2386:
2113:
507:
1701:
1298:
1326:
1312:
1284:
2293:
1049:
931:
1831:
794:
1366:
629:, particularly with regard to its formal colonies. Therefore, the existence of a wall at the founding of the colony and its subsequent rebuilding in the 3rd century were long taken for granted. However, abundant archaeological remains make it doubtful that Caesaraugusta had a wall that surrounded the entire perimeter of the city until the 3rd century, at least not in the appearance shown by the remains of canvases preserved today, especially on the eastern side, where the city was protected by the
332:
669:
1530:
589:
319:
29:
571:. One of the arguments presented is that in the second half of the 2nd century, houses in this area were abandoned, suggesting the construction of the wall to the south and east at this time, which would cause the population to move from this area to the interior of the walls. A probable hypothesis is that the western and northern limits would have remained stable since the foundation of the city, even with a wall of
1129:
1789:. Other signs of the difficulties of the mid-4th century are the abandonment of a domus at 6 Torrenueva Street, showing traces of fire in the mosaic, indicating a bad use of the dwelling, the destruction of the domestic baths at Ossaú Street and the definitive abandonment of the theater, which must not have been unaffected by the spread of Christianity, since it did not look favorably on this pagan spectacle.
160:
105:
644:, together with other archaeological remains found, have led to the assumption that the urbanized area extended in its beginnings beyond the walled Roman city of the 3rd century and it has even been postulated (according to research from 2003), that the Roman colony of Caesaraugusta may have initially lacked walls, particularly those located to the east.
1685:. The city remained from that moment to the margin of the maneuvers of Diocletian to recover the power and, to its death, the government of Hispania passed to the following emperors. In the absence of direct information, it is to suppose that the city continued being demilitarized, falling the defense of the walls in case of attack on the local
1521:(117-138), new in Caesaraugusta and characterized by a range of warm tones and figurative representation. It increases the size of the pictorial ornamentation of the walls of the houses. Alongside these complex decorations, simpler models continue to appear, decorating the walls with marble imitations, which will last until the 4th century.
1697:, a body formed by the sons of the upper classes. The peasants close to the city took refuge inside the walls; those farther away had to rely on small troops stationed in watchtowers regularly distributed along the roads for their defense. Large landowners could have their own private army, made up of slaves and serfs.
709:, and was very possibly in operation before the Roman colonial foundation. Attached to the east of the cardo, it consisted of a quadrangular square open to the river, limited only on its long sides, which housed two bodies of commercial premises (seven tabernacles preserved on the east side), erected on plinths of
1251:. The interior was decorated with marble slabs on the floors and walls, with the addition of floral ornamentation in the Julio-Claudian tradition. There were more public baths, and numerous private baths in private homes. Among the first are those found in the square of the cathedrals, from the time of
1992:
or minor places and the communal lands. The leasing and exploitation of the latter went to the municipal treasury until the change of legislation, which transferred two thirds of the property to the imperial treasury. The extension can be assumed to be considerable, if one considers that there are no
723:
The Roman colony of
Caesaragusta had a whole network of sewers, with drains and pipes and drinking water supply guaranteed through aqueducts that collected the water in large collecting cisterns, and whose archaeological remains have been excavated mainly since the last decade of the 20th century. In
1096:
It had, however, a singular independent access from the central door of the façade to the orchestra of perpendicular layout to the tables or scena and that ran like an axis through the theater for the use of the authorities, who thus had direct access to the seats reserved for them in the orchestral
664:
to the city. It is more difficult to elucidate whether the bridge was already built in ashlar stone in Roman times, although the prestige of the capital of the
Caesaraugustan legal convent and the required solidity derived from its function as an aqueduct of heavy pipes leads us to think that it was
2560:
The most recent research suggests the possibility that the wall, at least on the east side (where the city was better protected by the Huerva River), was built in the second half of the 3rd century, cf. Antonio
Mostalac Carrillo and María Pilar Biel Ibáñez, loc. cit. in Guillermo Fatás (dir.), Guía
1925:
upon taking office, the officials had to organize games, maintain the public baths, supervise the bringing and evacuation of water, officially represent the city, control and supervise the conservation and construction of roads, bridges, aqueducts, public buildings and walls, and oversee the prices
1351:. New plots of land were inhabited in the city, such as the one at 6 Torrenueva Street. In addition, remains of boulder walls have been found outside the perimeter traditionally considered urbanized in 6 Palomeque Street, of a house in Heroísmo Street, next to the remains of an urban road, and of a
562:
Until the end of the 20th century, the limits of the 1st century city were considered to be established by the remains of the preserved walls. However, at the beginning of the 21st century, a different evolution of the Roman city of
Caesaraugusta took hold. According to the remains of the first and
2375:
and launching himself into the pursuit of
Constans, whom he caught up with and killed. The fact indicates that the city was important enough both to be considered safe by Constans, and with the necessary resources to be the base of an uprising by Gerontius. Honorius reacted in 411, defeating both
1821:
was held in the city, an indication that it had the capacity to receive bishops and their entourages. In fact, towards the end of the 4th century, Zaragoza and
Barcelona began to increase their importance compared to Tarragona. There are reports of circus games in Caesaraugusta in the year 504, a
2260:
is now located; the second, that of San Millán, on the grounds of the old Roman theater. There has also been speculation about the existence of a third basilica-church in the western necropolis, identifying it as that of San Felix. The remains of the temple of the forum have been found under the
2098:
of the
Valerians, a dynasty of Ceasaraugustan bishops named Valero/Valerius, which shows that Saragossa was already an episcopal see from the middle of the 3rd century. There are indications that Saint Engracia and the martyrs would have been buried in a small building dedicated to their cult, a
1540:
Although the first half of the 3rd century AD is quite unknown as far as
Caesaraugusta is concerned, this is a period of significant changes in the city. The surviving walls were rebuilt or constructed in this century, since it was an unstable period, corroborating the fact that the city of Rome
2397:
was abandoned and the ashlars of the theater were reused in the construction of dwellings. These dwellings were often built precisely in these abandoned public spaces, which can be explained as an attempt to accommodate within the wall the rural populations fleeing the prevailing instability.
2937:
Fatás, Guillermo (dir.), ''Guía Histórico-Artística de
Zaragoza'' (in Spanish), Zaragoza, Institución «Fernando el Católico»-Ayto. de Zaragoza, 2008, 4th ed. revised and expanded by Antonio Mostalac Carrillo and María Pilar Biel Ibáñez, section «Arqueología y Patrimonio histórico-artístico
230:, discharged after the hard campaign against the Asturians and Cantabrians, participated in the foundation of the city, with the double intention of guaranteeing the defense of the territory at the same time as establishing the presence of Rome in it. Zaragoza had the status of an
1621:
The necropolis of the city had been located outside the city walls, on the sides of the great access and exit roads of the city. In the 3rd century, at least three important necropolises are documented, one on each of the roads corresponding to the east or Toledo exits
919:
During this period, the new
Colonia inmune experienced significant economic growth, judging by the volume of coinage minted and the scale of the public works carried out, which, at a good pace, ended up giving the Caesaraugustean city the physiognomy of a large city.
1164:
of a Capitoline temple appeared, located where today is the subway parking lot of the square, quite far from the only known forum, together with the fact that it has an E-W axis orientation (entrance from the east), suggesting the existence of two connected forums.
1222:, numerous public works were also carried out, which ended up giving the city its definitive appearance in its ancient classical stage. Basically, empty plots of land were filled in, and landscaped spaces and other important infrastructures were built, such as the
2576:
and an outer face of ashlars; and the second, dated to the 3rd century, with only ashlars. The colonial, in its most representative parts, must have been completed at the end of the 1st century, being one of the fundamental elements of the rank and prestige of
2255:
In addition to the aforementioned basilica-church of Santa Engracia, which was located in the same place as the present building, it is possible that there were two other basilicas-churches in the city. The first, that of Santa María, on the site where the
2159:(260-311) published the edict that officially legalized the Christian church and from 313, Christianity obtained a privileged position in front of the traditional religion. This allowed the realization of a series of councils, like the already mentioned of
563:
second centuries found outside the perimeter of the preserved walls (Plaza de la Magdalena, Antonio Agustín, Rebolería, Añón and Teniente Coronel Valenzuela streets, to cite a few examples), the initial extension of the city would occupy the current
2584:
However, in 2003, an important work of the whole of what was known so far of the wall , allowed to assure its authors that the wall was possibly built in the second half of the 3rd century and that the execution technique was uniform: inner body of
437:. In its Roman site there was a gate flanked by two crenellated towers —whose starts were probably Roman wall cubes— until 1848 when it was demolished. Its foundations still remain, discovered in the last quarter of the 20th century. A monument by
2371:. On his return, Constantius passed through Caesaraugusta, leaving there his wife, Gerontius and most of his army. Gerontius decided to revolt against Constantine and Constans, making a pact with Alans, Suebi and Vandals for the division of the
1032:, remains of a wall were found at the end of the 20th century that would have formed part of a temple or basilica and was perhaps the most relevant building of a forensic complex of a religious nature, and not commercial as would be that of the
927:. The scope of these works solved for the future the risk of flooding of the Ebro, and Zaragoza benefited from it until today. The area around the city was also extensively cleared in order to develop agricultural land to supply the colony.
884:
Thus, Caesaraugusta was a center where legal matters were to be resolved in the second instance, whenever they could not be solved in the municipal jurisdiction. In addition, it had a religious capital, with its own cult, since it had a
1002:
building and pedestals supporting an iconographic sculptural program dedicated to Augustus, his family and his successors have been traced. Near the maximum sewer that runs under the forum was found a statue of a boy from the time of
1779:, the fleeing of the founding aristocracy to their rural estates and the economic crisis would have caused the decline or ruin of the late Roman cities. In the case of Caesaraugusta, archaeology has revealed the decadence of the
1014:
On the other hand, there is a cereal storage area to the north of the forum, which was accessed from the river port by means of a monumental staircase with a triple-passage door. The remains of this stairway can be seen in the
1617:
The western road or the Toledo gate, had been generating in its margins a neighborhood of pottery workshops, since the industries of the city had to settle outside the urban area to be generators of pollution and waste.
779:(a group of magistrates), which made up an ordo or order of citizens of the highest rank, initially drawn from among the officers and veterans of the legions and appointed by the commanders to establish the first curia.
1566:
On the other hand, the 3rd century saw a proliferation of large houses representing the most prestigious citizens of the city. In them, polychrome mosaic pavements of great proportions can be found, such as that of the
1562:
is modified again, which may indicate a new function for the space of this building, where perhaps the theatrical spectacle itself is no longer preeminent, in favor of the celebration of other types of entertainment.
554:
of the years 50-14 B.C. Due to this, the construction activity between 14 B.C. and 14 A.D. was limited if we consider the enormous urban works undertaken from the government of Tiberius, with the construction of the
1908:
to guarantee the fulfillment of the financial burdens. The magistrates and decurions initially performed their services to the city on a voluntary basis, in return for the power and prestige of the office; but from
1792:
However, the decadence does not seem to have been important in the case of Zaragoza. Archaeology shows the existence of large luxurious houses, an import of exclusive products from Rome and the south of
1271:. Likewise, the appearance of ceramics from North Africa is documented and, in glazed ceramics, the colony continues to be nourished by production centers in the north of the Italic peninsula.
2908:
Beltrán Lloris, Miguel and Guillermo Fatás Cabeza, ''Historia de Zaragoza, vol. 2. César Augusta, ciudad romana'' (in Spanish), Zaragoza, Ayuntamiento-Caja de Ahorros de la Inmaculada, 1998.
1274:
The presence for the first time of pottery for everyday use from pottery workshops in Zaragoza, located in Calle Predicadores, from the middle of the first century AD, is very significant.
1029:
1023:
903:
967:, although the configuration of the south side and presence of the temple is still conjectural. It was paved with limestone slabs and built with various techniques of rigging:
259:, was one of the largest of the seven into which the province of Tarraconense was divided. Caesaraugusta assumed from the beginning the role of regional head, replacing the
1040:
that would lead to the door Cinegia from the street of Don Jaime I (also called San Gil), depending on the hypothesis and planimetry proposed by Maria Pilar Galve in 2004.
1783:
in the mid-4th century. The baths suffered a spoliation of noble materials and such a radical abandonment that the remains of an adolescent were found on the floor of the
1267:
In terms of material culture, in the second half of the first century A.D. there was a greater presence of Hispanic ceramics, found in the various dwellings excavated in
1178:
type that was accessed through three steps, with columns of attic type and a simple pediment decorated geometrically with inscribed triangles that was dedicated to the
567:
and Tenerías to the east until the course of the Huerva river, and to the south a strip of land that would reach Cinco de Marzo and San Miguel streets, parallel to the
747:
lining. Other drainage systems in the city had notable dimensions, without reaching those of the main sewer. Thus, there is a section in Espoz y Mina Street made of
3004:
753:
1.2 m high by 0.6 m wide. The proportions of the sewers of Caesaraugusta are similar to those of other large Roman cities, and comparable, for example, to those of
1429:(or single-family houses) of wealthy citizens of the city had private baths, although other public thermal establishments have also appeared, such as those in the
2204:
mentioned above. Both are of marble sculpted in Rome and brought by ship, indicating the existence of Christians with sufficient resources. The first, named the
1541:
itself had to be walled in this century when it felt threatened. The remains of the wall that can be seen today are a stretch of about eighty meters between the
1087:) was used in its construction to raise the grandstand that, in its exterior façade of three floors and twenty-two meters high, was covered with marble slabs or
2269:
and the modern Christian cathedral, although no archaeological evidence has been found of the existence of a Roman or Visigothic Christian temple on the site.
3018:
1297:
542:, aqueducts and a sewage system with drainage sewers. However, the most recent studies support the hypothesis that these infrastructures, bridge, river port,
270:
The period of the city's greatest apogee in the first and second centuries brought many of the great public works, some of which can still be seen today: the
1669:(284-305) reformed the State and the Roman political system, which had suffered a prolonged crisis that threatened the unity of the Empire since the time of
577:
that protected the most unprotected area, while in the east the wall was unnecessary in its early days thanks to the natural protection of the course of the
2062:, Lupercus, Suceso, Martial, Urbanus, Quintilianus, Julia, Publius, Fronton, Felix, Caecilian, Eventius, Primitivus, Apodemus and four Saturnines—, besides
1070:
around 50 A.D. It occupied a site that had been destined for this theatrical infrastructure since the colonial planning of the period of Caesar Augustus.
1325:
1311:
1283:
907:, at the confluence between the cardo and the decumanus, would constitute the solemn and religious forum; while the forum excavated under the plaza of
1433:, which preserved the remains of paintings of garlands and flowers. However, archaeological prospections have so far not documented the presence of
527:
The city of Caesaraugusta thus became the most influential city in the middle valley of the Ebro, and its coinage spread throughout the interior of
3047:
2332:
538:
The whole design of the colony was meticulously planned before its execution. The city was soon provided with a bridge, probably made of stone, a
343:
Caesar Augusta was founded in 14 B.C. — although other dates have been proposed for the foundation of the city, ranging from 25 to 12 B.C.— as an
1951:, the execution of public works, the provisioning, the control of prices, in charge of the police and the instruction of some minor matters; the
1442:
Caesaraugusta is already a city with an agricultural perimeter of great importance, irrigated by the four rivers that converge in its vicinity (
253:, divided into juridical convents, minor districts with judicial and administrative functions; of these, the one governed by Caesaraugusta, the
3102:
581:, which would mark the eastern limit. In the 3rd century, in any case, the perimeter described above was definitively built or rebuilt with an
546:, market, pre-existed the Roman foundation, although in many cases they were reformed and enlarged, as happened with the forum, in the time of
3072:
3042:
2943:
2498:
1583:(two nymphs performing music, reflecting exquisite taste, delicate chiseling and a philhellenistic taste introduced in the Empire under the
3107:
2385:
2348:
2197:
2144:
2130:
1642:
234:, granting it certain privileges such as the right to mint coins or the exemption from paying taxes. The new citizens were attached to the
1396:
period is characterized by the expansion of the city's economic activities into rural areas, causing a significant growth of agricultural
996:
of Tiberius housed, in addition to the temple, other buildings and monuments of representative and institutional character. Traces of the
1416:. The site was built from the 1st century, which gives another proof that the city, before the 3rd century, extended to the banks of the
2262:
1817:, recounts that he himself dwells in Caesaraugusta, among other localities, and praises its extensive territory and its walls. In 379 a
1602:
in the process of ruralization experienced by Roman culture in its final period, and the great differences that begin to appear between
1347:, the communication routes with the surroundings of Caesaraugusta were strengthened, as evidenced by a milestone located on the road to
908:
786:, equivalent to the Roman consuls at the local level, whose name appeared on the coinage. Exceptionally, they could be substituted by a
694:
2112:
889:
with its own priesthood and received tributes and sacred offerings from all the cities of the administrative demarcation. According to
506:
765:
From the time of the foundation of the city, Caesar Augusta was governed by two groups formed from the preeminent Roman citizens: the
484:
2958:
2928:
2913:
2822:
421:
The city had four main entrances, whose location was preserved until the 15th century, at both ends of the cardo and the decumanus:
2217:
2200:. They possibly come from a necropolis that was located in the area of Santa Engracia and the Plaza de los Sitios related to the
2134:
842:, documented in the inscriptions on the lead pipes that, with aqueduct functions, were integrated into the bridge over the Ebro.
3097:
1780:
1357:
in 4 Doctor Palomar Street with a pond, a fountain and mural paintings. Major renovations were also undertaken in the theater.
1153:
1033:
924:
735:
Under the forum, and perpendicular to the Ebro, a large drainage sewer was designed: 2.82 m high and 2 m wide. It was built in
1464:
located on the margins of the access roads to the city and a set of industrial workshops among which the potteries stand out.
955:, which was enlarged by designing a large rectangle of more than 50 meters on the western side, which housed tents built with
3059:
2997:
640:
and its location in the eastern part of the city, outside the walls of what was supposed to be the area included within the
2987:
2980:
3117:
2003:
Eighteen martyrs are kept by our people in a single tomb; we call Zaragoza the city that has been able to hold such glory.
923:
The entire bank of the Ebro was terraced at this time to prevent flooding up to a level equal to the current level of the
660:
time) is documented from the discovery of lead pipes that supported the bridge and brought drinking water from the nearby
622:
311:
rivers, as well as for its complex supply and irrigation systems. In addition to the aforementioned baths, a multitude of
255:
1645:, a religion whose presence in Zaragoza dates back to the middle of the 3rd century, as attested by a letter from Bishop
3112:
2529:
2352:
2292:
1576:
1494:
1048:
626:
1700:
1546:
2225:
1673:(161-180), facilitating the barbarian incursions. Diocletian distributed the responsibilities of government among the
1348:
470:
293:
1773:
Usually, the 4th century is analyzed from the point of view of the decline of the Empire: the fiscal pressure on the
1584:
1400:. An example of this is the one found between Alfonso V and Rebolería streets. It was centralized around a porticoed
1393:
1381:
It is still a period of emerging economy, as can be attested by the completion of the road leading to the capital of
2589:
with outer covering of ashlar and thickness of 7 m; while the eastern side would be of ashlar with 6 m of thickness.
1551:
1168:
Apart from this finding, the appearance of the temples can be documented through the coins issued in Zaragoza. In a
1120:, with a surface area of 7,000 square meters (106 m in diameter) and a capacity for approximately 6,000 spectators.
1062:
To this period also belongs the major work of the theater, whose construction began at the end of the government of
1016:
3092:
3015:
2974:
2813:
1610:
1604:
1410:
lying on a wineskin from which liquid flows, and has a parallel in the statues of recumbent nymphs of the villa of
930:
183:
178:
1227:
593:
857:
516:
2493:(in Spanish) (4th ed.). Zaragoza: Institución «Fernando el Católico»-Ayto. de Zaragoza. pp. 669–708.
2236:. The second sarcophagus, usually called the Petrine trilogy, shows the miracle of the fountain, the arrest of
1559:
1223:
1137:
1057:
725:
564:
556:
479:
289:
212:
188:
2422:
1830:
1517:, were also found at the end of the 20th century in Calle San Agustín 5-7. It is a style dated to the time of
894:
698:
499:
1542:
1475:
434:
430:
2249:
1976:
or rural territory that depended administratively on Caesaraugusta is unknown. It included the lands of the
1742:
1735:
1588:
1036:. According to another theory of the location of the cardo, it could start from this forum and not need the
890:
793:
641:
474:
443:
389:
272:
173:
495:
405:
385:
2923:(in Spanish) (1st ed.). Ayuntamiento de Zaragoza & Caja de Ahorros de la Inmaculada. p. 93.
1729:
1207:
1200:
1037:
852:
637:
528:
381:
242:
2083:
285:
2277:
2245:
2180:
2067:
1915:
1864:
1627:
415:
153:
2257:
1931:
1905:
1503:
331:
277:
1693:
1568:
1144:
of Caesaraugusta, and the legend SCIPIONE-ET-MONTANO (Scipio and Montano) gives an account of the two
767:
668:
193:
2466:
2160:
2139:
2133:, where they are found today. The iconography shows various scenes, among which we can highlight the
2091:
2075:
2071:
1623:
1467:
Towards the end of the 2nd century, polychrome and decorative mosaics appear, such as the one in the
1074:
874:
477:, at the beginning of the 19th century, and can be seen in full use in 1647 in the View of Zaragoza (
452:
336:
1993:
nearby cities of importance and the agglomeration of rustic villas in the surroundings of the city.
1365:
1243:
representation. It would be a bathing facility arranged in consecutive axis, following the sequence
1180:
410:
397:
2938:(1992-2008)», p. 643-892. ''Cfr.'' especially the chapter «La Colonia Caesar Augusta», p. 669-708.
2406:
2055:
1748:
1533:
1529:
1468:
1435:
847:
657:
618:
438:
235:
219:
715:
and painting of the early style III. A simple covered portico closed the forum on the south side.
550:. The bridge, the port and the baths may have been part of the endowments of the highly Romanized
491:
28:
2523:
2360:
2340:
2079:
612:
299:
Water also played an important role in Roman Zaragoza, both for its location on the banks of the
260:
2442:
would have been by the coast, but perhaps the military importance of the city made him deviate.
2393:
Archaeology shows that during the 5th century the public places of the city were abandoned. The
2265:, which indicates a continuity of worship from Roman times, passing through the major mosque of
1451:
1140:; the reverse represents the founding ritual of the colony. The inscription C-CA alludes to the
661:
308:
2450:
2304:
The internal crisis of the Empire was compounded by the fact that in the winter of 405-406 the
1595:; previous dating, however, it was attributed these mosaics and sculptures to the 2nd century.
1580:
1499:
588:
568:
459:
401:
400:, although the confluence with the decumanus at the southern limit —located in the present-day
3068:
3038:
2954:
2939:
2924:
2909:
2818:
2610:
2494:
2372:
1718:
690:
532:
318:
551:
356:
141:
3034:
2568:
there were two different walls the older and, therefore, of the foundational period of the
2465:, deposed the last Roman emperor of the West, which is usually considered as the end of the
2439:
2309:
2168:
1806:
1802:
1753:
1650:
1443:
1193:
963:
that may have been closed to the south with a large imperial temple with a double colonnade
811:, in charge of the good functioning of the industries, public works and grain supply silos (
448:
315:, fountains, sewers and various sections of lead and sanitation pipes have been documented.
246:
223:
3022:
3008:
2241:
2229:
2148:
2106:
1921:
1910:
1670:
1488:
1386:
1344:
1185:
1141:
754:
374:, delimiting an area of more than 900 x 500 m around two axial axes of communication: the
348:
264:
149:
131:
3057:
Miguel Beltrán Lloris with Antonio Mostalac Carrillo and Juan Ángel Paz Peralta (texts).
469:
North Gate, or Angel Gate, located at the northern end of the cardo, and that led to the
3060:
Caesar Avgvsta: la casa de los hispanorromanos. Museo de Zaragoza: exposición permanente
241:
In the process of reorganization of Hispanic territories, three provinces were created,
2435:
2184:
2045:
1106:
1089:
1083:
986:
980:
975:
737:
573:
227:
203:". It enjoyed the privilege of bearing the full name of its founder, who entrusted its
2409:
was assaulted, caught and massacred, even the bishop Leon died. To solve the problem,
1128:
3086:
2378:
2090:(250-310), where they were tortured, Vincent dying. Valerius, who still attended the
2050:
2012:
1226:
that appeared on San Juan and San Pedro Street, which have now been converted into a
969:
749:
743:
711:
2405:
between 441 and 454 thanks to its powerful walls. The problem was so important that
1941:
or from 363 by the citizen council with the other magistrates. The functions of the
1498:(also dated at the beginning of the 21st century in the 3rd century), found between
959:
masonry and provided with a basement. Its entire perimeter housed a double interior
680:, whom it could represent as a young man, found in the Roman Forum of Caesaraugusta.
3077:
2431:
2410:
2364:
2281:
2273:
2233:
2213:
2021:
1798:
1240:
208:
168:
1.- Decumano (present-day Calle Mayor, Calle Espoz y Mina and Calle Manifestación).
144:. Its foundation occurred in the context of the reorganization of the provinces of
46:
159:
2105:, to which a mosaic of the 4th century with Christian symbolism preserved in the
2074:
and Gaius and Clement, the latter confessors who were not killed. The first, the
2470:
2417:, still under Roman obedience, sent his brother Frederic in command of an army.
2237:
2192:
2117:
1981:
1937:
1854:
1822:
sign that the curiales were still fulfilling their functions at that late date.
1785:
1599:
1397:
490:
Cinegia Gate. South end of the thistle. Its name comes from the Arab quarter of
2040:
2007:
1842:
as a model, it is possible to reconstruct approximately the local government:
1713:
1705:
1666:
1638:
1460:
1455:
1109:— and may be due to the variety of shows, not only dramatic, but perhaps also
838:, whose names refer to Italic families. Only the name of one aedile is known,
787:
511:
140:
in 14 BC, possibly on December 23, on the intensely Romanized Iberian city of
832:
Quintus Lutatius, Marcus Fabius, Gaius Alsanus, Titus Cervius, Lucius Cassius
2953:(in Spanish). Zaragoza: Ayuntamiento, Servicio de Cultura: Caja Inmaculada.
2650:, Zaragoza, Archivo-Biblioteca-Hermeroteca. Ayuntamiento de Zaragoza, 2004.
2446:
2414:
2389:
Fragment of a poetic epigraph from the 4th-5th centuries in local alabaster.
2356:
2336:
2266:
2101:
1814:
1810:
1767:
1724:
1674:
1592:
1549:
and the lower part of another stretch of two cubes in the northeast corner (
1402:
1382:
1353:
1256:
1239:
is preserved in good condition, surrounded by columns following examples of
1175:
1170:
1110:
964:
870:
376:
250:
1482:(perhaps from the 3rd century). Other mosaics of great beauty are those of
494:, and its location is uncertain, as it may have been somewhere between the
3067:, Gobierno de Aragón: Departamento de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. 2009.
2919:
Escribano Paño, María Victoria (1998). "Zaragoza tardorromana (284-408)".
732:, consisting of a field of amphorae grouped together and placed inverted.
701:) had a mercantile character linked to the transport of goods to and from
672:
Statue of a male (second half of the first century A.D.) from the time of
656:
at the location of the current Stone Bridge (probably already existing in
458:
Gate of Valencia. East end of the decumanum, in the middle of the current
3064:
2427:
2402:
2368:
2176:
2156:
2087:
2063:
2029:
1965:
1919:. Among the services rendered to the city, apart from the payment of the
1775:
1682:
1678:
1654:
1575:
of big proportions whose hall had a surface area of 47 m; or that of the
1268:
1215:
1211:
1145:
1133:
1117:
1102:
1067:
1063:
1008:
948:
898:
862:
827:
819:
798:
783:
677:
547:
520:
352:
145:
126:
2951:
Historia de cuatro ciudades: Salduie, Caesaraugusta, Saraqusta, Zaragoza
2438:. The fact is curious if it is considered that the logical way to go to
296:
and which was probably a work of ashlar or a mixture of stone and wood.
2546:, chapter «Salduie/Salduvia (2nd century BC to 15-14 BC)», pp. 655-667.
2458:
2317:
2172:
2086:, and Vincent, his deacon, were deported around 303-305 to Valencia by
2059:
2025:
1953:
1943:
1888:
1878:
1762:
1687:
1646:
1518:
1479:
1412:
1374:
1235:
1189:
813:
702:
606:
371:
312:
2082:(200-260) in 257 and 258, although the data is not certain. Valerius,
1677:, of which Maximian and Constantius corresponded to the West, leaving
1152:
At the end of the 1980s, in the course of the remodeling works of the
1097:
semicircle. This exclusive access can also be seen in the theaters of
845:
Caesaraugusta was the capital of one of the seven judicial districts (
2462:
2297:
2164:
1959:
1913:
times this voluntary exercise was codified in the form of obligatory
1839:
1794:
1447:
1417:
1196:
1160:
956:
934:
Remains of the access stairway from the river port to the commercial
878:
806:
630:
582:
578:
360:
304:
2382:, leaving the rest of Hispania in the hands of the Germanic tribes.
1630:
necropolis, Nuestra Señora del Pueyo street) and north (next to the
911:
would serve as the commercial and administrative forum of the city.
1896:, local hereditary aristocrats from the 3rd century; the sons of a
2662:, ed. cit. from 2008, pp. 672 and FIG. 21 and bibliography p. 843.
2454:
2384:
2344:
2321:
2313:
2305:
2291:
1947:
were to oversee the financial management, the registration of the
1844:
1818:
1528:
1514:
1513:
with polychrome mural paintings, including representations of the
1425:
1370:
1098:
998:
772:
667:
505:
393:
280:, which made Caesaraugusta the main redistributor of goods in the
158:
110:
2921:
Historia de Zaragoza. Zaragoza en la Antigüedad tardía (285-714)
2325:
1904:
upon emancipation at the age of 25, but were required to take a
1631:
1407:
1252:
1219:
1078:
1004:
866:
729:
706:
673:
653:
300:
281:
137:
16:
Roman colonia located on the site of present-day Zaragoza, Spain
3054:(in Spanish), brochure of the Diputación Provincial de Zaragoza
2896:
Lostal Pros and Ansón Navarro (2001), p. 39 and following ones.
2875:
Lostal Pros and Ansón Navarro (2001), p. 37 and following ones.
728:, there was a drainage system for the periodic flooding of the
292:
or the city's first bridge, located on the site of the current
2240:, the scene of the rooster, the healing of the blind man, the
418:
in its southern half dates from a reform of the 18th century.
2514:
Mostalac Carrillo, Antonio; Biel Ibáñez, María Pilar (2008).
1834:
Mosaic of Eros and Pan, Caesaraugusta, 2nd-8th centuries A.D.
2171:
in 314. In 343, Casto, bishop of Saragossa, was summoned to
2054:
of the beginning of the 5th century. In it he speaks of the
1770:, with the disappearance of the old Caesaraugustan convent.
1681:, Africa and Italy, and thus Caesaraugusta, in the hands of
425:
Puerta de Toledo. It was located at the western end of the
359:, forming a new Roman colonial city of mixed character, as
2426:
records the last visit of a Roman emperor in 460. Emperor
2163:, in which the church purified and eliminated a series of
2032:, dated 254, in which he mentions Felix of Caesaraugusta,
2376:
Constantine and Gerontius, but only managed to reconquer
2212:, shows various biblical scenes, such as the creation of
2129:(ca. 330-350 A.D.), from a Christian necropolis near the
1579:
that appeared next to an important sculptural group: the
339:
from Caesaraugusta (first quarter of the 1st century AD).
2516:
Arqueología y Patrimonio histórico-artístico (1992-2008)
355:
between 29 and 26 B.C. were integrated into the Iberian
2671:
Antonio Mostalac Carrillo and María Pilar Biel Ibáñez,
2078:, and Engracia seem to have died in the persecution of
1756:. Caesaraugusta continued to belong to the province of
1132:
Coin minted in Caesaraugusta under the rule of Emperor
2331:
The Germanic invasion coincided with the uprising of
559:
or the remodeling of the forum, among other actions.
322:
Sewers and foundations of the porticoes of the forum.
2949:
Lostal Pros, Joaquín; Ansón Navarro, Arturo (2001).
1641:
cemetery was built around a place of worship in the
1868:, tax burdens, classified in descending order into
782:At the head of the government of the city were two
98:
90:
68:
56:
40:
21:
2617:, Roma, L'Erma di Bretschneider, 2007, pp. 85-96 (
2561:Histórico-Artística de Zaragoza, ed. 2008, p. 678:
2190:From between 330 and 350 A.D. two early Christian
2183:, the first in 380 dedicated to the fight against
1626:neighborhood, San Blas and Dosset streets), west (
466:" was found on an ashlar, indicating its location.
396:, which coincided approximately in its route with
617:—an act long shown on the reverses of the city's
347:where soldiers from the legions that fought with
2445:In 472 the city was definitively conquered by a
2430:(457-461) stopped in Caesaragusta on his way to
2401:Caesaragusta was spared from the attacks of the
1136:. The obverse shows a commemorative portrait of
790:with attributions directly emanating from Rome.
2716:Escribano (1998), p. 17 and the following ones.
2562:
1712:Within the administrative reforms initiated by
585:wall, of which abundant remains are preserved.
404:and which could be found at any point from the
2328:. In the autumn of 409 they entered Hispania.
2284:the official and only religion of the Empire.
370:The new Colonia inmune occupied an area of 44
2043:who left the most extensive testimony in his
1704:Hispania after the administrative reforms of
8:
2642:María Pilar Galve, «Una ciudad consolidada:
2324:set out to conquer and plunder the lands of
2852:Lostal Pros and Ansón Navarro (2001), p. 73
2762:Lostal Pros and Ansón Navarro (2001), p. 33
2737:Escribano (1998), p. 14 and following ones.
2728:Fatás (2008), p. 61 and the following ones.
2196:have been preserved, which are kept in the
1406:endowed with a central statue of a drunken
1377:(117-138), found at 5-7 San Agustin Street.
610:
531:, becoming predominant even in the current
2981:Rome's Conquest of the Aragonese Territory
2785:Losta Pros and Ansón Navarro (2001), p. 35
2702:Escribano (1998) p. 12 and following ones.
2684:Escribano (1998), p. 9 and following ones.
2518:(in Spanish). 670: Guillermo Fatás (dir.).
2167:. Rufinus and Clementius were sent to the
1233:Of these public baths, a swimming pool or
1174:of the year 28 is represented a temple of
1093:ashlars offering a monumental decoration.
805:The duumvirs were assisted by a couple of
27:
18:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2434:, which had fallen into the hands of the
2343:. Constantine established his capital at
1781:thermal complex of San Juan and San Pedro
1210:stage, which includes the governments of
951:(14 A.D. - 37) was the remodeling of the
947:The most outstanding work in the time of
823:who was in charge of the administration.
170:2.- Cardo (present-day Calle Don Jaime I)
2175:(present-day Sofia, Bulgaria) to combat
2111:
2024:in Caesaraugusta appears in a letter of
1829:
1699:
1364:
1127:
1047:
929:
792:
587:
414:— is uncertain, since the layout of the
330:
327:The foundation as an inmune mixed colony
317:
2843:Fatás (2008), p. 679 and following ones
2564:For many years it was believed that in
2481:
2246:multiplication of the loaves and fishes
2220:, the prayer between two apostles, the
1935:who was elected for one year among the
1926:of the market, among other activities.
1852:. There were approximately one hundred
1276:
2521:
1886:, former priests. Below them were the
1801:. The main source of the 4th century,
1148:who ruled as local consuls A.D. 38/39.
1105:—although it is unique among those of
2892:
2890:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2724:
2722:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2288:The fall of the Empire (408-472 A.D.)
1124:Other public works: temples and baths
1116:It is one of the largest theaters in
85:
81:
67:
63:
39:
35:
7:
2660:Guía Histórico-Artística de Zaragoza
2631:Guía histórico-artística de Zaragoza
2605:
2603:
2491:Guía Histórico-Artística de Zaragoza
2181:Councils were also held in Saragossa
1929:The head of the magistrates was the
1637:In the middle of the 4th century, a
1614:(of humble social status) citizens.
1073:It was inspired by the model of the
861:was one of the largest and included
256:conventus juridicus Caesaraugustanus
2542:Mostalac Carrillo and Biel Ibáñez,
2339:, against the emperor of the West,
1634:, Paseo de Echegaray y Caballero).
1022:Finally, in the excavations of the
652:The existence of a bridge over the
199:The new city received the name of "
2034:fidei cultor ac defensor veritatis
1158:, the foundations and part of the
455:, commemorate the site since 1989.
211:, to his general and close friend
125:was the name of the Roman city of
14:
3037:. L'erma di Bretschneider, 2007.
3033:Francisco Beltrán Lloris et al.,
2594:Mostalac and Biel (2008), p. 678.
2457:. Only four years later, in 476,
2198:basilica church of Santa Engracia
2131:basilica church of Santa Engracia
1838:Taking the North African city of
1598:There is also a proliferation of
1547:church of San Juan de los Panetes
1066:and was completed in the time of
3035:Zaragoza: Colonia Caesar Augusta
3016:Convento Jurídico Cesaraugustano
2814:Zaragoza: colonia Caesar Augusta
2648:Zaragoza. Visiones de una ciudad
2615:Zaragoza. Colonia Caesar Augusta
1324:
1310:
1296:
1282:
887:Genius conventus caesaraugustani
218:Veteran soldiers of the legions
103:
2609:Eva M. Koppel and Isabel Rodá,
2312:crossed the river on foot: the
1304:Set of different Roman ceramics
1188:of the year 33 appears another
693:period (located in the current
485:Juan Bautista Martínez del Mazo
429:, between the present walls of
207:, like many other tasks of the
2296:Mosaic of the rustic villa of
1876:, from 326 different from the
1552:Paseo de Echegaray y Caballero
1369:Mural painting representing a
1245:natatio, frigidaria, tepidaria
1017:Caesaragusta River Port Museum
1:
3103:Provinces of the Roman Empire
2242:conversion of water into wine
1809:had possessions in Zaragoza,
1661:Late Antiquity (284-408 A.D.)
1113:, which would be held there.
689:The forum of the Augustan or
636:The discovery in 2000 of the
473:. It was preserved until the
303:and next to the mouth of the
2619:Ciudades romanas de Hispania
2094:around 306, belonged to the
1969:, were subordinate to them.
761:High-Imperial Administration
627:ancient Roman urban planning
3108:Roman provinces in Hispania
3028:Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa
3000:Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa
2992:Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa
2884:Fatás (2008), p. 64 and 65.
2016:, translation by J. Guillén
1997:The arrival of Christianity
1988:or dependent villages, the
1848:or senate, magistrates and
1826:Low-Imperial Administration
1439:, or blocks of apartments.
1011:, whom it could represent.
897:(1998), the remains of the
775:(the local senate) and the
625:were general requisites of
594:Roman wall of Caesaraugusta
166:on modern plan of the city
3134:
3078:Itinerary of Antonine A-24
2347:in Gaul, sending his son,
2335:in 407, then commander of
1872:, of senatorial rank, the
1858:, of whom a minority were
1643:chapel of Las Santas Masas
1055:
858:conventus Caesaraugustanus
797:Juridical demarcations in
517:Roman house in Añón street
451:in 1940, on a pedestal of
261:colony Victrix Ivlia Celsa
2975:Atlas of the Roman Empire
2825:. coord. Guillermo Fatás,
2646:a mediados del siglo I»,
2489:Fatás, Guillermo (2008).
2469:and the beginning of the
2218:healing of the hemorrhoid
2135:healing of the hemorrhoea
1957:, the other magistrates,
1797:and an active trade with
1052:Theater of Caesaraugusta.
836:Gaius Valerius Fenestella
726:district of the Tanneries
592:Northwest section of the
565:neighborhood of Magdalena
480:Vista de Zaragoza en 1647
462:. An inscription to the "
441:and the bronze statue of
152:after his victory in the
86:
82:
78:
64:
52:
36:
26:
2861:Escribano (1998), p. 70.
2613:, in F. Beltrán Lloris,
2528:: CS1 maint: location (
2423:Caesaraugustan Chronicle
2226:healing of the blind man
2145:healing of the blind man
1892:, also belonging to the
1560:theater of Caesaraugusta
1332:Remains of Roman pottery
1318:Remains of Roman pottery
1290:Remains of Roman pottery
1081:. A concrete structure (
1058:Roman Theater (Zaragoza)
840:Marcus Julius Antonianus
699:museum of the river port
500:Plaza España in Zaragoza
213:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
2794:Escribano (1998) p. 69.
2771:Escribano (1998), p. 68
2746:Escribano (1998), p. 17
2693:Escribano (1998), p. 13
2250:resurrection of Lazarus
1558:In the 3rd century the
1476:San Juan de los Panetes
1034:Plaza de las Catedrales
830:of Caesar Augusta were
523:(mid 1st century A.D.).
431:San Juan de los Panetes
3098:Hispania Tarraconensis
2597:
2453:, in the name of King
2390:
2301:
2152:
2018:
1835:
1743:praeses perfectissimus
1722:was divided in three:
1709:
1691:and especially on the
1665:After reaching power,
1537:
1536:. 2nd-3rd century A.D.
1378:
1278:Ceramics in the Museum
1149:
1053:
1028:, current site of the
939:
802:
681:
642:walls of Caesaraugusta
611:
597:
524:
444:Augusto di Prima Porta
340:
323:
201:Colonia Caesar Augusta
196:
174:Forum of Caesaraugusta
91:Political subdivisions
3002:online. Caesaraugusta
2388:
2295:
2278:edict of Thessalonica
2115:
2000:
1833:
1766:with headquarters in
1703:
1532:
1423:Numerous examples of
1368:
1339:Late 1st century A.D.
1131:
1051:
933:
796:
671:
591:
509:
453:black Calatorao stone
416:aforementioned street
334:
321:
162:
154:Astur-Cantabrian wars
3118:Western Roman Empire
2834:Fatás (2008), p. 707
2803:Fatás (2008), p. 63.
2467:Western Roman Empire
2276:(346-395), with the
2076:martyrs of Saragossa
1749:Diocesis Hispaniarum
1587:), preserved in the
1431:Plaza de Santa Marta
1075:Theatre of Marcellus
1025:Palacio de los Pardo
904:Palacio de los Pardo
777:ordo Caesaragustanum
638:House of Añón Street
337:Drusus Julius Caesar
3113:History of Zaragoza
2625:Mostalac and Biel,
2300:(5th century A.D.).
2263:cathedral of La Seo
2107:Museum of Saragossa
2092:council of Iliberis
2084:bishop of Saragossa
2056:Innumerable Martyrs
853:province of Tarraco
848:conventus iuridicus
719:Hydraulic equipment
621:—and erection of a
475:Sieges of Saragossa
70:• Established
3021:2016-03-04 at the
3007:2010-12-15 at the
2998:Monographs of the
2449:army led by Count
2391:
2351:, and his general
2302:
2258:Basílica del Pilar
2153:
2020:The first news of
1836:
1752:, with capital in
1746:, all part of the
1710:
1577:Triumph of Bacchus
1538:
1495:Triumph of Bacchus
1379:
1150:
1054:
1030:Camón Aznar Museum
940:
803:
682:
613:sulcus primigenius
598:
525:
341:
324:
197:
3093:Iberian Peninsula
3073:978-84-8380-175-8
3043:978-88-8265-398-9
2944:978-84-7820-948-4
2629:in Fatás (dir.),
2572:, with a core of
2500:978-84-7820-948-4
2436:Asdingian Vandals
2359:, still loyal to
2058:, in reality 18 —
1932:curator ciuitatis
1906:foundation census
1719:Hispania Citerior
1608:(or wealthy) and
1534:Mosaic of Orpheus
1509:The remains of a
1504:Alfonso I streets
1373:from the time of
1084:opus caementicium
982:opus caementicium
943:Forum of Tiberius
877:to the south and
875:Alcalá de Henares
738:opus caementicium
724:addition, in the
574:opus caementicium
533:province of Soria
392:streets) and the
377:maximum decumanus
116:
115:
42: • Type
3125:
2990:" (in Spanish).
2964:
2934:
2897:
2894:
2885:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2862:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2826:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2772:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2747:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2717:
2714:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2676:
2669:
2663:
2640:
2634:
2607:
2598:
2595:
2587:opus cæmenticium
2574:opus cæmenticium
2558:
2547:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2527:
2519:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2486:
2461:, leader of the
2341:Flavius Honorius
2310:Germanic peoples
2169:Council of Arles
2137:and Christ, the
1803:Paulinus of Nola
1760:, governed by a
1694:collegia iuvenum
1651:Christian Church
1569:House of Orpheus
1525:3rd century A.D.
1361:2nd century A.D.
1328:
1314:
1300:
1286:
915:1st century A.D.
768:ordo decuriornum
665:a stone bridge.
616:
363:reflects in his
263:(in the current
109:
107:
106:
43:
31:
19:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3083:
3082:
3063:. (in Spanish)
3052:Zaragoza romana
3023:Wayback Machine
3009:Wayback Machine
2971:
2961:
2948:
2931:
2918:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2720:
2715:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2675:, 2008, p. 700.
2670:
2666:
2641:
2637:
2633:, 2008, p. 694.
2608:
2601:
2596:
2593:
2583:
2582:
2559:
2550:
2541:
2537:
2520:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2349:Caesar Constans
2290:
2230:wedding at Cana
2222:receptio animae
2210:receptio animae
2149:wedding at Cana
2140:receptio animae
2123:receptio animae
1999:
1922:summa honoraria
1900:acceded to the
1828:
1671:Marcus Aurelius
1663:
1600:agrarian villas
1527:
1489:Eros and Psyche
1387:Augusta Emerita
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2022:Christianity
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496:Main Theater
478:
471:Stone Bridge
464:Porta romana
463:
442:
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411:Cinegia Gate
409:
406:Main Theater
386:Espoz y Mina
375:
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294:Stone Bridge
286:public baths
271:
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243:Tarraconense
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184:Public baths
179:Fluvial port
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122:
118:
117:
94:Tarraconense
47:Roman Empire
2471:Middle Ages
2355:to conquer
2333:Constantine
2118:Sarcophagus
2039:But it was
1974:territorium
1786:frigidarium
1628:Las Fuentes
1605:honestiores
705:across the
605:The ritual
519:, from the
365:Geographica
282:Ebro valley
3087:Categories
2477:References
2274:Theodosius
2206:Assumption
2193:sarcophagi
2127:Assumption
2125:or of the
2041:Prudentius
2008:Prudentius
1889:decuriones
1882:, and the
1870:clarissimi
1714:Diocletian
1706:Diocletian
1667:Diocletian
1611:humiliores
1461:necropolis
1194:Corinthian
1192:temple of
1190:tetrastyle
826:The first
654:Ebro River
512:Triclinium
301:Ebro River
278:river port
224:VI Victrix
2673:loc. cit.
2627:loc. cit.
2524:cite book
2451:Gauterico
2440:Cartagena
2415:Visigoths
2373:Peninsula
2363:, son of
2357:Lusitania
2353:Gerontius
2337:Britannia
2267:Saraqusta
2202:Martyrium
2102:Martyrium
1966:quaestors
1815:Barcelona
1811:Tarragona
1768:Tarragona
1725:Gallaecia
1675:tetrarchs
1639:Christian
1624:San Pablo
1593:Barcelona
1585:Antonines
1581:Ena Group
1500:Coso Alto
1403:impluvium
1383:Lusitania
1354:nymphaeum
1343:With the
1269:Saragossa
1257:Vespasian
1176:hexastyle
1171:dupondius
965:peristyle
871:Calahorra
851:) of the
817:), and a
658:Salduie's
623:city wall
569:Coso Alto
460:Coso Bajo
449:Mussolini
427:decumanum
402:Coso Alto
251:Lusitania
3065:Zaragoza
3019:Archived
3005:Archived
2817:(2007),
2592:—
2544:op. cit.
2447:Visigoth
2428:Majorian
2403:Bagaudas
2369:Caucasus
2361:Honorius
2280:, named
2248:and the
2232:and the
2177:Arianism
2165:heresies
2161:Iliberis
2157:Galerius
2088:Maximian
2080:Valerian
2068:Valerius
2064:Engratia
2030:Carthage
1978:curiales
1938:curiales
1898:decurion
1860:honorati
1855:curiales
1807:Therasia
1776:curiales
1683:Maximian
1679:Hispania
1655:Carthage
1545:and the
1492:and the
1394:Antonine
1349:Bílbilis
1263:Ceramics
1249:caldaria
1216:Claudius
1212:Caligula
1146:duumvirs
1134:Caligula
1118:Hispania
1103:Minturno
1068:Claudius
1064:Tiberius
1009:Domitian
949:Tiberius
899:Basilica
863:Pamplona
828:duumvirs
820:quaestor
799:Hispania
784:duumvirs
697:and the
691:Saluitan
678:Domitian
548:Tiberius
433:and the
372:hectares
353:Hispania
335:Bust of
313:cisterns
228:X Gemina
205:deductio
146:Hispania
127:Zaragoza
3030:online.
2656:et alii
2459:Odoacer
2407:Turiasu
2318:Vandals
2272:In 380
2208:or the
2173:Serdica
2155:In 311
2072:Vincent
2060:Optatus
2026:Cyprian
1960:aediles
1954:duouiri
1944:curator
1911:Severan
1879:equites
1850:populus
1763:praeses
1740:, with
1688:militia
1647:Cyprian
1519:Hadrian
1480:Orpheus
1452:Gállego
1436:insulae
1413:Virunum
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1197:columns
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1038:setback
961:portico
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808:aediles
788:prefect
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619:coinage
607:plowing
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408:to the
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290:theater
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238:tribe.
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