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988:, which greatly departed from his previous works, concerning itself with patriotic exaltation. Produced for the first time in 1939, the play is set in a military hospital that is bombed by the Japanese army. Although a change for Cao Yu, he was in good company as concentrating on war themes and settings was favored by most of the prominent Chinese writers active during the Second Sino-Japanese war in areas controlled by the government of Chongqing. By contrast, in
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While works of
Chinese playwrights previous to Cao Yu are of fundamentally historical interest and were famed in China, they garnered little critical success or popularity on the international stage. By contrast, the works of Cao Yu were marked by a whirlwind of worldwide interest, turning him into
1137:, which Mao used to reaffirm his power and fight against "bourgeois and capitalist elements" in politics and culture. The attacks against intellectuals during the Cultural Revolution affected Cao Yu, causing him distress and alienation. However, he was rehabilitated himself after Mao's death and
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is nevertheless considered to be a milestone in China's modern theatrical ascendancy. Even those who have questioned the literary prowess of Cao Yu, for instance, the noted critic C. T. Hsia, admit that the popularization and consolidation of China's theatrical genre is fundamentally owed to the
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women are narrated; their stories show their lives disintegrating in response to lack of affection and of acknowledgment by the society surrounding them, leading them down a tragic path from which they cannot escape. By centring upon the female characters, Cao Yu introduced feminism ideas and
1074:
with another celebrated
Chinese writer Lao She as the guests of U.S. state department in 1946. Together, the two spent 11 months touring the U.S. for teaching Chinese drama to the academic audiences. After returning to China, Cao Yu was hired by a movie studio based in Shanghai to write the
798:(1937) helped to usher the modern Chinese drama into the first "Golden Age" in the mid 1930s. These plays and their productions marked the maturation of Chinese dramatic literature and achievement in professionalism in staging production, including lighting, props, sets and costumes.
58:
734:, where he would study until graduating in 1934 with a degree in Western Languages and Literature. During his university studies, Cao Yu improved his abilities in both Russian and English. His course of studies required reading the works of such western authors as
1035:, the proto-human who inhabited the north of China several hundred thousand years ago. Cao Yu's recurrent themes are present, emphasizing the inability of traditional families to adapt themselves to modern society and its customs and ways.
638:. Tianjin was a cosmopolitan city with a strong western influence, and during his childhood, Yu's mother would often take him to see western style plays, which were gaining in popularity at the time, as well as to productions of
1023:(today Beijing) as its name implies, and in the then present, surprisingly the work does not allude to the war with Japan at all, but chronicles the history of a well-heeled family that is incapable of surviving and adapting to
707:, who were well-known authors in China thanks to translations published by Hu Shih. Cao Yu took acting roles in a number of the society's dramatic productions, even going so far as to assume the female role of Nora in Ibsen's
1052:, published in 1945 but not produced as a play until 1947, after the end of the war . During his tenure in Chongqing, Cao Yu taught classes in the city's School of Dramatic Art and completed a translation into Chinese of
758:. This immersion in western literature would mark Yu's style in all writing genres including the "spoken theater" which had had little tradition in China prior to Yu's influence (as opposed to sung
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634:, 1910. When he was still an infant, his family's business interests necessitated a move to Tianjin where his father worked for a time as secretary to China's President,
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composed a new trend of
Chinese spoken drama, that interpreted the drama as a critique of the whole society and social values, and aroused the masses of the people.
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699:, which offered a western style study program. The school maintained a society of dramatic arts in which the students produced western works, notably those of
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Cao Yu's works launched the wave of "realistic drama" in the 1930s, which reflected the society's different sides and served as the instrument of criticism.
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876:, with Cao Yu himself acting in the lead role. In 1938, following its theatrical triumphs, the play was made into two separate movies productions, one in
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was due in large part to its scandalous public airing of the topic of incest, and many people have pointed out technical imperfections in its structure,
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treatment of the progressive moral degradation of individuals in the face of a hostile society. In the play, the history of several
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In addition to supervising successive production of his earliest plays, Cao Yu kept on writing, and in 1956, published
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477:(1940). It is largely through the efforts of Cao Yu that the modern Chinese "spoken theatre" took root in 20th century
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demanded that all literary creation serve the
Communist cause. During this period, Cao Yu became a social activist.
1133:. His and others' critiques of Mao, and the struggle for power in the halls of government, ultimately ended in the
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was first published in a literary magazine in 1934, and staged in numerous cities over the next few years. Several
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1457:"The Present State of Influence of Western Theatre on Spoken Drama Production in the People's Republic of China"
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1724:. From the Spanish-language Knowledge (XXG). Retrieved April 30, 2006, and containing the internal references:
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461:, often regarded as one of China's most important playwrights of the 20th century. His best-known works are
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which are destroying the traditional world and culture in which they live. The title of the work is an
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in 1952. Cao Yu is regarded as the paramount playwright of modern
Chinese drama, "enthroned as China's
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In 1941, while still in
Chongqing, Cao Yu completed a theatrical adaptation of the famous work,
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interpretation. Thus they became very popular in 1960s
Chinese society, when the ideology of
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1535:"From Thunderstorm to Golden Flower: Politico-Economic Conditions of Adaptive Appropriation"
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is considered as one of the most popular dramatic
Chinese works of the period prior to the
1496:"Revolutionary Illumination: Stage Lighting, Politics, and Play in 1930s Shanghai Theater"
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After the
Japanese invasion of China in 1937, Cao Yu took shelter in the central city of
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1577:
A Companion to Modern
Chinese Literature: Zhang/A Companion to Modern Chinese Literature
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1801:
1000:, an altogether different type of literature was developing, dedicated to exalting the
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1148:, released in 1979. On December 13, 1996, at 86 years of age, Cao Yu died in Beijing.
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Cao Yu was the president of China's Premier Modern Drama Theatre, the chairman of the
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After finishing his studies at Nankai secondary school, Cao Yu first matriculated at
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and Jin Yi. Shortly after its publication, a production of the play was mounted in
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1117:. Thereafter, in 1961, the decade of his major public recognition, he published
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at Portrait Gallery of Chinese Writers (Hong Kong Baptist University Library).
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centers on one family's psychological and physical destruction as a result of
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The leading figures in the modern Chinese spoken drama including Cao Yu,
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1121:, his first historical drama. This work, although set at the end of the
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could not be used as a surname, he chose the near-homophonic character
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1611:"Women and the Search for Modernity: Rethinking Modern Chinese Drama"
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968:), was released, but enjoyed less attention than his previous works.
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included the early enlightenment of women's liberation in his works.
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713:. He is also known to have assisted in the translation of Englishman
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852:(wenxue jikan), which was founded in 1934 by Chinese intellectuals,
730:'s Department of Political Science but transferred the next year to
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of China in 1937. It was first published in the literary magazine,
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557:. Cao dismantled the character into its graphical components
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Cao Yu, the name most associated with this playwright, was a
1428:曹禺是他1926年发表小说第一次使用的笔名，之所以取笔名姓"曹"，是因为他姓氏"万"的繁体字的"草"字头的谐音是"曹"。
1445:
ed. Samuerl L. Leiter.Westport: Greenwood Press, 2007, p.78
1048:. His last written work during the Japanese occupation was
1019:, considered his most profound and successful work. Set in
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as the substitution and combined the two character to form
1086:
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, 1949
31:"Wan Jiabao" redirects here. For the Chinese premier, see
1015:
In 1940, Cao Yu completed the writing of his fifth play,
750:, as well as translated works of classic Greek writers,
457:, September 24, 1910 – December 13, 1996) was a Chinese
1405:[Visiting Cao Yu's old residence in the rain].
1813:
Brief biography of Cao Yu in Radio International China
774:
the first Chinese playwright of international renown.
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Following the end of the war, Cao Yu traveled to the
1066:
Travel to the United States and return to China, 1946
964:(the Chinese name of which can also be translated as
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321:
1839:
1746:, Indiana University Press, tercera edición, 1999. (
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1985:
1913:
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1075:screenplay and to direct the 1946 released movie,
691:, where Cao Yu studied and acted in western plays
1729:The Literature of China in the Twentieth Century
2293:20th-century Chinese dramatists and playwrights
1119:Courage and the Sword (膽劍篇 / 胆剑篇 Dan jian pian)
1580:. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1372:The Columbia Anthology of Modern Chinese Drama
1332:"Dramatizing the West in Chinese Spoken Drama"
499:The Columbia Anthology of Modern Chinese Drama
1891:
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1223:
868:, both of which were well received. In 1936,
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1094:in 1949, Cao Yu became the director of the
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252: 1979–1996)
230: 1951–1974)
210: 1937–1951)
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1375:. Columbia University Press. p. 13.
972:During the Japanese occupation, 1937-1946
1654:Journal of Modern Literature in Chinese
1539:Comparative Literature: East & West
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695:Between 1920 and 1924, Cao Yu attended
451:
946:, published in 1936, he continues his
888:in one of his few non-fighting roles.
273:
1907:Golden Rooster Award for Best Writing
1500:Modern Chinese Literature and Culture
7:
1731:, Columbia University Press, 1999. (
1455:Bernard, Elizabeth J. (1982-01-01).
1325:
1323:
1321:
1826:Cao Yu. A Portrait by Kong Kai Ming
1744:A History of Modern Chinese Fiction
645:Such western style spoken theatre (
38:For other people named Cao Yu, see
2248:Chinese dramatists and playwrights
1574:Zhang, Yingjin, ed. (2015-10-09).
1242:(柔蜜欧与幽丽叶 Roumiou yu Youliye), 1948
984:. There he wrote his fourth work,
766:, which would mark a milestone in
25:
2258:Tianjin Nankai High School alumni
1727:Bonnie S. McDougall y Kam Louie,
742:, and of Russian authors such as
2288:20th-century Chinese male actors
1794:
1780:
1766:
1216:(膽劍篇 / 胆剑篇 Dan jian pian), 1961.
679:Literary beginnings in the 1920s
547:was originated from his surname
488:(1968-1998) and established the
56:
980:, along with the government of
782:(spoken drama) in the Mid-1930s
249:
227:
207:
2218:Kong Dashan/Wang Yitong (2023)
1866:
1369:Chen, Xiaomei (1 April 2014).
958:In 1937, Cao Yu's third play,
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27:Chinese playwright (1910–1996)
1:
1552:10.1080/25723618.2019.1586082
1443:Encyclopedia of Asian Theatre
1210:(明朗的天 Minlang de tian), 1956.
1141:'s subsequent rise to power.
62:Cao in the late 30s/early 40s
2273:20th-century Chinese writers
1676:(in Chinese). 文化生活出版社. 1948.
1609:He, Chengzhou (2008-03-01).
1494:Chun, Tarryn Li-Min (2018).
1441:Jonathan Noble, "Cao Yu" in
1399:"Yǔ zhōng fǎng Cáo Yú gùjū"
1009:Peking Man (北京人 Beijing ren)
626:in an upper-class family in
490:Beijing People's Art Theatre
1703:English.cnhubei.com (2004)
934:The Wilderness (原野 Yuanye),
2309:
1096:Popular Theater Art League
1092:People's Republic of China
1090:After the founding of the
778:The First "Golden Age" of
697:Tianjin Nankai High School
29:
2268:Chinese male stage actors
1858:
1852:China Theatre Association
1848:
1834:
1627:10.1215/00267929-2007-024
1615:Modern Language Quarterly
1427:
1224:
940:In Cao Yu's second play,
860:, and later, in 1935, in
833:Thunderstorm (雷雨 Lei yu),
768:Chinese theater's history
640:Chinese traditional opera
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486:China Theatre Association
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428:
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2263:Nankai University alumni
1718:. Retrieved May 1, 2006.
1709:. Retrieved May 1, 2006.
1533:Lan, Feng (2019-01-02).
1473:10.1179/chi.1982.11.1.70
1409:
1400:
1198:(北京人 Beijing ren), 1940.
1192:(蛻變 / 蜕变 Tuibian), 1940.
1080:(艷陽天 / 艳阳天; Yànyángtiān)
920:remake stage productions
687:The secondary school in
354:Traditional Chinese
1144:Cao Yu's last work was
908:first works of Cao Yu.
368:Simplified Chinese
40:Cao Yu (disambiguation)
2283:Male actors from Hubei
1715:Cao Yu and His Trilogy
1693:(in Chinese). 四川文艺出版社.
1155:is also a playwright.
1077:Day of the Radiant Sun
692:
2253:People from Qianjiang
1856:December 1968 – 1998
1586:10.1002/9781118451588
1396:Li, Qiusheng (2014).
1336:Asian Theatre Journal
1269:(论戏剧 Lun Xiju), 1985.
1247:Theatrical Adaptation
1238:William Shakespeare,
1214:Courage and the Sword
1127:Warring States period
770:of the 20th century.
686:
618:Early life, 1910-1920
514:; his birth name was
2166:/Wang Jinming (2013)
1648:Aixue, Wang (1997).
1330:Fei, Faye C (1998).
1228:Wang Zhaojun), 1979.
1712:CCNT.com.cn (2006)
1650:"Cao Yu, 1910-1996"
1204:(橋 / 桥 Qiao), 1945.
1135:Cultural Revolution
1054:William Shakespeare
732:Tsinghua University
673:May Fourth Movement
630:in the province of
622:Cao Yu was born as
528:traditional Chinese
152:Tsinghua University
18:Cao Yu (playwright)
2278:Writers from Hubei
1358:– via JSTOR.
1186:(原野 Yuanye), 1937.
1151:Cao Yu's daughter
1146:Wang Zhaojun (王昭君)
1131:Great Leap Forward
1100:Communist ideology
1002:communist movement
850:Literary Quarterly
786:Cao Yu's trilogy,
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520:simplified Chinese
479:Chinese literature
143:Nankai High School
92:September 24, 1910
2225:
2224:
2215:Shao Yihui (2022)
1874:
1873:
1835:Cultural offices
1595:978-1-118-45158-8
1382:978-0-231-16502-0
1190:The Metamorphosis
1180:(日出 Richu), 1936.
1174:(雷雨 Leiyu), 1934.
1031:to the so-called
986:The Metamorphosis
846:Japanese invasion
728:Nankai University
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1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1184:The Wilderness
1181:
1175:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1087:
1084:
1067:
1064:
1025:social changes
1012:
1006:
990:northern China
973:
970:
961:The Wilderness
937:
924:
836:
830:
783:
776:
740:Eugene O'Neill
717:'s 1909 work,
710:A Doll's House
705:Eugene O'Neill
680:
677:
619:
616:
537:The pseudonym
507:
504:
430:
429:
426:
425:
422:
421:
414:
408:
407:
400:
394:
393:
387:
386:
385:Transcriptions
378:
377:
370:
364:
363:
356:
350:
349:
345:
344:
341:
340:
333:
327:
326:
319:
313:
312:
306:
305:
304:Transcriptions
297:
296:
289:
283:
282:
279:
278:
270:
269:
262:
258:
257:
245:
239:
238:
237:
236:
223:
219:
218:
217:
216:
203:
199:
198:
197:
196:
193:
191:
187:
186:
175:
171:
170:
167:
163:
162:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
112:(aged 86)
106:
102:
101:
81:
77:
76:
71:
69:
65:
64:
61:
53:
52:
49:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2305:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2133:Jiang Haiyang
2131:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2103:Zhao Dongling
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2081:Wang Xiaotang
2079:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2042:Wang Xingdong
2040:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2009:Wang Xingdong
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1870:
1864:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1778:
1775:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1752:0-253-21311-8
1749:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1737:0-231-11085-5
1734:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1692:
1691:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1660:(1): 129–134.
1659:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1506:(2): 87–140.
1505:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1403:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1342:(1): 102–16.
1341:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1256:(家 Jia), 1941
1255:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1139:Deng Xiaoping
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1073:
1072:United States
1065:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
971:
969:
967:
963:
962:
956:
953:
949:
945:
944:
935:
931:
928:
925:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
906:
902:
898:
894:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
854:Zheng Zhenduo
851:
847:
843:
842:
834:
831:
829:
827:
823:
819:
818:Ouyang Yuqian
815:
811:
807:
802:
799:
797:
793:
789:
781:
777:
775:
771:
769:
765:
761:
760:Chinese opera
757:
753:
749:
745:
744:Anton Chekhov
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
721:
716:
712:
711:
706:
702:
698:
690:
685:
678:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
617:
615:
613:
603:
593:
584:
580:
570:
569:grass radical
566:
556:
546:
535:
529:
521:
517:
513:
505:
503:
501:
500:
495:
491:
487:
482:
480:
476:
472:
471:
466:
465:
460:
456:
454:
448:
440:
436:
427:
415:
413:
409:
401:
399:
395:
392:
388:
383:
379:
371:
369:
365:
357:
355:
351:
346:
334:
332:
328:
320:
318:
314:
311:
307:
302:
298:
290:
288:
284:
280:
275:
267:
263:
259:
242:
235:
234:
215:
214:
195:
194:
192:
188:
185:
181:
180:
176:
174:Notable works
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
153:
150:
146:
142:
138:
135:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
107:
103:
100:
96:
82:
78:
70:
66:
59:
54:
47:
41:
34:
19:
2180:Dong Runnian
2019:Liu Xinglong
2003:Huang Yazhou
1999:Wang Tianyun
1965:Huang Shuqin
1944:
1861:
1850:Chairman of
1849:
1842:
1810:(in Spanish)
1774:China portal
1743:
1742:C. T. Hsia,
1728:
1714:
1705:
1689:
1682:
1672:
1666:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1621:(1): 45–60.
1618:
1614:
1604:
1576:
1569:
1545:(1): 53–67.
1542:
1538:
1528:
1503:
1499:
1489:
1467:(1): 70–85.
1464:
1460:
1450:
1442:
1437:
1425:
1413:
1407:Zhōnghuá hún
1406:
1391:
1371:
1364:
1339:
1335:
1295:
1288:Chinese name
1282:
1266:
1253:
1239:
1220:Wang Zhaojun
1219:
1213:
1208:Bright Skies
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:Thunderstorm
1169:
1159:Bibliography
1150:
1145:
1143:
1123:Zhou dynasty
1118:
1115:Bright Skies
1114:
1112:
1095:
1089:
1079:
1076:
1069:
1057:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1016:
1014:
1008:
985:
975:
965:
960:
957:
941:
939:
933:
929:
926:
912:Thunderstorm
911:
910:
905:Thunderstorm
904:
901:Thunderstorm
900:
893:Thunderstorm
892:
891:The plot of
890:
870:Thunderstorm
869:
849:
841:Thunderstorm
839:
838:
832:
803:
800:
795:
791:
788:Thunderstorm
787:
785:
779:
772:
764:Thunderstorm
763:
736:Bernard Shaw
725:
718:
708:
701:Henrik Ibsen
694:
654:
644:
623:
621:
609:
599:
589:
576:
562:
552:
542:
536:
515:
509:
497:
483:
474:
468:
464:Thunderstorm
462:
452:
450:
434:
433:
418:Wan Chia-pao
398:Hanyu Pinyin
317:Hanyu Pinyin
183:
179:Thunderstorm
177:
110:(1996-12-13)
2243:1996 deaths
2238:1910 births
2210:Zhao Ningyu
2141:Zong Fuxian
2119:Zhang Sitao
2071:He Zizhuang
2054:Cao Wenxuan
1969:Song Guoxun
1687:曹禺 (1985).
1292:family name
1261:Publication
1233:Translation
1125:during the
932:, 1936 and
872:debuted in
794:(1936) and
748:Maxim Gorky
636:Li Yuanhong
494:Shakespeare
473:(1936) and
68:Native name
2232:Categories
2164:Huang Hong
2075:Song Jigao
2038:N/A (1996)
2029:Bi Bicheng
1995:N/A (1991)
1992:N/A (1990)
1978:N/A (1989)
1959:Fei Linjun
1955:Tian Junli
1935:N/A (1984)
1932:N/A (1983)
1927:Zhang Xuan
1312:References
1202:The Bridge
1196:Peking Man
1108:Mao Zedong
1050:The Bridge
1041:The Family
1033:Peking Man
1017:Peking Man
998:communists
994:Mao Zedong
930:(日出 Richu)
661:Chen Duxiu
624:Wan Jiabao
571:' and
516:Wan Jiabao
475:Peking Man
459:playwright
447:Wade–Giles
412:Wade–Giles
404:Wàn Jiābǎo
348:Wan Jiabao
337:Tsʻao² Yü²
331:Wade–Giles
264:Daughter:
125:Playwright
122:Occupation
99:Qing China
88:1910-09-24
83:Wan Jiabao
33:Wen Jiabao
2123:Zhang Chi
2085:Wang Chen
2048:Lu Zhuguo
2023:Bu Yangui
1939:Li Cunbao
1840:Previous:
1635:0026-7929
1561:191941418
1512:1520-9857
1481:0193-7774
1461:CHINOPERL
1422:1005-9725
1416:: 54–55.
1062:in 1948.
978:Chongqing
966:The Field
886:Bruce Lee
882:Hong Kong
810:Guo Moruo
806:Hong Shen
792:, Sunrise
756:Aeschylus
752:Euripides
628:Qianjiang
200:Zheng Xiu
161:1933–1996
140:Education
2203:Ji Zhang
2170:Li Qiang
2115:Tang Lai
2109:Liu Heng
2033:Fan Yuan
2015:Ji Sheng
1949:Wan Fang
1863:Li Moran
1844:Tian Han
1820:Portrait
1520:26895749
1286:In this
1254:, Family
1153:Wan Fang
1029:allusion
952:Shanghai
948:thematic
878:Shanghai
862:Shanghai
822:Tian Han
796:Wildness
512:pen name
467:(1933),
453:Tsʻao Yü
266:Wan Fang
261:Children
220:Fang Rui
130:Language
2176:Guan Hu
2097:Qiu Shi
1973:Li Ziyu
1673:柔密欧与幽丽叶
1401:雨中访曹禺故居
1356:1124101
1178:Sunrise
1104:Marxist
943:Sunrise
927:Sunrise
874:Nanjing
864:and in
826:Lao She
814:Xia Yan
665:Hu Shih
583:radical
567:; '
470:Sunrise
439:Chinese
287:Chinese
254:
246:
241:Li Yuru
232:
224:
212:
204:
184:Sunrise
134:Chinese
117:, China
115:Beijing
2212:(2021)
2205:(2020)
2182:(2017)
2172:(2015)
2160:(2011)
2143:(2009)
2137:Gu Bai
2129:(2007)
2127:Hu Kun
2111:(2005)
2105:(2004)
2099:(2003)
2093:(2002)
2087:(2001)
2077:(2000)
2056:(1999)
2050:(1998)
2044:(1997)
2035:(1995)
2025:(1994)
2011:(1993)
2005:(1992)
1975:(1988)
1961:(1987)
1951:(1986)
1945:Cao Yu
1941:(1985)
1929:(1982)
1923:(1981)
1921:Ye Nan
1750:
1735:
1722:Cao Yu
1706:Cao Yu
1633:
1592:
1559:
1518:
1510:
1479:
1420:
1379:
1354:
1290:, the
1252:Ba Jin
1046:Ba Jin
1021:Peking
1011:, 1940
897:incest
835:(1934)
790:(1934)
720:Strife
689:Nankai
611:Cáo Yú
544:Cáo Yú
530::
522::
449::
441::
435:Cao Yu
323:Cáo Yú
277:Cao Yu
268:, etc.
190:Spouse
158:Period
50:Cao Yu
2196:2020s
2151:2010s
2091:Si Wu
2064:2000s
1986:1990s
1914:1980s
1859:Next:
1557:S2CID
1516:JSTOR
1352:JSTOR
1267:Plays
866:Tokyo
858:Jinan
780:Huaju
656:huàjù
632:Hubei
248:(
244:
226:(
222:
206:(
202:
169:Drama
166:Genre
1748:ISBN
1733:ISBN
1631:ISSN
1590:ISBN
1508:ISSN
1477:ISSN
1418:ISSN
1377:ISBN
1299:and
1274:Note
936:1937
918:and
824:and
754:and
746:and
738:and
703:and
663:and
506:Name
105:Died
80:Born
1867:李默然
1690:论戏剧
1623:doi
1582:doi
1547:doi
1469:doi
1410:中华魂
1344:doi
1301:Wan
1297:Cao
1294:is
1225:王昭君
1056:'s
996:'s
601:Cáo
591:cǎo
564:cǎo
554:Wàn
534:).
532:萬家寶
524:万家宝
374:万家宝
360:萬家寶
2234::
1656:.
1652:.
1629:.
1619:69
1617:.
1613:.
1588:.
1555:.
1541:.
1537:.
1514:.
1504:30
1502:.
1498:.
1475:.
1465:11
1463:.
1459:.
1350:.
1340:15
1338:.
1334:.
1320:^
1304:.
1082:.
1004:.
820:,
816:,
812:,
808:,
723:.
675:.
653:;
651:話劇
649:;
647:话剧
642:.
614:.
608:;
606:曹禺
598:;
588:;
578:yú
575:;
561:;
551:;
541:;
539:曹禺
526:;
502:.
481:.
445:;
443:曹禺
293:曹禺
250:m.
228:m.
208:m.
97:,
73:曹禺
2178:/
2139:/
2135:/
2125:/
2121:/
2117:/
2083:/
2073:/
2031:/
2021:/
2017:/
2001:/
1971:/
1967:/
1957:/
1947:/
1899:e
1892:t
1885:v
1869:)
1865:(
1815:.
1754:)
1739:)
1658:1
1637:.
1625::
1598:.
1584::
1563:.
1549::
1543:3
1522:.
1483:.
1471::
1414:8
1385:.
1346::
1222:(
596:曹
586:艹
573:禺
559:艹
549:萬
518:(
437:(
90:)
86:(
42:.
35:.
20:)
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