46:
33:
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515:, and other hermit crabs may begin to drop. Studies have also been performed that indicate that the resulting stress of ocean acidification could be impacting the hermit crabs’ sense of smell. Insufficient sensory stimuli were found to reduce both feeding behavior and even the rate of shell exchange. As stated before, the sense of smell is key to the survival of
1118:
563:. The cnidaria aid in defending the crab from predators using their stinging cnidae and may reduce the need for frequent shell exchange. In return, the hermit crab provides them a settling ground as well as transport to new environments, which may contain more nutrients for the cnidaria in the form of
575:; some cnidaria interfere with reproduction and may even increase a hermit crab's risk of predation. These relationships have to be carefully considered so that the benefits to the hermit crab outweigh the costs. If the cost is too high, the hermit crab may abandon its shell and locate a replacement.
448:
The blue line hermit crab shows a sign of remarkable intelligence. These organisms will traditionally engage in unique behaviors before mating. Some such examples include the male rotating the female’s shell or rubbing their chilipeds, or claws, around the opening of the female’s shell. Unlike most
355:
species will select a shell for itself, occasionally switching shells with other species members or empty shells it finds during its lifetime. Shell exchanges could be performed due to the current shell being structurally unstable, too heavy, or perhaps too large or small. Shell exchange was also
270:
with its four pairs of ambulatory legs, shielding its soft abdomen inside. It features a unique and exotic color pattern, sporting alternating bright blue and black stripes on its legs and olive green chela with white speckles on the ends. Two bright blue eyes peer out of the shell alongside two
317:
regions found within the Indo-West
Pacific, stretching from Eastern Africa to island chains just south of Hawaii. Some of them can also be found living in the tropics of the U.S. Virgin Islands near Puerto Rico. Some sightings have even been reported at various locations in Japan including the
393:
within their habitat. Those with cowrie or variable worm shells often remained in shallow waters, refraining from entering the subtidal areas out of fear of predation. When tested, cowrie shells and variable worm shells proved to be a weak defense system against the predators of the subtidal.
423:
relies heavily on its keen sense of smell for detecting danger in the surrounding environment. This hermit crab is constantly wary of not only the smell of its predators, but the smell of gastropod shells being broken. As it relies on its gastropod shell for protection,
510:
rapidly, creating a large amount of structural instability within the hermit crab’s primary defense system. Without proper protection from sturdy shells and a decline in the number of suitable shells within the environment, the population of
275:
and two orange antennules. The organism also has maxillae to help guide particles of food into its mouth. Some morphological differences arise based upon the geologic habitat the organism resides in. For instance, some individuals of
784:
Rodrigues, L. J.; Dunham, D. W.; Johnson, C. (September 2002). "Effect of Size on
Intraspecific Shell Competition in the Endemic Bermudian Hermit Crab, Calcinus verrilli (Rathbun, 1901) (Decapoda, Anomura)".
364:, as individuals of a certain species battle for a perfect shell. Some studies show that the sex of the individual may also play a role in the competition; this behavior is observed in individuals of
864:
Hazlet, Brian A.; Bach, Catherine E. (June 11, 2012). "Does shell species occupied influence individuality and behavioural syndromes in the defensive behaviour of three
Hawaiian hermit crabs?".
649:
Asakura, Akira (2002). "Hermit crabs of the genus
Calcinus Dana (Crustacea Decapoda Anomura Diogenidae) with a brush of setae on the third pereopods, from Japanese and adjacent waters".
412:
to withstand wave action. Individuals wearing shells of dog whelks were proven to resist surge much more effectively than those with snakehead cowrie or variable worm shells.
326:. Its distribution primarily follows the path of the equator; these places are known to have tropical conditions such as higher ocean temperatures, clear waters, and little
531:
primarily relies on the shelter of its shell for protection and defense, its primary predators are individuals who have adapted to breaking gastropod shells. The white
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will withdraw into its shell for defense, only emerging when it feels safe or the scents of danger have passed on. Studies have shown that the amount of time that
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586:. This algae provides a strong and smooth surface for coral polyps to settle on, possibly being responsible for the symbioses that can occur between
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1222:
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539:, this organism uses unique crushing plates in its mouth to shatter the shells of its prey. It feeds on mollusks, gastropods, and members of the
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that wear the shells of dog whelks prefer to live within the subtidal region, as their shell shape allows them to effectively deter predators.
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628:
370:. These shells are primarily used to provide shelter and protection from predators as well as the surrounding environment. Individuals of
831:"Shell shape affects movement patterns and microhabitat distribution in the hermit crabs Calcinus elegans, C. laevimanus and C. latens"
1004:"Diet and reproduction in the white-spotted eagle ray Aetobatus narinari from Queensland, Australia and the Penghu Islands, Taiwan"
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will attempt to find shelter or a place to hide from its predators. In the event that it is unable to locate shelter,
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While typically reclusive, hermit crabs will on occasion forge a relationship with other marine organisms. Some
519:. If inhibited, many individuals may have difficulty sensing predators, and as such, populations could decline.
757:
707:
284:
display orange bands on their ambulatory legs, differing from the pure blue bands found in individuals of the
1031:"Hermit Crab biocoenoses: a worldwide review of the diversity and natural history of hermit crab associates"
965:"Reduced seawater pH disrupts resource assessment and decision making in the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus"
440:
spends withdrawn into its shell is partially determined by what species of gastropod the shell belonged to.
335:
899:
Hazlet, Brian A. (2009). "Notes on the Social
Behavior of Some Hawaiian Hermit Crabs (Decapoda, Anomura)".
730:"Assessment of Fish and Decapod Distributions Between Mangrove and Seagrass Habitats in St. John, U.S.V.I."
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Shell shape shows no significant impact upon the travel rate to obtain food for individuals of
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Studies conducted using simulated surges show that shell shape influences the ability of
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knows that such a smell indicates that a predator is nearby and on the hunt. Usually,
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beds at night to scavenge for detritus and larger decaying plant and animal matter.
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758:"Interspecific Shell Fighting in Three Sympatric Species of Hermit Crabs in Hawaii"
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Crustacea: Malocostraca: Eucarida (Part 2), Decapoda: Anomura, Brachyura
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as a settling ground. Many of its shells have been found crusted with
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and variable worm. This shows that the species exhibits a variety of
379:
281:
247:
67:
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genus as it is the only one to be covered with small hairs known as
934:
Hazlet, Brian A. (1981). "The
Behavioral Ecology of Hermit Crabs".
587:
330:. These habitats have a depth range of 0–20 meters (0–66 feet), a
1002:
Schlussel, V.; Bennet, M. B.; Collin, S. P. (November 16, 2010).
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230:, also known as the blue line hermit crab, is a small, tropical
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will likely have drastic consequences for hermit crabs such as
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use the hard surface of hermit crab shells to settle and grow
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Shell shape was also found to influence the distribution of
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It features the typical body plan of a member of the phylum
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378:, but were also observed wearing shells of the snakehead
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is one such predator. Found in
Australia and Taiwan's
502:. The shells of hermit crabs, primarily composed of
1352:
1143:
1062:"Behavioral Adaptations of Intertidal Hermit Crabs"
1035:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
619:. Volume 19 of Zoological Catalogue of Australia.
374:were found to show a preference for the shells of
453:does not perform a shell exchange during mating.
728:Kontos, Charles C.; Bologna, Paul X. A. (2008).
313:primarily makes its home in shallow tidal and
866:Marine and Freshwater Behavior and Physiology
829:Bach, Catherine E.; Hazlet, Brian A. (2009).
8:
543:family, which includes hermit crabs such as
1029:McDermot, John; Williams, Jason D. (2004).
835:Journal of Experimental Biology and Ecology
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292:is distinct from all other species in the
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20:
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937:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
338:range of 20–30 °C (68–86 °F).
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578:Some algae also use the heavy shell of
494:and a continual decline in the ocean’s
322:, Izu, Ogasawara, Kochi, Boso, and the
590:or other cnidarians and hermit crabs.
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773:: 472–482 – via Scholar Space.
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950:10.1146/annurev.es.12.110181.000245
1060:Reese, Ernst S. (August 1, 2015).
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1416:Taxa named by Henri Milne-Edwards
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741:(2 ed.): 7–11 – via
1008:Marine and Freshwater Research
663:10.1080/03946975.2002.10531165
266:supports the heavy shell of a
1:
1411:Crustaceans described in 1836
981:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.05.030
795:(8) (8 ed.): 1015–1023.
734:New Jersey Academy of Science
878:10.1080/10236244.2012.689681
1047:10.1016/j.jembe.2004.02.020
991:– via Science Direct.
975:(3) (3 ed.): 495–501.
907:(6) (6 ed.): 763–768.
847:10.1016/j.jembe.2009.10.009
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1014:(11 ed.) – via
963:De la Haye, K. L. (2011).
706:Edwards, H. Milne (1990).
356:found to occur within the
1049:– via ResearchGate.
801:10.1163/15685400260569643
756:Hazlet, Brian A. (1970).
613:(H. Milne Edwards, 1836)"
362:interspecific competition
336:a sea surface temperature
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41:Scientific classification
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913:10.1163/156854009X423193
334:range of 30-35 ppt, and
607:P. J. F. Davie (2002).
254:. As a member of order
246:: a segmented head, a
200:H. Milne-Edwards, 1836
487:Global climate change
360:genus as a result of
16:Species of crustacean
1127:at Wikimedia Commons
332:sea surface salinity
328:primary productivity
1081:10.1093/icb/9.2.343
687:Edwards, H. Milne.
492:Ocean acidification
351:Each member of the
216:J. W. Randall, 1840
1067:American Zoologist
708:"Calcinus Elegans"
689:"Calcinus Elegans"
623:. pp. 39–40.
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1137:Taxon identifiers
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1236:iNaturalist
1169:Wikispecies
901:Crustaceana
788:Crustaceana
264:hermit crab
238:Description
232:hermit crab
108:Pleocyemata
1400:Categories
1369:Q109655319
594:References
557:cnidarians
541:Diogenidae
469:omnivorous
384:morphology
376:dog whelks
244:Arthropoda
208:Owen, 1839
128:Calcinidae
104:Suborder:
78:Arthropoda
1041:: 1–128.
841:: 27–33.
657:: 27–70.
573:symbiotic
523:Predators
466:nocturnal
280:found in
268:gastropod
250:, and an
146:Species:
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
1363:Wikidata
1254:10595556
1154:Wikidata
989:53148431
944:: 1–22.
921:27743330
886:84626456
809:20105484
671:84849245
565:detritus
476:seagrass
358:Calcinus
342:Behavior
315:subtidal
295:Calcinus
273:antennae
256:Decapoda
187:Synonyms
139:Calcinus
124:Family:
98:Decapoda
74:Phylum:
68:Animalia
54:Domain:
1383:4648255
1329:6903637
1228:2224440
1160:Q309638
551:Ecology
482:Threats
457:Feeding
306:Habitat
271:orange
262:. This
252:abdomen
189:
180:, 1836)
134:Genus:
118:Anomura
94:Order:
84:Class:
1342:208679
1326:uBio:
1306:211996
1293:208679
1280:656141
1267:660156
1241:210250
987:
919:
884:
807:
669:
627:
588:corals
561:polyps
380:cowrie
282:Hawaii
248:thorax
1337:WoRMS
1319:21022
1249:IRMNG
1215:84177
985:S2CID
917:JSTOR
882:S2CID
805:JSTOR
761:(PDF)
712:WORMS
667:S2CID
260:chela
1378:GBIF
1288:OBIS
1275:NCBI
1262:ITIS
1223:GBIF
1210:BOLD
693:OBIS
625:ISBN
464:are
300:seta
1197:AFD
1184:ADW
1076:doi
1043:doi
1039:305
977:doi
946:doi
909:doi
874:doi
843:doi
839:382
797:doi
659:doi
567:or
527:As
1402::
1380::
1365::
1339::
1316::
1303::
1290::
1277::
1264::
1251::
1238::
1225::
1212::
1199::
1186::
1171::
1156::
1070:.
1064:.
1037:.
1033:.
1012:61
1010:.
1006:.
983:.
973:82
971:.
967:.
942:12
940:.
915:.
905:82
903:.
880:.
870:45
868:.
837:.
833:.
817:^
803:.
793:75
791:.
771:24
769:.
763:.
739:53
737:.
720:^
710:.
691:.
679:^
665:.
655:15
653:.
639:^
615:.
547:.
496:pH
386:.
302:.
288:.
234:.
1088:.
1078::
1072:9
1045::
1018:.
979::
952:.
948::
923:.
911::
888:.
876::
853:.
845::
811:.
799::
745:.
714:.
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673:.
661::
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609:"
176:(
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