813:. They typically are not metabolized by the liver and have little direct impact on the metabolism of more conventional small-molecule drugs. They also tend to have relatively long half-lives in the body, but must be given parenterally (preferably by injection) due to very poor absorption from the digestive tract. They have been proved to be effective in people who experience migraine headaches, both with and without aura, and both episodic and chronic cluster headache. These are the first class of preventive medications originally designed and approved for people with migraine. Monoclonal means all the antibodies are made from the same genetic material, although different MABs may derive from different sources, e.g. from hamster ovarian cells, from yeast cells or from humanized cell cultures. The antibodies are also made repeatedly to make them all identical, which results in difficult and relatively expensive production lines. Antibodies are proteins that counter or interfere with very specific parts of another protein or the site where a protein is supposed to bind to the receptor. Most commonly thought of in being used to prevent or fight off infections.
602:
receptor is the G protein-coupled receptor calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CALCRL) which is necessary for CGRP and adrenomedullin (AM receptors). For function CGRP, CALCRL must coincide with RAMP1 where the ligand-binding domain of CGRP is located. It also includes two cytoplasmic proteins that associate with the CALCRL-RAMP1 to form signal transduction. CALCRL contains the Gα subunit, which activates adenylyl cyclase and cAMP-dependent signaling pathways. Receptor-mediated transduction elevates in intracellular cAMP activate protein kinase A, which results in the phosphorylation of multiple targets, including potassium- sensitive ATP channels (KATP channels), extracellular signal-related kinases and transcription factors such as cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB). In smooth muscle of neurovascular region, the elevation of cAMP upon CGRP activation results in vasodilation of the blood vessel. Chronic exposure to CGRP causes degradation of lysosomes.
491:
31:
793:. Human observations have further implicated the role of CGRP in the pathophysiology of migraine. Activation of primary sensory neurons in the trigeminal vascular system in humans can cause the release of CGRP. During some migraine attacks, increased concentrations of CGRP can be found in both saliva and in plasma drawn from the external jugular vein. Furthermore, intravenous administration of alpha-CGRP is able to induce headache in individuals susceptible to migraine.
724:
827:(trade name Ajovy), produced by the Teva pharmaceutical company. It interacts with the CGRP protein, whose expression is related to migraine attacks. It may be administered monthly or every three months, giving options for users. Trials have shown a reduction of greater than 50% of migraine days for those who responded. There were few significant side effects during trials, most related to injection site reactions.
622:
820:(trade name Aimovig), produced by pharmaceutical company Amgen and Novartis. It interacts with the CGRP receptor. It is injected once monthly with a dose of 70 or 140 mg. Few adverse effects were reported (most related to injection site reactions) and patients had a significant reduction in migraines.
769:
in preventing the development of hypertension and cardiovascular pathologies associated with hypertension. Prophylactic therapy with calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRPs) may have unknown fertility consequences for women of child bearing age. This is of particular concern, as females (16.6%) are
481:
CGRP has a role in human stem cell mobilization. In investigations carried out during last five years, treatment with CGRP resulted in significantly increased CGRP levels in the bone marrow extracellular fluid and substantially increased the number of HSCs mobilized by G-CSF. The results performed
601:
CGRP receptor is found in myelinated A-fibers axon which is required for ligand specificity and function of the receptor. The CGRP receptor has three subunits: receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1), calcitonin-like receptor (CLR) and receptor component protein (RCP). The complex central
834:(trade name Emgality), produced by the Eli Lilly Company. It interacts with the CGRP protein, whose expression is related to migraine attacks. It is injected once a month, after the first month having a double dose. The main side effects are injection site reactions.
482:
on different experiments by the same research group led to the conclusion that G-CSF-induced HSC mobilization is regulated by the nociceptor nerve-derived neuropeptide CGRP. This peptide exerts its effect on HSC mobilization via the RAMP1 pathway.
1503:
Poyner DR, Sexton PM, Marshall I, Smith DM, Quirion R, Born W, et al. (June 2002). "International Union of
Pharmacology. XXXII. The mammalian calcitonin gene-related peptides, adrenomedullin, amylin, and calcitonin receptors".
1064:
Rezaeian AH, Isokane T, Nishibori M, Chiba M, Hiraiwa N, Yoshizawa M, Yasue H (October 2009). "alphaCGRP and betaCGRP transcript amount in mouse tissues of various developmental stages and their tissue expression sites".
1306:
Chen LJ, Zhang FG, Li J, Song HX, Zhou LB, Yao BC, et al. (January 2010). "Expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide in anterior and posterior horns of the spinal cord after brachial plexus injury".
2571:
Lattanzi S, Brigo F, Trinka E, Vernieri F, Corradetti T, Dobran M, Silvestrini M (March 2019). "Erenumab for
Preventive Treatment of Migraine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Efficacy and Safety".
1145:
Rosenfeld MG, Mermod JJ, Amara SG, Swanson LW, Sawchenko PE, Rivier J, et al. (1983). "Production of a novel neuropeptide encoded by the calcitonin gene via tissue-specific RNA processing".
374:
whilst CGRP is secreted and stored in the nervous system. This peptide, in humans, exists in two forms: CGRP alpha (α-CGRP or CGRP I), and CGRP beta (β-CGRP or CGRP II). α-CGRP is a 37-
1013:
Amara SG, Jonas V, Rosenfeld MG, Ong ES, Evans RM (July 1982). "Alternative RNA processing in calcitonin gene expression generates mRNAs encoding different polypeptide products".
2090:
Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L (June 1994). "Human in vivo evidence for trigeminovascular activation in cluster headache. Neuropeptide changes and effects of acute attacks therapies".
1589:"Understanding the molecular functions of the second extracellular loop (ECL2) of the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor using a comprehensive mutagenesis approach"
3384:
802:
611:
386:. β-CGRP is less studied. In humans, β-CGRP differs from α-CGRP by three amino acids and is encoded in a separate, nearby gene. The CGRP family includes calcitonin (CT),
1642:"Stimulation of the calcitonin gene-related peptide enhancer by mitogen-activated protein kinases and repression by an antimigraine drug in trigeminal ganglia neurons"
3337:
223:
78:
3257:
2683:
2751:
2129:
1977:
Joyce CD, Fiscus RR, Wang X, Dries DJ, Morris RC, Prinz RA (December 1990). "Calcitonin gene-related peptide levels are elevated in patients with sepsis".
1840:
Edvinsson L, Haanes KA, Warfvinge K, Krause DN (June 2018). "CGRP as the target of new migraine therapies - successful translation from bench to clinic".
1552:
Arulmani U, Maassenvandenbrink A, Villalón CM, Saxena PR (October 2004). "Calcitonin gene-related peptide and its role in migraine pathophysiology".
3377:
2883:
2260:
Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L, Ekman R (August 1990). "Vasoactive peptide release in the extracerebral circulation of humans during migraine headache".
2802:"Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabinol Activate Capsaicin-Sensitive Sensory Nerves via a CB1 and CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor-Independent Mechanism"
2615:
686:
4627:
2441:
Ferri N, Bellosta S, Baldessin L, Boccia D, Racagni G, Corsini A (September 2016). "Pharmacokinetics interactions of monoclonal antibodies".
1368:
540:
are found throughout all the body, suggesting that the protein may modulate a variety of physiological functions in all major systems (e.g.,
658:
1691:"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces mechanical allodynia after spinal nerve ligation by activation of p38 MAPK in primary sensory neurons"
449:
CGRP has moderate effects on calcium homeostasis compared to its extensive actions in other areas, such as the autonomic nervous system.
2640:
Bigal ME, Rapoport AM, Silberstein SD, Walter S, Hargreaves RJ, Aycardi E (November 2018). "From LBR-101 to
Fremanezumab for Migraine".
529:
438:
are the main source of CGRP. CGRP is thought to play a role in cardiovascular homeostasis and nociception. In the heart, CGRP acts as a
418:, the function and expression of CGRP may differ depending on the location of synthesis. CGRP is derived mainly from the cell bodies of
247:
102:
665:
3370:
2546:
705:
914:"Calcitonin gene-related peptide enhances osteogenic differentiation and recruitment of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in rats"
643:
636:
1793:
759:
672:
235:
90:
560:). The extracellular loop number 2 is fundamental for ligand induced activation, with key interactions of R274/Y278/D280/W283.
3513:
2398:
Pardridge WM (December 2017). "Delivery of
Biologics Across the Blood-Brain Barrier with Molecular Trojan Horse Technology".
1926:
Goto K, Miyauchi T, Homma S, Ohshima N (June 1992). "Calcitonin gene-related peptide in the regulation of cardiac function".
1196:
Brain SD, Williams TJ, Tippins JR, Morris HR, MacIntyre I (1985). "Calcitonin gene-related peptide is a potent vasodilator".
431:
228:
83:
654:
426:
of the spinal cord and may contribute to the regeneration of nervous tissue after injury. Conversely, CGRP is derived from
473:
manner. Because of these characteristics, it has been said that CGRP functions more as a neurotransmitter than a hormone.
4607:
3262:
1740:"Calcitonin gene-related peptide stimulation of nitric oxide synthesis and release from trigeminal ganglion glial cells"
2776:
4298:
2876:
879:
875:
423:
2684:"Lilly's Emgality™ (galcanezumab-gnlm) Receives U.S. FDA Approval for the Preventive Treatment of Migraine in Adults"
490:
521:
30:
632:
4243:
3951:
3282:
1588:
2855:
785:. This CGRP then binds to and activates CGRP receptors located around meningeal vessels, causing vasodilation,
443:
4213:
3873:
679:
568:
Regulation of the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) gene is in part controlled by the expression of the
2476:
Wang W, Wang EQ, Balthasar JP (November 2008). "Monoclonal antibody pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics".
549:
462:
2851:
4632:
4452:
4253:
3961:
3503:
3332:
2869:
569:
2752:"FDA Approves Qulipta (atogepant) Oral CGRP Receptor Antagonist for the Preventive Treatment of Migraine"
434:
and may be linked to the transmission of pain. In the trigeminal vascular system, the cell bodies of the
240:
95:
3858:
806:
557:
293:
148:
2047:
Ferrari MD, Saxena PR (June 1993). "On serotonin and migraine: a clinical and pharmacological review".
3681:
3307:
3302:
3292:
3277:
1935:
1459:
1260:
1205:
1154:
1022:
882:
863:
458:
427:
379:
3134:
1787:
Deen M, Correnti E, Kamm K, Kelderman T, Papetti L, Rubio-Beltrán E, et al. (September 2017).
810:
778:
762:
patients as well as a variety of other diseases such as cardiac failure, hypertension, and sepsis.
435:
36:
4472:
2941:
498:
complex. The calcitonin transmembrane receptor (blue) is bound to human calcitonin (red) and the G
4026:
3981:
3593:
3543:
3517:
3396:
2966:
2733:
2665:
2597:
2501:
2423:
2380:
2331:
2285:
2072:
2029:
1959:
1908:
1865:
1619:
1529:
1332:
1229:
1178:
1090:
1046:
541:
466:
4577:
4516:
4492:
3918:
4582:
4507:
4457:
4128:
3863:
3841:
3816:
3806:
3651:
801:
New medicines are now on the market that contain antibodies against either CGRP itself, or its
4203:
4153:
4095:
4090:
2971:
2910:
2831:
2725:
2657:
2589:
2493:
2458:
2415:
2372:
2323:
2277:
2239:
2185:
2103:
2064:
2021:
1986:
1951:
1900:
1857:
1822:
1769:
1720:
1671:
1611:
1569:
1521:
1485:
1425:
1407:
1364:
1324:
1288:
1221:
1170:
1127:
1082:
1038:
995:
943:
504:
41:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4183:
3996:
3766:
855:(atogepant), the first oral CGRP receptor antagonist approved to prevent chronic migraine..
4432:
4427:
4422:
4313:
4308:
4188:
4085:
4051:
3893:
3791:
3786:
3771:
3706:
3701:
3548:
3528:
3448:
3404:
2821:
2813:
2717:
2649:
2581:
2485:
2450:
2407:
2362:
2315:
2269:
2229:
2221:
2175:
2167:
2095:
2056:
2013:
1943:
1892:
1849:
1812:
1802:
1759:
1751:
1710:
1702:
1661:
1653:
1603:
1561:
1513:
1475:
1467:
1415:
1397:
1316:
1278:
1268:
1213:
1162:
1117:
1074:
1030:
985:
977:
933:
925:
545:
297:
288:
152:
143:
4397:
3888:
4382:
4377:
4342:
4123:
4031:
3631:
3621:
3297:
3022:
3012:
2004:
Edvinsson L, Goadsby PJ (October 1994). "Neuropeptides in migraine and cluster headache".
317:
172:
2156:"Spotlight on Anti-CGRP Monoclonal Antibodies in Migraine: The Clinical Evidence to Date"
2349:
Lassen LH, Haderslev PA, Jacobsen VB, Iversen HK, Sperling B, Olesen J (February 2002).
1939:
1463:
1264:
1209:
1158:
1026:
737:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
4482:
4477:
3923:
3691:
3641:
3523:
3393:
3317:
3312:
3045:
3040:
3017:
2919:
2826:
2817:
2801:
2234:
2209:
2180:
2155:
2060:
2017:
1947:
1896:
1817:
1788:
1764:
1739:
1715:
1706:
1690:
1666:
1657:
1641:
1480:
1447:
1420:
1385:
990:
965:
938:
913:
848:(Vyepti), is an intravenous migraine prophylactic medication manufactured by Lundbeck.
587:
387:
371:
363:
1283:
1248:
4621:
4367:
4143:
3913:
3666:
3626:
2994:
2989:
2956:
2367:
2350:
2319:
2225:
893:
790:
553:
442:
by increasing heart rate. Apart from these attributes, CGRP is known to modulate the
383:
2737:
2669:
2601:
2384:
2335:
2289:
2076:
2033:
1963:
1869:
1623:
1533:
1336:
1094:
1050:
4557:
4542:
4522:
4497:
3933:
3826:
3676:
3568:
3563:
3483:
3458:
3322:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3150:
3145:
2896:
2520:
2505:
2427:
1912:
1755:
1587:
Woolley MJ, Simms J, Mobarec JC, Reynolds CA, Poyner DR, Conner AC (October 2017).
1233:
1182:
1078:
831:
824:
598:, increase intracellular calcium, which cause decreases in CGRP promoter activity.
419:
1565:
781:
release CGRP from their peripherally projecting nerve endings located within the
264:
119:
4592:
4572:
4562:
4527:
4487:
4387:
4318:
4283:
4278:
4268:
4100:
4036:
3991:
3986:
3821:
3781:
3696:
3686:
3661:
3578:
3533:
3498:
3327:
3237:
3165:
3140:
3076:
3061:
2981:
2951:
2936:
1384:
Lv, Xiaoting; Chen, Qingquan; Zhang, Shuyu; Gao, Feng; Liu, Qicai (2022-01-29).
1249:"Calcitonin gene-related peptide: functional role in cerebrovascular regulation"
859:
845:
621:
595:
517:
439:
415:
411:
407:
370:) and calcitonin‑receptor‑stimulating peptide. Calcitonin is mainly produced by
327:
182:
2585:
2454:
1471:
1320:
1253:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
981:
912:
Jia S, Zhang SJ, Wang XD, Yang ZH, Sun YN, Gupta A, et al. (August 2019).
4587:
4532:
4467:
4462:
4362:
4293:
4273:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4198:
4148:
4105:
4070:
4021:
4016:
3976:
3943:
3938:
3928:
3908:
3903:
3836:
3811:
3636:
3583:
3573:
3538:
3507:
3493:
3468:
3463:
3443:
3438:
3342:
3129:
3093:
3083:
3066:
3032:
3004:
2961:
2721:
2653:
2411:
2099:
1853:
1807:
1607:
890:
871:
838:
375:
367:
355:
347:
271:
126:
63:
22:
1411:
4567:
4552:
4537:
4512:
4442:
4357:
4337:
4288:
4223:
4218:
4133:
4001:
3898:
3878:
3851:
3831:
3756:
3656:
3646:
3616:
3558:
3553:
3433:
3428:
3362:
3267:
3252:
3098:
3088:
3071:
2928:
2306:
Edvinsson L (2006). "Neuronal signal substances as biomarkers of migraine".
1273:
1110:"The Trigeminovascular Pathway: Role of CGRP and CGRP Receptors in Migraine"
886:
786:
573:
470:
2835:
2729:
2661:
2593:
2497:
2462:
2419:
2376:
2327:
2243:
2189:
1883:
Buzzi MG, Bonamini M, Moskowitz MA (1995). "Neurogenic model of migraine".
1861:
1826:
1773:
1724:
1675:
1615:
1573:
1525:
1489:
1429:
1402:
1328:
1131:
1086:
999:
947:
2861:
2489:
2281:
2273:
2107:
2068:
2025:
1990:
1955:
1904:
1292:
1225:
1174:
1042:
929:
4547:
4502:
4392:
4352:
4347:
4263:
4110:
3971:
3603:
3598:
3588:
3242:
3221:
3216:
3160:
817:
782:
774:
755:
591:
276:
131:
2547:"FDA Approves Erenumab, First CGRP Inhibitor for Prevention of Migraine"
1517:
4193:
4173:
4168:
4075:
4011:
3776:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3671:
3488:
3453:
3287:
3272:
2892:
1122:
1109:
852:
577:
403:
351:
508:
45:
4178:
4163:
4080:
4041:
4006:
3883:
3801:
3796:
3761:
3721:
3423:
3208:
2171:
1217:
1166:
1034:
959:
957:
537:
525:
391:
359:
259:
114:
1448:"Nociceptive nerves regulate haematopoietic stem cell mobilization"
777:, activated primary sensory neurons (meningeal nociceptors) in the
4138:
4065:
3716:
3418:
3121:
1446:
Gao X, Zhang D, Xu C, Li H, Caron KM, Frenette PS (January 2021).
964:
Russell FA, King R, Smillie SJ, Kodji X, Brain SD (October 2014).
867:
533:
489:
966:"Calcitonin gene-related peptide: physiology and pathophysiology"
4115:
3608:
2708:
Lamb YN (November 2018). "Galcanezumab: First Global
Approval".
1789:"Blocking CGRP in migraine patients - a review of pros and cons"
770:
more genetically predisposed to migraine than are males (7.5%).
581:
461:
and contributes to gastric acid secretion. It also functions in
252:
107:
3366:
2865:
465:, increases heart rate, and plays a role in the release of the
3347:
1247:
McCulloch J, Uddman R, Kingman TA, Edvinsson L (August 1986).
717:
615:
885:-independent release of calcitonin gene-related peptide from
2130:"What to Know About the New CGRP Migraine Treatment Options"
1689:
Schäfers M, Svensson CI, Sommer C, Sorkin LS (April 2003).
1386:"CGRP: A New Endogenous Cell Stemness Maintenance Molecule"
841:(Ubrelvy) is an oral medication manufactured by Allergan.
570:
mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway
3474:
2616:"FDA Approves Second Anti-CGRP Treatment for Migraines"
896:, an action other psychotropic cannabinoids cannot do.
765:
There is mounting evidence to suggest that CGRP may be
2777:"Degradants Formed During Phytocannabinoid Processing"
4116:
3609:
2210:"Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and migraine"
809:(MABs) and are large molecules that do not cross the
2800:
Zygmunt PM, Andersson DA, Hogestatt ED (June 2002).
4327:
4299:
4050:
3403:
3230:
3207:
3176:
3120:
3111:
3054:
3031:
3003:
2980:
2927:
2918:
2903:
612:
Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist
323:
313:
308:
287:
282:
270:
258:
246:
234:
222:
214:
206:
201:
196:
178:
168:
163:
142:
137:
125:
113:
101:
89:
77:
69:
59:
54:
21:
4244:
3952:
2154:Pellesi L, Guerzoni S, Pini LA (November 2017).
402:CGRP is produced in both peripheral and central
2301:
2299:
2203:
2201:
2199:
1635:
1633:
1547:
1545:
1543:
754:Increased levels of CGRP have been reported in
4254:
3962:
3338:Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide
2255:
2253:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
3378:
3258:Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript
2877:
773:Preclinical evidence suggests that, during a
8:
2351:"CGRP may play a causative role in migraine"
1738:Li J, Vause CV, Durham PL (February 2008).
1441:
1439:
494:Structure of the human calcitonin recptor-G
3385:
3371:
3363:
3117:
2924:
2884:
2870:
2862:
1928:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
524:called calcitonin receptor-like receptor (
305:
160:
2854:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2825:
2366:
2233:
2179:
2160:Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development
1816:
1806:
1763:
1714:
1665:
1479:
1419:
1401:
1390:Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
1282:
1272:
1121:
989:
937:
823:The second approved by the FDA is called
706:Learn how and when to remove this message
830:The third approved by the FDA is called
816:The first approved by the FDA is called
410:and can function in the transmission of
3514:Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S)
3479:Tooltip Calcitonin gene-related peptide
904:
382:of the calcitonin/CGRP gene located on
2478:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
837:Approved by the FDA in February 2020,
642:Please improve this section by adding
193:
35:Human calcitonin (black) bound to the
18:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
1640:Durham PL, Russo AF (February 2003).
1359:Norman A, Henry H, Litwack G (2014).
918:Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
7:
1596:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
844:Also FDA approved in February 2020,
516:CGRP mediates its effects through a
197:Calcitonin-related polypeptide, beta
23:Calcitonin-related polypeptide alpha
4304:Tooltip 3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine
851:In September 2021 the FDA approved
530:receptor activity-modifying protein
457:As a neuropeptide, CGRP acts as an
2818:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-11-04720.2002
2061:10.1046/j.1468-2982.1993.1303151.x
2018:10.1046/j.1468-2982.1994.1405320.x
1948:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb22768.x
1897:10.1046/j.1468-2982.1995.1504277.x
1707:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-07-02517.2003
1658:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-03-00807.2003
14:
4478:Chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine)
4249:Tooltip N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine
3957:Tooltip N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine
655:"Calcitonin gene-related peptide"
298:p15.2{{{LocusSupplementaryData}}}
153:p15.2{{{LocusSupplementaryData}}}
2368:10.1046/j.1468-2982.2002.00310.x
2320:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2006.00502.x
2226:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2006.00483.x
1794:The Journal of Headache and Pain
1554:European Journal of Pharmacology
1309:Journal of Clinical Neuroscience
760:temporomandibular joint disorder
722:
620:
29:
3248:Calcitonin gene-related peptide
2852:Calcitonin+Gene-Related+Peptide
446:and plays a role in ingestion.
340:Calcitonin gene-related peptide
4259:Tooltip N,N-Dipropyltryptamine
3967:Tooltip N,N-Dipropyltryptamine
3667:Pentoxyverine (carbetapentane)
1756:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.12.028
1079:10.1016/j.braindev.2008.10.011
432:dorsal horn of the spinal cord
378:neuropeptide and is formed by
1:
4608:Receptor/signaling modulators
3504:Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
2521:"CGRP: What You Need To Know"
644:secondary or tertiary sources
4628:Genes on human chromosome 11
3263:Delta-sleep-inducing peptide
2620:American Migraine Foundation
2525:National Headache Foundation
2134:American Migraine Foundation
1566:10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.035
874:(CBN) are found to induce a
3692:Racemethorphan (methorphan)
2806:The Journal of Neuroscience
2545:Rosenberg J (18 May 2018).
2094:. 117 ( Pt 3) (3): 427–34.
1695:The Journal of Neuroscience
1646:The Journal of Neuroscience
4649:
2586:10.1007/s40265-019-01069-1
2455:10.1016/j.phrs.2016.07.015
1472:10.1038/s41586-020-03057-y
1321:10.1016/j.jocn.2009.03.042
1116:. 57 Suppl 2 (S2): 47–55.
982:10.1152/physrev.00034.2013
789:degranulation, and plasma
609:
522:G protein-coupled receptor
16:Peptide hormone in animals
4601:
3283:Gastrin-releasing peptide
2722:10.1007/s40265-018-1002-7
2654:10.1007/s40263-018-0579-4
2412:10.1007/s40259-017-0248-z
1854:10.1038/s41582-018-0003-1
1842:Nature Reviews. Neurology
1808:10.1186/s10194-017-0807-1
1608:10.1016/j.mce.2017.05.034
731:This section needs to be
406:. It is a potent peptide
304:
159:
28:
3569:Fabomotizole (afobazole)
3544:Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
2856:Medical Subject Headings
2443:Pharmacological Research
1108:Edvinsson L (May 2017).
444:autonomic nervous system
430:when synthesized in the
422:when synthesized in the
4533:Mepyramine (pyrilamine)
4214:3-Methoxydextrallorphan
3874:3-Methoxydextrallorphan
3697:Racemorphan (morphanol)
2208:Durham PL (June 2006).
2100:10.1093/brain/117.3.427
1506:Pharmacological Reviews
1363:. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
1274:10.1073/pnas.83.15.5731
1067:Brain & Development
520:receptor composed of a
463:temperature homeostasis
4588:Tiospirone (BMY-13859)
4528:Gevotroline (WY-47384)
4453:18-Methoxycoronaridine
4440:Allosteric modulators:
4199:Panamesine (EMD-57455)
4149:Siramesine (Lu 28-179)
4086:Ditolylguanidine (DTG)
3849:Allosteric modulators:
3812:Panamesine (EMD-57455)
3757:BMY-14802 (BMS-181100)
3549:Ditolylguanidine (DTG)
3529:Dextromethorphan (DXM)
3333:Pancreatic polypeptide
631:relies excessively on
513:
477:Stem cell mobilization
3859:Methylphenylpiracetam
3434:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
2519:Bank J (2018-01-16).
2490:10.1038/clpt.2008.170
2274:10.1002/ana.410280213
970:Physiological Reviews
930:10.3892/etm.2019.7659
807:monoclonal antibodies
610:Further information:
493:
346:) is a member of the
3682:Pregnenolone sulfate
3494:Cutamesine (SA-4503)
3278:Galanin-like peptide
1403:10.1155/2022/4107433
883:cannabinoid receptor
864:tetrahydrocannabinol
459:appetite suppressant
428:dorsal root ganglion
380:alternative splicing
366:, adrenomedullin 2 (
3832:Rimcazole (BW-234U)
2262:Annals of Neurology
1940:1992NYASA.657..194G
1518:10.1124/pr.54.2.233
1464:2021Natur.589..591G
1265:1986PNAS...83.5731M
1210:1985Natur.313...54B
1159:1983Natur.304..129R
1027:1982Natur.298..240A
811:blood-brain-barrier
779:trigeminal ganglion
436:trigeminal ganglion
37:calcitonin receptor
3589:Igmesine (JO-1784)
3518:prasterone sulfate
2781:www.caymanchem.com
1123:10.1111/head.13081
805:. They are called
514:
502:complex (yellow).
467:pituitary hormones
4615:
4614:
4450:Unknown/unsorted:
4211:Unknown/unsorted:
3946:
3871:Unknown/unsorted:
3534:Dextrorphan (DXO)
3360:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3107:
3106:
2716:(16): 1769–1775.
2648:(11): 1025–1037.
2220:(Suppl 1): S3-8.
1458:(7843): 591–596.
1370:978-0-12-369444-7
866:(Δ9-THC) and its
860:phytocannabinoids
752:
751:
716:
715:
708:
690:
337:
336:
333:
332:
192:
191:
188:
187:
4640:
4305:
4301:
4260:
4256:
4250:
4246:
4119:(midomafetamine)
4118:
3968:
3964:
3958:
3954:
3944:
3612:(midomafetamine)
3611:
3480:
3476:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3364:
3118:
2925:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2863:
2840:
2839:
2829:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2370:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2257:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2205:
2194:
2193:
2183:
2172:10.1002/cpdd.345
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2125:
2112:
2111:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1820:
1810:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1767:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1718:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1669:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1593:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1549:
1538:
1537:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1483:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1423:
1405:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1356:
1341:
1340:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1286:
1276:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1218:10.1038/313054a0
1193:
1187:
1186:
1167:10.1038/304129a0
1153:(5922): 129–35.
1142:
1136:
1135:
1125:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1035:10.1038/298240a0
1010:
1004:
1003:
993:
961:
952:
951:
941:
924:(2): 1039–1046.
909:
747:
744:
738:
726:
725:
718:
711:
704:
700:
697:
691:
689:
648:
624:
616:
550:gastrointestinal
511:
306:
194:
161:
48:
33:
19:
4648:
4647:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4597:
4517:St. John's wort
4343:Ethylketazocine
4323:
4303:
4258:
4248:
4124:Methamphetamine
4055:
4046:
4032:Trifluoperazine
3966:
3956:
3632:Methylphenidate
3622:Methamphetamine
3478:
3408:
3399:
3391:
3361:
3352:
3308:Neuropeptide VF
3303:Neuropeptide SF
3298:Neuropeptide FF
3293:Neuropeptide AF
3226:
3203:
3172:
3113:
3103:
3050:
3027:
2999:
2976:
2945:
2920:Opioid peptides
2914:
2899:
2890:
2848:
2843:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2785:
2783:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2553:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2259:
2258:
2251:
2207:
2206:
2197:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2115:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1985:(6): 1097–101.
1976:
1975:
1971:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1560:(1–3): 315–30.
1551:
1550:
1541:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1358:
1357:
1344:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1021:(5871): 240–4.
1012:
1011:
1007:
976:(4): 1099–142.
963:
962:
955:
911:
910:
906:
902:
799:
748:
742:
739:
736:
727:
723:
712:
701:
695:
692:
649:
647:
641:
637:primary sources
625:
614:
608:
566:
503:
501:
497:
488:
479:
455:
400:
372:thyroid C cells
50:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4646:
4644:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4620:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4483:Chlorpromazine
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4446:
4445:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4251:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3959:
3949:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3924:Chlorpromazine
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3777:E-52862 (S1RA)
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3642:Neuropeptide Y
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3524:Dextrallorphan
3521:
3511:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3394:Sigma receptor
3392:
3390:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3367:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3318:Neuropeptide Y
3315:
3313:Neuropeptide S
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3046:Leu-enkephalin
3043:
3041:Met-enkephalin
3037:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2972:β-Neoendorphin
2969:
2967:α-Neoendorphin
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2933:
2931:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2847:
2846:External links
2844:
2842:
2841:
2812:(11): 4720–7.
2792:
2768:
2743:
2700:
2675:
2632:
2607:
2580:(4): 417–431.
2563:
2537:
2511:
2468:
2433:
2406:(6): 503–519.
2390:
2341:
2314:(7): 1088–94.
2295:
2249:
2195:
2166:(6): 534–547.
2146:
2113:
2082:
2039:
1996:
1969:
1934:(1): 194–203.
1918:
1875:
1848:(6): 338–350.
1832:
1779:
1744:Brain Research
1730:
1701:(7): 2517–21.
1681:
1629:
1579:
1539:
1495:
1435:
1376:
1369:
1342:
1298:
1259:(15): 5731–5.
1239:
1204:(5997): 54–6.
1188:
1137:
1100:
1056:
1005:
953:
903:
901:
898:
894:sensory nerves
798:
795:
750:
749:
730:
728:
721:
714:
713:
628:
626:
619:
607:
604:
565:
562:
558:cardiovascular
538:CGRP receptors
499:
495:
487:
484:
478:
475:
454:
451:
399:
396:
388:adrenomedullin
364:adrenomedullin
354:consisting of
335:
334:
331:
330:
325:
321:
320:
315:
311:
310:
302:
301:
291:
285:
284:
280:
279:
274:
268:
267:
262:
256:
255:
250:
244:
243:
238:
232:
231:
226:
220:
219:
216:
212:
211:
208:
204:
203:
199:
198:
190:
189:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
157:
156:
146:
140:
139:
135:
134:
129:
123:
122:
117:
111:
110:
105:
99:
98:
93:
87:
86:
81:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
52:
51:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4645:
4634:
4633:Neuropeptides
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4600:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4368:Tenocyclidine
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4144:Phencyclidine
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4049:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3948:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3914:Amitriptyline
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3627:Methoxetamine
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3388:
3383:
3381:
3376:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3114:neuropeptides
3110:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2995:Endomorphin-2
2993:
2991:
2990:Endomorphin-1
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2957:Big dynorphin
2955:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2897:neuropeptides
2894:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2796:
2793:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2701:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2633:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2567:
2564:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2538:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2484:(5): 548–58.
2483:
2479:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2147:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2055:(3): 151–65.
2054:
2050:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1891:(4): 277–80.
1890:
1886:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1652:(3): 807–15.
1651:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1512:(2): 233–46.
1511:
1507:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1073:(9): 682–93.
1072:
1068:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1006:
1001:
997:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
960:
958:
954:
949:
945:
940:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
908:
905:
899:
897:
895:
892:
888:
884:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
854:
849:
847:
842:
840:
835:
833:
828:
826:
821:
819:
814:
812:
808:
804:
796:
794:
792:
791:extravasation
788:
784:
780:
776:
771:
768:
763:
761:
757:
746:
743:February 2018
734:
729:
720:
719:
710:
707:
699:
696:February 2018
688:
685:
681:
678:
674:
671:
667:
664:
660:
657: –
656:
652:
651:Find sources:
645:
639:
638:
634:
629:This section
627:
623:
618:
617:
613:
605:
603:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
563:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
510:
506:
492:
485:
483:
476:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
452:
450:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
420:motor neurons
417:
413:
409:
405:
397:
395:
393:
389:
385:
384:chromosome 11
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
329:
326:
322:
319:
316:
312:
307:
303:
300:
299:
295:
292:
290:
286:
281:
278:
275:
273:
269:
266:
263:
261:
257:
254:
251:
249:
245:
242:
239:
237:
233:
230:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
200:
195:
184:
181:
177:
174:
171:
167:
162:
158:
155:
154:
150:
147:
145:
141:
136:
133:
130:
128:
124:
121:
118:
116:
112:
109:
106:
104:
100:
97:
94:
92:
88:
85:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
53:
47:
43:
38:
32:
27:
24:
20:
4604:
4603:
4558:Promethazine
4543:Perphenazine
4523:Fluphenazine
4498:Clocapramine
4473:Carvotroline
4449:
4439:
4375:Antagonists:
4374:
4334:
4210:
4161:Antagonists:
4160:
4062:
3934:Clomipramine
3870:
3855:
3848:
3827:Progesterone
3714:Antagonists:
3713:
3677:Pregnenolone
3564:Escitalopram
3484:Cloperastine
3473:
3459:Blarcamesine
3415:
3323:Neurophysins
3247:
3151:Neurokinin B
3146:Neurokinin A
2982:Endomorphins
2908:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2784:. Retrieved
2780:
2771:
2761:19 September
2759:. Retrieved
2755:
2746:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2691:. Retrieved
2687:
2678:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2623:. Retrieved
2619:
2610:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2554:. Retrieved
2550:
2540:
2528:. Retrieved
2524:
2514:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2361:(1): 54–61.
2358:
2354:
2344:
2311:
2307:
2268:(2): 183–7.
2265:
2261:
2217:
2213:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2137:. Retrieved
2133:
2091:
2085:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2012:(5): 320–7.
2009:
2005:
1999:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1798:
1792:
1782:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1649:
1645:
1599:
1595:
1582:
1557:
1553:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1455:
1451:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1360:
1315:(1): 87–91.
1312:
1308:
1301:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1113:
1103:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1018:
1014:
1008:
973:
969:
921:
917:
907:
891:perivascular
857:
850:
843:
836:
832:galcanezumab
829:
825:fremanezumab
822:
815:
800:
772:
766:
764:
753:
740:
732:
702:
693:
683:
676:
669:
662:
650:
630:
600:
586:
567:
515:
480:
456:
448:
424:ventral horn
401:
343:
339:
338:
296:
215:Alt. symbols
151:
70:Alt. symbols
4593:Venlafaxine
4573:Remoxipride
4563:Propranolol
4488:Cinnarizine
4388:Lamotrigine
4284:Pentazocine
4279:Noribogaine
4269:Nemonapride
4101:Haloperidol
4027:Spipethiane
3992:Noribogaine
3987:Nemonapride
3982:KCR-12-83.1
3822:Pentazocine
3782:Haloperidol
3687:Pridopidine
3662:Pentazocine
3579:Fluvoxamine
3499:Cyclazocine
3328:Neurotensin
3238:Angiotensin
3177:Neuromedins
3166:Physalaemin
3141:Substance P
3135:Tachykinins
3130:Bradykinins
3077:Hemorphin-4
3062:Adrenorphin
3033:Enkephalins
3023:γ-Endorphin
3018:β-Endorphin
3013:α-Endorphin
2952:Dynorphin B
2942:Dynorphin A
2937:Dynorphin A
2693:23 February
2625:23 February
2556:23 February
2530:23 February
2449:: 592–599.
2355:Cephalalgia
2139:23 February
2049:Cephalalgia
2006:Cephalalgia
1885:Cephalalgia
1396:: 4107433.
889:-sensitive
846:eptinezumab
596:sumatriptan
542:respiratory
518:heteromeric
440:chronotrope
416:spinal cord
412:nociception
408:vasodilator
318:Swiss-model
202:Identifiers
173:Swiss-model
55:Identifiers
4622:Categories
4578:SL 82.0715
4493:Cinuperone
4468:Caramiphen
4463:Butaclamol
4363:Tapentadol
4294:Safinamide
4274:Nepinalone
4239:Clemastine
4234:5-MeO-DiPT
4229:5-MeO-DALT
4106:Ifenprodil
4071:Arketamine
4022:Selegiline
4017:Safinamide
3977:Imipramine
3939:Clorgiline
3929:Clemastine
3919:Azidopamil
3909:5-MeO-DiPT
3904:5-MeO-DALT
3837:Sertraline
3637:Nepinalone
3584:Ifenprodil
3574:Fluoxetine
3539:Dimemorfan
3508:prasterone
3469:Citalopram
3464:Captodiame
3444:Arketamine
3439:Amantadine
3397:modulators
3157:amphibian
3094:Spinorphin
3084:Nociceptin
3067:Amidorphin
3005:Endorphins
2962:Leumorphin
2929:Dynorphins
2786:2023-05-10
2128:Tepper S.
900:References
872:cannabinol
870:byproduct
839:ubrogepant
767:beneficial
666:newspapers
633:references
594:, such as
564:Regulation
390:(AM), and
376:amino acid
368:intermedin
356:calcitonin
350:family of
348:calcitonin
314:Structures
309:Search for
283:Other data
169:Structures
164:Search for
138:Other data
4605:See also:
4583:SR-31747A
4568:Quinidine
4553:Proadifen
4538:Molindone
4513:Hypericin
4508:EMD-59983
4458:BMY-13980
4443:SKF-83959
4358:Naluzotan
4338:Berberine
4335:Agonists:
4289:RS-67,333
4224:4-MeO-PCP
4219:3-MeO-PCE
4134:Opipramol
4129:OPC-14523
4063:Agonists:
4002:RS-67,333
3947:-Deprenyl
3899:4-MeO-PCP
3879:3-MeO-PCP
3864:SOMCL-668
3856:Positive:
3852:Phenytoin
3842:SR-31742A
3817:PD-144418
3807:NPC-16377
3657:Opipramol
3652:OPC-14523
3647:Noscapine
3617:Memantine
3559:Eliprodil
3554:Donepezil
3429:5-MeO-DMT
3416:Agonists:
3268:FMRFamide
3253:Carnosine
3137:: mammal
3099:Valorphin
3089:Opiorphin
3072:Hemorphin
2756:Drugs.com
2642:CNS Drugs
1801:(1): 96.
1750:: 22–32.
1602:: 39–49.
1412:1942-0900
887:capsaicin
868:oxidative
797:Medicines
787:mast cell
590:receptor
574:cytokines
546:endocrine
486:Receptors
471:paracrine
414:. In the
265:NM_000728
224:NCBI gene
120:NM_001741
79:NCBI gene
4548:Pimozide
4503:Dezocine
4393:Naloxone
4353:Metaphit
4348:Fourphit
4328:Unsorted
4264:Ibogaine
4204:SAS-0132
4154:UKH-1114
4111:Ketamine
4096:DKR-1051
4091:DKR-1005
3972:Ibogaine
3604:L-687384
3599:Ketamine
3243:Bombesin
3161:Kassinin
2911:hormones
2904:Hormones
2893:Peptides
2836:12040079
2738:53107438
2730:30378008
2670:52962394
2662:30311143
2602:67790108
2594:30793254
2551:AJMC.com
2498:18784655
2463:27438459
2420:29067674
2400:BioDrugs
2385:24779840
2377:11993614
2336:24433430
2328:16866713
2308:Headache
2290:12568270
2244:16927957
2214:Headache
2190:28409893
2077:23099581
2034:29949980
1964:43409084
1870:13810025
1862:29691490
1827:28948500
1774:18221935
1725:12684435
1676:12574409
1624:13779528
1616:28572046
1574:15464043
1534:17302944
1526:12037140
1490:33361809
1430:35132349
1361:Hormones
1337:29249307
1329:19969463
1132:28485848
1114:Headache
1095:21635386
1087:19062206
1051:24188834
1000:25287861
948:31316600
862:delta-9
818:erenumab
803:receptor
783:meninges
775:migraine
756:migraine
606:Research
592:agonists
576:such as
528:) and a
453:Appetite
398:Function
352:peptides
328:InterPro
183:InterPro
4418:UMB-116
4413:UMB-103
4408:UMB-101
4403:UMB-100
4194:MIN-101
4184:CT-1812
4174:BD-1067
4169:BD-1008
4076:BD-1047
4012:Saffron
3997:RHL-033
3767:Dup-734
3752:BD-1067
3747:BD-1063
3742:BD-1060
3737:BD-1047
3732:BD-1031
3727:BD-1008
3672:PRE-084
3489:Cocaine
3454:BD-1052
3343:RVD-Hpα
3288:Ghrelin
3273:Galanin
3209:Orexins
2827:6758782
2506:7994962
2428:9282946
2282:1699472
2235:3134175
2181:5697612
2108:7518321
2069:8395342
2026:7828188
1991:2247835
1979:Surgery
1956:1637085
1936:Bibcode
1913:1403941
1905:7585923
1818:5612904
1765:2268710
1716:6742090
1667:6741928
1481:7856173
1460:Bibcode
1421:8817839
1293:3488550
1261:Bibcode
1234:4329128
1226:3917554
1206:Bibcode
1183:4322278
1175:6346105
1155:Bibcode
1043:6283379
1023:Bibcode
991:4187032
939:6601389
853:Qulipta
733:updated
680:scholar
512:
404:neurons
394:(AMY).
324:Domains
294:Chr. 11
272:UniProt
179:Domains
149:Chr. 11
127:UniProt
49:
4433:YZ-185
4428:YZ-069
4423:YZ-011
4314:UMB-82
4309:UMB-23
4189:LR-172
4179:CM-156
4164:AC-927
4081:BD1063
4042:YKP10A
4007:RTI-55
3894:4-IPBS
3884:4C-T-2
3802:NE-100
3797:MS-377
3792:LR-172
3787:LR-132
3772:E-5842
3762:CM-156
3722:AC-927
3707:UMB-82
3702:UMB-23
3449:BD-737
3424:4-PPBP
3122:Kinins
3055:Others
2858:(MeSH)
2834:
2824:
2736:
2728:
2668:
2660:
2600:
2592:
2504:
2496:
2461:
2426:
2418:
2383:
2375:
2334:
2326:
2288:
2280:
2242:
2232:
2188:
2178:
2106:
2075:
2067:
2032:
2024:
1989:
1962:
1954:
1911:
1903:
1868:
1860:
1825:
1815:
1772:
1762:
1723:
1713:
1674:
1664:
1622:
1614:
1572:
1532:
1524:
1488:
1478:
1452:Nature
1428:
1418:
1410:
1367:
1335:
1327:
1291:
1284:386363
1281:
1232:
1224:
1198:Nature
1181:
1173:
1147:Nature
1130:
1093:
1085:
1049:
1041:
1015:Nature
998:
988:
946:
936:
682:
675:
668:
661:
653:
556:, and
554:immune
526:CALCRL
392:amylin
360:amylin
277:P10092
260:RefSeq
253:114160
207:Symbol
132:P06881
115:RefSeq
108:114130
60:Symbol
4398:SM-21
4139:PB-28
4066:3-PPP
3889:4-IBP
3717:3-PPP
3419:3-PPP
3231:Other
3112:Other
2734:S2CID
2710:Drugs
2688:Lilly
2666:S2CID
2598:S2CID
2574:Drugs
2502:S2CID
2424:S2CID
2381:S2CID
2332:S2CID
2286:S2CID
2092:Brain
2073:S2CID
2030:S2CID
1960:S2CID
1909:S2CID
1866:S2CID
1620:S2CID
1592:(PDF)
1530:S2CID
1333:S2CID
1230:S2CID
1179:S2CID
1091:S2CID
1047:S2CID
687:JSTOR
673:books
534:RAMP1
469:in a
289:Locus
218:CALC2
210:CALCB
144:Locus
73:CALC1
64:CALCA
4383:AZ66
4378:AHD1
4319:W-18
4245:DiPT
4117:MDMA
4037:W-18
3953:DiPT
3610:MDMA
3594:IPAB
3475:CGRP
2909:see
2832:PMID
2763:2024
2726:PMID
2695:2019
2658:PMID
2627:2019
2590:PMID
2558:2019
2532:2019
2494:PMID
2459:PMID
2416:PMID
2373:PMID
2324:PMID
2278:PMID
2240:PMID
2186:PMID
2141:2019
2104:PMID
2065:PMID
2022:PMID
1987:PMID
1952:PMID
1901:PMID
1858:PMID
1823:PMID
1770:PMID
1748:1196
1721:PMID
1672:PMID
1612:PMID
1570:PMID
1522:PMID
1486:PMID
1426:PMID
1408:ISSN
1394:2022
1365:ISBN
1325:PMID
1289:PMID
1222:PMID
1171:PMID
1128:PMID
1083:PMID
1039:PMID
996:PMID
944:PMID
878:and
858:The
758:and
659:news
588:5HT1
582:iNOS
580:and
578:TNFα
509:7TYO
344:CGRP
248:OMIM
241:1438
236:HGNC
103:OMIM
96:1437
91:HGNC
46:7TYO
4300:TMA
4255:DPT
3963:DPT
3348:VGF
2944:1–8
2822:PMC
2814:doi
2718:doi
2650:doi
2582:doi
2486:doi
2451:doi
2447:111
2408:doi
2363:doi
2316:doi
2270:doi
2230:PMC
2222:doi
2176:PMC
2168:doi
2096:doi
2057:doi
2014:doi
1983:108
1944:doi
1932:657
1893:doi
1850:doi
1813:PMC
1803:doi
1760:PMC
1752:doi
1711:PMC
1703:doi
1662:PMC
1654:doi
1604:doi
1600:454
1562:doi
1558:500
1514:doi
1476:PMC
1468:doi
1456:589
1416:PMC
1398:doi
1317:doi
1279:PMC
1269:doi
1214:doi
1202:313
1163:doi
1151:304
1118:doi
1075:doi
1031:doi
1019:298
986:PMC
978:doi
934:PMC
926:doi
880:CB2
876:CB1
635:to
536:).
505:PDB
229:797
84:796
42:PDB
4624::
3854:;
2895::
2830:.
2820:.
2810:22
2808:.
2804:.
2779:.
2754:.
2732:.
2724:.
2714:78
2712:.
2686:.
2664:.
2656:.
2646:32
2644:.
2618:.
2596:.
2588:.
2578:79
2576:.
2549:.
2523:.
2500:.
2492:.
2482:84
2480:.
2457:.
2445:.
2422:.
2414:.
2404:31
2402:.
2379:.
2371:.
2359:22
2357:.
2353:.
2330:.
2322:.
2312:46
2310:.
2298:^
2284:.
2276:.
2266:28
2264:.
2252:^
2238:.
2228:.
2218:46
2216:.
2212:.
2198:^
2184:.
2174:.
2162:.
2158:.
2132:.
2116:^
2102:.
2071:.
2063:.
2053:13
2051:.
2028:.
2020:.
2010:14
2008:.
1981:.
1958:.
1950:.
1942:.
1930:.
1907:.
1899:.
1889:15
1887:.
1864:.
1856:.
1846:14
1844:.
1821:.
1811:.
1799:18
1797:.
1791:.
1768:.
1758:.
1746:.
1742:.
1719:.
1709:.
1699:23
1697:.
1693:.
1670:.
1660:.
1650:23
1648:.
1644:.
1632:^
1618:.
1610:.
1598:.
1594:.
1568:.
1556:.
1542:^
1528:.
1520:.
1510:54
1508:.
1484:.
1474:.
1466:.
1454:.
1450:.
1438:^
1424:.
1414:.
1406:.
1392:.
1388:.
1345:^
1331:.
1323:.
1313:17
1311:.
1287:.
1277:.
1267:.
1257:83
1255:.
1251:.
1228:.
1220:.
1212:.
1200:.
1177:.
1169:.
1161:.
1149:.
1126:.
1112:.
1089:.
1081:.
1071:31
1069:.
1045:.
1037:.
1029:.
1017:.
994:.
984:.
974:94
972:.
968:.
956:^
942:.
932:.
922:18
920:.
916:.
646:.
584:.
572:,
552:,
548:,
544:,
507::
362:,
358:,
44::
39:.
4519:)
4515:(
4054:2
4052:σ
3945:D
3520:)
3516:(
3510:)
3506:(
3407:1
3405:σ
3386:e
3379:t
3372:v
3222:B
3217:A
3199:U
3194:S
3189:N
3184:B
2885:e
2878:t
2871:v
2838:.
2816::
2789:.
2765:.
2740:.
2720::
2697:.
2672:.
2652::
2629:.
2604:.
2584::
2560:.
2534:.
2508:.
2488::
2465:.
2453::
2430:.
2410::
2387:.
2365::
2338:.
2318::
2292:.
2272::
2246:.
2224::
2192:.
2170::
2164:6
2143:.
2110:.
2098::
2079:.
2059::
2036:.
2016::
1993:.
1966:.
1946::
1938::
1915:.
1895::
1872:.
1852::
1829:.
1805::
1776:.
1754::
1727:.
1705::
1678:.
1656::
1626:.
1606::
1576:.
1564::
1536:.
1516::
1492:.
1470::
1462::
1432:.
1400::
1373:.
1339:.
1319::
1295:.
1271::
1263::
1236:.
1216::
1208::
1185:.
1165::
1157::
1134:.
1120::
1097:.
1077::
1053:.
1033::
1025::
1002:.
980::
950:.
928::
745:)
741:(
735:.
709:)
703:(
698:)
694:(
684:·
677:·
670:·
663:·
640:.
532:(
500:s
496:s
342:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
