143:(cal). In nutritional contexts, the latter is often (especially in US) the "large" variant of the unit, also written "Calorie" (with symbol Cal, both with capital "C") or "kilocalorie" (kcal), and equivalent to 4184 J or 4.184 kJ. Thus, for example, fats and ethanol have the greatest amount of food energy per unit mass, 37 and 29 kJ/g (9 and 7 kcal/g), respectively. Proteins and most carbohydrates have about 17 kJ/g (4 kcal/g), though there are differences between different kinds. For example, the values for glucose, sucrose, and starch are 15.57, 16.48 and 17.48 kilojoules per gram (3.72, 3.94 and 4.18 kcal/g) respectively. The differing
503:
efficiency of 20%, one watt of mechanical power is equivalent to 18 kJ/h (4.3 kcal/h). For example, a manufacturer of rowing equipment shows calories released from "burning" food as four times the actual mechanical work, plus 1,300 kJ (300 kcal) per hour, which amounts to about 20% efficiency at 250 watts of mechanical output. It can take up to 20 hours of little physical output (e.g., walking) to "burn off" 17,000 kJ (4,000 kcal) more than a body would otherwise consume. For reference, each kilogram of body fat is roughly equivalent to 32,300 kilojoules of food energy (i.e., 3,500 kilocalories per pound or 7,700 kilocalories per kilogram).
5706:
5668:
5594:
5896:
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5857:
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5815:
4140:
5754:
5747:
3083:
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5403:
5391:
5483:
5467:
5451:
5439:
5427:
3094:
1913:
5944:
5415:
5557:
3114:
5867:
568:
3124:
5619:
3073:
1902:
3104:
583:
the energy content of their products, to help consumers control their energy intake. To facilitate evaluation by consumers, food energy values (and other nutritional properties) in package labels or tables are often quoted for convenient amounts of the food, rather than per gram or kilogram; such as
538:, the average minimum energy requirement per person per day is about 7,500 kJ (1,800 kcal). Although the U.S. has changed over time with a growth in population and processed foods or food in general, Americans today have available roughly the same level of calories as the older generation.
205:
and other indigestible components, and does not allow for partial absorption and/or incomplete metabolism of certain substances. For this reason, today the energy content of food is instead obtained indirectly, by using chemical analysis to determine the amount of each digestible dietary component
511:
Many countries and health organizations have published recommendations for healthy levels of daily intake of food energy. For example, the United States government estimates 8,400 and 10,900 kJ (2,000 and 2,600 kcal) needed for women and men, respectively, between ages 26 and 45, whose
502:
from the respiration of food, losses in converting energy from ATP into mechanical work inside the muscle, and mechanical losses inside the body. The latter two losses are dependent on the type of exercise and the type of muscle fibers being used (fast-twitch or slow-twitch). For an overall
526:
to 3 mi) per day in addition to the activities of sedentary living. These estimates are for a "reference woman" who is 1.63 m (5 ft 4 in) tall and weighs 57 kg (126 lb) and a "reference man" who is 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) tall and weighs 70 kg
2703:
5906:
5825:
5735:
5658:
5584:
5696:
206:(such as protein, carbohydrates, and fats), and adding the respective food energy contents, previously obtained by measurement of metabolic heat released by the body. In particular, the fibre content is excluded. This method is known as the
5784:
5705:
5667:
5593:
527:(154 lb). Because caloric requirements vary by height, activity, age, pregnancy status, and other factors, the USDA created the DRI Calculator for Healthcare Professionals in order to determine individual caloric needs.
5895:
551:
recommends different daily energy intakes for each age and gender group. Notwithstanding, nutrition labels on
Australian food products typically recommend the average daily energy intake of 8,800 kJ (2,100 kcal).
498:). In general, the efficiency of muscles is rather low: only 18 to 26% of the energy available from respiration is converted into mechanical energy. This low efficiency is the result of about 40% efficiency of generating
1287:
147:
of foods (fat, alcohols, carbohydrates and proteins) lies mainly in their varying proportions of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates that are not easily absorbed, such as fibre, or
5989:
5628:
950:
5856:
5933:
5814:
2866:
3464:
2831:
1444:
1424:
2861:
2317:
869:
2821:
201:
However, the direct calorimetric method generally overestimates the actual energy that the body can obtain from the food, because it also counts the energy contents of
6328:
447:
1049:
5982:
1998:
1280:
6262:
3638:
3449:
2753:
310:
The approximate food energy contents of various human diet components, to be used in package labeling according to the EU regulations and UK regulations, are:
3006:
2720:
805:
Ross, K. A. (2000c) Energy and fuel, in
Littledyke M., Ross K. A. and Lakin E. (eds), Science Knowledge and the Environment. London: David Fulton Publishers.
548:
5521:
2944:
1739:
1330:
5975:
3166:
2782:
2826:
2688:
1625:
6233:
1310:
974:
947:
4110:
2796:
753:
1495:
1185:
2640:
1130:
778:
2787:
2735:
1168:
3502:
3127:
2990:
2801:
2730:
2655:
2474:
1092:
2978:
2856:
1081:
555:
The minimum food energy intake is also higher in cold environments. Increased mental activity has been linked with moderately increased
6115:
6034:
1991:
3459:
3206:
2995:
2954:
2919:
2904:
2886:
2811:
2590:
1243:
890:
531:
453:
Other components of the human diet are either noncaloric, or are usually consumed in such small amounts that they can be neglected.
307:, constituents of some fats that cannot be synthesized by the human body, are used (and necessary) for other biochemical processes.
5387:
Single lines: pathways common to most lifeforms. Double lines: pathways not in humans (occurs in e.g. plants, fungi, prokaryotes).
1441:
443:(2) This entry exists in the EU regulations of 2008, but not in the UK regulations, according to which fibre shall not be counted.
3469:
3255:
3000:
2836:
2767:
2762:
1421:
1463:
6363:
5514:
3633:
2939:
2846:
2710:
2625:
2388:
1789:
1732:
823:
490:
depends on the type of food and on the type of physical energy usage (e.g., which muscles are used, whether the muscle is used
1442:
Instrução
Normativa Nº 75 - Estabelece os requisitos técnicos para declaração da rotulagem nutricional nos alimentos embalados
866:
6272:
6102:
6090:
6039:
3159:
2968:
2841:
2678:
2645:
776:
How
Counting Calories Became a Science: Calorimeters defined the nutritional value of food and the output of steam generators
303:
plays an important role in the regulation of protein metabolism and suppresses an individual's appetite. Small amounts of
6111:
4036:
3260:
2744:
2698:
2134:
1984:
1045:
128:
1032:
Garlick, P. J. The role of leucine in the regulation of protein metabolism. Journal of
Nutrition, 2005. 135(6): 1553S–6S.
6098:
5143:
4139:
3454:
2973:
1618:
1111:
4103:
3027:
2725:
2683:
2037:
1390:
5753:
5746:
5507:
5317:
5192:
4719:
3543:
3022:
1917:
1779:
1725:
1488:
471:
The food energy actually obtained by respiration is used by the human body for a wide range of purposes, including
166:
The energy contents of a complex dish or meal can be approximated by adding the energy contents of its components.
6199:
5222:
4903:
4465:
4452:
4175:
3907:
3829:
3584:
3326:
3240:
3152:
3052:
2772:
1327:
1155:
Wishnofsky, M. Caloric
Equivalents of Gained or Lost Weight. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, (1958).
547:
require less energy; children and physically active people require more. Recognizing these factors, Australia's
6194:
6154:
6029:
4880:
4590:
4377:
3927:
3648:
3589:
3495:
3331:
2914:
2275:
2267:
2110:
466:
163:) and organic acids contribute 10 kJ/g (2.4 kcal/g) and 13 kJ/g (3.1 kcal/g) respectively.
584:
in "calories per serving" or "kcal per 100 g", or "kJ per package". The units vary depending on country:
3922:
6219:
6135:
6046:
5950:
5471:
5459:
5395:
5117:
4862:
4021:
3770:
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3726:
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2806:
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2122:
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748:
3107:
6358:
6178:
6127:
6094:
5345:
4562:
4360:
4096:
4056:
3990:
3876:
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3576:
3385:
2962:
2882:
2777:
2600:
2479:
1575:
1468:
1214:
499:
268:
Other minor components of the human diet that contribute to its energy content are organic acids such as
6072:
5443:
4973:
4747:
4609:
4061:
4026:
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3746:
3605:
2984:
2934:
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2421:
1481:
1307:
983:
923:
789:
743:
304:
121:
241:
consists chiefly of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, water, ethanol, and indigestible components such as
229:, who derived a system whereby specific calorie conversion factors for different foods were proposed.
183:
and measuring the temperature change in the water surrounding the apparatus, a method known as direct
6243:
6173:
6061:
5419:
4968:
4495:
4244:
4229:
4000:
3705:
3681:
3643:
3225:
3097:
2411:
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2095:
1665:
713:
218:
69:
6323:
5262:
5022:
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4712:
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3488:
3113:
3057:
2816:
2514:
1829:
1165:
1127:
775:
580:
544:
152:
57:
1341:
253:). Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins typically comprise ninety percent of the dry weight of food.
222:
6353:
6214:
5475:
4779:
4740:
4686:
4549:
4068:
3741:
3710:
3686:
3673:
2715:
2668:
2610:
2494:
2166:
1965:
1945:
1685:
1675:
1543:
1363:"Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code – Standard 1.2.8 – Nutrition information requirements"
1146:
Guyton A. C., Hall J. E. Textbook of medical physiology, 11 ed., p. 887, Elsevier
Saunders, 2006.
738:
495:
360:
179:
The first determinations of the energy content of food were made by burning a dried sample in a
1089:
840:
446:
More detailed tables for specific foods have been published by many organizations, such as the
120:, may still be necessary to health and survival for other reasons. Some organisms have instead
6002:
5533:
5530:
5378:
5326:
5294:
4575:
4190:
3940:
3736:
3580:
3538:
3533:
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2537:
2171:
2156:
2138:
2052:
1871:
1804:
1748:
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1395:
1362:
1078:
6297:
6292:
6165:
6019:
5487:
4837:
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4705:
4203:
4162:
3963:
3364:
3285:
3217:
2693:
2605:
2585:
2433:
2403:
2019:
1809:
1570:
1538:
1523:
733:
491:
476:
472:
238:
207:
97:
5331:
4596:
4437:
4420:
4345:
4149:
3917:
3799:
3348:
3338:
3316:
3306:
2909:
2615:
2577:
2547:
2393:
2326:
2191:
2176:
2100:
2067:
1814:
1759:
1592:
1560:
1550:
1448:
1428:
1345:
1334:
1314:
1291:
1247:
1172:
1134:
1115:
1096:
1085:
954:
873:
827:
793:
782:
723:
487:
319:
105:
34:
1240:
1046:"Council directive 90/496/EEC of 24 September 1990 on nutrition labelling for foodstuffs"
821:
FAO Food and
Nutrition Paper 77: Food energy - methods of analysis and conversion factors
5967:
5912:
5431:
5407:
5385:. Click any text (name of pathway or metabolites) to link to the corresponding article.
5199:
5129:
4793:
4677:
4664:
4300:
4283:
4272:
4259:
3994:
3912:
3902:
3851:
3839:
3812:
3182:
3032:
2196:
2161:
2057:
1955:
1950:
1886:
1881:
1866:
1634:
1555:
708:
671:
656:
535:
296:
211:
196:
144:
5499:
483:
force to maintain posture and produce motion. About 20% is used for brain metabolism.
6347:
5832:
4989:
4935:
4912:
4871:
4763:
4754:
4635:
4390:
3866:
3553:
3433:
3418:
3405:
3321:
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2226:
2206:
2117:
2082:
1937:
1834:
1794:
1655:
1645:
1582:
959:
604:
462:
421:
403:
273:
202:
160:
117:
3480:
1000:
820:
6238:
6224:
6146:
5943:
5905:
5727:
5576:
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5271:
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5029:
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4315:
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3428:
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3087:
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2383:
2375:
2345:
2216:
2201:
2047:
1854:
1650:
1587:
1565:
1518:
1504:
572:
386:
373:
85:
61:
5824:
1451:", dated 2020-10-08, published on Diário Oficial da União on 2020-10-09, page 113.
5734:
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5248:
5185:
5136:
4830:
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4693:
4622:
4510:
4480:
4405:
3972:
3834:
3380:
3117:
3077:
2663:
2620:
2552:
2532:
2509:
2484:
2288:
2283:
2261:
2254:
2211:
2181:
2151:
2007:
1960:
1906:
1844:
1799:
1784:
640:
539:
269:
184:
180:
113:
5556:
1018:
Jeffrey S. F. (2006). "Regulating Energy
Balance: The Substrate Strikes Back".
17:
6082:
5998:
5873:
5767:
5549:
5354:
5285:
5236:
5215:
5206:
5150:
5105:
5069:
4982:
4921:
4846:
4821:
4770:
4651:
4330:
4216:
4119:
4073:
3795:
3716:
3697:
3629:
3572:
3515:
3511:
3413:
3270:
2878:
2630:
2595:
2524:
2311:
2186:
2146:
2015:
1774:
728:
567:
486:
The conversion efficiency of energy from respiration into muscular (physical)
437:
407:
46:
6024:
5866:
5695:
5688:
5255:
5240:
5231:
5109:
5099:
5087:
5074:
5060:
5049:
5045:
5014:
5009:
5002:
4961:
4523:
3968:
3775:
3519:
3290:
3280:
3275:
3235:
2924:
2635:
2567:
2542:
2504:
2469:
2461:
2443:
2428:
2416:
2360:
2337:
2305:
2300:
2090:
1861:
1670:
1533:
1108:
636:
250:
136:
5618:
1294:, Intelligence, Volume 21, Number 3, November 1995 , pp. 267-278(12), 1995.
124:, which extracts energy from food by reactions that do not require oxygen.
5783:
924:"How Do Food Manufacturers Calculate the Calorie Count of Packaged Foods?"
512:
total physical activity is equivalent to walking around 2.5 to 5 km (
6056:
5650:
5278:
5082:
4956:
4949:
4726:
2899:
2489:
2438:
2294:
2234:
2062:
2032:
1876:
1839:
289:
285:
277:
258:
254:
1285:
hypothesis for correlations between cortical metabolism and intelligence
127:
The energy contents of a given mass of food is usually expressed in the
5790:
5455:
5338:
5166:
5124:
5095:
4942:
4896:
4536:
4031:
4016:
3265:
3230:
3190:
2355:
2072:
2042:
1976:
1824:
1769:
1695:
1690:
718:
347:
300:
281:
148:
140:
109:
93:
3072:
1901:
6005:
5611:
4928:
4889:
4670:
3423:
3250:
3245:
2499:
2457:
2027:
1849:
1764:
1660:
686:
620:
480:
399:
257:
can extract food energy from the respiration of cellulose because of
156:
89:
73:
50:
1717:
3144:
1260:
6307:
6302:
2453:
2105:
1819:
1700:
1680:
566:
556:
262:
132:
101:
81:
38:
4088:
1603:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6267:
6257:
6050:
5372:
5038:
246:
242:
226:
42:
5971:
5503:
4092:
3484:
3148:
1980:
1721:
1607:
1477:
1473:
5310:
2350:
899:
334:
77:
65:
299:, in addition to providing energy for the body. For example,
786:
96:(drinking alcohol) may contribute to the energy input. Some
214:
who pioneered these measurements in the late 19th century.
1239:
United
Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (2014): "
819:
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (2003): "
440:, are not digested and should be excluded from the count.
100:
components that provide little or no food energy, such as
1391:"What's the difference between a calorie and a kilojoule"
982:. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from
796:
website, dated 29 December 2020. Accessed on 2022-01-20.
475:
of various organs and tissues, maintaining the internal
3713:(amino acid→pyruvate, acetyl CoA, or TCA intermediate)
1338:
1308:
Code of Federal Regulations - Part 101 - Food labeling
139:(kJ); or in the traditional unit of heat energy, the
4130:
880:
online, dated Dec/2011. Accessed on 21 February 2022
6316:
6207:
6191:
6163:
6144:
6125:
6080:
6071:
6012:
4049:
4009:
3981:
3962:
3891:
3784:
3764:
3725:
3696:
3672:
3663:
3620:
3604:
3563:
3552:
3526:
3465:
National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
3442:
3404:
3373:
3357:
3299:
3215:
3199:
3180:
3015:
2953:
2877:
2832:
2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak
2654:
2576:
2523:
2452:
2402:
2374:
2336:
2225:
2133:
2081:
2014:
1936:
1511:
265:that decompose it into digestible carbohydrates.
295:Some nutrients have regulatory roles affected by
84:. Other smaller components of the diet, such as
6329:Electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase
448:United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
6234:Complex III/Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase
571:The nutritional information label on a pack of
1348:, dated 5 August 2019. Accessed on 2022-01-20.
1317:", from Federal Register 14308, 15 March 1977.
1186:"Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2020 - 2025"
976:Energy Values of Food ... basis and derivation
56:Most animals derive most of their energy from
5983:
5515:
4104:
3496:
3450:International Association for Food Protection
3160:
1992:
1733:
1619:
1489:
1215:"DRI Calculator for Healthcare Professionals"
1109:Efficiency, Economy and Endurance Performance
8:
3007:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition
2822:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak
2721:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal
1326:U. S. Food and Drug Administration (2019): "
1040:
1038:
549:National Health and Medical Research Council
2945:United Kingdom food information regulations
1469:DRI Calculator for Healthcare Professionals
1385:
1383:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
770:
768:
6204:
6077:
5990:
5976:
5968:
5522:
5508:
5500:
4111:
4097:
4089:
3978:
3895:
3788:
3781:
3693:
3669:
3560:
3503:
3489:
3481:
3167:
3153:
3145:
1999:
1985:
1977:
1971:
1740:
1726:
1718:
1626:
1612:
1604:
1598:
1496:
1482:
1474:
1356:
1354:
1306:United States Federal Government (1977), "
1164:US National Institutes of Health (2015): "
2783:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
1416:
1414:
1302:
1300:
815:
813:
811:
5843:
5804:
5565:
5542:
2827:2018 Australian strawberry contamination
2689:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
1128:Concept II Rowing Ergometer, user manual
586:
312:
27:Chemical energy animals derive from food
2797:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
1328:Calories on the Menu - Information for
764:
754:List of countries by food energy intake
2812:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning
2389:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
973:Annabel Merrill; Bernice Watt (1973).
1440:Ministério da Saúde, Brazil (2020): "
891:"Nutrient Value of Some Common Foods"
7:
3613:Electron acceptors other than oxygen
3103:
2991:Institute for Food Safety and Health
2731:Australian meat substitution scandal
2699:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959
2475:Arsenic contamination of groundwater
1001:"Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nutrition"
847:. The National Archives. 1 July 1996
450:also has published a similar table.
3123:
2979:Food Information and Control Agency
1420:European Union Parliament (2011): "
1079:The Food Labelling Regulations 1996
1052:from the original on 3 October 2011
581:require food manufacturers to label
6220:Complex II/Succinate dehydrogenase
6116:Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase
170:History and methods of measurement
25:
3460:Food and Agriculture Organization
3207:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
2996:International Food Safety Network
2920:International Food Safety Network
2641:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
2591:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
2318:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic
841:"Schedule 7: Nutrition labelling"
532:Food and Agriculture Organization
217:The system was later improved by
5942:
5932:
5904:
5894:
5865:
5855:
5823:
5813:
5782:
5752:
5745:
5733:
5704:
5694:
5666:
5656:
5627:
5617:
5592:
5582:
5555:
5481:
5465:
5449:
5437:
5425:
5413:
5401:
5389:
5371:
4138:
3470:National Food and Drug Authority
3256:Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates
3122:
3112:
3102:
3093:
3092:
3081:
3071:
3001:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
2837:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal
2768:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
2763:ICA meat repackaging controversy
1912:
1911:
1900:
1250:". Accessed on 27 September 2014
1221:. U.S. Department of Agriculture
175:Direct calorimetry of combustion
6244:Complex IV/Cytochrome c oxidase
3634:Substrate-level phosphorylation
2940:Quality Assurance International
2847:Food safety incidents in Taiwan
2817:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat
2711:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
2626:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
1090:Schedule 7: Nutrition labelling
830:". Accessed on 21 January 2022.
155:, contribute less food energy.
6091:Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
3200:Artificial protein substitutes
2969:European Food Safety Authority
2842:Food safety incidents in China
2679:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
2646:Water fluoridation controversy
1686:"Minerals" (Chemical elements)
1431:" Document 02011R1169-20180101
691:caloria or quilocaloria (kcal)
457:Energy usage in the human body
153:lactose-intolerant individuals
1:
6112:Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
4037:Reverse cholesterol transport
3261:Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone
679:kilocalorie (kcal), mandatory
6215:Complex I/NADH dehydrogenase
3689:(protein→peptide→amino acid)
3455:Food and Drug Administration
2974:Food and Drug Administration
2656:Food contamination incidents
1422:Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011
648:kilocalorie (kcal), optional
543:Older people and those with
429:
426:
415:
412:
393:
390:
380:
377:
367:
364:
354:
351:
341:
338:
3028:Food and drink prohibitions
2802:Bihar school meal poisoning
2726:United Kingdom BSE outbreak
2684:1900 English beer poisoning
2038:Antibiotic use in livestock
1918:Category: Food preservation
948:"Why food labels are wrong"
6380:
6035:Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase
4074:Phospagen system (ATP-PCr)
3544:Primary nutritional groups
3023:Curing (food preservation)
2096:Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
1337:". Online document at the
460:
194:
135:(J), and its multiple the
6200:oxidative phosphorylation
5778:
5751:
5744:
5571:
5545:
5540:
4127:
3936:
3908:Anoxygenic photosynthesis
3898:
3862:
3830:Pentose phosphate pathway
3825:
3808:
3791:
3585:Oxidative phosphorylation
3241:Aspartame-acesulfame salt
3142:
3066:
3053:Genetically modified food
2905:Food labeling regulations
2773:2008 Chinese milk scandal
1974:
1895:
1755:
1715:
1641:
1601:
963:, 18 July 2009, pp. 30-3.
878:Merck Manual Home Edition
865:Adrienne Youdim (2021): "
785:" Online article on the
628:kilojoule (kJ), optional
318:
315:
233:Dietary sources of energy
6195:electron transport chain
6155:Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
6030:Isocitrate dehydrogenase
3928:Entner-Doudoroff pathway
3590:electron transport chain
3577:Pyruvate decarboxylation
3300:Natural food substitutes
2915:Food safety in Australia
2111:High-fructose corn syrup
651:AU: kilocalorie (kcal)
612:kilojoule (kJ), optional
557:brain energy consumption
507:Recommended daily intake
467:Energy balance (biology)
37:that animals (including
6136:Glutamate dehydrogenase
6047:Succinate dehydrogenase
6040:Succinyl CoA synthetase
5396:carbohydrate metabolism
4022:Sphingolipid metabolism
3923:DeLey-Doudoroff pathway
3771:carbohydrate catabolism
3766:Carbohydrate metabolism
3752:Purine nucleotide cycle
2895:Acceptable daily intake
2807:2013 horse meat scandal
2248:Clostridium perfringens
1464:Is a calorie a calorie?
774:Allison Marsh (2020): "
749:Table of food nutrients
593:Mandatory unit (symbol)
436:(1) Some polyols, like
60:, namely combining the
6364:Nutritional physiology
6179:Aspartate transaminase
3991:Fatty acid degradation
3711:Amino acid degradation
3386:List of food additives
2963:Centre for Food Safety
2778:2008 Irish pork crisis
2480:Benzene in soft drinks
1576:Discrimination testing
1367:www.legislation.gov.au
576:
276:, and polyols such as
5713:CoA + ATP (GTP)
5444:amino acid metabolism
4027:Eicosanoid metabolism
3983:Fatty acid metabolism
3747:Pyrimidine metabolism
3606:Anaerobic respiration
2985:Food Standards Agency
2935:Organic certification
2930:Nutrition facts label
2674:Esing Bakery incident
2462:environment pollution
1666:Essential fatty acids
1193:dietaryguidelines.gov
744:Nutrition facts label
575:in the United Kingdom
570:
305:essential fatty acids
122:anaerobic respiration
6174:Pyruvate carboxylase
6062:Malate dehydrogenase
5420:cellular respiration
4001:Fatty acid synthesis
3706:Amino acid synthesis
3226:Acesulfame potassium
2754:2006 North American
2412:Acesulfame potassium
2241:Campylobacter jejuni
2135:Intestinal parasites
2008:Consumer food safety
989:on 22 November 2016.
714:Basal metabolic rate
596:Second unit (symbol)
545:sedentary lifestyles
249:, and fibre (mostly
131:unit of energy, the
41:) derive from their
6324:Alternative oxidase
6128:α-ketoglutaric acid
4592:Transcription &
3565:Aerobic respiration
3058:Conspiracy theories
2611:Heterocyclic amines
2515:Shellfish poisoning
1830:Modified atmosphere
928:Scientific American
58:aerobic respiration
5379:metabolic pathways
4069:Ethanol metabolism
4017:Steroid metabolism
3742:Nucleotide salvage
3674:Protein metabolism
3312:Coffee substitutes
2716:Toxic oil syndrome
2669:Swill milk scandal
2495:Diethylstilbestrol
2167:Diphyllobothriasis
1447:2022-01-21 at the
1427:2022-01-11 at the
1399:. 21 February 2017
1344:2013-09-15 at the
1333:2022-01-20 at the
1313:2022-01-21 at the
1290:2012-10-23 at the
1246:2009-12-20 at the
1171:2016-03-01 at the
1166:Dietary guidelines
1133:2010-12-26 at the
1114:2007-12-21 at the
1095:2013-03-17 at the
1084:2013-09-21 at the
957:by Bijal Trivedi,
953:2011-11-13 at the
876:". Article in the
872:2013-08-04 at the
845:Legislation.gov.uk
826:2010-05-24 at the
792:2022-01-20 at the
781:2022-01-21 at the
739:Heat of combustion
577:
237:The typical human
191:The Atwater system
49:, including their
6341:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6187:
6186:
6003:Citric acid cycle
5965:
5964:
5960:
5959:
5720:+ ADP (GDP)
5534:metabolic pathway
5531:Citric acid cycle
5497:
5496:
5367:
5366:
5327:Neurotransmitters
4706:Nucleotide sugars
4439:Direct / C4 / CAM
4086:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4045:
4044:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3941:Xylose metabolism
3887:
3886:
3760:
3759:
3737:Purine metabolism
3682:Protein synthesis
3659:
3658:
3581:Citric acid cycle
3539:Metabolic network
3534:Metabolic pathway
3478:
3477:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3218:sugar substitutes
3136:
3135:
3043:Food preservation
2852:Foodborne illness
2404:Sugar substitutes
2157:Cryptosporidiosis
2139:parasitic disease
2053:HGH controversies
2020:food contaminants
1932:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1805:Hurdle technology
1765:Burying in ground
1749:Food preservation
1709:
1708:
1396:Queensland Health
700:
699:
579:Many governments
530:According to the
434:
433:
45:to sustain their
16:(Redirected from
6371:
6205:
6166:oxaloacetic acid
6078:
6020:Citrate synthase
5992:
5985:
5978:
5969:
5946:
5936:
5908:
5898:
5888:
5869:
5859:
5847:
5827:
5817:
5808:
5786:
5756:
5749:
5737:
5708:
5698:
5670:
5660:
5631:
5621:
5596:
5586:
5569:
5559:
5543:
5524:
5517:
5510:
5501:
5491:
5488:lipid metabolism
5485:
5484:
5479:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5393:
5392:
5375:
5374:
5357:
5350:
5341:
5334:
5332:thyroid hormones
5322:
5313:
5306:
5299:
5290:
5281:
5274:
5267:
5258:
5251:
5244:
5227:
5218:
5211:
5202:
5195:
5188:
5181:
5169:
5162:
5153:
5146:
5139:
5132:
5120:
5113:
5091:
5078:
5065:
5056:
5041:
5034:
5025:
5018:
5005:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4964:
4952:
4945:
4931:
4917:
4908:
4899:
4892:
4885:
4876:
4867:
4858:
4849:
4842:
4833:
4826:
4817:
4810:
4803:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4766:
4759:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4689:
4682:
4673:
4656:
4644:
4640:
4629:
4625:
4616:
4612:
4603:
4599:
4593:
4584:
4580:
4569:
4565:
4556:
4552:
4543:
4539:
4530:
4526:
4517:
4513:
4504:
4500:
4489:
4485:
4474:
4470:
4459:
4455:
4446:
4442:
4431:
4427:
4414:
4410:
4399:
4395:
4384:
4380:
4371:
4367:
4354:
4350:
4339:
4335:
4324:
4320:
4309:
4305:
4291:
4288:
4278:
4275:
4267:
4264:
4254:
4251:
4239:
4236:
4224:
4221:
4211:
4208:
4198:
4195:
4185:
4182:
4170:
4167:
4157:
4154:
4142:
4131:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4090:
4057:Metal metabolism
3979:
3964:Lipid metabolism
3896:
3789:
3782:
3694:
3670:
3596:
3561:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3482:
3349:Salt substitutes
3339:Milk substitutes
3307:Cheese analogues
3286:Sodium cyclamate
3175:Artificial foods
3169:
3162:
3155:
3146:
3126:
3125:
3116:
3106:
3105:
3096:
3095:
3088:Drink portal
3086:
3085:
3084:
3076:
3075:
2987:(United Kingdom)
2736:Jack in the Box
2707:
2694:Minamata disease
2606:Food irradiation
2586:4-Hydroxynonenal
2434:Sodium cyclamate
2277:Escherichia coli
2269:Escherichia coli
2001:
1994:
1987:
1978:
1972:
1915:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1719:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1605:
1599:
1571:Sensory analysis
1498:
1491:
1484:
1475:
1452:
1438:
1432:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1358:
1349:
1324:
1318:
1304:
1295:
1281:Evaluation of a
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1261:"Dietary Energy"
1257:
1251:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1195:. USDA & HHS
1190:
1182:
1176:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1125:
1119:
1107:Stephen Seiler,
1105:
1099:
1075:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1042:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1005:The Merck Manual
997:
991:
990:
988:
981:
970:
964:
945:
939:
938:
936:
934:
920:
914:
913:
911:
909:
895:
887:
881:
863:
857:
856:
854:
852:
837:
831:
817:
806:
803:
797:
772:
734:Food composition
587:
563:Nutrition labels
525:
524:
520:
517:
477:body temperature
473:basal metabolism
313:
208:Modified Atwater
181:bomb calorimeter
80:or dissolved in
21:
6379:
6378:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6368:
6344:
6343:
6342:
6333:
6312:
6254:
6228:
6198:
6193:
6183:
6159:
6140:
6121:
6067:
6008:
5996:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5955:
5954:
5947:
5939:
5938:
5937:
5929:
5928:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5916:
5909:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5891:
5890:
5886:
5883:
5878:
5877:
5870:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5852:
5851:
5848:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5836:
5828:
5820:
5819:
5818:
5810:
5809:
5806:
5802:
5800:
5795:
5794:
5787:
5762:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5731:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5714:
5710:
5709:
5700:
5699:
5692:
5684:
5683:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5662:
5661:
5654:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5637:
5633:
5632:
5623:
5622:
5615:
5607:
5606:
5605:
5602:
5598:
5597:
5588:
5587:
5580:
5567:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5553:
5536:
5528:
5498:
5493:
5492:
5482:
5480:
5466:
5464:
5450:
5448:
5438:
5436:
5426:
5424:
5414:
5412:
5402:
5400:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5383:metro-style map
5376:
5368:
5363:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5353:
5351:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5337:
5335:
5329:
5325:
5323:
5319:
5318:Polyunsaturated
5316:
5314:
5309:
5307:
5302:
5300:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5277:
5275:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5254:
5252:
5247:
5245:
5234:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5198:
5196:
5191:
5189:
5184:
5182:
5176:
5172:
5170:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5149:
5147:
5142:
5140:
5135:
5133:
5127:
5123:
5121:
5116:
5114:
5103:
5094:
5092:
5085:
5081:
5079:
5072:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5044:
5042:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5021:
5019:
5012:
5008:
5006:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4988:
4986:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4967:
4965:
4959:
4955:
4953:
4948:
4946:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4926:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4895:
4893:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4813:
4811:
4806:
4804:
4799:
4797:
4792:
4790:
4785:
4783:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4746:
4744:
4739:
4737:
4732:
4730:
4725:
4723:
4718:
4716:
4711:
4709:
4704:
4702:
4696:
4692:
4690:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4666:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4630:
4623:
4619:
4617:
4610:
4606:
4604:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4585:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4570:
4563:
4559:
4557:
4550:
4546:
4544:
4538:Steroidogenesis
4537:
4533:
4531:
4524:
4520:
4518:
4511:
4507:
4505:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4490:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4475:
4469:phosphorylation
4468:
4466:
4462:
4460:
4453:
4449:
4447:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4432:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4415:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4400:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4385:
4378:
4374:
4372:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4355:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4340:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4325:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4310:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4123:
4117:
4087:
4078:
4062:Iron metabolism
4041:
4005:
3966:
3950:
3932:
3918:Carbon fixation
3883:
3858:
3821:
3804:
3800:Gluconeogenesis
3773:
3768:
3756:
3728:
3721:
3692:
3665:
3655:
3616:
3600:
3588:
3555:
3548:
3522:
3509:
3479:
3474:
3438:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3369:
3353:
3317:Egg substitutes
3295:
3211:
3195:
3183:fat substitutes
3176:
3173:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3082:
3080:
3078:Food portal
3070:
3062:
3011:
2949:
2910:Food libel laws
2873:
2701:
2650:
2616:Modified starch
2578:Food processing
2572:
2519:
2448:
2398:
2394:Sodium benzoate
2370:
2332:
2327:Vibrio cholerae
2221:
2192:Gnathostomiasis
2177:Fasciolopsiasis
2129:
2077:
2068:Mercury in fish
2010:
2005:
1970:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1907:Food portal
1899:
1891:
1760:Biopreservation
1751:
1746:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1637:
1632:
1597:
1556:Processing aids
1507:
1502:
1460:
1455:
1449:Wayback Machine
1439:
1435:
1429:Wayback Machine
1419:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1389:
1388:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1360:
1359:
1352:
1346:Wayback Machine
1335:Wayback Machine
1325:
1321:
1315:Wayback Machine
1305:
1298:
1292:Wayback Machine
1279:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1248:Wayback Machine
1238:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1173:Wayback Machine
1163:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1135:Wayback Machine
1126:
1122:
1116:Wayback Machine
1106:
1102:
1097:Wayback Machine
1086:Wayback Machine
1077:United Kingdom
1076:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1016:
1012:
999:
998:
994:
986:
979:
972:
971:
967:
955:Wayback Machine
946:
942:
932:
930:
922:
921:
917:
907:
905:
898:Health Canada,
893:
889:
888:
884:
874:Wayback Machine
864:
860:
850:
848:
839:
838:
834:
828:Wayback Machine
818:
809:
804:
800:
794:Wayback Machine
783:Wayback Machine
773:
766:
762:
724:Chemical energy
705:
664:kcal, mandatory
631:calorie (cal)
565:
522:
518:
515:
513:
509:
479:, and exerting
469:
461:Main articles:
459:
316:Food component
235:
219:Annabel Merrill
199:
193:
177:
172:
35:chemical energy
28:
23:
22:
18:Caloric content
15:
12:
11:
5:
6377:
6375:
6367:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6346:
6345:
6339:
6338:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6331:
6326:
6320:
6318:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6252:
6247:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6222:
6217:
6211:
6209:
6202:
6189:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6181:
6176:
6170:
6168:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6151:
6149:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6132:
6130:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6110:(regulated by
6107:
6106:
6087:
6085:
6075:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6065:
6059:
6054:
6043:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6016:
6014:
6010:
6009:
5997:
5995:
5994:
5987:
5980:
5972:
5963:
5962:
5958:
5957:
5951:2-oxoglutarate
5948:
5941:
5940:
5931:
5930:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5913:Oxalosuccinate
5910:
5903:
5902:
5893:
5892:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5879:
5871:
5864:
5863:
5854:
5853:
5849:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5829:
5822:
5821:
5812:
5811:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5796:
5788:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5770:
5764:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5750:
5742:
5741:
5732:
5725:
5724:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5693:
5686:
5685:
5680:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5655:
5648:
5647:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5616:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5591:
5590:
5589:
5581:
5574:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5554:
5547:
5546:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5519:
5512:
5504:
5495:
5494:
5432:cell signaling
5408:photosynthesis
5406:Violet nodes:
5394:Orange nodes:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5364:
5352:
5343:
5336:
5324:
5315:
5308:
5301:
5292:
5283:
5276:
5269:
5260:
5253:
5246:
5229:
5220:
5213:
5204:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5171:
5164:
5155:
5148:
5141:
5134:
5122:
5115:
5093:
5080:
5067:
5058:
5051:
5043:
5036:
5027:
5020:
5007:
4997:Aromatic amino
4994:
4987:
4980:
4966:
4954:
4947:
4933:
4919:
4910:
4904:Branched-chain
4901:
4894:
4887:
4878:
4869:
4860:
4851:
4844:
4835:
4828:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4768:
4761:
4752:
4745:
4738:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4691:
4684:
4675:
4658:
4649:
4631:
4618:
4605:
4586:
4571:
4558:
4545:
4532:
4519:
4506:
4491:
4476:
4461:
4454:Light reaction
4448:
4433:
4416:
4401:
4386:
4373:
4356:
4341:
4326:
4311:
4296:
4280:
4269:
4256:
4241:
4226:
4213:
4200:
4187:
4172:
4159:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4093:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3995:Beta oxidation
3987:
3985:
3976:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3913:Chemosynthesis
3910:
3905:
3903:Photosynthesis
3899:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3852:Leloir pathway
3844:
3843:
3842:
3840:Polyol pathway
3832:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3813:Glycogenolysis
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3792:
3786:
3779:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3700:
3691:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3676:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3626:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3569:
3567:
3558:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3485:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3410:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3374:Related topics
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3322:Meat analogues
3319:
3314:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3187:
3185:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3120:
3110:
3100:
3090:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3033:Food marketing
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3016:Related topics
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2959:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2751:
2742:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2601:Food additives
2598:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2323:
2315:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2273:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2227:Microorganisms
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2197:Paragonimiasis
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2162:Cyclosporiasis
2159:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2083:Food additives
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2058:Lead poisoning
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1909:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1887:Vacuum packing
1884:
1882:Tyndallization
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1635:Food chemistry
1633:
1631:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1458:External links
1456:
1454:
1453:
1433:
1410:
1379:
1350:
1319:
1296:
1273:
1252:
1232:
1206:
1177:
1157:
1148:
1139:
1120:
1100:
1063:
1034:
1025:
1010:
992:
965:
940:
915:
882:
858:
832:
807:
798:
763:
761:
758:
757:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
709:Atwater system
704:
701:
698:
697:
694:
692:
689:
683:
682:
680:
677:
676:kilojoule (kJ)
674:
672:European Union
668:
667:
665:
662:
659:
657:United Kingdom
653:
652:
649:
646:
645:kilojoule (kJ)
643:
633:
632:
629:
626:
625:Calorie (Cal)
623:
617:
616:
615:calorie (cal)
613:
610:
607:
601:
600:
597:
594:
591:
564:
561:
536:United Nations
508:
505:
458:
455:
432:
431:
428:
425:
418:
417:
414:
411:
404:sugar alcohols
396:
395:
392:
389:
383:
382:
379:
376:
370:
369:
366:
363:
357:
356:
353:
350:
344:
343:
340:
337:
331:
330:
327:
323:
322:
320:Energy density
317:
297:cell signaling
234:
231:
212:Wilbur Atwater
210:system, after
197:Atwater system
195:Main article:
192:
189:
176:
173:
171:
168:
161:sugar alcohols
145:energy density
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6376:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6359:Food analysis
6357:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6315:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6255:
6249:
6248:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6196:
6192:Mitochondrial
6190:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6167:
6162:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6148:
6143:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6129:
6124:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6070:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6052:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6004:
6000:
5993:
5988:
5986:
5981:
5979:
5974:
5973:
5970:
5953:
5952:
5945:
5935:
5915:
5914:
5907:
5897:
5876:
5875:
5868:
5858:
5835:
5834:
5826:
5816:
5793:
5792:
5785:
5776:
5775:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5759:NADH + H + CO
5758:
5755:
5748:
5743:
5736:
5730:
5729:
5707:
5697:
5691:
5690:
5669:
5659:
5653:
5652:
5630:
5620:
5614:
5613:
5595:
5585:
5579:
5578:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5544:
5539:
5535:
5532:
5525:
5520:
5518:
5513:
5511:
5506:
5505:
5502:
5489:
5486:Green nodes:
5477:
5473:
5470:Brown nodes:
5461:
5457:
5445:
5433:
5421:
5409:
5397:
5384:
5380:
5356:
5349:
5340:
5333:
5328:
5321:
5312:
5305:
5304:Sphingolipids
5298:
5297:sphingolipids
5289:
5280:
5273:
5272:Glycerolipids
5266:
5265:phospholipids
5257:
5250:
5242:
5238:
5233:
5226:
5217:
5210:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5180:
5179:proteoglycans
5175:
5174:Glycoproteins
5168:
5161:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5131:
5126:
5119:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5097:
5089:
5084:
5076:
5071:
5064:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5033:
5024:
5016:
5011:
5004:
5000:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4958:
4951:
4944:
4939:
4930:
4925:
4916:
4907:
4898:
4891:
4884:
4875:
4866:
4857:
4848:
4841:
4832:
4825:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4765:
4758:
4749:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4695:
4688:
4681:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4594:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4441:carbon intake
4430:
4429:
4428:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4295:
4290:
4289:
4277:
4276:
4266:
4265:
4253:
4252:
4238:
4237:
4223:
4222:
4210:
4209:
4197:
4196:
4184:
4183:
4169:
4168:
4156:
4155:
4141:
4133:
4132:
4126:
4121:
4114:
4109:
4107:
4102:
4100:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3965:
3961:
3947:
3946:Radiotrophism
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3867:Glycosylation
3865:
3864:
3861:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3763:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3662:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3506:
3501:
3499:
3494:
3492:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3434:Overnutrition
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3419:Food security
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3406:Food politics
3403:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3179:
3170:
3165:
3163:
3158:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3141:
3129:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3109:
3101:
3099:
3091:
3089:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3038:Food politics
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3003:(South Korea)
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2868:
2867:United States
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2788:2011 Germany
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2745:1996 Odwalla
2743:
2741:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2376:Preservatives
2373:
2367:
2366:Methamidophos
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2207:Toxoplasmosis
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2118:Vegetable oil
2116:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1966:Fortification
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1946:Manufacturing
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1938:Food industry
1935:
1919:
1910:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1835:Pascalization
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1795:Freeze-drying
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1714:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1676:Fortification
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1651:Carbohydrates
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1283:mental effort
1277:
1274:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1194:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1118:(1996, 2005).
1117:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1002:
996:
993:
985:
978:
977:
969:
966:
962:
961:
960:New Scientist
956:
952:
949:
944:
941:
929:
925:
919:
916:
903:
901:
892:
886:
883:
879:
875:
871:
868:
862:
859:
846:
842:
836:
833:
829:
825:
822:
816:
814:
812:
808:
802:
799:
795:
791:
788:
787:IEEE Spectrum
784:
780:
777:
771:
769:
765:
759:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
706:
702:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
681:
678:
675:
673:
670:
669:
666:
663:
660:
658:
655:
654:
650:
647:
644:
642:
638:
635:
634:
630:
627:
624:
622:
619:
618:
614:
611:
609:Calorie (Cal)
608:
606:
605:United States
603:
602:
599:Common usage
598:
595:
592:
589:
588:
585:
582:
574:
569:
562:
560:
558:
553:
550:
546:
541:
540:
537:
533:
528:
506:
504:
501:
497:
496:anaerobically
493:
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
468:
464:
463:Bioenergetics
456:
454:
451:
449:
444:
441:
439:
423:
420:
419:
409:
405:
401:
398:
397:
388:
387:Organic acids
385:
384:
375:
374:Carbohydrates
372:
371:
362:
359:
358:
349:
346:
345:
336:
333:
332:
328:
325:
324:
321:
314:
311:
308:
306:
302:
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
232:
230:
228:
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
204:
203:dietary fiber
198:
190:
188:
186:
182:
174:
169:
167:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
86:organic acids
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
62:carbohydrates
59:
54:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
6250:
6239:Cytochrome c
6147:succinyl-CoA
5949:
5911:
5872:
5830:
5789:
5728:Succinyl-CoA
5726:
5687:
5649:
5610:
5577:Oxaloacetate
5575:
5548:
5454:Grey nodes:
5442:Blue nodes:
5430:Pink nodes:
5348:cannabinoids
5186:Chlorophylls
5137:Antioxidants
4890:Serine group
4801:Photosystems
4787:P-glycerates
4734:P-glycerates
4699:sialic acids
4694:Amino sugars
4646:
4634:
4633:
4621:
4620:
4608:
4607:
4589:
4588:
4574:
4573:
4561:
4560:
4548:
4547:
4535:
4534:
4522:
4521:
4509:
4508:
4494:
4493:
4479:
4478:
4464:
4463:
4451:
4450:
4436:
4435:
4419:
4418:
4404:
4403:
4389:
4388:
4379:Fermentation
4376:
4375:
4359:
4358:
4344:
4343:
4329:
4328:
4314:
4313:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4282:
4271:
4258:
4243:
4228:
4215:
4202:
4189:
4174:
4161:
4148:
3847:Galactolysis
3817:Glycogenesis
3622:Fermentation
3594:ATP synthase
3443:Institutions
3429:Malnutrition
3344:Phyllodulcin
3048:Food quality
2955:Institutions
2789:
2755:
2746:
2737:
2621:Nitrosamines
2384:Benzoic acid
2346:Chlorpyrifos
2325:
2319:
2310:
2293:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2217:Trichuriasis
2202:Toxocariasis
2172:Enterobiasis
2048:Formaldehyde
1855:Potjevleesch
1790:Fermentation
1529:Microbiology
1505:Food science
1436:
1401:. Retrieved
1394:
1370:. Retrieved
1366:
1322:
1282:
1276:
1266:27 September
1264:. Retrieved
1255:
1235:
1223:. Retrieved
1218:
1209:
1197:. Retrieved
1192:
1180:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1123:
1103:
1054:. Retrieved
1028:
1019:
1013:
1004:
995:
984:the original
975:
968:
958:
943:
931:. Retrieved
927:
918:
906:. Retrieved
897:
885:
877:
861:
849:. Retrieved
844:
835:
801:
578:
573:Basmati rice
554:
542:
529:
510:
485:
470:
452:
445:
442:
435:
309:
294:
267:
236:
223:Bernice Watt
216:
200:
178:
165:
126:
55:
30:
29:
6256:synthesis:
6073:Anaplerotic
5478:metabolism.
5462:metabolism.
5418:Red nodes:
5355:Eicosanoids
5320:fatty acids
5249:Cholesterol
5237:carotenoids
5216:Polyketides
5151:Nucleotides
5106:tocopherols
5070:Calciferols
4983:Amino acids
4976:amino acids
4906:amino acids
4881:Respiratory
4624:Proteolysis
4611:Translation
4598:replication
4564:MEP pathway
4551:MVA pathway
4512:Lipogenesis
4484:deamination
4274:Peroxisomal
4166:respiration
3973:lipogenesis
3835:Fructolysis
3649:Lactic acid
3381:Food safety
3216:Artificial
3181:Artificial
3128:WikiProject
2965:(Hong Kong)
2702: [
2664:Devon colic
2538:Breast milk
2510:Nonylphenol
2485:Bisphenol A
2422:controversy
2289:Hepatitis E
2284:Hepatitis A
2262:Enterovirus
2255:Cronobacter
2212:Trichinosis
2182:Fasciolosis
2152:Anisakiasis
2123:controversy
2016:Adulterants
1961:Foodservice
1810:Irradiation
1524:Engineering
1339:FDA Website
933:8 September
851:13 December
641:New Zealand
492:aerobically
185:calorimetry
159:(including
129:metric (SI)
114:cholesterol
31:Food energy
6348:Categories
6251:Coenzyme Q
6225:Coenzyme Q
6083:acetyl-CoA
5999:Metabolism
5885:NAD(P)H +
5874:Isocitrate
5550:Acetyl-CoA
5472:nucleotide
5256:Bile acids
5232:Terpenoids
5063:vitamin Bs
5046:Cobalamins
4974:glucogenic
4962:polyamines
4922:Homoserine
4794:Glyoxylate
4687:Inositol-P
4482:Amino acid
4422:feeders to
4250:elongation
4205:Glyoxylate
4194:acid cycle
4120:Metabolism
3796:Glycolysis
3729:metabolism
3727:Nucleotide
3717:Urea cycle
3698:Amino acid
3687:Catabolism
3630:Glycolysis
3573:Glycolysis
3556:metabolism
3516:catabolism
3512:Metabolism
3414:Food power
3271:NutraSweet
2879:Regulation
2862:death toll
2631:Shortening
2596:Acrylamide
2525:Food fraud
2505:Mycotoxins
2338:Pesticides
2312:Salmonella
2187:Giardiasis
2147:Amoebiasis
2091:Flavorings
1775:Cold chain
1593:Technology
1561:Psychology
1551:Processing
1022:: 861–864.
908:25 January
760:References
729:Food chain
438:erythritol
408:sweeteners
53:activity.
47:metabolism
6354:Nutrition
6025:Aconitase
5833:Aconitate
5689:Succinate
5241:vitamin A
5225:backbones
5223:Terpenoid
5118:Cofactors
5110:vitamin E
5100:vitamin K
5088:vitamin A
5083:Retinoids
5075:vitamin D
5050:vitamin B
5015:vitamin C
5010:Ascorbate
5003:histidine
4990:Shikimate
4969:Ketogenic
4936:Glutamate
4913:Aspartate
4865:glutarate
4780:Pentose-P
4764:Succinate
4755:Propionyl
4748:Tetrose-P
4741:Pentose-P
4637:Glycosyl-
4577:Shikimate
4525:Lipolysis
4467:Oxidative
4424:gluconeo-
4366:oxylation
4347:Gluconeo-
4304:genolysis
4287:oxidation
4263:oxidation
4235:synthesis
4179:phosphate
3969:lipolysis
3776:anabolism
3520:anabolism
3291:Sucralose
3281:Saccharin
3276:Nutrinova
3236:Aspartame
2925:ISO 22000
2887:watchdogs
2883:standards
2857:outbreaks
2758:outbreaks
2636:Trans fat
2548:Olive oil
2470:Aflatoxin
2444:Sucralose
2429:Saccharin
2417:Aspartame
2361:Malathion
2306:Rotavirus
2301:Norovirus
1956:Marketing
1951:Packaging
1862:Rillettes
1646:Additives
1534:Nutrition
637:Australia
261:in their
255:Ruminants
251:cellulose
137:kilojoule
6057:Fumarase
5651:Fumarate
5460:cofactor
5339:Steroids
5279:Acyl-CoA
5263:Glycero-
5167:Proteins
5130:minerals
5125:Vitamins
5096:Quinones
5032:pigments
4957:Creatine
4950:Arginine
4854:Succinyl
4808:Pyruvate
4727:Glycerol
4720:Triose-P
4713:Hexose-P
4665:multiple
4362:Pyruvate
4153:fixation
3892:Nonhuman
3877:O-linked
3872:N-linked
3664:Specific
3118:Cookbook
3098:Category
2900:E number
2792:outbreak
2749:outbreak
2740:outbreak
2490:Dieldrin
2439:Sorbitol
2295:Listeria
2235:Botulism
2063:Melamine
2033:Aldicarb
1877:Sugaring
1840:Pickling
1820:Jellying
1800:Freezing
1696:Vitamins
1691:Proteins
1656:Coloring
1583:Rheology
1544:clinical
1445:Archived
1425:Archived
1361:Health.
1342:Archived
1331:Archived
1311:Archived
1288:Archived
1244:Archived
1219:usda.gov
1169:Archived
1131:Archived
1112:Archived
1093:Archived
1088:–
1082:Archived
1056:18 March
1050:Archived
951:Archived
870:Archived
867:Calories
824:Archived
790:Archived
779:Archived
703:See also
696:caloria
481:muscular
361:Proteins
290:sorbitol
286:inositol
278:glycerol
274:tartaric
259:bacteria
110:vitamins
106:minerals
70:proteins
51:muscular
6229:(CoQ10)
6208:Primary
6064:and ETC
6006:enzymes
5887:
5791:Citrate
5601:NADH +H
5476:protein
5456:vitamin
5158:Nucleic
5061:Various
4943:proline
4897:Alanine
4863:α-Keto-
4840:acetate
4831:Citrate
4815:Lactate
4671:glycans
4579:pathway
4499:shuttle
4497:Citrate
4426:genesis
4409:genesis
4364:decarb-
4349:genesis
4319:genesis
4181:pathway
4177:Pentose
4032:Ketosis
3644:Ethanol
3527:General
3266:Neotame
3231:Alitame
3191:Olestra
3108:Commons
2981:(Spain)
2790:E. coli
2756:E. coli
2747:E. coli
2738:E. coli
2558:Seafood
2458:poisons
2356:Lindane
2320:E. coli
2279:O157:H7
2271:O104:H4
2073:Sudan I
2043:Cyanide
1872:Smoking
1867:Salting
1845:Potting
1825:Jugging
1815:Jamming
1770:Canning
1671:Flavors
1661:Enzymes
1588:Storage
1566:Quality
1519:Allergy
1512:General
1137:(1993).
1020:Science
719:Calorie
590:Country
534:of the
521:⁄
400:Polyols
348:Ethanol
329:kcal/g
301:leucine
282:xylitol
225:of the
157:Polyols
149:lactose
141:calorie
94:ethanol
90:polyols
6298:COQ10B
6293:COQ10A
5921:
5882:NAD(P)
5850:
5799:
5636:
5612:Malate
5377:Major
5330:&
5295:Glyco-
5235:&
5207:Acetyl
5177:&
5128:&
5104:&
5001:&
4960:&
4941:&
4929:lysine
4927:&
4874:bodies
4872:Ketone
4847:Malate
4838:Oxalo-
4822:Acetyl
4771:Acetyl
4697:&
4680:sugars
4678:Simple
4669:&
4667:sugars
4661:Double
4332:Glyco-
4317:Glyco-
4302:Glyco-
4192:Citric
4164:Photo-
4151:Carbon
3554:Energy
3424:Famine
3358:Brands
3251:Glucin
3246:Dulcin
2563:Shrimp
2500:Dioxin
2454:Toxins
2028:3-MCPD
1916:
1850:Confit
1785:Drying
1780:Curing
1681:Lipids
1403:29 May
1372:29 May
1241:Hunger
1225:17 May
1199:17 May
904:. 1997
687:Brazil
621:Canada
410:) (1)
288:, and
270:citric
263:rumens
116:, and
92:, and
74:oxygen
68:, and
39:humans
6317:Other
6308:PDSS2
6303:PDSS1
6013:Cycle
5346:Endo-
5311:Waxes
5288:acids
5286:Fatty
5160:acids
5039:Hemes
5023:δ-ALA
4999:acids
4971:&
4938:group
4924:group
4915:group
4883:chain
4654:acids
4652:Sugar
4639:ation
4407:Keto-
4394:lysis
4392:Keto-
4334:lysis
4246:Fatty
4231:Fatty
4220:cycle
4207:cycle
4050:Other
4010:Other
3785:Human
3666:paths
3327:bacon
2706:]
2553:Prawn
2533:Bread
2106:Sugar
1701:Water
1189:(PDF)
987:(PDF)
980:(PDF)
894:(PDF)
488:power
422:Fiber
326:kJ/g
247:seeds
243:bones
133:joule
118:fiber
102:water
82:water
76:from
72:with
6288:COQ9
6283:COQ7
6278:COQ6
6273:COQ5
6268:COQ4
6263:COQ3
6258:COQ2
6114:and
6051:SDHA
5831:cis-
5772:NAD
5675:FADH
5474:and
5458:and
5209:-CoA
5144:PRPP
5030:Bile
4856:-CoA
4824:-CoA
4773:-CoA
4757:-CoA
4285:beta
4261:Beta
4248:acid
4233:acid
4218:Urea
3774:and
3365:Tang
3332:list
2101:Salt
1539:Diet
1405:2020
1374:2020
1268:2014
1227:2022
1201:2022
1058:2010
935:2017
910:2015
902:p. 4
853:2019
639:and
465:and
424:(2)
416:2.4
272:and
239:diet
227:USDA
221:and
98:diet
66:fats
43:food
6164:to
6145:to
6126:to
6081:to
5768:CoA
5681:FAD
5604:NAD
5381:in
5200:MVA
5193:MEP
4122:map
3798:⇄
3639:ABE
2568:Tea
2543:Egg
2351:DDT
900:PDF
500:ATP
494:or
413:10
391:13
378:17
365:17
352:29
339:37
335:Fat
292:.
151:in
78:air
33:is
6350::
6253:10
6227:10
6103:E3
6101:,
6099:E2
6097:,
6095:E1
6001::
5924:CO
5562:+
5243:)
5112:)
5090:)
5077:)
5055:)
5052:12
5017:)
3971:,
3815:⇄
3632:→
3592:+
3583:→
3579:→
3575:→
3518:,
3514:,
2885:,
2881:,
2704:ar
2460:,
2456:,
2137:,
2018:,
1413:^
1393:.
1382:^
1365:.
1353:^
1299:^
1217:.
1191:.
1066:^
1048:.
1037:^
1003:.
926:.
896:.
843:.
810:^
767:^
661:kJ
559:.
430:2
427:8
406:,
394:3
381:4
368:4
355:7
342:9
284:,
280:,
245:,
187:.
112:,
108:,
104:,
88:,
64:,
6197:/
6118:)
6105:)
6093:(
6053:)
6049:(
5991:e
5984:t
5977:v
5926:2
5889:H
5846:O
5844:2
5842:H
5807:O
5805:2
5803:H
5761:2
5718:i
5716:P
5677:2
5643:O
5641:2
5639:H
5568:O
5566:2
5564:H
5523:e
5516:t
5509:v
5490:.
5446:.
5434:.
5422:.
5410:.
5398:.
5239:(
5108:(
5102:)
5098:(
5086:(
5073:(
5048:(
5013:(
4663:/
4112:e
4105:t
4098:v
3997:)
3993:(
3975:)
3967:(
3778:)
3769:(
3597:)
3587:(
3504:e
3497:t
3490:v
3168:e
3161:t
3154:v
2000:e
1993:t
1986:v
1741:e
1734:t
1727:v
1627:e
1620:t
1613:v
1497:e
1490:t
1483:v
1407:.
1376:.
1270:.
1229:.
1203:.
1175:"
1060:.
1007:.
937:.
912:.
855:.
523:2
519:1
516:+
514:1
402:(
20:)
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