 1805: 1479:Duties, functions and responsibilities 3633:Medical and Microbiologiacal Industry 3308:Installation and Special Construction 1775:List of heads of government of Russia 1379:All-Union Ministry of Foreign Affairs 858:, and the last government was led by 804:from January to August 1991 and the 7: 3794:Construction in the Southern Regions 3588:Land Reclamation and Water Resources 3448:Electrical Power and Electrification 3388:Construction of Oil and Gas Industry 2155: 1988: 3779:Construction in the Eastern Regions 3338:Chemical and Oil Machinery Building 2671:(USSR) of 7 October 1977 2669:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 2650:(USSR) of 7 October 1977 2648:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 2629:(USSR) of 7 October 1977 2627:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 2608:(USSR) of 7 October 1977 2606:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 2587:(USSR) of 7 October 1977 2585:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 2566:(USSR) of 7 October 1977 2564:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 2545:(USSR) of 7 October 1977 2543:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 2524:(USSR) of 7 October 1977 2522:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1694:State Committee of the Soviet Union 817:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 782:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 3753:Tractors and Agricultural Machines 3618:Manufacture of Communication Media 2771:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 1643:was responsible for industry, and 1634:Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union 1521:Formulation and submission of the 899:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 867:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR 824:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 25: 3298:Agricultural Products Procurement 2970:Hough, J; Fainsod, Merle (1979). 1262:All-Union Ministry of Agriculture 5113: 5112: 5100: 3368:Communication Equipment Industry 2972:How the Soviet Union is Governed 1004: 995: 848:constitution of the Soviet Union 708: 47: 18:Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR 3743:Tool and Tool Building Industry 1397:1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt 1391:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 1267:All-Union Ministry of Education 1231:Soviets of the National Economy 1078:dissolution of the Soviet Union 1064:of the CEC and Chairman of the 987:A governmental badge from 1930. 932:1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt 766:highest body of state authority 5544:Government of the Soviet Union 3383:Construction of Heavy Industry 2856:Contemporary Soviet Government 2663:Article #136 of the 2642:Article #135 of the 2621:Article #134 of the 2600:Article #133 of the 2579:Article #131 of the 2558:Article #130 of the 2537:Article #129 of the 2516:Article #128 of the 1713:Ministries of the Soviet Union 1577:echoed Lenin's criticism, but 956:Council of People's Commissars 918:, essentially a fusion of the 808:from August to December 1991. 794:Council of People's Commissars 780:throughout its existence. The 1: 4653:Political abuse of psychiatry 4445:Congress of People's Deputies 3648:Mineral Fertilizer Production 3408:Construction of Tool-Machines 3378:Construction of Fuel Industry 3024:(3rd ed.). Unwin Hyman. 2902:The Journal of Modern History 2877:Feldbrugge, F. J. M. (1993). 2764:ЗАКОН О СОВЕТЕ МИНИСТРОВ СССР 2084:Gorlizki & Khlevniuk 2005 1491:), and had to consist of the 1469:President of the Soviet Union 1375:All-Union Ministry of Culture 1327:of the United States and the 1316:President of the Soviet Union 1275:All-Union Ministry of Justice 1166:, reported to the politburo. 1029:All-Union Congress of Soviets 1027:saw the establishment of the 928:President of the Soviet Union 908:Congress of People's Deputies 663:Political abuse of psychiatry 242:Congress of People's Deputies 3398:Construction of Power Plants 3343:Cellulose and Paper Industry 2955:. Rowman & Littlefield. 2805:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 112. 1701:Committee for State Security 1541:General policies concerning 844:state committees/commissions 41:Politics of the Soviet Union 4816:Academy of Medical Sciences 3328:Building Materials Industry 2936:. Oxford University Press. 2883:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1785:Premier of the Soviet Union 1653:Kosygin's Second Government 1612:Premier of the Soviet Union 1585:, the private secretary of 1471:. On the following day the 1385:Government breakdown (1991) 1279:1979 Soviet economic reform 1202:Post-Stalin Era (1953–1985) 1033:Central Executive Committee 924:French styles of government 774:premier of the Soviet Union 202:Central Executive Committee 5570: 3488:Foreign Economic Relations 3022:The Soviet Economic System 2932:; Khlevniuk, Oleg (2005). 2836: 2492:"Silaev, Ivan Stepanovich" 1710: 1691: 1662: 1627: 1609: 1569:Party-government relations 1388: 1303: 1245: 1164:Ministry of State Security 1110:Stalin's Second Government 1100:High Stalinism (1941–1953) 29: 5094: 4855: 3926:Timber and Paper Industry 3683:Power and Electrification 3458:Electrotechnical Industry 3170: 3156: 3141: 3131: 2854:Churchward, L.G. (1975). 2761: 1534:General policies for the 904:19th All-Union Conference 887:first Soviet constitution 558:Material balance planning 259:1989 Legislative election 3854:Labour and Social Issues 3533:Housing and Architecture 3513:General Machine-Building 3463:Environmental Protection 2168:Hough & Fainsod 1979 1659:Administrator of Affairs 1560:Each union republic and 1543:Soviet foreign relations 1531:Ensuring state security. 1345:Administrator of Affairs 1329:semi-presidential system 1235:State Planning Committee 916:semi-presidential system 770:All-Union Supreme Soviet 373:Administrator of Affairs 5107:Soviet Union portal 3688:Pulp and Paper Industry 3638:Medium Machine-Building 3623:Meat and Dairy Industry 3553:Industrial Construction 3158:Representative for the 2801:Huskey, Eugene (1992). 2413:Temple University Press 2405:Garcelon, Marc (2005). 2263:Encyclopædia Britannica 1489:Soviet of Nationalities 1473:Soviet of the Republics 1403:, was initiated by the 1147:State Defense Committee 1132:neopatrimonial features 1016:first Soviet government 934:, which Prime Minister 800:from 1946 to 1991, the 796:from 1922 to 1946, the 788:" per Article 6 of the 715:Soviet Union portal 227:Soviet of Nationalities 5209:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4999:Stalinist architecture 4753:Science and technology 4663:Ideological repression 4591:Soviet Airborne Forces 4529:Destruction battalions 3931:Transport Construction 3889:Science and Technology 3758:Transport Construction 3663:Nuclear Power Industry 3658:Non-Ferrous Metallurgy 3538:Heavy Machine Building 3443:Electrical Engineering 2451:Jeffries, Ian (1993). 1419:(Russian SFSR) led by 1399:, better known as the 1352:All-Union state budget 1301: 1214: 1113: 988: 940:a transitory committee 658:Ideological repression 548:Science and technology 5160:Government of Europe 4781:List of metro systems 4334:Collective leadership 3723:Technical Cultivation 3503:Fruits and Vegetables 1597:'s tenure as leader. 1299: 1209: 1107: 986: 832:first deputy premiers 91:Collective leadership 4743:Net material product 4686:Censorship of images 4603:Political repression 4563:Soviet Border Troops 4496:First Deputy Premier 4080:1965 economic reform 4075:Soviet space program 3921:Television and Radio 3673:Oil and Gas Industry 3453:Electronics Industry 3303:Agriculture and Food 3254:Presidential Council 3146:Government of Russia 3067:Taylor & Francis 3039:Rees, E. A. (2003). 2860:Taylor & Francis 2455:. London; New York: 1647:was responsible for 1367:Presidential Council 1070:Presidium of the CEC 960:Council of Ministers 840:government ministers 802:Cabinet of Ministers 798:Council of Ministers 668:Political repression 633:Censorship of images 363:First Deputy Premier 101:Presidential Council 5430:States with limited 4811:Academy of Sciences 4626:Population transfer 4570:Soviet Armed Forces 4433:Congress of Soviets 4414:Presidium/Politburo 4378:Soviet anti-Zionism 4227:West Siberian Plain 4105:Revolutions of 1989 4042:Great Patriotic War 4027:New Economic Policy 3772:Regional ministries 3084:Watson, D. (2016). 2998:Kibita, N. (2013). 2979:Huskey, E. (1992). 2951:Harris, J. (2008). 2773:. 5 July 1978 2189:, pp. 158–159. 2170:, pp. 253–255. 1964:, pp. 699–700. 1562:autonomous republic 1536:Soviet armed forces 1493:government chairman 1485:Soviet of the Union 1430:Ministry of Finance 1401:August coup attempt 1325:presidential system 1312:cult of personality 1242:Brezhnev government 1180:Nikolai Voznesensky 1143:Great Patriotic War 1108:The composition of 828:Certain governments 683:Suppressed research 673:Population transfer 543:New Economic Policy 222:Soviet of the Union 192:Congress of Soviets 4456:Military Collegium 4324:Capital punishment 4202:Caucasus Mountains 4115:Post-Soviet states 3995:Russian Revolution 3884:State of Emergency 3839:Defense Technology 3819:Building Materials 3763:Urban Construction 3473:Ferrous Metallurgy 3259:Federation Council 3189:1991–present 3181:Russian Federation 3150:1991–present 3133:Government ruling 1618:head of government 1302: 1215: 1114: 989: 895:a new constitution 883:Transcaucasian SSR 790:state constitution 417:Procurator General 405:Military Collegium 5531: 5530: 5126: 5125: 5090: 5089: 5082:Hammer and sickle 5024:and their groups 5022:Soviet dissidents 4801:Communist Academy 4718:Economic planning 4694: 4693: 4587:Soviet Air Forces 4506:Security services 4426:General Secretary 4409:Central Committee 4351:Political parties 4283:Brezhnev Doctrine 4278:Foreign relations 4235: 4234: 4176:Autonomous okrugs 4090:Soviet–Afghan War 4070:Sino-Soviet split 4012:Russian Civil War 3939: 3938: 3498:Forestry Industry 3333:Chemical Industry 3323:Aviation Industry 3195: 3194: 3179:Government of the 3095:978-1-34924-848-3 3076:978-0-09-131721-8 3009:978-0-415-60568-7 2962:978-1-49852-839-9 2869:978-0-7100-8202-2 2812:978-1-56324-060-7 2665:1977 constitution 2644:1977 constitution 2623:1977 constitution 2602:1977 constitution 2581:1977 constitution 2560:1977 constitution 2539:1977 constitution 2518:1977 constitution 2158:, pp. 86–89. 1595:Mikhail Gorbachev 1442:Grigory Yavlinsky 1411:. Prime Minister 1286:1977 constitution 1248:Era of Stagnation 1219:Nikita Khrushchev 1112:as shown in 1946. 1085:1936 constitution 1057:1924 constitution 912:Mikhail Gorbachev 813:Central Committee 758: 757: 700: 699: 553:Era of Stagnation 495: 494: 380: 379: 268: 267: 174: 173: 145:General Secretary 130:Central Committee 16:(Redirected from 5561: 5468:Dependencies and 5167:Sovereign states 5153: 5146: 5139: 5130: 5116: 5115: 5105: 5104: 5103: 4853: 4761: 4616:Collectivization 4361:Marxism–Leninism 4246: 4135: 3966: 3959: 3952: 3943: 3864:People's Control 3809:State Committees 3728:Textile Industry 3628:Medical Industry 3593:Machine Building 3568:Internal Affairs 3548:Higher Education 3483:Fishing Industry 3428:Defense Industry 3269:Security Council 3221: 3214: 3207: 3198: 3190: 3168:1945–1991 3151: 3139:1922–1991 3120: 3099: 3080: 3054: 3035: 3013: 2994: 2975: 2966: 2947: 2925: 2896: 2873: 2827: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2768: 2767: 2758: 2745: 2739: 2724: 2718: 2707: 2701: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2661: 2655: 2640: 2634: 2619: 2613: 2598: 2592: 2577: 2571: 2556: 2550: 2535: 2529: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2488: 2482: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2448: 2442: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2411:. Philadelphia: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2379: 2373: 2356: 2350: 2337: 2331: 2320: 2314: 2291: 2285: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2234: 2228: 2217: 2211: 2190: 2184: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2132: 2126: 2099: 2093: 2087: 2081: 2075: 2069: 2056: 2050: 2041: 2035: 2026: 2020: 2011: 2005: 1992: 1986: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1947: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1907: 1901: 1886: 1880: 1865: 1859: 1850: 1844: 1838: 1832: 1821: 1815: 1809: 1803: 1645:Dmitry Polyansky 1579:Grigory Zinoviev 1575:Valerian Osinsky 1440:, that included 1409:New Union Treaty 1258:First Government 1192:Lazar Kaganovich 1188:Nikolai Bulganin 1123:Leonard Schapiro 1008: 999: 969: 879:Byelorussian SSR 852:first government 750: 743: 736: 713: 712: 711: 648:Collectivization 508: 472:De-Stalinization 446:Marxism–Leninism 441:Soviet democracy 435: 338:State Committees 281: 187: 119: 51: 37: 21: 5569: 5568: 5564: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5559: 5558: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5511: 5469: 5463: 5449:Northern Cyprus 5431: 5425: 5341:North Macedonia 5162: 5157: 5127: 5122: 5101: 5099: 5086: 5034: 5008: 4928: 4842: 4787: 4759: 4733:Internet domain 4728:Five-year plans 4690: 4657: 4597: 4500: 4462: 4394:Communist Party 4382: 4341:Passport system 4231: 4207:European Russia 4185: 4124: 4065:Khrushchev Thaw 4044:(World War II) 4022:Creation treaty 3976: 3970: 3940: 3935: 3812:and commissions 3811: 3803: 3767: 3733:Timber Industry 3703:Rubber Industry 3643:Merchant Marine 3468:Foreign Affairs 3286: 3278: 3230: 3225: 3188: 3187: 3180: 3172: 3167: 3149: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3124: 3107: 3102: 3096: 3083: 3077: 3057: 3051: 3038: 3032: 3016: 3010: 2997: 2991: 2983:. M.E. Sharpe. 2978: 2969: 2963: 2950: 2944: 2928: 2899: 2893: 2876: 2870: 2853: 2849: 2837:Main articles: 2835: 2830: 2824: 2820: 2813: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2759: 2748: 2740: 2727: 2719: 2710: 2702: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2662: 2658: 2641: 2637: 2620: 2616: 2599: 2595: 2578: 2574: 2557: 2553: 2536: 2532: 2515: 2511: 2501: 2499: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2478: 2474: 2467: 2459:. p. 100. 2450: 2449: 2445: 2438: 2434: 2427: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2391: 2382: 2374: 2359: 2351: 2340: 2332: 2323: 2315: 2294: 2286: 2277: 2267: 2265: 2257: 2256: 2252: 2244: 2237: 2229: 2220: 2212: 2193: 2187:Feldbrugge 1993 2185: 2174: 2166: 2162: 2154: 2150: 2142: 2135: 2127: 2102: 2098:, pp. 1–2. 2094: 2090: 2082: 2078: 2070: 2059: 2051: 2044: 2036: 2029: 2021: 2014: 2006: 1995: 1987: 1980: 1972: 1968: 1960: 1956: 1948: 1941: 1933: 1929: 1921: 1910: 1902: 1889: 1881: 1868: 1860: 1853: 1845: 1841: 1833: 1824: 1820:, pp. 1–2. 1816: 1812: 1804: 1797: 1793: 1751: 1727: 1715: 1709: 1696: 1690: 1685: 1676: 1667: 1661: 1636: 1628:Main articles: 1626: 1624:Deputy Chairmen 1614: 1608: 1603: 1591:party Politburo 1571: 1523:five-year plans 1481: 1458:Soviet Union's 1413:Valentin Pavlov 1393: 1387: 1308: 1294: 1250: 1244: 1204: 1184:Georgy Malenkov 1176:Lavrentiy Beria 1102: 1062:Mikhail Kalinin 1045:deputy chairmen 1021: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1001: 1000: 981: 976: 967: 952: 936:Valentin Pavlov 860:Valentin Pavlov 836:deputy premiers 778:deputy chairmen 754: 725: 721:Other countries 709: 707: 702: 701: 613: 505: 497: 496: 468: 432: 422: 421: 390: 382: 381: 316: 278: 270: 269: 184: 176: 175: 170: 116: 114:Communist Party 106: 105: 64: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5567: 5565: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5536: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5525: 5523:European Union 5519: 5517: 5516:Other entities 5513: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5473: 5471: 5470:other entities 5465: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5435: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5423: 5418: 5416:United Kingdom 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5229:Czech Republic 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5163: 5158: 5156: 5155: 5148: 5141: 5133: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5110: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5084: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5067: 5066: 5065: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5018: 5016: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4970: 4969: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4938: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4888: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4867: 4862: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4838: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4797: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4785: 4784: 4783: 4778: 4776:Rail transport 4773: 4771:Railway system 4763: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4704: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4667: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4607: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4567: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4550: 4545: 4544: 4543: 4533: 4532: 4531: 4521: 4516: 4510: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4491:Deputy Premier 4488: 4483: 4482: 4481: 4474:Heads of state 4470: 4468: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4448: 4442: 4439:Supreme Soviet 4436: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4423: 4422: 4421: 4416: 4406: 4401: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4374: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4356:State ideology 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4337: 4336: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4315: 4314: 4304: 4303: 4302: 4292: 4287: 4286: 4285: 4275: 4270: 4269: 4268: 4263: 4252: 4250: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4229: 4224: 4222:Ural Mountains 4219: 4214: 4212:North Caucasus 4209: 4204: 4199: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4172: 4171: 4161: 4156: 4155: 4154: 4143: 4141: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4056: 4055: 4050: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4008: 4007: 4002: 3992: 3986: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3971: 3969: 3968: 3961: 3954: 3946: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3912: 3911: 3904:State Security 3901: 3899:State Planning 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3824:Cinematography 3821: 3815: 3813: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3775: 3773: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3748:Internal Trade 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3718:State Security 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3693:Radio Industry 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3583:Light Industry 3580: 3575: 3573:Iron and Steel 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3523:Grain Products 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3363:Communications 3360: 3355: 3350: 3348:Civil Aviation 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3294: 3292: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3250: 3249: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3231: 3226: 3224: 3223: 3216: 3209: 3201: 3193: 3192: 3185:United Nations 3175:Representative 3169: 3164:United Nations 3154: 3153: 3140: 3130: 3118: 3117: 3106: 3105:External links 3103: 3101: 3100: 3094: 3081: 3075: 3055: 3049: 3036: 3030: 3014: 3008: 2995: 2989: 2976: 2967: 2961: 2948: 2942: 2926: 2914:10.1086/376210 2897: 2891: 2874: 2868: 2850: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2828: 2818: 2811: 2793: 2791:, p. 127. 2781: 2746: 2725: 2708: 2689: 2677: 2656: 2635: 2614: 2593: 2572: 2551: 2530: 2509: 2483: 2472: 2465: 2443: 2432: 2425: 2397: 2395:, p. 121. 2380: 2378:, p. 120. 2357: 2355:, p. 119. 2338: 2336:, p. 112. 2321: 2319:, p. 111. 2292: 2290:, p. 110. 2275: 2250: 2248:, p. 109. 2235: 2233:, p. 108. 2218: 2216:, p. 107. 2191: 2172: 2160: 2148: 2133: 2100: 2088: 2086:, p. 104. 2076: 2074:, p. 713. 2057: 2055:, p. 712. 2042: 2040:, p. 709. 2027: 2025:, p. 707. 2012: 2010:, p. 705. 1993: 1991:, p. 215. 1978: 1976:, p. 706. 1966: 1954: 1952:, p. 704. 1939: 1937:, p. 736. 1927: 1925:, p. 699. 1908: 1887: 1866: 1851: 1839: 1837:, p. 703. 1822: 1810: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1730:The newspaper 1726: 1723: 1711:Main article: 1708: 1705: 1692:Main article: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1675: 1672: 1663:Main article: 1660: 1657: 1641:Kirill Mazurov 1625: 1622: 1610:Main article: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1583:Boris Bazhanov 1570: 1567: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1539: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1519: 1497:first deputies 1480: 1477: 1454:Soviet economy 1389:Main article: 1386: 1383: 1337:first deputies 1304:Main article: 1293: 1290: 1254:Alexei Kosygin 1246:Main article: 1243: 1240: 1223:CPSU Presidium 1211:Alexei Kosygin 1203: 1200: 1196:Maksim Saburov 1141:(known as the 1101: 1098: 1090:Supreme Soviet 1041:Vladimir Lenin 1013: 1012: 1003: 1002: 994: 993: 992: 991: 990: 980: 977: 975: 972: 951: 948: 944:Supreme Soviet 865:Following the 856:Vladimir Lenin 776:, and several 756: 755: 753: 752: 745: 738: 730: 727: 726: 724: 723: 717: 704: 703: 698: 697: 696: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 622: 621: 615: 614: 612: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 585: 582: 581: 573: 572: 571: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 538:Kosygin reform 535: 533:Five-Year Plan 530: 528:Consumer goods 525: 517: 516: 506: 503: 502: 499: 498: 493: 492: 491: 490: 489: 488: 474: 469: 467: 466: 461: 456: 450: 448: 443: 433: 428: 427: 424: 423: 420: 419: 414: 412:People's Court 409: 408: 407: 397: 391: 388: 387: 384: 383: 378: 377: 376: 375: 370: 368:Deputy Premier 365: 357: 356: 348: 347: 346: 345: 340: 335: 327: 326: 318: 317: 315: 314: 309: 304: 299: 297:Official names 293: 290: 289: 279: 276: 275: 272: 271: 266: 265: 264: 263: 262: 261: 256: 246: 245: 237: 236: 235: 234: 229: 224: 216: 215: 212:Supreme Soviet 207: 206: 205: 204: 196: 195: 185: 182: 181: 178: 177: 172: 171: 169: 168: 163: 158: 152: 149: 148: 140: 139: 138: 137: 132: 127: 117: 112: 111: 108: 107: 104: 103: 98: 93: 88: 87: 86: 84:Vice President 81: 71: 65: 62: 61: 58: 57: 53: 52: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5566: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5482:Faroe Islands 5480: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5454:South Ossetia 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5428: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5301:Liechtenstein 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5154: 5149: 5147: 5142: 5140: 5135: 5134: 5131: 5119: 5111: 5109: 5108: 5097: 5096: 5093: 5083: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5068: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5059: 5056: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5011: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4979:Printed media 4977: 4975: 4972: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4931: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4913: 4912:Cyrillisation 4910: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4880:Working class 4878: 4876: 4875:Soviet people 4873: 4872: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4790: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4723:Energy policy 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4697: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4660: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4600: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4571: 4568: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4537: 4534: 4530: 4527: 4526: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4503: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4465: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4451:Supreme Court 4449: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4427: 4424: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4395: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4376: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4313: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4257: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4054: 4053:The Holocaust 4051: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3967: 3962: 3960: 3955: 3953: 3948: 3947: 3944: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3849:Fuel Industry 3847: 3845: 3844:Flight Safety 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3353:Coal Industry 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3264:State Council 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3243: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3222: 3217: 3215: 3210: 3208: 3203: 3202: 3199: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3176: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3155: 3152: 3147: 3137: 3136: 3135:Russia proper 3129: 3128: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3097: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3050:0-23052-428-1 3046: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3031:0-04335-042-9 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3005: 3002:. Routledge. 3001: 2996: 2992: 2990:1-56324-059-9 2986: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2943:0-19530-420-9 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2894: 2892:0-79232-359-9 2888: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2871: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2832: 2822: 2819: 2814: 2808: 2804: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2789:Schapiro 1977 2785: 2782: 2778: 2777: 2772: 2765: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2744:, p. 34. 2743: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2723:, p. 33. 2722: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2618: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2576: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2534: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2513: 2510: 2498:on 7 May 2011 2497: 2493: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2476: 2473: 2468: 2466:0-415-07580-7 2462: 2458: 2454: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2436: 2433: 2428: 2426:1-59213-362-2 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2409: 2401: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2264: 2260: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2077: 2073: 2072:Gorlizki 2002 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2053:Gorlizki 2002 2049: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2038:Gorlizki 2002 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2023:Gorlizki 2002 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2008:Gorlizki 2002 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1974:Gorlizki 2002 1970: 1967: 1963: 1962:Gorlizki 2002 1958: 1955: 1951: 1950:Gorlizki 2002 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1935:Gorlizki 2002 1931: 1928: 1924: 1923:Gorlizki 2002 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1906:, p. 14. 1905: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1835:Gorlizki 2002 1831: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1790: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1728: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1714: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1695: 1687: 1682: 1680: 1673: 1671: 1666: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1635: 1631: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1613: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1587:Joseph Stalin 1584: 1580: 1576: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1558: 1551: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1515: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1446:Arkady Volsky 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1425:State Council 1422: 1421:Boris Yeltsin 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1392: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1370: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1320: 1317: 1313: 1307: 1298: 1291: 1289: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1249: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1212: 1208: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1171: 1167: 1165: 1159: 1157: 1152: 1151:Joseph Stalin 1148: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1111: 1106: 1099: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1079: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1017: 1007: 998: 985: 973: 971: 965: 964:Joseph Stalin 961: 957: 949: 947: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 875:Ukrainian SSR 872: 869:of 1922, the 868: 863: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 822: 821:newly elected 818: 814: 809: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 751: 746: 744: 739: 737: 732: 731: 729: 728: 722: 719: 718: 716: 706: 705: 694: 693:Soviet Empire 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 625: 624: 623: 620: 616: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 586: 584: 583: 580: 579: 574: 569: 568:War communism 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 520: 519: 518: 515: 514: 509: 501: 500: 487: 486: 482: 481: 480: 479: 475: 473: 470: 465: 464:Khrushchevism 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 451: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 438: 437: 436: 431: 426: 425: 418: 415: 413: 410: 406: 403: 402: 401: 400:Supreme Court 398: 396: 393: 392: 386: 385: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 360: 359: 358: 355: 354: 349: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 330: 329: 328: 325: 324: 319: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 294: 292: 291: 288: 287: 282: 274: 273: 260: 257: 255: 252: 251: 250: 249: 248: 247: 244: 243: 238: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 219: 218: 217: 214: 213: 208: 203: 200: 199: 198: 197: 194: 193: 188: 180: 179: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 153: 151: 150: 147: 146: 141: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 122: 121: 120: 115: 110: 109: 102: 99: 97: 96:State Council 94: 92: 89: 85: 82: 80: 77: 76: 75: 72: 70: 67: 66: 60: 59: 55: 54: 50: 46: 45: 42: 38: 33: 19: 5459:Transnistria 5421:Vatican City 5098: 4870:Demographics 4860:Antisemitism 4713:Central Bank 4631:Forced labor 4579:Spetsnaz GRU 4399:organisation 4307:Human rights 4294: 4256:Constitution 4139:Subdivisions 4017:Russian SFSR 3973:Soviet Union 3829:Construction 3708:Shipbuilding 3668:Oil Industry 3508:Gas Industry 3373:Construction 3227: 3173: 3160:Soviet Union 3157: 3144: 3132: 3125: 3088:. Springer. 3085: 3062: 3059:Schapiro, L. 3043:. Springer. 3040: 3021: 2999: 2980: 2971: 2952: 2933: 2930:Gorlizki, Y. 2905: 2901: 2878: 2855: 2833:Bibliography 2821: 2802: 2796: 2784: 2774: 2706:, p. 4. 2687:, p. 3. 2680: 2672: 2659: 2651: 2638: 2630: 2617: 2609: 2596: 2588: 2575: 2567: 2554: 2546: 2533: 2525: 2512: 2500:. Retrieved 2496:the original 2486: 2475: 2452: 2446: 2435: 2407: 2400: 2266:. Retrieved 2262: 2253: 2163: 2151: 2146:, p. 4. 2131:, p. 3. 2091: 2079: 1969: 1957: 1930: 1885:, p. 7. 1864:, p. 6. 1849:, p. 2. 1842: 1813: 1808:, p. 1. 1731: 1725:Publications 1720: 1716: 1697: 1683:Organization 1677: 1668: 1637: 1615: 1572: 1559: 1555: 1509: 1482: 1466: 1459: 1450:Yuri Luzhkov 1438:Ivan Silayev 1400: 1394: 1371: 1364: 1349: 1333: 1321: 1309: 1283: 1251: 1228: 1216: 1172: 1168: 1160: 1139:World War II 1136: 1115: 1082: 1074: 1053: 1022: 953: 871:Russian SFSR 864: 842:or heads of 810: 784:(CPSU), as " 761: 759: 653:Human rights 643:Gulag system 618: 589:Demographics 576: 511: 483: 476: 351: 322: 321: 286:Constitution 284: 240: 210: 190: 143: 5497:Isle of Man 5432:recognition 5401:Switzerland 5336:Netherlands 4974:Phraseology 4919:Prohibition 4907:Linguistics 4892:Drug policy 4885:1989 census 4806:Cybernetics 4708:Agriculture 4621:Great Purge 4583:Soviet Navy 4575:Soviet Army 4447:(1989–1991) 4441:(1938–1991) 4435:(1922–1936) 4419:Secretariat 4290:Gun control 4197:Caspian Sea 4181:Closed city 4110:Dissolution 4095:Perestroika 4037:Great Purge 3713:State Farms 2742:Huskey 1992 2721:Huskey 1992 2704:Watson 2016 2685:Watson 2016 2673:Article 136 2652:Article 135 2631:Article 134 2610:Article 133 2589:Article 131 2568:Article 130 2547:Article 129 2526:Article 128 2393:Huskey 1992 2376:Huskey 1992 2353:Huskey 1992 2334:Huskey 1992 2317:Huskey 1992 2288:Huskey 1992 2246:Huskey 1992 2231:Huskey 1992 2214:Huskey 1992 2144:Kibita 2013 2129:Kibita 2013 2096:Kibita 2013 1904:Watson 2016 1883:Watson 2016 1862:Watson 2016 1847:Watson 2016 1818:Watson 2016 1806:Watson 2016 1649:agriculture 1360:resolutions 1306:Perestroika 854:was led by 638:Great Purge 604:Phraseology 523:Agriculture 478:Perestroika 353:Premiership 183:Legislature 161:Secretariat 5538:Categories 5371:San Marino 5331:Montenegro 5311:Luxembourg 5291:Kazakhstan 5194:Azerbaijan 5014:Opposition 5004:Television 4984:Propaganda 4957:Literature 4831:Naukograds 4826:Sharashkas 4760:(currency) 4738:Inventions 4681:Censorship 4611:Red Terror 4295:Government 4169:Autonomous 4152:Autonomous 4085:Stagnation 4048:Evacuation 3916:Statistics 3879:Metallurgy 3874:Publishing 3653:Metallurgy 3284:Ministries 2415:. p. 1707:Ministries 1688:Committees 1601:Leadership 1434:State Bank 1428:All-Union 1156:ministries 688:Red Terror 678:Propaganda 628:Censorship 619:Repression 333:Ministries 323:Government 277:Governance 63:Leadership 5487:Gibraltar 5306:Lithuania 5075:Republics 5063:Republics 5051:Republics 4902:Languages 4766:Transport 4648:Holodomor 4541:Militsiya 4479:President 4371:Stalinism 4273:Elections 4147:Republics 4130:Geography 4120:Nostalgia 4032:Stalinism 3859:Logistics 3438:Education 3235:All-Union 3123:Previous: 3115:1964–1991 2922:144039204 2457:Routledge 2268:6 October 2156:Nove 1987 1989:Rees 2003 1674:Presidium 1512:Presidium 1505:ministers 1260:when the 1119:despotism 1094:Presidium 1080:in 1991. 954:The name 950:Etymology 594:Education 563:Transport 459:Stalinism 389:Judiciary 232:Presidium 156:Politburo 74:President 5507:Svalbard 5492:Guernsey 5439:Abkhazia 5386:Slovenia 5381:Slovakia 5356:Portugal 5214:Bulgaria 5118:Category 4671:Religion 4558:Chairmen 4404:Congress 4366:Leninism 4346:Propiska 4241:Politics 4100:Glasnost 4060:Cold War 4000:February 3909:Chairmen 3698:Railways 3493:Forestry 3358:Commerce 3313:Armament 3274:Premiers 3177:for the 3061:(1977). 3020:(1987). 3018:Nove, A. 1749:See also 1733:Izvestia 1606:Chairman 1501:deputies 1487:and the 1460:de facto 1341:deputies 1269:and the 1092:and its 1031:and its 920:American 881:and the 609:Religion 485:Glasnost 454:Leninism 430:Ideology 343:Cabinets 125:Congress 5411:Ukraine 5361:Romania 5321:Moldova 5279:Ireland 5274:Iceland 5269:Hungary 5259:Germany 5254:Georgia 5244:Finland 5239:Estonia 5234:Denmark 5219:Croatia 5204:Belgium 5199:Belarus 5189:Austria 5184:Armenia 5179:Andorra 5174:Albania 5039:Symbols 4952:Fashion 4934:Culture 4848:Society 4793:Science 4758:Rouble 4700:Economy 4676:Science 4486:Premier 4467:Offices 4329:Leaders 4249:General 4217:Siberia 4190:Regions 4164:Oblasts 4005:October 3982:History 3834:Defense 3578:Justice 3518:Geology 3478:Finance 3433:Economy 3423:Defense 3418:Culture 3183:in the 3162:in the 2667:of the 2646:of the 2625:of the 2604:of the 2583:of the 2562:of the 2541:of the 2520:of the 2502:4 April 1703:(KGB). 1462:Premier 1356:decrees 1343:and an 974:History 815:of the 578:Culture 513:Economy 504:Society 254:Speaker 166:Orgburo 135:History 69:Leaders 5502:Jersey 5444:Kosovo 5406:Turkey 5396:Sweden 5376:Serbia 5366:Russia 5351:Poland 5346:Norway 5326:Monaco 5296:Latvia 5264:Greece 5249:France 5224:Cyprus 5058:Emblem 5046:Anthem 4994:Sports 4947:Cinema 4942:Ballet 4924:Racism 4897:Family 4387:Bodies 3975:topics 3869:Prices 3528:Health 3413:Cotton 3092: 3073: 3047: 3028: 3006: 2987: 2959: 2940: 2920: 2889: 2866: 2845:, and 2809: 2463: 2423: 1495:, his 1448:, and 1432:, the 1128:Stalin 877:, the 768:, the 599:Family 56: 5477:Åland 5391:Spain 5316:Malta 5286:Italy 4989:Radio 4967:Opera 4962:Music 4865:Crime 4636:Gulag 4514:Cheka 4159:Krais 3171:Next: 3142:Next: 2918:S2CID 2826:1924. 1791:Notes 1547:trade 5070:Flag 5028:List 4836:List 4748:OGAS 4641:List 4524:NKVD 4312:LGBT 4300:List 4266:1977 4261:1936 3289:list 3247:list 3113:and 3090:ISBN 3071:ISBN 3045:ISBN 3026:ISBN 3004:ISBN 2985:ISBN 2957:ISBN 2938:ISBN 2887:ISBN 2864:ISBN 2807:ISBN 2779:. ). 2504:2011 2461:ISBN 2421:ISBN 2270:2018 1632:and 1545:and 1395:The 1358:and 1194:and 1182:and 1083:The 1023:The 922:and 760:The 312:1977 307:1936 302:1924 79:list 4553:KGB 4548:MGB 4536:MVD 4519:GPU 4319:Law 2910:doi 2675:. . 2654:. . 2633:. . 2612:. . 2591:. . 2570:. . 2549:. . 2528:. . 2417:167 1651:in 1256:'s 395:Law 5540:: 4585:• 4581:• 3069:. 3065:. 2916:. 2906:74 2904:. 2885:. 2881:. 2862:. 2858:. 2841:, 2766:». 2749:^ 2728:^ 2711:^ 2692:^ 2419:. 2383:^ 2360:^ 2341:^ 2324:^ 2295:^ 2278:^ 2261:. 2238:^ 2221:^ 2194:^ 2175:^ 2136:^ 2103:^ 2060:^ 2045:^ 2030:^ 2015:^ 1996:^ 1981:^ 1942:^ 1911:^ 1890:^ 1869:^ 1854:^ 1825:^ 1798:^ 1503:, 1499:, 1444:, 1347:. 1339:, 1190:, 1178:, 873:, 862:. 838:, 834:, 826:. 5152:e 5145:t 5138:v 4589:/ 4577:/ 3965:e 3958:t 3951:v 3291:) 3287:( 3220:e 3213:t 3206:v 3098:. 3079:. 3053:. 3034:. 3012:. 2993:. 2965:. 2946:. 2924:. 2912:: 2895:. 2872:. 2815:. 2769:( 2506:. 2469:. 2429:. 2272:. 968:' 749:e 742:t 735:v 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.