586:
597:
2396:
48:
638:), ostensibly as a student, to remain in contact with the army. As Caesar planned to be away for some time, he reordered the senate and ensured that all magistrates, consuls and tribunes would be appointed by him during his absence. Caesar intended to leave Rome to start the campaign on 18 March; however, three days prior to his departure he was
789:
The assassination occurred on 15 March 44 BC on the day that the senate was to debate granting Caesar the title of king for the war with
Parthia. However, some of the aspects of Caesar's planned kingship may have been invented after the assassination to justify the act. The relationship between the
773:
secured. It has also been proposed that Caesar knew of the threats against him and felt that leaving Rome and being in the company of a loyal army would be safer both personally and politically. Caesar may have also wished to heal the rift from the civil war or to distract from it by reminding the
684:
states that Caesar wished to proceed cautiously and would not fully engage the
Parthian army unless he had determined their full strength. Although he implies that Caesar's goal was an expansion of the empire, not just its stabilization, Plutarch describes a bolder campaign by writing that once
782:
In order to support a royal title for Caesar, a rumour was spread before the planned invasion. It alleged that it had been prophesied that only a Roman king could defeat
Parthia. As Caesar's greatest internal opposition came from those that believed he wanted royal power, that strengthened the
764:
tried to lobby Caesar to postpone the
Parthian invasion and to solve domestic problems instead. Following a similar line of thought in June that year, Caesar temporarily wavered in his intention to leave with the expedition. However, Caesar finally decided to leave Rome and to join the army in
768:
A number of motivations have been proposed to explain his decision to continue his military career. After a victorious campaign he would have, as
Plutarch wrote, "completed this circuit of his empire, which would then be bounded on all sides by the ocean" and returned home with his
514:, Caesar's authority was uncontested in the Roman Republic. His next plan was to launch an invasion of the Parthian Empire, the other great power of the period, which had, like the Republic, vastly expanded over the previous two centuries. Caesar sought to avenge the disaster of
797:
successfully vied for control of the legions from the planned invasion, which were still stationed in
Macedonia, and he temporarily took control of that province to do so. From 40 to 33 BC, Rome and particularly Antony would wage an unsuccessful
565:(c.60,000 men) and 10,000 cavalry were being gathered for the invasion. These would be supported by auxiliary cavalry and light armed infantry. In 46 and 45, two supporters of Caesar, Titus Carisius and Lucius Valerius Acisculus, also struck
728:
have also been used to lend support for that hypothesis. Malitz acknowledges that the
Scythia and Germania plans appear to be unrealistic but believes that they were credible with the geographic knowledge of the time.
724:, which was around the time of Plutarch's writing, led to exaggerations in the presented invasion plan. The deployment of the army to Macedonia near the Dacian frontier and the lack of military preparation in
188:
1054:
181:
561:
There is evidence that Caesar had begun practical preparation for the campaign some time before late 45 BC. By 44 BC Caesar had begun a mass mobilization, sixteen
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It has also been proposed that Caesar's opposition would be fearful of him returning victorious from his campaign since he would be more popular than ever.
174:
737:
The public excuse for the expedition was that less than ten years earlier, in 53 BC, an invasion of the
Parthian Empire had been attempted by Roman Consul
825:'s and approached through the friendly territory of Armenia. It is believed that both factors would have improved his chances of success relative to the
468:
463:
227:
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1753:
802:. He used Caesar's proposed invasion plan, of attacking through Armenia, where it was felt that the support of the local king could be relied on.
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According to Dio, the Roman people's desire for that revenge led to Caesar being given sole command of the
Parthian campaign by a unanimous vote.
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was written with the intention of finding correlations between the lives of famous Romans and Greeks; for example, Caesar was paired with
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Campbell, Brian (2002). Rich, John; Rich, John; Shipley, Graham (eds.). "War and diplomacy: Rome and
Parthia, 31 BC–AD 235".
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also interprets Plutarch as trying to use Caesar's future plans as a case study in the error of unbridled ambition.
17:
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Buszard, Bradley (2008). "Caesar's Ambition: A Combined Reading of Plutarch's Alexander-Caesar and Pyrrhus-Marius".
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Parthia was aware of the political divide in Rome and that Caesar's victory in the civil war could lead to invasion.
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in the civil war, had murdered Caesar's cousin, Sextus Caesar, and defeated the new governor sent by Caesar.
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The expedition was planned to take three years. It was to begin with a punitive attack on Dacia under King
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The Romano-Parthian Cold War: Julio-ClaudianForeign Policy in the First Century CE and Tacitus'Annales
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However, the invasion was cancelled with the murder of Julius Caesar on 15 March 44 BC. In 36 BC,
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In Dacia, Burebista died the same year as Caesar, which led to the dissolution of his kingdom.
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minted by Carisius in 46 BC (top) and Valerius Acisculus in 45 BC (bottom). The use of
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665:, who had been threatening Macedonia's northern border. It has been suggested by
533:, Caesar's former lieutenant, likewise attempted to conquer the Parthian Empire.
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for which Anienus had been placed in charge, was to occur during the campaign.
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also claims that once Parthia had been subdued, the army was to continue to
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and finally back to Rome. Those grander plans are found only in Plutarch's
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Eventual cancellation and diversion of Roman forces among civil war parties
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Some academics have theorised that Caesar's pairing with Alexander and
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that Dacia, not Parthia, was going to be the expedition's main target.
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in 53 BC, when the Parthians soundly defeated an invading army led by
1554:
1479:
The Death of Caesar: The Story of History's Most Famous Assassination
1215:
The Death of Caesar: The Story of History's Most Famous Assassination
843:
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574:
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166:
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Townend, G. B. (1983). "A Clue to Caesar's unfulfilled Intentions".
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523:
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1059:. Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons. pp. 56–58.
745:. To many Romans, that required revenge. Also, Parthia had taken
1731:
1735:
1188:
Plutarch Caesar: Translated with an Introduction and Commentary
170:
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also mentions an intention to continue to India after Parthia.
1654:"Caesars Partherkrieg (English title: Caesar's Parthian War)"
626:
to train, along with a large sum of gold for the expedition.
760:
in 45 BC was still politically divided after the civil war,
689:, attack Scythia and return to Italy after it had conquered
790:
planned Parthian war and his death, if any, is unknown.
685:
Parthia had been subdued, the army would move through the
1136:
A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions
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populace of Rome of the threat of a neighbouring empire.
553:, and their authenticity is questioned by most scholars.
27:
Military campaign that Gaius Julius Caesar never executed
481:
Julius Caesar's planned invasion of the Parthian Empire
1271:"Plutarch's Comparison of Pericles and Fabius Maximus"
148:
Unknown number of auxiliary cavalry and light infantry
1297:
Transactions of the American Philological Association
522:. The campaign was to start with the pacification of
18:
Caesar's planned invasion of the Parthian Empire
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1691:"Carisius, Acisculus, and the Riddle of the Sphinx"
838:From 46 BC Quintus Caecilius Bassus had control of
526:, followed by an invasion of the Parthian Empire.
499:in 44 BC prevented the invasion from taking place.
157:
132:
117:
103:
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693:. Plutarch also states that the construction of a
1637:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 469–471.
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951:
1340:"Caesar's Projected Dacian-Parthian Expedition"
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1728:contextualizing and describing invasion plans.
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821:Caesar's invasion plan used more cavalry than
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969:
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577:, which may allude to the planned campaign.
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622:Six of the legions had already been sent to
616:may allude to the planned Parthian campaign.
1363:
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1218:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 55, 56, 68.
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1069:Woods, "Carisius, Acisculus", pp. 253–255.
991:
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741:and ended in failure and his death at the
657:was the initial target of Caesar's plans.
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175:
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29:
1661:Historia: Zeitschrift fĂĽr Alte Geschichte
1392:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 69–70.
1139:. Adegi Graphics LLC. pp. 137–139.
1110:
1108:
672:After Dacia the army was then to invade
1998:Planned invasion of the Parthian Empire
1695:American Journal of Numismatics (1989-)
1482:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 56, 68.
889:
814:
1634:A Short History of the Roman Republic
7:
2429:1st century BC in the Roman Republic
2315:Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar
695:canal through the isthmus of Corinth
33:Caesar's planned invasion of Parthia
1524:. Infobase Publishing. p. 39.
1275:Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies
1415:War and Society in the Roman World
128:, various other states and peoples
25:
2117:Ut est rerum omnium magister usus
2395:
2394:
1521:Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire
1191:. OUP Oxford. pp. 438–439.
595:
584:
46:
751:recent civil war against Caesar
680:. The ancient sources diverge.
1518:Bunson, Matthew (2014-05-14).
569:with eastern symbols, such as
557:Preparation and invasion plans
1:
1626:. Cambridge University Press.
1476:Strauss, Barry (2016-03-22).
1212:Strauss, Barry (2016-03-22).
1185:Pelling, Christopher (2011).
502:Following his victory in the
299:Campaign of Severus Alexander
52:The invasion was to begin in
2272:Gaius Julius Caesar (father)
2073:Commentarii de Bello Gallico
1389:A Companion to Julius Caesar
1133:Abbott, Frank Frost (1901).
722:Trajan's invasion of Parthia
2439:Abandoned military projects
2066:Commentarii de Bello Civili
700:
393:Julian's Persian expedition
371:Perso-Roman wars of 337–361
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260:Trajan's Parthian campaign
228:Pompeian–Parthian invasion
142:16 legions (c. 60,000 men)
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1338:McDermott, W. C. (1982).
941:The Life of Julius Caesar
483:was a planned war of the
275:Parthian war of Caracalla
223:Caesar's planned invasion
208:
45:
37:
2154:Temple of Venus Genetrix
1631:Heitland, W. E. (2013).
1624:Roman Republican Coinage
1386:Griffin, Miriam (2009).
1102:Heitland 2013 p.469–471.
1082:, pp. 475, 476, 483–485.
1080:Roman Republican Coinage
1053:Poirot, John J. (2014).
783:conspiracy against him.
1722:History of Rome podcast
1652:Malitz, JĂĽrgen (1984).
981:Townend 1983 p. 601-606
842:. Bassus had supported
823:Marcus Licinius Crassus
739:Marcus Licinius Crassus
733:Motivation for invasion
713:. Buszard's reading of
432:Byzantine–Sasanian wars
265:Lucius Verus' campaigns
2434:1st century BC in Iran
2335:Julio-Claudian dynasty
2159:Caesar's Rhine bridges
2086:Poems by Julius Caesar
2052:Laudatio Iuliae amitae
2028:Constitutional reforms
2015:Lex Julia de maiestate
1663:. Bd. 33, H. 1: 21–59.
1253:Nicolaus of Damascus,
793:After Caesar's death,
701:Plutarch's reliability
658:
250:Mark Antony's campaign
1777:Early life and career
1689:Woods, David (2013).
1423:10.4324/9780203075548
771:lifelong dictatorship
648:
255:Armenian War of 58–63
2376:Marcus Junius Brutus
2287:Julia Minor (sister)
2282:Julia Major (sister)
1880:Invasions of Britain
1797:Crossing the Rubicon
1577:Nicolaus of Damascus
1504:Caesars Partherkrieg
1369:Caesars Partherkrieg
1166:Caesars Partherkrieg
1030:Caesars Partherkrieg
997:Caesars Partherkrieg
903:Caesars Partherkrieg
856:Nicolaus of Damascus
2424:Roman–Parthian Wars
2215:Cossutia (disputed)
1269:Stadter, Philip A.
800:war against Parthia
711:Alexander the Great
667:Christopher Pelling
287:Roman–Sasanian wars
212:Roman–Parthian Wars
124:'s Dacian kingdom,
40:Roman-Parthian Wars
2256:Augustus (adopted)
2180:Chiaramonti Caesar
1958:Battle of the Nile
1814:Military campaigns
1792:Caesar's civil war
1605:The Twelve Caesars
1309:10.1353/apa.0.0004
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510:and his followers
200:Roman–Persian Wars
2411:
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2175:Tusculum portrait
2034:Dictator perpetuo
1993:
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1885:Ambiorix's revolt
1782:First Triumvirate
1770:Major life events
1620:Crawford, Michael
743:Battle of Carrhae
477:
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78:Operational scope
56:then continue to
16:(Redirected from
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2110:Veni, vidi, vici
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1716:External links
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1261:
1246:
1231:
1224:
1204:
1197:
1172:
1152:
1145:
1122:
1104:
1084:
1071:
1062:
1036:
1021:
1015:The Civil Wars
1003:
983:
965:
947:
927:
909:
888:
887:
885:
882:
879:
878:
869:
860:
848:
831:
813:
812:
810:
807:
779:
776:
758:Roman Republic
734:
731:
715:Parallel Lives
707:Parallel Lives
702:
699:
604:
603:
594:
593:
592:
583:
582:
581:
580:
579:
558:
555:
550:Parallel Lives
485:Roman Republic
475:
474:
472:
471:
469:War of 602–628
466:
464:War of 572–591
461:
456:
451:
449:Anastasian War
446:
441:
439:War of 421–422
428:
427:
422:
421:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
390:
389:
388:
383:
378:
368:
363:
358:
353:
351:Caesarea (260)
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
322:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
283:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
246:
245:
240:
235:
233:Cilician Gates
225:
220:
209:
206:
205:
196:
194:
193:
186:
179:
171:
163:
162:
159:
155:
154:
152:
151:
150:
149:
146:
145:10,000 cavalry
143:
137:
134:
130:
129:
119:
115:
114:
108:Roman Republic
105:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
79:
75:
74:
51:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2461:
2450:
2449:Julius Caesar
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1804:Assassination
1802:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1763:Julius Caesar
1757:
1752:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1644:9781107621039
1640:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1571:Roman History
1567:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1533:
1531:9781438110271
1527:
1523:
1522:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1489:9781451668810
1485:
1481:
1480:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1432:9780203075548
1428:
1424:
1420:
1417:. Chapter 9.
1416:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1399:9781444308457
1395:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1225:9781451668810
1221:
1217:
1216:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1198:9780198149040
1194:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1146:9780543927491
1142:
1138:
1137:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1116:Roman History
1114:Cassius Dio,
1111:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1001:
998:
992:
990:
988:
984:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
966:
963:
960:
954:
952:
948:
945:
942:
936:
934:
932:
928:
925:
922:
916:
914:
910:
907:
904:
898:
896:
894:
890:
883:
873:
870:
864:
861:
857:
852:
849:
845:
841:
835:
832:
828:
824:
818:
815:
808:
806:
803:
801:
796:
791:
787:
784:
777:
775:
772:
766:
763:
762:Marcus Cicero
759:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
732:
730:
727:
723:
718:
716:
712:
708:
698:
696:
692:
688:
683:
679:
675:
670:
668:
664:
656:
652:
647:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
615:
611:
607:
598:
587:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
556:
554:
552:
551:
546:
542:
538:
534:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
500:
498:
497:Julius Caesar
494:
493:assassination
490:
486:
482:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
436:
435:
434:
433:
426:
423:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
395:
394:
391:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
373:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
361:Carrhae (296)
359:
357:
356:3rd Ctesiphon
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
326:Nisibis (252)
324:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
304:Nisibis (235)
302:
300:
297:
296:
295:
292:
291:
290:
289:
288:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
270:2nd Ctesiphon
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
230:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
215:
214:
213:
207:
202:
192:
187:
185:
180:
178:
173:
172:
169:
160:
156:
147:
144:
141:
140:
139:
138:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:
116:
113:
112:Julius Caesar
109:
106:
102:
98:
94:
91:
87:
83:
80:
76:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2400:
2393:
2307:
2185:Green Caesar
2115:
2108:
2101:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2032:
2020:
2013:
1997:
1698:
1694:
1673:
1669:
1660:
1633:
1623:
1603:
1591:
1581:
1570:
1559:
1520:
1513:
1503:
1498:
1478:
1471:
1461:
1456:
1446:
1441:
1414:
1408:
1388:
1368:
1343:
1333:
1300:
1296:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1254:
1249:
1239:
1234:
1214:
1207:
1187:
1165:
1135:
1115:
1079:
1074:
1065:
1055:
1029:
1024:
1014:
996:
958:
940:
920:
902:
872:
863:
851:
834:
817:
804:
792:
788:
785:
781:
767:
755:
736:
719:
714:
706:
704:
671:
660:
640:assassinated
630:was sent to
621:
560:
548:
535:
528:
501:
487:against the
480:
479:
430:
429:
403:Maiozamalcha
341:Dura-Europos
285:
284:
222:
210:
90:Central Asia
72:next target.
38:Part of the
2361:Mark Antony
2310:by Plutarch
2144:Curia Julia
2080:De analogia
2007:Legislation
1938:Dyrrhachium
1905:Uxellodunum
1832:Gallic Wars
1787:Gallic wars
1726:Mike Duncan
1701:: 243–257.
1566:Cassius Dio
1281:(1): 77–85.
939:Suetonius,
795:Mark Antony
765:Macedonia.
705:Plutarch's
531:Mark Antony
454:Iberian War
386:2nd Singara
376:1st Singara
331:Barbalissos
294:Mesopotamia
243:Mt Gindarus
238:Amanus Pass
86:Middle East
2418:Categories
2356:Julia gens
2190:Arles bust
2123:Last words
2022:Lex Roscia
1928:Brundisium
1460:Plutarch,
1445:Plutarch,
1238:Plutarch,
1078:Crawford,
957:Plutarch,
919:Plutarch,
884:References
444:War of 440
398:Pirisabora
68:was to be
2366:Cleopatra
2330:Caesarism
2251:Caesarion
2230:Calpurnia
2168:Portraits
2132:Buildings
1943:Pharsalus
1923:Corfinium
1915:Civil War
1870:Octodurus
1600:Suetonius
1352:0066-1619
1325:162316551
1317:2575-7199
809:Footnotes
778:Aftermath
682:Suetonius
663:Burebista
651:Burebista
632:Apollonia
624:Macedonia
504:Civil War
459:Lazic War
425:Bagrevand
408:Ctesiphon
136:Planned:
122:Burebista
99:for 44 BC
2402:Category
2371:Servilia
2239:Children
2220:Cornelia
2059:Anticato
1895:Gergovia
1890:Avaricum
1875:Morbihan
1865:Atuatuci
1845:Bibracte
1822:Mytilene
1707:43580630
1682:41532893
1622:(1974).
1588:Plutarch
1502:Malitz,
1367:Malitz,
1164:Malitz,
1028:Malitz,
1013:Appian,
995:Malitz,
901:Malitz,
691:Germania
687:Caucasus
628:Octavius
612:and the
573:and the
545:Germania
537:Plutarch
512:in 45 BC
506:against
70:Caesar's
62:Plutarch
2349:Related
2225:Pompeia
1980:Thapsus
1975:Corduba
1970:Ruspina
1670:Latomus
1549:Ancient
1543:Sources
756:As the
678:Armenia
674:Parthia
636:Albania
606:Denarii
567:denarii
563:legions
543:, then
541:Scythia
520:Crassus
516:Carrhae
418:Samarra
413:Maranga
336:Antioch
319:Misiche
314:Resaena
280:Nisibis
218:Carrhae
158:Outcome
96:Planned
66:Scythia
58:Parthia
2300:Legacy
2200:Family
2095:Quotes
1933:Ilerda
1900:Alesia
1850:Vosges
1705:
1680:
1641:
1613:Modern
1555:Appian
1528:
1486:
1462:Caesar
1447:Caesar
1429:
1396:
1350:
1323:
1315:
1240:Caesar
1222:
1195:
1143:
962:58.6,7
959:Caesar
921:Caesar
844:Pompey
747:Pompey
614:sphinx
575:sphinx
508:Pompey
491:. The
366:Satala
346:Edessa
118:Target
110:under
2265:Other
2246:Julia
2208:Wives
2044:Works
1985:Munda
1953:Siege
1860:Sabis
1855:Axona
1724:: by
1703:JSTOR
1678:JSTOR
1657:(PDF)
1321:S2CID
1119:43.51
1018:2.110
840:Syria
726:Syria
676:from
655:Dacia
649:King
524:Dacia
381:Amida
309:Hatra
82:Dacia
54:Dacia
1965:Zela
1840:Arar
1639:ISBN
1526:ISBN
1484:ISBN
1450:58.7
1427:ISBN
1394:ISBN
1348:ISSN
1313:ISSN
1243:58.8
1220:ISBN
1193:ISBN
1141:ISBN
924:58.6
88:and
1419:doi
1305:doi
1301:138
1169:VII
653:of
642:.
610:Sol
571:Sol
495:of
2420::
1699:25
1697:.
1693:.
1674:42
1672:.
1659:.
1602:,
1590:,
1579:,
1568:,
1557:,
1507:IV
1465:60
1425:.
1378:^
1372:II
1360:^
1342:.
1319:.
1311:.
1299:.
1287:^
1279:16
1277:.
1273:.
1258:26
1175:^
1155:^
1125:^
1107:^
1087:^
1039:^
1033:VI
1006:^
986:^
968:^
950:^
944:44
930:^
912:^
892:^
753:.
84:,
64:,
1755:e
1748:t
1741:v
1709:.
1684:.
1647:.
1608:.
1596:.
1534:.
1492:.
1435:.
1421::
1402:.
1354:.
1327:.
1307::
1228:.
1201:.
1149:.
1000:V
906:I
829:.
190:e
183:t
176:v
20:)
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