38:
785:
444:, it has since been spun out into a separate entity). As they did not use satellite uplinks, their owners were able to selectively prevent competing television providers from having access to the lucrative networks and then used their exclusivity to attract subscribers from competing services (such as satellite providers). For example, MSG used the loophole to prevent the competing
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cable services held back. The rates for cable services increased excessively, surpassing inflation. As a result, the Cable
Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992 had been enacted by the U.S. Congress. The Act had the goal to restore Federal regulation of the cable television industry and respond to complaints about poor cable service and high rates.
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stations. Carriage of additional broadcast television signals on such system was stated to be at the discretion of such operator. In detail, a cable operator of a cable system that had 12 or fewer usable activated channels had to carry at least three local commercial television stations' signals. The
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After 1984 Act had been enacted, the failure to balance the unequal growth within provider and subscriber has become problematic. While there was an increase in the number of households subscribing to cable television system and channel capacity of cable systems, the competition among distributors of
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In adopting the 1992 Cable Act, Congress stated that it wanted to promote the availability of diverse views and information, to rely on the marketplace to the maximum extent possible to achieve that availability, to ensure cable operators continue to expand their capacity and program offerings, to
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In
October 2012, the FCC voted to sunset the program access rules. The commission argued that the rule was antiquated since satellite and IPTV-based competitors had become capable of sustaining viable competition to cable. The FCC will still address discriminatory carriage practices but only on a
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The
Congress' passage of the Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992 authorized broadcast stations to demand payment from cable systems that carry them. Nearing the monetary agreement deadline and retransmission effective date on October 6, 1993, there was an incremental
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The consumer protection and customer service is ensured through
Section 8. To suggest change in the treatment of such public, Section 632 of the Communications Act of 1934 had been amended. Firstly, the franchising authority was to establish and enforce customer service requirements of the cable
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of the district court in
Washington did support regulation of cable rates by the 1992 Cable Act saying that horizontal-integration limitation between cable operators and broadcast stations with local cable system was intended to promote competition by preventing concentration of cable systems
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on
October 3, 1992. After the veto of the President, it again passed Senate over veto on October 5, 1992 (voting 74–25) and on the same day, it passed the House as well (voting 308–114). The Act became a Public Law No: 102-385 on October 5, 1992; it was the only veto override under Bush.
332:
In order to promote competition among cable services, the act restrained federal agencies or states from regulating the rates for the provision of cable service. In the legislature, when describing competition among cable providers, the term "effective" was used and defined. The term
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The two sides of the story can be described as follows: broadcast stations demanded compensation on a per-subscriber basis from cable operators insisting that its production worth a value. Cable companies on the other hand took a pro-subscriber side, saying that what is free
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operator. Secondly, the commission had to establish standards, which would urge cable operators to fulfill their customer service requirements within 180 days of enactment of the Cable
Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992. Lastly,
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1439:
463:. The company cited that its inability to carry 4SD had hurt the market share of U-verse television in San Diego by taking it below its average share in other markets. In 2010, the FCC voted to modify the rules to remove the loophole.
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In contribution to diversifying channel selection for the public, Section 5 of the Cable
Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992 also requires each cable operator of a cable system to carry the signals of qualified
254:
ensure cable operators do not have undue market power, and to ensure consumer interests are protected in the receipt of cable service. The
Federal Communications Commission adopted regulations to implement the Act and its goals.
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Another media source have revealed that, on the issue of cable operators "must-carry" cable television broadcasters option stated in the Cable Act of 1992, both sides showed signs of bewilderment lost in the 500-page law.
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After the Cable
Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992 had been enacted, there was a district court ruling pressing for change in the Act during the following year 1993. Judge
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Consequently, as a way of satisfying the needs of both broadcast stations and cable companies, new cable channels that were run by broadcast networks and carried by cable systems were created.
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providers, the act also contained a provision that required cable channels to offer their carriage to satellite providers at reasonable rates if they were owned by a cable provider themselves.
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An act to amend the Communications Act of 1934 to provide increased consumer protection and to promote increased competition in the cable television and related markets, and for other purposes.
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http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BCRC?srchtp=adv&c=1&ste=31&tbst=tsVS&tab=2&aca=nwmg&bConts=2&RNN=A13774026&docNum=A13774026&locID=nysl_me_nyuniv
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The Cable Act at 20: Hearing Before the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, July 24, 2012
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said "This is a pro-consumer, pro-competition bill designed to rein in the renegades in the cable industry who are gouging consumers with repeated rate increases".
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The rule had a notable loophole since it took effect only if the channel used satellites as part of its distribution infrastructure. That came to be known as the
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conflict between broadcast stations and cable systems. If cable systems failed to meet certain consensus, it was to be dropped from the station's lineups.
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to come up with regulations. The regulation would require a cable operator to construct "reasonable limits" on the number of subscribers they could reach.
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The Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992 addressed various areas such as ensuring the growth of cable operators under
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area subscribe to the cable service of a cable system. The rate regulation were to take effect 180 days after the date of enactment, and the
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808:"THE MEDIA BUSINESS: Television; To pay or not to pay? A war of words heats up between cable systems and broadcasters. – New York Times"
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connected under the hands of a few companies. On the other hand, the Judge stated that Cable Act had not specified limits on
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The assurance of increased availability of cable television to the public was achieved through making the carriage of local
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was to define jurisdictional boundaries for regulating cable television systems among federal, state and local authorities.
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already – e.g., households with antennas can receive a signal for free – should remain free.
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The chairman of the House Telecommunications and Finance subcommittee and Democrat of Massachusetts Representative
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553:"Bill Summary & Status – 102nd Congress (1991–1992) – S.12 – All Information – THOMAS (Library of Congress)"
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Perl, Daniel (17 September 1993). "Cable Act's Limits on Firms' Number Of Subscribers Struck Down by Court".
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and operating on a channel regularly assigned to its community by the commission that was within the same
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and customer service requirement agreement standards set by the commission had to be strictly followed.
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719:"FCC Votes To Close Terrestrial RSN Exemption – Count Is 4-1; McDowell Expects To See Court Challenge"
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service (but still allowing cable companies in other areas of the city to carry it) to be an
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signals an obligation for cable operators. The legislation states that each cable operator
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local commercial television station refers to any full-power television station with a
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The Communications Act of 1934 was first amended in October 1984 by the U.S. Congress'
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and prohibited cable operators from charging local broadcasters to carry their signal.
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as the cable system. Television stations could opt out of cable carriage by invoking
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from Missouri. The act was first introduced to the Senate on January 14, 1991. The
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passed it on September 22, 1992 (voting 74–25). It was vetoed by President
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577:"General Cable Television Industry and Regulation Information Fact Sheet"
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The FCC began an effort to remove the loophole following complaints by
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United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation
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634:"Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992"
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the signals of local commercial television stations and qualified
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Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992
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Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992
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In order to allow competition and fair access to programming by
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passed the bill on September 17, 1992 (voting 280–128), and the
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Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992
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Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992
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337:" meant that a fewer than 30 percent of the households in the
598:"COMPANY NEWS; House Gets Cable TV Bill – New York Times"
18:
Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act
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Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990
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and considered 4SD's refusal to allow carriage on its
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could prescribe regulations on the day of enactment.
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Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992
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412:directly owned by cable companies, such as
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173:Reported by the joint conference committee
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1461:North American Wetlands Conservation Act
878:) is being considered for deletion. See
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1519:Water Resources Development Act of 1992
1512:Water Resources Development Act of 1990
1440:Matsunaga Hydrogen RD&D Act of 1990
1257:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
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523:Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984
215:Overridden by the Senate and became law
660:"FCC lets program access rules expire"
284:United States House of Representatives
246:systems to carry most local broadcast
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1447:National Environmental Education Act
1380:U.S. Global Change Research Program
1366:Global Change Research Act of 1990
1336:Integrated Farm Management Program
691:"FCC throws Cox a curve on Padres"
408:. It was famously used by several
274:The Legislation was passed by the
169:on July 23, 1992 (voice vote)
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882:to help reach a consensus. ›
486:Federal Communications Commission
343:Federal Communications Commission
1491:Pollution Prevention Act of 1990
1285:Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
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304:Cable Communications Act of 1984
300:Cable Communications Act of 1984
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916:Presidency of George H. W. Bush
875:Presidency of George H. W. Bush
853:Statute Compilations collection
1343:Stewardship Incentives Program
528:Telecommunications Act of 1996
432:(a local channel that carried
414:Comcast SportsNet Philadelphia
153:Subcommittee on Communications
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858:Evolution of Cable Television
416:(owned by the locally-based
276:102nd United States Congress
187:on September 22, 1992 (
179:on September 17, 1992 (
68:102nd United States Congress
1373:National Climate Assessment
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1078:Presidential proclamations
518:Communications Act of 1934
399:direct-broadcast satellite
379:non-commercial educational
159:on January 31, 1992 (
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1468:Oil Pollution Act of 1990
1301:Energy Policy Act of 1992
1105:Joint session of Congress
999:White House horseshoe pit
461:anti-competitive practice
302:. The general purpose of
278:and sponsored by Senator
240:United States federal law
217:on October 5, 1992 (
207:on October 5, 1992 (
131:in the Senate as S.12 by
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27:United States federal law
1544:Clinton administration →
1357:Wetlands Reserve Program
1278:Civil Rights Act of 1991
1048:Supreme Court candidates
880:templates for discussion
410:regional sports networks
387:consumer protection laws
1535:← Reagan administration
1405:Immigration Act of 1990
1188:Chemical Weapons Accord
477:Thomas Penfield Jackson
205:Overridden by the House
175:on September 14, 1992;
147:Committee consideration
1454:National Space Council
1350:USDA Rural Development
1202:1991 Madrid Conference
482:horizontal integration
371:retransmission consent
358:low-power broadcasting
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177:agreed to by the House
1329:Forest Legacy Program
1034:Judicial appointments
381:television stations.
350:commercial television
335:effective competition
327:effective competition
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143:) on January 14, 1991
1567:1992 in American law
1482:Truth in Savings Act
1433:Lead and Copper Rule
1308:FDIC Improvement Act
1158:Soviet Union summits
1006:Presidential pardons
848:) as amended in the
793:(password-protected)
769:. 17 September 1993.
467:case-by-base basis.
406:terrestrial loophole
393:Program access rules
288:United States Senate
1505:1992 VRA Amendments
1498:Ryan White CARE Act
1013:International trips
741:Wall Street Journal
258:Legislative history
248:television channels
234:(also known as the
118:Legislative history
32:
1232:NAFTA negotiations
1223:Unified Task Force
1181:Invasion of Panama
1087:Clinton transition
813:The New York Times
767:The New York Times
721:. Multichannel.com
603:The New York Times
484:thus, ordered the
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201:on October 3, 1992
1577:Media legislation
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1292:Acid Rain Program
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1127:1992 SOTU Address
1120:1991 SOTU Address
1113:1990 SOTU Address
1064:Executive actions
992:Broccoli comments
985:Vomiting incident
664:Los Angeles Times
367:television market
363:broadcast license
292:George H. W. Bush
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157:Passed the Senate
99:Statutes at Large
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167:Passed the House
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610:2011-06-30
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559:2011-06-30
539:References
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321:Provisions
129:Introduced
87:Public law
45:Long title
1315:FIRRE Act
749:398346490
700:7 October
579:. Fcc.gov
471:Criticism
430:San Diego
422:Cox Cable
339:franchise
104:106
82:Citations
74:Effective
53:Nicknames
1195:Gulf War
1172:Helsinki
1097:Speeches
948:Timeline
925:Timeline
870:template
745:ProQuest
670:24 April
512:See also
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266:Senator
1027:Cabinet
976:1992–93
872:below (
846:details
457:U-verse
418:Comcast
238:) is a
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181:280-128
91:102-385
1107:(1989)
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492:Impact
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637:(PDF)
533:Aereo
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106:Stat.
969:1991
962:1990
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230:The
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