907:"Pursuant to the NVRA, a voter may not be removed from the voters list unless (1) the voter has requested removal; (2) state law requires removal by reason of criminal conviction or mental capacity; (3) the voter has confirmed in writing that he has moved outside the jurisdiction maintaining the specific voter list, or (4) the voter both (a) has failed to respond to a cancellation notice issued pursuant to the NVRA and (b) has not voted or appeared to vote in the two federal general elections following the date of notice."
803:
784:
concerning voters eligibility and then seek to use those conclusions to justify blunt and sweeping purges and challenges." Some reasons that voter caging is unreliable include typos in voter addresses or streets having been renamed, mail incorrectly delivered, voters not receiving mail at a particular address or refusing mail delivery, temporary addresses used by homeless persons, voter away from their residence or voters moving permanently but otherwise still eligible to vote.
773:
caging list. In some cases, such mail can be returned at a rate of 1 in every 15 letters sent out, as shown in Ohio in 2008 when the Board of
Elections had 600,000 letters of voter confirmation returned as undeliverable. The party uses caging lists created by themselves or by the Board of Elections to challenge the registration status of voters and potentially purge them from the voting rolls under state laws that allow voters whose registrations are suspect to be challenged.
1030:, reports of voter caging emerged when letters marked 'do not forward' were sent to Democrats with fake voter ID numbers. The description of the letters matched the letters that were sent out in Florida. Many details on the letters were false; for example, the letters referred to a Voter Identification Division, but RNC personnel said they had no such department. The RNC did not return calls from a news organization regarding the letters.
1088:, a series of suits and countersuits between the RNC and the DNC as well as civil rights groups and labor unions ensued. The RNC would attempt to have the consent decree lifted and other parties would attempt to have the decree enforced in specific cases in which the plaintiffs would allege the RNC was in violation of the decree. In November 2008, the RNC sought to have the consent decree lifted in the U.S. District Court in Newark (
1108:"On October 26, 2016, the DNC filed a motion asking that the court find the RNC had violated the decree. On November 5, after abbreviated discovery, the district court denied the DNC’s request, ruling that the DNC had not provided sufficient evidence of coordination between the Trump campaign and the RNC on ballot-security operations, but will allow the DNC to offer further evidence after the election," according to the
1023:. A representative denied that the mailing had anything to do with caging. Two top Florida elections officials, both Republicans, faulted the Republican mailing, calling it "confusing" and "unfortunate" because of a potential to undermine voter confidence by making them question the accuracy of their registrations." Some officials expressed concern that the RNC would try to use a caging list derived from the mailers.
655:
1147:. He wrote, “the half-century in which federal courts have decided redistricting cases can be divided into two periods: one lasting from the 1960s to the 1980s, in which voters and politicians were both comparatively nonpartisan; and another reaching from the 1990s to the present day, which amounts to perhaps the most hyperpartisan era in our country’s history.”
58:
1092:). Judge Dickinson R. Debevoise rejected the effort, and his ruling was upheld by the Third US Circuit Court of Appeals. The Third Circuit ruling found, "It is not in the public interest to vacate the decree." It also stated, "If the RNC does not hope to engage in conduct that would violate the Decree, it is puzzling that the RNC is pursuing
1006:
violation of the NVRA. His decision noted that there was no way to prevent qualified voters from being disfranchised as their cards may be returned as undeliverable by postal error, clerical error, inadvertent routing within a multi-unit dwelling, or even simple misspelling or transposition of numbers in an address.
1071:
found in its review of state records that unlawful actions in six states led to widespread voter purges, which could have impacted the 2008 elections. Some of the actions were apparently the result of mistakes by the states in handling voter registrations and files as they tried to comply with a 2002
890:
in 1986, the RNC tried to have 31,000 voters, mostly black, removed from the rolls when a party mailer was returned. Again, the action was challenged and dismissed. The consent decrees that resulted prohibited the party from engaging in anti-fraud initiatives that target minorities or from conducting
783:
Voter caging is an unreliable method of determining if a voter is ineligible to vote and is usually used with partisan aims to target members of the opposing party. According to the
Brennan Center, "Voter caging is closely related to other techniques that use unreliable data to draw undue conclusions
772:
Usually, a political party will send out non-forwardable, first-class mail to voters or particular voters they want to target (often assumed to be a demographic that belongs to the opposing party). It will compile a list of voters for whom mail has been returned as undeliverable. The list is called a
768:
Voter caging typically refers to the practice of sending mail to addresses on the voter rolls, compiling a list of the mail that is returned undelivered, and using that list to purge or challenge voters' registrations and votes on the grounds that the voters on the roll do not legally reside at their
1016:
Republicans sent out fundraising mailers to voters in five
Florida counties: Duval, Hillsborough, Collier, Miami-Dade and Escambia, with 'do not forward' on the letters. The mailers included inaccurate voter ID numbers and ostensibly confirmed with voters they were registered as Republican. The RNC
1461:
Though
Griffin, currently finishing a military obligation, spent one year in Little Rock as an assistant U.S. attorney, his political work would likely get more attention — and Democratic opposition — in the Senate confirmation process. He'd likely have to endure some questioning about his role in
882:
in 1981. When 45,000 letters were returned as undeliverable, the committee compiled a challenge list to remove those voters from the rolls. The RNC then sent off-duty law enforcement officials to the polls and hung posters in heavily black neighborhoods warning that violating election laws is a
1136:
did not prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, a violation of the
Consent Decree before December 1, 2017”. Harvard Law Professor Nicholas Stephanopoulos suggested this decision was at least partially influenced by a general decline in the willingness of courts to intervene in election law
1005:
As noted earlier, the
Republican Secretary of State in Michigan was found purging voters from voting rolls when voter ID cards were returned as undeliverable. In the court challenge, the federal judge ordered the state to reinstate the voters. The judge ruled that the state's actions were in
939:
At whatever point registration in the state closes, a first class mailing should be sent to all new registrants as well as purged/inactive voters. This mailing should welcome the recipient to the voter rolls. It is important that a return address is clearly identifiable. Any mail returned as
1165:, a legal challenge to Ohio voter caging laws. The Court upheld Ohio's list-maintenance practice in a 5–4 decision issued in June 2018. The process involves voters who have not voted in two years being mailed a postcard, which if retutned undeliverable removes them from the voter rolls.
967:. When 35,000 letters were returned as undeliverable, the party employed poll watchers to challenge the voters' right to vote. Civil liberties groups challenged the RNC in a case that went to the Supreme Court, but the RNC was not stopped from challenging the voters.
2194:
1173:
In 2019 Texas questioned the citizenship status of almost 100,000 registered voters. The effort stumbled when, within days, it was found that 25,000 of the names had been added by mistake. The effort was blocked by a federal judge and in April 2019 the
1072:
federal law related to running elections. Neither party was singled out, but because the
Democratic Party registered more new voters this year, Democratic voters were more adversely affected by such actions of state officials.
930:
obtained an RNC document entitled "State
Implementation Template III.doc" that described Republican election operations for caging plans in numerous states. The paragraph in the document pertaining to caging was:
2228:
2460:
1462:
massive
Republican projects in Florida and elsewhere by which Republicans challenged tens of thousands of absentee votes. Coincidentally, many of those challenged votes were concentrated in black precincts.
940:
undeliverable for any reason, should be used to generate a list of problematic registrations. Poll watchers should have this list and be prepared to challenge anyone from this list attempting to vote.
2450:
2023:
1274:
911:
Voter caging may thus be legal if the primary purpose is to identify those who are not properly registered to vote and to prevent them from voting illegally but not if the primary purpose is to
780:. If investigation of the provisional ballot demonstrates that the voter has just moved or there is an error in the address and the voter is legally registered, the vote should be counted.
2167:
2107:
2201:
2112:
2102:
2092:
2097:
2070:
1132:
On
January 8, 2018, the US District Court for the District of New Jersey refused to extend the consent decree beyond its previous December 1, 2017, expiration date, because, “the
2087:
2486:
2415:
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2065:
863:. When tens of thousands of them were returned undeliverable, the party successfully challenged the voters and had them deleted from voting rolls. The violation of the
2679:
2540:
2273:
2016:
1479:
721:
names from the voter registration rolls or to challenge voters' eligibility to vote on the grounds that the voters no longer reside at their registered addresses.
2476:
2405:
2339:
1358:
1294:
875:, which prohibited the party from engaging in anti-fraud initiatives that targeted minorities from conducting mail campaigns to "compile voter challenge lists."
2481:
2058:
2053:
2048:
1386:
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and calling into question the legality of allowing them to vote. Usually it involves sending mail directly to registered voters and compiling a list from mail
1865:
1100:
to hear an appeal of the Third Circuit ruling but the Supreme Court declined to hear the case, leaving the Third Circuit ruling to stand as legally binding.
375:
2578:
2216:
2189:
2009:
2440:
1785:
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of vote caging to purge 6,000 voters from three counties that trend Democratic. The purges included decorated war veterans and active duty soldiers.
2400:
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340:
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2223:
1060:
900:
370:
209:
2344:
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312:
1013:
sent an email boasting that "to date, the Kansas GOP has identified and caged more voters in the last 11 months than the previous two years!"
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2314:
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2130:
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Journalists have found evidence that the RNC had also attempted to use voter caging to suppress or intimidate voters in states such as
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1714:"Supreme Court Docket No. 12-373: Republican National Committee, et al., Petitioners v. Democratic National Committee, et al"
1052:
1051:, was found to be purging thousands of voters from voting rolls based on Voter ID cards being returned as undeliverable. The
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1829:
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so vigorously notwithstanding the District Court's significant modifications to the Decree." The RNC then petitioned the
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637:
297:
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1175:
997:. For example, New Jersey RNC officials used caging lists to challenge absentee ballots and absentee ballot requests.
288:
1407:
1383:
1338:"GOP Challenging Voter Registrations: Civil Rights Groups Accuse Republicans Of Trying to Disenfranchise Minorities"
2684:
2395:
2360:
1740:
1218:
1109:
1085:
971:
839:
317:
254:
1214:"A Guide to Voter Caging - Explains what the practice is and why caging is an unreliable way to clean voter rolls"
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1994:
1982:
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510:
269:
1821:
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2174:
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1608:
1279:
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In 2016, Indiana came under lawsuit for using software to purge voters that was described as "99% inaccurate".
1038:
949:
345:
1735:
850:
I don't want everybody to vote. ... our leverage in the elections ... goes up as the voting populace goes down
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2140:
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1713:
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1143:
331:
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2145:
1512:
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426:
307:
1275:"Use It or Lose It: The Problem of Purges from the Registration Rolls of Voters Who Don't Vote Regularly"
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380:
365:
264:
744:
when minority neighborhoods are targeted, and some courts have declared such purging illegal under the
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1941:
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1056:
948:, which contained many blacks and registered Democrats. The list was attached to an email that a
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632:
591:
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166:
120:
115:
88:
709:. Undeliverable mail is seen as proof that the person no longer resides at the address on their
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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1983:
Greg Palast discusses his 500 "lost" Rove emails proving illegal caging by Republicans
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2001:
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1866:"States removed 17 million voters from rolls in two years, government agency says"
1688:"Democratic National Committee v. Republican National Committee March 13, 2012 By"
1914:
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953:
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706:
596:
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Similarly, the RNC sent out 130,000 letters to minority areas in mostly-black
879:
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When voters turn out to vote, they may be challenged and required to cast a
102:
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944:
Shortly before the 2004 election, Palast also obtained a caging list for
355:
1893:"Texas Ends Review That Questioned Citizenship of Almost 100,000 Voters"
1093:
986:
1757:"Lawsuit: Indiana Purging Voters Using Software That's 99% Inaccurate"
718:
57:
2648:
990:
702:
74:
49:
2229:
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996
1137:
issues, as witnessed by several moderately recent decisions by the
1033:
On October 5, 2008, the Republican Lieutenant Governor of Montana,
1490:, accessed November 16, 2008. The caging list was named Exhibit 3.
1239:"An Investigation into the Removal of Nine U.S. Attorneys in 2006"
1998:. (includes info on voter suppression in the US state of Georgia)
1988:
728:, the practice of purging voter rolls has been challenged by the
1786:"The Republican Party Emerges From Decades of Court Supervision"
982:
974:, and it hoped to cage voters there in the Democrat stronghold.
757:
2005:
915:
legitimately registered voters on the basis of a technicality.
883:
crime. The effect was to suppress or intimidate black voters.
1645:"United States Student Association Foundation v. Land - Order"
1577:"Democrats, Florida elections officials criticize GOP mailing"
1090:
Republican National Committee v. Democratic National Committee
923:
796:
878:
The RNC sent letters to predominantly-black neighborhoods in
1681:
1679:
1244:. U.S. Department of Justice. September 2008. Archived from
1178:
agreed as part of a legal settlement to abandon the effort.
1978:
BBC Newsnight Report Oct 2004, The Florida caging list scam
1968:
African-American Soldiers Scrubbed by Secret GOP Hit List
2202:
Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act
936:
V. Pre Election Day Operations New Registration Mailing
1055:(ACLU) took Michigan to court over the purges. Judge
903:(NVRA) has been interpreted to prohibit voter caging:
1716:. Supreme Court of the United States. April 27, 2012
1534:"Lawsuit says Michigan is violating Motor Voter Law"
1477:"Emails Detail RNC Voter Suppression in Five States"
1378:
1376:
1359:"Lawsuit says Michigan is violating Motor-Voter law"
1063:
and directed Land to reinstate the affected voters.
2549:
2469:
2388:
2353:
2307:
2256:
2249:
2207:
Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act
2121:
2039:
1627:"Republicans crossed line with voter purge attempt"
1410:. Black Voter Net. October 30, 2004. Archived from
891:mail campaigns to "compile voter challenge lists."
1647:. American Civil Liberties Union. October 13, 2008
1295:"Nearly 600,000 Ohio Votes May Be Disenfranchised"
952:official was sending to RNC headquarters official
871:(DNC). As a result of the case, the RNC entered a
2168:U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division
1583:, September 16, 2008, accessed November 16, 2008
701:involves challenging the registration status of
1667:"States Actions to Block Voters Appear Illegal"
1408:"The Caging List: Jacksonville, 2004 Elections"
905:
1440:, October 24, 2004, accessed November 16, 2008
748:. However, the practice remains legal in many
31:. For caging in the direct mail industry, see
2482:Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era
2017:
1673:, October 9, 2008, accessed November 16, 2008
677:
8:
1397:, April 14, 2007, accessed November 16, 2008
2579:Democratic backsliding in the United States
2217:Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act
1822:"The Dance of Partisanship and Districting"
1609:"County of Lake Registrar of Voting Office"
386:Parallel voting (Mixed member majoritarian)
2253:
2024:
2010:
2002:
1963:Newsnight response to Republican complaint
1009:In December 2007, Kansas Republican Chair
684:
670:
575:
499:
405:
351:Mixed single vote (positive vote transfer)
289:Proportional and semi-proportional systems
241:
70:
37:
1958:Republican response to Florida vote story
1944:, featuring an interview with Greg Palast
1928:American Civil Liberties Union of Georgia
1503:Melzer, Eartha Jane (November 13, 2008).
1268:
1266:
1593:Aanestad, Christina (October 28, 2008).
1505:"Judge: Michigan voter purge is illegal"
1472:
1470:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1017:declined to discuss the mailer with the
2680:Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy
2224:National Voter Registration Act of 1993
2180:Title I of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
1552:"Democrats accuse GOP of vote 'caging'"
1550:Rothschild, Scott (December 27, 2007).
1233:
1231:
1229:
1199:
1061:National Voter Registration Act of 1993
963:also sent letters to minority areas in
901:National Voter Registration Act of 1993
614:
553:
444:
330:
287:
244:
199:
138:
101:
73:
48:
2461:United States Virgin Islands residents
1310:
1308:
1188:Voter suppression in the United States
740:advocates in the courts for perceived
1498:
1496:
1317:"GOP Challenging Voter Registrations"
713:. The resultant list is then used by
7:
2054:House Electors Qualifications Clause
895:1993 National Voter Registration Act
1973:GOP Challenging Voter Registrations
1686:Minick, Courtney (March 13, 2012).
1625:Bohlinger, John (October 5, 2008).
1273:Smith, Paul M (February 10, 2020).
1086:1982 consent decree on voter caging
756:rejected a 2018 legal challenge to
2451:Northern Mariana Islands residents
2033:Voting rights in the United States
1357:Brayton, Ed (September 18, 2008).
1139:Supreme Court of the United States
1104:2016: No new violation established
1098:Supreme Court of the United States
1059:ruled the purge illegal under the
867:got the RNC taken to court by the
246:Plurality and majoritarian systems
25:
2212:Federal Voting Assistance Program
1755:Weill, Kelly (October 29, 2017).
1434:"New Florida Vote Scandal Feared"
1297:. August 13, 2008. Archived from
1114:New York University School of Law
356:Scorporo (negative vote transfer)
2619:Ranked-choice voting in the U.S.
2536:Women's poll tax repeal movement
1595:"Voter Caging in Northern Cali?"
1212:Levitt, Justin (June 29, 2007).
1084:In the years since the original
801:
653:
56:
2163:U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
2081:Privileges or Immunities Clause
1953:New Florida vote scandal feared
1920:Georgia Voter Roll Purge Errors
1830:Harvard Law & Policy Review
1336:Becker, Jo (October 29, 2005).
1315:Becker, Jo (October 29, 2004).
844:In 1980, Republican politician
2441:District of Columbia residents
2371:Multiple non-transferable vote
2294:Voter registration in the U.S.
2239:Election Assistance Commission
2059:Congressional Elections Clause
1891:Stack, Liam (April 26, 2019).
1169:2019: Texas citizenship review
1053:American Civil Liberties Union
1049:Secretary of State of Michigan
861:African-American neighborhoods
730:American Civil Liberties Union
361:Mixed ballot transferable vote
1:
2624:National Voting Rights Museum
2234:Help America Vote Act of 2002
961:Republican National Committee
869:Democratic National Committee
857:Republican National Committee
760:'s list-maintenance process.
2487:Timeline of women's suffrage
1540:, accessed November 16, 2008
1162:Husted v. Randolph Institute
1128:2017: Consent decree expired
638:End-to-end verifiable voting
298:Single non-transferable vote
2541:History of direct democracy
2531:Selma to Montgomery marches
2274:Initiatives and referendums
1940:NOW on PBS video report on
1736:"DNC v. RNC Consent Decree"
1176:Secretary of State of Texas
1080:retention of consent decree
496:Voting patterns and effects
2706:
2361:First-past-the-post voting
2131:U.S. Department of Justice
1741:Brennan Center for Justice
1219:Brennan Center for Justice
1120:2016: Indiana voter purges
1110:Brennan Center for Justice
972:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
859:(RNC) sent out letters to
840:Ballot Security Task Force
837:
318:Single transferable voting
255:First-past-the-post voting
26:
18:Caging (voter suppression)
2497:Woman Suffrage Procession
2185:Voting Rights Act of 1965
1995:Palast Investigative Fund
810:This section needs to be
746:Voting Rights Act of 1965
511:Voting advice application
341:Mixed-member proportional
270:Plurality-at-large voting
2436:American Samoa residents
2175:Civil Rights Act of 1960
2158:Civil Rights Act of 1957
1280:American Bar Association
1159:heard oral arguments in
1039:Montana Republican Party
950:Florida Republican Party
376:Rural–urban proportional
371:Dual-member proportional
346:Additional member system
2141:Enforcement Act of 1870
2076:Equal Protection Clause
1389:April 29, 2016, at the
1144:Shelby County v. Holder
2146:Second Enforcement Act
1556:Lawrence Journal-World
1509:The Michigan Messenger
1482:June 10, 2010, at the
1384:"Suppressing the Vote"
1363:The Michigan Messenger
942:
909:
855:In 1981 and 1986, the
769:registered addresses.
526:Passive electioneering
427:Straight-ticket voting
27:This article is about
2670:Political terminology
2599:Elections in the U.S.
2456:Puerto Rico residents
2195:covered jurisdictions
1301:on November 27, 2008.
1155:In January 2018, the
946:Jacksonville, Florida
933:
381:Majority bonus system
366:Alternative Vote Plus
265:Instant-runoff voting
1515:on February 18, 2012
1020:St. Petersburg Times
707:returned undelivered
332:Mixed-member systems
33:Caging (direct mail)
1993:, Los Angeles, CA:
1784:(January 9, 2018).
1744:. November 5, 2016.
1459:. August 24, 2006.
1414:on February 6, 2008
1369:on January 5, 2009.
1343:The Washington Post
1322:The Washington Post
1028:Northern California
660:Politics portal
422:Split-ticket voting
2644:Voter registration
2520:Give Us the Ballot
2416:Transgender people
2320:Grandfather clause
2284:Provisional ballot
1990:SaveMyVote2020.org
1897:The New York Times
1782:Vann R. Newkirk II
1671:The New York Times
1614:. October 6, 2008.
1538:Michigan Messenger
1157:U.S. Supreme Court
1068:The New York Times
778:provisional ballot
754:U.S. Supreme Court
715:election officials
711:voter registration
633:Voter registration
592:Voter intimidation
116:Write-in candidate
89:Provisional ballot
2685:Voter suppression
2657:
2656:
2604:Electoral College
2426:African Americans
2384:
2383:
2376:One man, one vote
2345:Voter suppression
1837:: 507–537. 2019.
1575:Bousquet, Steve.
1057:Stephen J. Murphy
899:Section 8 of the
865:Voting Rights Act
831:
830:
734:Fair Fight Action
694:
693:
645:
644:
602:Voter suppression
582:Ballot harvesting
560:
559:
521:Paradox of voting
487:
486:
470:None of the above
402:Voting strategies
393:
392:
303:Cumulative voting
237:Electoral systems
227:
226:
162:Electronic voting
152:Compulsory voting
29:voter suppression
16:(Redirected from
2697:
2614:Electoral system
2609:Electoral reform
2584:Disfranchisement
2572:Native Americans
2562:Campaign finance
2507:U.S. suffragists
2502:Silent Sentinels
2431:Native Americans
2254:
2151:Ku Klux Klan Act
2136:Enforcement Acts
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1631:Montana Standard
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1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1511:. Archived from
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1491:
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1464:
1451:"The final days"
1447:
1441:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
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1404:
1398:
1395:E Pluribus Media
1382:Johnston, Mark.
1380:
1371:
1370:
1365:. Archived from
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1251:on March 2, 2020
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1209:
1141:, especially in
826:
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686:
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536:Political apathy
500:
465:Election boycott
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260:Two-round system
242:
71:
60:
38:
21:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2699:
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2690:Electoral fraud
2660:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2545:
2465:
2380:
2349:
2315:Electoral fraud
2303:
2299:Voting in space
2289:Recall election
2264:Absentee ballot
2245:
2123:
2117:
2041:
2035:
2030:
1987:
1937:
1923:
1913:
1910:
1908:Further reading
1905:
1904:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1872:. June 27, 2019
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1761:The Daily Beast
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1692:Justia Law Blog
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1484:Wayback Machine
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815:
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795:
790:
766:
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652:
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587:Ballot stuffing
573:
570:Electoral fraud
562:
561:
506:Coattail effect
497:
489:
488:
432:Tactical voting
403:
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308:Binomial system
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107:Ballot measures
84:Absentee ballot
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43:Politics series
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2014:
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2594:Election law
2512:Publications
2421:Young adults
2335:Voter caging
2334:
2269:Early voting
2257:Voter access
2124:and agencies
2122:Federal laws
1989:
1948:
1942:Voter Caging
1919:
1896:
1886:
1876:September 3,
1874:. Retrieved
1869:
1860:
1834:
1828:
1816:
1791:The Atlantic
1789:
1776:
1764:. Retrieved
1760:
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1718:. Retrieved
1708:
1696:. Retrieved
1691:
1670:
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1649:. Retrieved
1639:
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1620:
1603:
1588:
1580:
1571:
1561:November 11,
1559:. Retrieved
1555:
1545:
1537:
1529:
1517:. Retrieved
1513:the original
1508:
1487:
1460:
1454:
1445:
1437:
1428:
1416:. Retrieved
1412:the original
1402:
1394:
1367:the original
1362:
1352:
1341:
1331:
1320:
1299:the original
1289:
1278:
1255:November 10,
1253:. Retrieved
1246:the original
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885:
877:
854:
846:Paul Weyrich
843:
819:
811:
782:
775:
771:
767:
736:, and other
723:
699:Voter caging
698:
697:
695:
623:Election ink
607:Voter caging
606:
516:Likely voter
437:Vote pairing
412:Issue voting
210:Popular vote
192:Voting booth
157:Early voting
41:Part of the
2567:Citizenship
2308:Vote denial
1915:Greg Palast
1766:November 2,
1720:October 17,
1698:October 17,
1519:November 5,
1011:Kris Kobach
954:Tim Griffin
928:Greg Palast
926:journalist
742:racial bias
597:Vote buying
480:Spoilt vote
460:Donkey vote
187:Vote center
167:Open ballot
2664:Categories
2411:Foreigners
2250:State laws
2190:amendments
2042:provisions
1651:October 6,
1418:October 6,
1194:References
1151:2018: Ohio
1078:RNC v. DNC
979:New Mexico
880:New Jersey
838:See also:
752:, and the
615:Prevention
455:Abstention
323:Spare vote
313:Party-list
147:Ballot box
139:Collection
121:Electorate
103:Candidates
2675:Elections
2049:Article I
1949:Newsnight
1851:Q98755041
1843:1935-2077
1808:Q98754715
1800:1072-7825
1581:Tampa Bay
888:Louisiana
67:Balloting
2639:Suffrage
2589:Election
2477:Timeline
2389:By group
2330:Poll tax
1951:report:
1917:(2020),
1870:NBC News
1847:Wikidata
1804:Wikidata
1694:. Justia
1488:Truthout
1480:Archived
1438:BBC News
1387:Archived
1182:See also
201:Counting
182:Precinct
2550:Related
2470:History
1094:vacatur
987:Florida
848:said, "
812:updated
793:History
724:In the
75:Ballots
2649:Voting
2406:Felons
1849:
1841:
1806:
1798:
1076:2013:
1047:, the
993:, and
991:Nevada
764:Method
750:states
703:voters
131:Ticket
50:Voting
2401:Women
1924:(PDF)
1825:(PDF)
1612:(PDF)
1249:(PDF)
1242:(PDF)
834:1980s
719:purge
215:Tally
126:Slate
1947:BBC
1878:2024
1839:ISSN
1796:ISSN
1768:2017
1722:2016
1700:2016
1653:2012
1563:2017
1521:2008
1420:2012
1257:2020
983:Ohio
959:The
758:Ohio
105:and
2396:Men
1134:DNC
1112:at
1026:In
924:BBC
886:In
852:."
717:to
2666::
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