428:, lords and magnates as well. The document included a list of fifteen complaints and five demands to be brought before the king for scrutiny and dictated the causes of the revolt. The first issue to be addressed was that Cade's followers from Kent were being unjustly blamed for the death of the Duke of Suffolk. Despite the well-known anger of the peasants towards the Duke, the Bill of Complaints dismissed the idea that the rebels were responsible. In addition the rebels called for inquiries into cases of corruption within local and national governments and for the removal of corrupt high officials. Cade's list of complaints goes on to charge King Henry with injustice for not choosing to impeach his underlings and lords even though they were guilty of treasonous and unlawful acts. The king's counselors and officials were accused of rigging elections, extortion, manipulating the king for their own gains and using their close position to the king to oppress those below them. Besides the Duke of Suffolk, the rebels explicitly called out
407:
decline and led to a widespread fear of invasion. Already the coastal regions of
England such as Kent and Sussex were seeing attacks by Norman soldiers and French armies. Ill-equipped by the government, English soldiers took to raiding towns along the route to France with their victims receiving no compensation. Henry's call to set warning beacons along the coastline confirmed peoples' suspicions that an attack by the French was possible. These fears and continuous unrest in the coastal counties inspired many Englishmen to rally in an attempt to force the King to address their problems or abdicate his throne in favour of someone more competent. At court the different opinions on how England should proceed in the war with France led to party divisions. Henry favoured peace while his uncle the Duke of Gloucester and other nobles felt England should continue to fight for England's claim to the French throne. Internecine fighting in court eventually led to the banishment of the king's closest friend and advisor
599:) persuaded Cade to call off his followers by issuing official pardons, and promising to fulfil the rebels' demands. Although King Henry VI had issued pardons to Cade and his followers, a proclamation written by the King shortly after the rebellion voided all previously issued pardons. The document was entitled "Writ and Proclamation by the King for the Taking of Cade". In the document the King claimed that he revoked the previous pardons because they had not been created or approved by the Parliament. In the proclamation Cade was charged with deceiving the people of England to assemble with him in his rebellion and stated that none of the King's subjects should join Cade or help him in any way. A reward of 1,000
49:
157:
119:
390:. To date, no evidence has been found indicating that he was involved in funding or inciting the uprising. It is more likely that Cade used the name "Mortimer" as propaganda to give his cause more legitimacy. When the rebels were issued a pardon on 7 July 1450, Cade was issued a pardon under the name "Mortimer", but once it was discovered that he had lied about his identity, the pardon was rendered void.
108:
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506:, was murdered by a mob in Wiltshire. William Ayscough had been the king's personal confessor and his position next to the king had allowed him to become one of the most powerful men in the country. Afraid that he might meet the same fate and shocked by the rebels' military ability, the king sought refuge in
419:
in retaliation for the duke's death. Tired of the exploitation that the Duke of
Suffolk had come to represent, the commons of Kent led by Jack Cade marched on London. It is estimated that about 5,000 people took part in the uprising. In the spring of 1450, Cade organised the creation and distribution
414:
To add to
England's troubles many believed that the king had surrounded himself with advisors who were ineffective and corrupt. At the heart of the corruption scandal was the Duke of Suffolk. When the duke's body washed up on the shores of Dover the people of Kent feared retaliation. Rumours emerged
655:
While the minor rebellions inspired by Cade's rebellion did not produce a large number of deaths or immediate changes they can be seen as important precursors to the Wars of the Roses. These large battles over the crown of
England would result in the end of the Lancaster dynasty and the creation of
668:
There is long-standing tradition that this clash between Iden and Cade took place at a small hamlet near (old) Heathfield in East Sussex. This place had since become known as Cade Street. A monument dedicated to Cade has been placed along the roadside. The monument states that on this location the
582:
The next day, on 8 July, at about ten in the evening, a battle erupted on London Bridge between Cade's army and various citizens and officials of London. The battle lasted until eight the next morning, when the rebels retreated with heavy casualties. One writer estimated that at least 40 Londoners
406:
In the years preceding the Jack Cade
Rebellion, England suffered from both internal and external difficulties and the animosity of the lower classes toward Henry VI was on the rise. Years of war against France had caused the country to go into debt and the recent loss of Normandy caused morale to
659:
In addition, the request made by the rebels in Cade's manifesto that the king welcome the Duke of York as his advisor outright informed the king that the masses wished to see the duke return from exile. When
Richard the Duke of York finally did return to England in September 1450 several of his
651:
organised their own rebellion against King Henry VI. Unlike Cade's revolt the men of Sussex were more radical and aggressive in their demands for reform. It is possible the animosity felt by the men of Sussex had arisen in part because the king had revoked the pardons issued to Cade and his
578:
Gradually Cade's inability to control his followers alienated the initially sympathetic citizens of London, who eventually turned against the rebels. When, on 7 July, Cade's army returned over the bridge to
Southwark for the night, the London officials closed the bridge to prevent Cade from
397:
One tale of the time claimed that Cade was the doctor John
Alymere who was married to the daughter of a squire in Surrey. Another rumour suggested that he enjoyed dabbling in the dark arts and had once worked for Sir Tomas Dacres before fleeing the country after murdering a pregnant woman.
461:. They were mostly peasants but their numbers were swelled by shopkeepers, craftsmen, and some landowners (the list of pardoned shows the presence of one knight, two MPs, and eighteen squires). Several soldiers and sailors returning via Kent from the French wars also joined in the fray.
362:
Very little is known about the identity and origins of Jack (possibly John) Cade. Given that the rebel leader did not leave behind any personal documents, and the use of aliases was common among rebels, historians are forced to base their claims on rumour and speculation. According to
393:
Among his followers, Cade's dedication to having the people's complaints heard and restoring order within both local and central governments earned him the nickname "John Mend-all" or "John Amend-all". It is not known whether Cade himself chose the name or not.
630:
was given permission from the king to seek out the remainder of Cade's followers and bring them to trial. The search took place in and around areas where support for the uprising was felt to be the strongest—Blackheath, Canterbury and the coastal areas of
571:) was also executed by the rebels. The heads of the two men were put on pikes and unceremoniously paraded through the streets of London while their bearers pushed them together so that they appeared to kiss. Their heads were then affixed to London Bridge.
275:. As a result of the skirmish with Iden, the mortally wounded Cade died before reaching London for trial. The Jack Cade Rebellion has been perceived as a reflection of the social, political, and economic issues of the time period and as a precursor to the
652:
followers. An indictment following the Sussex rebellion accused the rebels of wanting to kill the king and all his Lords, replacing them with twelve of the rioters' own men. The rebellions in Sussex did not achieve the same following as that of Cade's.
669:
rebel leader Jack Cade was captured and killed by
Alexander Iden. Given that the exact location of Cade's capture is under dispute it is possible that Cade Street was named in error. The monument was erected by Francis Newbury between 1791 and 1819.
432:
and officials
Crowmer, Isley, St Leger and Est for extortion. Affiliates of Suffolk, Lord Saye and his son-in-law Crowmer held prominent positions within the king's household and in the local administration of Kent. Both had served several terms as
614:). In the skirmish, Cade was fatally wounded and died before reaching London for trial. As a warning to others, Cade's body underwent a mock trial and was beheaded at Newgate. Cade's body was dragged through the streets of London before being
574:
Despite Cade's frequent assurances that his followers would maintain a proper and orderly demeanour, as the rebel host made its way through the city many of the rebels, including Cade himself, began to engage in looting and drunken behaviour.
452:
In May 1450, the rebels began to join together in an organised fashion and began to move towards London. Cade sent out delegates to the surrounding counties to elicit aid and additional men. By early June more than 5,000 men had assembled at
642:
Although the Jack Cade Rebellion was quickly dispersed after Cade's death, the royal commission failed to rid England of the feeling of rebellion. Inspired by Cade and his rebellion many other counties in England revolted. In Sussex the
525:
before crossing the bridge and entering the city with his followers on 3 July 1450. To prevent any infringement on his comings and goings within the city Cade cut the ropes on the bridge so that they could not be raised against him.
216:
1595:
386:'s side. The possibility that Cade may have been working with York was enough to prompt the king into moving against the rebels without delay. At the time of the rebellion the Duke of York was out of the country serving as
266:
Despite Cade's attempt to keep his men under control, once the rebel forces had entered London they began to loot. The citizens of London turned on the rebels and forced them out of the city in a bloody battle on
1588:
239:
in 1450 against the government of England, which took place in the south-east of the country between the months of April and July. It stemmed from local grievances regarding the corruption,
610:
but on 12 July, in a garden in which he had taken shelter, was overtaken by Alexander Iden (eventual second husband of the murdered William Cromer's widow Elizabeth Fiennes, and a future
1581:
464:
Hoping to disperse the rebellion before any real damage could be done, the king sent a small host of his royal contingents to quell the rebellion. The royal forces were led by Sir
639:. The inquiries by bishops and justices were so thorough that in Canterbury (the first area searched by the royal commission) eight followers were quickly found and hanged.
533:. He struck the stone with his sword and declared himself Lord Mayor in the traditional manner. By striking the stone, Cade had symbolically reclaimed the country for the
271:. To end the bloodshed the rebels were issued pardons by the king and told to return home. Cade fled but was later caught on 12 July 1450 by Alexander Iden, a future
1881:
1856:
374:
During the rebellion of 1450, Cade took on the title of "Captain of Kent" and adopted the alias "John Mortimer". The name "Mortimer" had negative connotations for
1254:
745:
1008:
Griffiths, Ralph A. (1981). The Reign of King Henry VI: The Exercise of Royal Authority, 1422–1461. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 378–341.
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Once inside the city's gates, Cade and his men initiated a series of tribunals dedicated to seeking out and convicting those accused of corruption. At
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421:
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The Worthies of Sussex: biographical sketches of the most eminent natives or inhabitants of the county, from the earliest period to the present time
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495:. In the skirmish on 18 June 1450, the two Stafford cousins were killed. Cade took the expensive clothing and armour of Sir Humphrey as his own.
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618:. His limbs were sent throughout Kent to various cities and locations that were believed to have been strong supporters of the rebel uprising.
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703:. Though originally written for another actor, the play was for many years a principal part of the repertory of the American tragedian
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1537:
379:
1775:
1866:
1385:
1710:
1238:
Historical Fiction Guide: Annotated Chronological, Geographical, and Topical List of Five Thousand Selected Historical Novels
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548:, the Lord High Treasurer, was brought in for a sham trial. Upon being found guilty of treason he was taken to
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and as members of the king's council. Furthermore, in 1449, Saye was appointed to the prestigious office of
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between 1420 and 1430 and historians agree for certain that he was a member of the lower ranks of society.
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of the king's closest advisors and local officials, as well as recent military losses in France during the
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1785:
1725:
947:
Mate, Mavis. (1992). "The Economic and Social Roots of Medieval Popular Rebellion: Sussex in 1450–1451."
1795:
1625:
1532:
Alison Weir, "The Wars of the Roses", Ballantine Books, Trade Paper back edition July 1996, p. 147
1453:
Mate, Mavis (1992). "The economic and social roots of medieval popular rebellion: Sussex in 1450–1451".
791:
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Harvey, I. M. W. (1991). Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 80–81; 186–191.
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251:. Leading an army of men from south-eastern England, the rebellion's leader Jack Cade marched on
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the Yorks. The weakness of the Lancaster dynasty and the English government had been exposed.
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364:
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31:
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Bohna, Montgomery. (2003). "Armed Force and Civic Legitimacy in Jack Cade’s Revolt, 1450."
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and remove from power the "traitors" deemed responsible for bad governance. Apart from the
1542:
636:
600:
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was promised to whoever could capture and deliver Jack Cade to the king, dead or alive.
263:, it was the largest popular uprising to take place in England during the 15th century.
1468:
722:
556:
458:
244:
236:
123:
118:
58:
1348:
Harvey, I.M.W. (1995). "Was There Popular Politics in Fifteenth Century England?". In
743:, is mentioned as a failed rebel whose example the protagonist seeks to learn from in
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demands and reform policies were based on those made in the manifesto issued by Cade.
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1650:
1353:
733:
704:
615:
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17:
1548:
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The royal forces underestimated the rebels' strength and were led into an ambush at
530:
507:
416:
226:
1564:
1402:
1272:
Bohna, M. (2003). "Armed Force and Civic Legitimacy in Jack Cade's Revolt, 1450".
1435:
1411:
1357:
1328:
1307:
864:
424:. The manifesto represented not only the grievances of the people but of several
1700:
327:
1820:
1760:
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1394:
1379:
1287:
1249:
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When the king failed to remedy their grievances the rebels marched on London.
1445:
1750:
1645:
1620:
776:
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632:
592:
549:
541:
534:
514:
492:
441:. Isley and St Leger also served as Sheriffs and MPs in the county of Kent.
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and his associates because Henry's main rival for the throne of England was
1740:
1615:
1660:
1511:
1476:
1295:
1216:
The Reign of King Henry VI: The Exercise of Royal Authority, 1422–1461.
1138:
The Reign of King Henry VI: The Exercise of Royal Authority, 1422–1461.
1110:
The Reign of King Henry VI: The Exercise of Royal Authority, 1422–1461.
1084:
The Reign of King Henry VI: The Exercise of Royal Authority, 1422–1461.
1032:
The Reign of King Henry VI: The Exercise of Royal Authority, 1422–1461.
107:
1058:
The Reign of King Henry VI: The Exercise of Royal Authority, 1422–1461
894:
The Reign of King Henry VI: The Exercise of Royal Authority, 1422–1461
835:
The Reign of King Henry VI: The Exercise of Royal Authority, 1422–1461
215:
644:
368:
313:
252:
1503:
1359:
The McFarlane Legacy: Studies in Late Medieval Politics and Society
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which saw the decline of the Lancaster dynasty and the rise of the
728:
Jack Cade is a prominent character in the historical novel series
607:
513:
Gaining confidence through their victory the rebels advanced to
169:
132:
1577:
921:
Carroll, D. Allen. (1989). "Johannes Factotum and Jack Cade."
904:
902:
1552:
678:
The story of Jack Cade's Rebellion was later dramatised by
1484:
Rosenthal, Joel T. (1994). "Reviews: I. M. W. Harvey,
1333:. Oxford: Clarendon Press (published 3 October 1991).
1034:
Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 619–620.
1389:(online) (online ed.). Oxford University Press.
710:
In 1852 Conrad published a volume of poetry entitled
1413:
The Historical Literature of the Jack Cade Rebellion
848:
The Historical Literature of the Jack Cade Rebellion
822:
The Historical Literature of the Jack Cade Rebellion
415:
claiming that the king intended to turn Kent into a
1605:
Peasant revolts in medieval and early modern Europe
1380:"Cade, John [Jack] (d. 1450), rebel leader"
1060:. Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 612.
896:. Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 617.
837:. Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 628.
352:
335:
320:
300:
293:
188:
146:
94:
86:
73:
65:
41:
1416:. Farnham: Ashgate (published 28 September 2009).
1378:
1218:Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 642.
1140:Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 619.
1112:Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 618.
1086:Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 628.
962:The Transformation of Medieval England 1370–1529.
712:Aylmere, or the Bondman of Kent, and other Poems
1362:. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. pp. 155–174.
255:in order to force the government to reform the
1236:McGarry Daniel D., and White, Sarah Harriman,
1192:London: Frederick Muller Limited, pp. 663–666.
1153:London: Frederick Muller Limited, pp. 181–182.
1120:
1118:
591:After the battle on London Bridge, Archbishop
1589:
1227:British History Online www.british-history.ac
756:Jack Cade appears as a resident of Heaven in
8:
699:) by the Philadelphia politician and writer
555:Fiennes' son-in-law William Crowmer (son of
1543:Jack Cade's Rebellion on britainexpress.com
1255:A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court
1240:. Scarecrow Press, New York, 1963 (pp. 78).
1205:. London: Frederick Muller Limited, p. 179.
858:
856:
746:A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court
367:, Jack (or John) Cade was probably born in
1596:
1582:
1574:
1125:British History Online: Parish of Tunstall
583:and 200 rebels were killed at the battle.
529:Upon entering London, Cade stopped at the
457:, 6 miles (9.7 km) south-east of the
290:
47:
38:
1179:London: Frederick Muller Limited, p. 157.
990:London: Frederick Muller Limited, p. 179.
977:London: Frederick Muller Limited, p. 176.
628:Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham
422:The Complaint of the Poor Commons of Kent
55:mural of the history of the Old Kent Road
1440:. Lewes: Sussex Archaeological Society.
691:It was also dramatized in the 1835 play
476:, Worcestershire, and his second cousin
214:
1386:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
813:
409:William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk
1882:Popular revolt in late-medieval Europe
1857:Battles and military actions in London
546:James Fiennes, 1st Baron Saye and Sele
30:For the American Civil War scout, see
53:Jack Cade's Rebellion, depicted in a
7:
1676:Funen and Jutland Peasant rebellions
486:Humphrey Stafford, 1st Earl of Devon
1686:John and William Merfold's uprising
1626:Rebellions of Basil the Copper Hand
382:, who had Mortimer ancestry on his
1816:Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan
1636:Peasant revolt in Flanders 1323–28
1549:The second Part of Henry the Sixth
1469:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1992.tb01311.x
537:to whom he claimed to be related.
402:Origins of the Jack Cade Rebellion
25:
1897:Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York
1073:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 86.
1021:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 81.
938:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 61.
912:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 97.
883:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 78.
1166:Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 100.
168:
155:
131:
117:
106:
1766:Croatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt
1746:Peasants' Rebellion in Telemark
1099:Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 93.
27:Popular revolt in England, 1450
1887:Rebellions in medieval England
1776:Peasants' War in Upper Austria
1711:Slovene peasant revolt of 1515
1410:Kaufman, Alexander L. (2009).
1252:(1889), in the fictional work
1164:Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450.
1097:Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450.
1045:English Historical Review 188:
850:. Burlington: Ashgate, p. 202.
846:Kaufman, Alexander L. (2009).
820:Kaufman, Alexander L. (2009).
725:focuses on Jack Cade's revolt.
626:To prevent further uprisings,
521:. Cade set up headquarters in
1:
1486:Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450
1330:Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450
1071:Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450
1019:Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450
964:London: Longman, pp. 195–297.
936:Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450
910:Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450
881:Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450
304:
1806:Dalecarlian Rebellion (1743)
1671:Transylvanian peasant revolt
1520:A Radical History of Britain
1403:UK public library membership
1214:Griffiths, Ralph A. (1981).
1136:Griffiths, Ralph A. (1981).
1108:Griffiths, Ralph A. (1981).
1082:Griffiths, Ralph A. (1981).
1056:Griffiths, Ralph A. (1981).
1030:Griffiths, Ralph A. (1981).
960:Thomson, John A. F. (1983).
892:Griffiths, Ralph A. (1981).
833:Griffiths, Ralph A. (1981).
824:. Burlington: Ashgate, p. 1.
1771:Ivan Bolotnikov's Rebellion
1736:Skipper Clement's Rebellion
1656:Peasants' Revolt in England
1641:St. George's Night Uprising
949:Economic History Review 45:
863:Lower, Mark Antony (1865).
1913:
1309:The Reign of King Henry VI
1069:Harvey, I. M. W. (1991).
782:Great Slump (15th century)
758:Charles Erskine Scott Wood
29:
1791:Swiss peasant war of 1653
1781:Kostka-Napierski Uprising
1691:Carinthian Peasant Revolt
1611:
1569:Medieval Archives Podcast
1522:Abacus books, 2009; 2010
1275:English Historical Review
1162:Harvey, I. M. W. (1991).
1017:Harvey, I. M. W. (1991).
934:Harvey, I. M. W. (1991).
908:Harvey, I. M. W. (1991).
879:Harvey, I. M. W. (1991).
517:, at the southern end of
261:Cornish rebellion of 1497
193:
151:
99:
46:
1201:Simons, Eric N. (1963).
1188:Simons, Eric N. (1963).
1175:Simons, Eric N. (1963).
1149:Simons, Eric N. (1963).
1095:Harvey, I. M. W. (1991)
973:Simons, Eric N. (1963).
923:Shakespeare Quarterly 40
797:John and William Merfold
719:London Bridge Is Falling
649:John and William Merfold
420:of a manifesto entitled
223:brought before Jack Cade
1867:15th-century rebellions
1696:Friulian Revolt of 1511
1456:Economic History Review
1377:Harvey, I.M.W. (2004).
1327:Harvey, I.M.W. (1991).
1312:. London: Ernest Benn.
1288:10.1093/ehr/118.477.563
1127:, accessed 10 July 2017
986:Simons,Eric N. (1963).
1826:Saxon Peasants' Revolt
1786:Morning Star Rebellion
1731:Palatine Peasants' War
1726:Dalecarlian Rebellions
1437:The Worthies of Sussex
739:Jack Cade, as well as
579:re-entering the city.
229:
1796:Stenka Razin Uprising
1681:Jack Cade's Rebellion
1565:Jack Cade's Rebellion
1395:10.1093/ref:odnb/4292
435:High Sheriffs of Kent
388:Lieutenant of Ireland
380:Richard, Duke of York
356:Jack Cade's rebellion
233:Jack Cade's Rebellion
218:
189:Casualties and losses
42:Jack Cade's Rebellion
18:Cade's Rebellion
1831:Peasants' War (1798)
1811:Pugachev's Rebellion
1721:German Peasants' War
612:High Sheriff of Kent
586:
569:Lord Mayor of London
482:Southwick, Wiltshire
273:High Sheriff of Kent
1892:Henry VI of England
680:William Shakespeare
504:Bishop of Salisbury
439:Lord High Treasurer
161:Henry VI of England
1716:Arumer Zwarte Hoop
1631:Uprising of Ivaylo
792:Jack Cade's Cavern
787:Hundred Years' War
763:Heavenly Discourse
606:Cade fled towards
523:The White Hart inn
249:Hundred Years' War
230:
221:Lord Saye and Sele
199:40 London citizens
137:Jack Cade's Rebels
90:Government victory
1862:Conflicts in 1450
1839:
1838:
1801:Bulavin Rebellion
1553:Project Gutenberg
1528:978-0-349-12026-3
1518:Edward Vallance,
1423:978-0-7546-6703-2
1401:(Subscription or
1369:978-0-7509-0626-5
1340:978-0-19-820160-1
1319:978-0-510-26261-7
802:Wars of the Roses
730:Wars of the Roses
561:Sheriff of London
472:in the parish of
466:Humphrey Stafford
365:Mark Antony Lower
360:
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277:Wars of the Roses
241:maladministration
213:
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32:Jack Cade (scout)
16:(Redirected from
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1756:Kett's Rebellion
1666:Cabochien Revolt
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498:On 28 June,
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324:12 July 1450
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147:Lead figures
36:
1701:Poor Conrad
1432:Lower, M.A.
587:Cade's fall
559:, a former
544:on 4 July,
484:(father of
328:Cade Street
87:Resulted in
78:South-east
1846:Categories
1821:Great Fear
1761:Cudgel War
1488: ".
1405:required.)
1250:Mark Twain
925:: 491–492.
808:References
751:Mark Twain
721:(1934) by
717:The novel
673:Literature
567:and twice
474:Bromsgrove
455:Blackheath
204:200 Rebels
57:(1965) by
1751:Dacke War
1646:Jacquerie
1621:Stellinga
1446:156054788
777:Bay Fleet
741:Wat Tyler
697:Jack Cade
647:brothers
633:Faversham
622:Aftermath
616:quartered
593:John Kemp
550:Cheapside
542:Guildhall
535:Mortimers
515:Southwark
493:Sevenoaks
448:Rebellion
430:Lord Saye
342:John Cade
312:Probably
295:Jack Cade
1741:Opryshky
1616:Bagaudae
1491:Speculum
1434:(1865).
1356:(eds.).
1306:(1981).
1047:563–582.
771:See also
664:Monument
635:and the
330:, Sussex
287:Identity
74:Location
1661:Harelle
1512:2864822
1477:2597413
1296:3489286
693:Aylmere
470:Grafton
178:†
113:England
95:Parties
80:England
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1352:&
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645:yeomen
384:mother
369:Sussex
314:Sussex
253:London
235:was a
1508:JSTOR
1473:JSTOR
1292:JSTOR
732:, by
608:Lewes
601:marks
1534:ISBN
1524:ISBN
1442:OCLC
1418:ISBN
1364:ISBN
1335:ISBN
1314:ISBN
951:673.
321:Died
301:Born
243:and
69:1450
66:Date
1567:on
1551:",
1500:doi
1465:doi
1391:doi
1284:doi
1280:118
760:'s
749:by
488:).
426:MPs
1848::
1506:.
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1117:^
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855:^
565:MP
563:,
510:.
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305:c.
283:.
1597:e
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595:(
34:.
20:)
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