824:. They typically are not metabolized by the liver and have little direct impact on the metabolism of more conventional small-molecule drugs. They also tend to have relatively long half-lives in the body, but must be given parenterally (preferably by injection) due to very poor absorption from the digestive tract. They have been proved to be effective in people who experience migraine headaches, both with and without aura, and both episodic and chronic cluster headache. These are the first class of preventive medications originally designed and approved for people with migraine. Monoclonal means all the antibodies are made from the same genetic material, although different MABs may derive from different sources, e.g. from hamster ovarian cells, from yeast cells or from humanized cell cultures. The antibodies are also made repeatedly to make them all identical, which results in difficult and relatively expensive production lines. Antibodies are proteins that counter or interfere with very specific parts of another protein or the site where a protein is supposed to bind to the receptor. Most commonly thought of in being used to prevent or fight off infections.
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receptor is the G protein-coupled receptor calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CALCRL) which is necessary for CGRP and adrenomedullin (AM receptors). For function CGRP, CALCRL must coincide with RAMP1 where the ligand-binding domain of CGRP is located. It also includes two cytoplasmic proteins that associate with the CALCRL-RAMP1 to form signal transduction. CALCRL contains the Gα subunit, which activates adenylyl cyclase and cAMP-dependent signaling pathways. Receptor-mediated transduction elevates in intracellular cAMP activate protein kinase A, which results in the phosphorylation of multiple targets, including potassium- sensitive ATP channels (KATP channels), extracellular signal-related kinases and transcription factors such as cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB). In smooth muscle of neurovascular region, the elevation of cAMP upon CGRP activation results in vasodilation of the blood vessel. Chronic exposure to CGRP causes degradation of lysosomes.
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42:
804:. Human observations have further implicated the role of CGRP in the pathophysiology of migraine. Activation of primary sensory neurons in the trigeminal vascular system in humans can cause the release of CGRP. During some migraine attacks, increased concentrations of CGRP can be found in both saliva and in plasma drawn from the external jugular vein. Furthermore, intravenous administration of alpha-CGRP is able to induce headache in individuals susceptible to migraine.
735:
838:(trade name Ajovy), produced by the Teva pharmaceutical company. It interacts with the CGRP protein, whose expression is related to migraine attacks. It may be administered monthly or every three months, giving options for users. Trials have shown a reduction of greater than 50% of migraine days for those who responded. There were few significant side effects during trials, most related to injection site reactions.
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831:(trade name Aimovig), produced by pharmaceutical company Amgen and Novartis. It interacts with the CGRP receptor. It is injected once monthly with a dose of 70 or 140 mg. Few adverse effects were reported (most related to injection site reactions) and patients had a significant reduction in migraines.
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in preventing the development of hypertension and cardiovascular pathologies associated with hypertension. Prophylactic therapy with calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRPs) may have unknown fertility consequences for women of child bearing age. This is of particular concern, as females (16.6%) are
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CGRP has a role in human stem cell mobilization. In investigations carried out during last five years, treatment with CGRP resulted in significantly increased CGRP levels in the bone marrow extracellular fluid and substantially increased the number of HSCs mobilized by G-CSF. The results performed
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CGRP receptor is found in myelinated A-fibers axon which is required for ligand specificity and function of the receptor. The CGRP receptor has three subunits: receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1), calcitonin-like receptor (CLR) and receptor component protein (RCP). The complex central
845:(trade name Emgality), produced by the Eli Lilly Company. It interacts with the CGRP protein, whose expression is related to migraine attacks. It is injected once a month, after the first month having a double dose. The main side effects are injection site reactions.
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on different experiments by the same research group led to the conclusion that G-CSF-induced HSC mobilization is regulated by the nociceptor nerve-derived neuropeptide CGRP. This peptide exerts its effect on HSC mobilization via the RAMP1 pathway.
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Poyner DR, Sexton PM, Marshall I, Smith DM, Quirion R, Born W, et al. (June 2002). "International Union of
Pharmacology. XXXII. The mammalian calcitonin gene-related peptides, adrenomedullin, amylin, and calcitonin receptors".
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Rezaeian AH, Isokane T, Nishibori M, Chiba M, Hiraiwa N, Yoshizawa M, Yasue H (October 2009). "alphaCGRP and betaCGRP transcript amount in mouse tissues of various developmental stages and their tissue expression sites".
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Chen LJ, Zhang FG, Li J, Song HX, Zhou LB, Yao BC, et al. (January 2010). "Expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide in anterior and posterior horns of the spinal cord after brachial plexus injury".
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Lattanzi S, Brigo F, Trinka E, Vernieri F, Corradetti T, Dobran M, Silvestrini M (March 2019). "Erenumab for
Preventive Treatment of Migraine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Efficacy and Safety".
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Rosenfeld MG, Mermod JJ, Amara SG, Swanson LW, Sawchenko PE, Rivier J, et al. (1983). "Production of a novel neuropeptide encoded by the calcitonin gene via tissue-specific RNA processing".
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whilst CGRP is secreted and stored in the nervous system. This peptide, in humans, exists in two forms: CGRP alpha (α-CGRP or CGRP I), and CGRP beta (β-CGRP or CGRP II). α-CGRP is a 37-
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Amara SG, Jonas V, Rosenfeld MG, Ong ES, Evans RM (July 1982). "Alternative RNA processing in calcitonin gene expression generates mRNAs encoding different polypeptide products".
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Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L (June 1994). "Human in vivo evidence for trigeminovascular activation in cluster headache. Neuropeptide changes and effects of acute attacks therapies".
1600:"Understanding the molecular functions of the second extracellular loop (ECL2) of the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor using a comprehensive mutagenesis approach"
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813:
622:
397:. β-CGRP is less studied. In humans, β-CGRP differs from α-CGRP by three amino acids and is encoded in a separate, nearby gene. The CGRP family includes calcitonin (CT),
1653:"Stimulation of the calcitonin gene-related peptide enhancer by mitogen-activated protein kinases and repression by an antimigraine drug in trigeminal ganglia neurons"
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Joyce CD, Fiscus RR, Wang X, Dries DJ, Morris RC, Prinz RA (December 1990). "Calcitonin gene-related peptide levels are elevated in patients with sepsis".
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Edvinsson L, Haanes KA, Warfvinge K, Krause DN (June 2018). "CGRP as the target of new migraine therapies - successful translation from bench to clinic".
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Arulmani U, Maassenvandenbrink A, Villalón CM, Saxena PR (October 2004). "Calcitonin gene-related peptide and its role in migraine pathophysiology".
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Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L, Ekman R (August 1990). "Vasoactive peptide release in the extracerebral circulation of humans during migraine headache".
2813:"Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabinol Activate Capsaicin-Sensitive Sensory Nerves via a CB1 and CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor-Independent Mechanism"
2626:
697:
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Ferri N, Bellosta S, Baldessin L, Boccia D, Racagni G, Corsini A (September 2016). "Pharmacokinetics interactions of monoclonal antibodies".
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are found throughout all the body, suggesting that the protein may modulate a variety of physiological functions in all major systems (e.g.,
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1702:"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces mechanical allodynia after spinal nerve ligation by activation of p38 MAPK in primary sensory neurons"
460:
CGRP has moderate effects on calcium homeostasis compared to its extensive actions in other areas, such as the autonomic nervous system.
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Bigal ME, Rapoport AM, Silberstein SD, Walter S, Hargreaves RJ, Aycardi E (November 2018). "From LBR-101 to
Fremanezumab for Migraine".
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are the main source of CGRP. CGRP is thought to play a role in cardiovascular homeostasis and nociception. In the heart, CGRP acts as a
429:, the function and expression of CGRP may differ depending on the location of synthesis. CGRP is derived mainly from the cell bodies of
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925:"Calcitonin gene-related peptide enhances osteogenic differentiation and recruitment of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in rats"
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101:
571:). The extracellular loop number 2 is fundamental for ligand induced activation, with key interactions of R274/Y278/D280/W283.
3524:
2409:
Pardridge WM (December 2017). "Delivery of
Biologics Across the Blood-Brain Barrier with Molecular Trojan Horse Technology".
1937:
Goto K, Miyauchi T, Homma S, Ohshima N (June 1992). "Calcitonin gene-related peptide in the regulation of cardiac function".
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Brain SD, Williams TJ, Tippins JR, Morris HR, MacIntyre I (1985). "Calcitonin gene-related peptide is a potent vasodilator".
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of the spinal cord and may contribute to the regeneration of nervous tissue after injury. Conversely, CGRP is derived from
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manner. Because of these characteristics, it has been said that CGRP functions more as a neurotransmitter than a hormone.
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1751:"Calcitonin gene-related peptide stimulation of nitric oxide synthesis and release from trigeminal ganglion glial cells"
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2695:"Lilly's Emgality™ (galcanezumab-gnlm) Receives U.S. FDA Approval for the Preventive Treatment of Migraine in Adults"
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796:. This CGRP then binds to and activates CGRP receptors located around meningeal vessels, causing vasodilation,
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Regulation of the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) gene is in part controlled by the expression of the
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Wang W, Wang EQ, Balthasar JP (November 2008). "Monoclonal antibody pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics".
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2763:"FDA Approves Qulipta (atogepant) Oral CGRP Receptor Antagonist for the Preventive Treatment of Migraine"
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and may be linked to the transmission of pain. In the trigeminal vascular system, the cell bodies of the
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Ferrari MD, Saxena PR (June 1993). "On serotonin and migraine: a clinical and pharmacological review".
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Deen M, Correnti E, Kamm K, Kelderman T, Papetti L, Rubio-Beltrán E, et al. (September 2017).
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patients as well as a variety of other diseases such as cardiac failure, hypertension, and sepsis.
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complex. The calcitonin transmembrane receptor (blue) is bound to human calcitonin (red) and the G
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New medicines are now on the market that contain antibodies against either CGRP itself, or its
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866:(atogepant), the first oral CGRP receptor antagonist approved to prevent chronic migraine..
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2015:
Edvinsson L, Goadsby PJ (October 1994). "Neuropeptides in migraine and cluster headache".
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2167:"Spotlight on Anti-CGRP Monoclonal Antibodies in Migraine: The Clinical Evidence to Date"
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Lassen LH, Haderslev PA, Jacobsen VB, Iversen HK, Sperling B, Olesen J (February 2002).
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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859:(Vyepti), is an intravenous migraine prophylactic medication manufactured by Lundbeck.
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by increasing heart rate. Apart from these attributes, CGRP is known to modulate the
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Woolley MJ, Simms J, Mobarec JC, Reynolds CA, Poyner DR, Conner AC (October 2017).
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609:, increase intracellular calcium, which cause decreases in CGRP promoter activity.
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release CGRP from their peripherally projecting nerve endings located within the
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Lv, Xiaoting; Chen, Qingquan; Zhang, Shuyu; Gao, Feng; Liu, Qicai (2022-01-29).
1260:"Calcitonin gene-related peptide: functional role in cerebrovascular regulation"
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381:) and calcitonin‑receptor‑stimulating peptide. Calcitonin is mainly produced by
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Jia S, Zhang SJ, Wang XD, Yang ZH, Sun YN, Gupta A, et al. (August 2019).
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Edvinsson L (2006). "Neuronal signal substances as biomarkers of migraine".
1284:
1121:"The Trigeminovascular Pathway: Role of CGRP and CGRP Receptors in Migraine"
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Buzzi MG, Bonamini M, Moskowitz MA (1995). "Neurogenic model of migraine".
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2558:"FDA Approves Erenumab, First CGRP Inhibitor for Prevention of Migraine"
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1459:"Nociceptive nerves regulate haematopoietic stem cell mobilization"
788:, activated primary sensory neurons (meningeal nociceptors) in the
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Gao X, Zhang D, Xu C, Li H, Caron KM, Frenette PS (January 2021).
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Russell FA, King R, Smillie SJ, Kodji X, Brain SD (October 2014).
878:
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500:
977:"Calcitonin gene-related peptide: physiology and pathophysiology"
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Lamb YN (November 2018). "Galcanezumab: First Global
Approval".
1800:"Blocking CGRP in migraine patients - a review of pros and cons"
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more genetically predisposed to migraine than are males (7.5%).
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and contributes to gastric acid secretion. It also functions in
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476:, increases heart rate, and plays a role in the release of the
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McCulloch J, Uddman R, Kingman TA, Edvinsson L (August 1986).
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896:-independent release of calcitonin gene-related peptide from
2141:"What to Know About the New CGRP Migraine Treatment Options"
1700:
Schäfers M, Svensson CI, Sommer C, Sorkin LS (April 2003).
1397:"CGRP: A New Endogenous Cell Stemness Maintenance Molecule"
852:(Ubrelvy) is an oral medication manufactured by Allergan.
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mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway
3485:
2627:"FDA Approves Second Anti-CGRP Treatment for Migraines"
907:, an action other psychotropic cannabinoids cannot do.
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There is mounting evidence to suggest that CGRP may be
2788:"Degradants Formed During Phytocannabinoid Processing"
4127:
3620:
2221:"Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and migraine"
820:(MABs) and are large molecules that do not cross the
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Zygmunt PM, Andersson DA, Hogestatt ED (June 2002).
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Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist
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2165:Pellesi L, Guerzoni S, Pini LA (November 2017).
413:CGRP is produced in both peripheral and central
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765:Increased levels of CGRP have been reported in
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3269:Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript
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784:Preclinical evidence suggests that, during a
8:
2362:"CGRP may play a causative role in migraine"
1749:Li J, Vause CV, Durham PL (February 2008).
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505:Structure of the human calcitonin recptor-G
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1939:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
535:called calcitonin receptor-like receptor (
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2865:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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2171:Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development
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1401:Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
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948:
834:The second approved by the FDA is called
717:Learn how and when to remove this message
841:The third approved by the FDA is called
827:The first approved by the FDA is called
421:and can function in the transmission of
3525:Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S)
3490:Tooltip Calcitonin gene-related peptide
915:
393:of the calcitonin/CGRP gene located on
2489:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
848:Approved by the FDA in February 2020,
653:Please improve this section by adding
204:
46:Human calcitonin (black) bound to the
29:
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1651:Durham PL, Russo AF (February 2003).
1370:Norman A, Henry H, Litwack G (2014).
929:Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
7:
1607:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
855:Also FDA approved in February 2020,
527:CGRP mediates its effects through a
208:Calcitonin-related polypeptide, beta
34:Calcitonin-related polypeptide alpha
4315:Tooltip 3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine
862:In September 2021 the FDA approved
541:receptor activity-modifying protein
468:As a neuropeptide, CGRP acts as an
2829:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-11-04720.2002
2072:10.1046/j.1468-2982.1993.1303151.x
2029:10.1046/j.1468-2982.1994.1405320.x
1959:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb22768.x
1908:10.1046/j.1468-2982.1995.1504277.x
1718:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-07-02517.2003
1669:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-03-00807.2003
25:
4489:Chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine)
4260:Tooltip N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine
3968:Tooltip N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine
666:"Calcitonin gene-related peptide"
309:p15.2{{{LocusSupplementaryData}}}
164:p15.2{{{LocusSupplementaryData}}}
2379:10.1046/j.1468-2982.2002.00310.x
2331:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2006.00502.x
2237:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2006.00483.x
1805:The Journal of Headache and Pain
1565:European Journal of Pharmacology
1320:Journal of Clinical Neuroscience
771:temporomandibular joint disorder
733:
631:
40:
3259:Calcitonin gene-related peptide
2863:Calcitonin+Gene-Related+Peptide
457:and plays a role in ingestion.
351:Calcitonin gene-related peptide
18:Calcitonin gene related peptide
4270:Tooltip N,N-Dipropyltryptamine
3978:Tooltip N,N-Dipropyltryptamine
3678:Pentoxyverine (carbetapentane)
1767:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.12.028
1090:10.1016/j.braindev.2008.10.011
443:dorsal horn of the spinal cord
389:neuropeptide and is formed by
1:
4619:Receptor/signaling modulators
3515:Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
2532:"CGRP: What You Need To Know"
655:secondary or tertiary sources
4639:Genes on human chromosome 11
3274:Delta-sleep-inducing peptide
2631:American Migraine Foundation
2536:National Headache Foundation
2145:American Migraine Foundation
1577:10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.035
885:(CBN) are found to induce a
3703:Racemethorphan (methorphan)
2817:The Journal of Neuroscience
2556:Rosenberg J (18 May 2018).
2105:. 117 ( Pt 3) (3): 427–34.
1706:The Journal of Neuroscience
1657:The Journal of Neuroscience
4660:
2597:10.1007/s40265-019-01069-1
2466:10.1016/j.phrs.2016.07.015
1483:10.1038/s41586-020-03057-y
1332:10.1016/j.jocn.2009.03.042
1127:. 57 Suppl 2 (S2): 47–55.
993:10.1152/physrev.00034.2013
800:degranulation, and plasma
620:
533:G protein-coupled receptor
27:Peptide hormone in animals
4612:
3294:Gastrin-releasing peptide
2733:10.1007/s40265-018-1002-7
2665:10.1007/s40263-018-0579-4
2423:10.1007/s40259-017-0248-z
1865:10.1038/s41582-018-0003-1
1853:Nature Reviews. Neurology
1819:10.1186/s10194-017-0807-1
1619:10.1016/j.mce.2017.05.034
742:This section needs to be
417:. It is a potent peptide
315:
170:
39:
3580:Fabomotizole (afobazole)
3555:Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
2867:Medical Subject Headings
2454:Pharmacological Research
1119:Edvinsson L (May 2017).
455:autonomic nervous system
441:when synthesized in the
433:when synthesized in the
4544:Mepyramine (pyrilamine)
4225:3-Methoxydextrallorphan
3885:3-Methoxydextrallorphan
3708:Racemorphan (morphanol)
2219:Durham PL (June 2006).
2111:10.1093/brain/117.3.427
1517:Pharmacological Reviews
1374:. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
1285:10.1073/pnas.83.15.5731
1078:Brain & Development
531:receptor composed of a
474:temperature homeostasis
4599:Tiospirone (BMY-13859)
4539:Gevotroline (WY-47384)
4464:18-Methoxycoronaridine
4451:Allosteric modulators:
4210:Panamesine (EMD-57455)
4160:Siramesine (Lu 28-179)
4097:Ditolylguanidine (DTG)
3860:Allosteric modulators:
3823:Panamesine (EMD-57455)
3768:BMY-14802 (BMS-181100)
3560:Ditolylguanidine (DTG)
3540:Dextromethorphan (DXM)
3344:Pancreatic polypeptide
642:relies excessively on
524:
488:Stem cell mobilization
3870:Methylphenylpiracetam
3445:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
2530:Bank J (2018-01-16).
2501:10.1038/clpt.2008.170
2285:10.1002/ana.410280213
981:Physiological Reviews
941:10.3892/etm.2019.7659
818:monoclonal antibodies
621:Further information:
504:
357:) is a member of the
3693:Pregnenolone sulfate
3505:Cutamesine (SA-4503)
3289:Galanin-like peptide
1414:10.1155/2022/4107433
894:cannabinoid receptor
875:tetrahydrocannabinol
470:appetite suppressant
439:dorsal root ganglion
391:alternative splicing
377:, adrenomedullin 2 (
3843:Rimcazole (BW-234U)
2273:Annals of Neurology
1951:1992NYASA.657..194G
1529:10.1124/pr.54.2.233
1475:2021Natur.589..591G
1276:1986PNAS...83.5731M
1221:1985Natur.313...54B
1170:1983Natur.304..129R
1038:1982Natur.298..240A
822:blood-brain-barrier
790:trigeminal ganglion
447:trigeminal ganglion
48:calcitonin receptor
3600:Igmesine (JO-1784)
3529:prasterone sulfate
2792:www.caymanchem.com
1134:10.1111/head.13081
816:. They are called
525:
513:complex (yellow).
478:pituitary hormones
4626:
4625:
4461:Unknown/unsorted:
4222:Unknown/unsorted:
3957:
3882:Unknown/unsorted:
3545:Dextrorphan (DXO)
3371:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3118:
3117:
2727:(16): 1769–1775.
2659:(11): 1025–1037.
2231:(Suppl 1): S3-8.
1469:(7843): 591–596.
1381:978-0-12-369444-7
877:(Δ9-THC) and its
871:phytocannabinoids
763:
762:
727:
726:
719:
701:
348:
347:
344:
343:
203:
202:
199:
198:
16:(Redirected from
4651:
4316:
4312:
4271:
4267:
4261:
4257:
4130:(midomafetamine)
4129:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3965:
3955:
3623:(midomafetamine)
3622:
3491:
3487:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3375:
3129:
2936:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2874:
2851:
2850:
2840:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2381:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2314:
2305:
2304:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2248:
2216:
2205:
2204:
2194:
2183:10.1002/cpdd.345
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2136:
2123:
2122:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1831:
1821:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1778:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1729:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1680:
1648:
1639:
1638:
1604:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1560:
1549:
1548:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1494:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1434:
1416:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1367:
1352:
1351:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1297:
1287:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1229:10.1038/313054a0
1204:
1198:
1197:
1178:10.1038/304129a0
1164:(5922): 129–35.
1153:
1147:
1146:
1136:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1046:10.1038/298240a0
1021:
1015:
1014:
1004:
972:
963:
962:
952:
935:(2): 1039–1046.
920:
758:
755:
749:
737:
736:
729:
722:
715:
711:
708:
702:
700:
659:
635:
627:
561:gastrointestinal
522:
317:
205:
172:
59:
44:
30:
21:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4608:
4528:St. John's wort
4354:Ethylketazocine
4334:
4314:
4269:
4259:
4135:Methamphetamine
4066:
4057:
4043:Trifluoperazine
3977:
3967:
3643:Methylphenidate
3633:Methamphetamine
3489:
3419:
3410:
3402:
3372:
3363:
3319:Neuropeptide VF
3314:Neuropeptide SF
3309:Neuropeptide FF
3304:Neuropeptide AF
3237:
3214:
3183:
3124:
3114:
3061:
3038:
3010:
2987:
2956:
2931:Opioid peptides
2925:
2910:
2901:
2859:
2854:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2796:
2794:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2771:
2769:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2701:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2633:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2564:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2218:
2217:
2208:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2126:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1996:(6): 1097–101.
1987:
1986:
1982:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1650:
1649:
1642:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1571:(1–3): 315–30.
1562:
1561:
1552:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1369:
1368:
1355:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1032:(5871): 240–4.
1023:
1022:
1018:
987:(4): 1099–142.
974:
973:
966:
922:
921:
917:
913:
810:
759:
753:
750:
747:
738:
734:
723:
712:
706:
703:
660:
658:
652:
648:primary sources
636:
625:
619:
577:
514:
512:
508:
499:
490:
466:
411:
383:thyroid C cells
61:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4657:
4655:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4631:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4494:Chlorpromazine
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4457:
4456:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4262:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3970:
3960:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3935:Chlorpromazine
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3788:E-52862 (S1RA)
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3653:Neuropeptide Y
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3535:Dextrallorphan
3532:
3522:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3405:Sigma receptor
3403:
3401:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3378:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3329:Neuropeptide Y
3326:
3324:Neuropeptide S
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3224:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3057:Leu-enkephalin
3054:
3052:Met-enkephalin
3048:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2983:β-Neoendorphin
2980:
2978:α-Neoendorphin
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2942:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2858:
2857:External links
2855:
2853:
2852:
2823:(11): 4720–7.
2803:
2779:
2754:
2711:
2686:
2643:
2618:
2591:(4): 417–431.
2574:
2548:
2522:
2479:
2444:
2417:(6): 503–519.
2401:
2352:
2325:(7): 1088–94.
2306:
2260:
2206:
2177:(6): 534–547.
2157:
2124:
2093:
2050:
2007:
1980:
1945:(1): 194–203.
1929:
1886:
1859:(6): 338–350.
1843:
1790:
1755:Brain Research
1741:
1712:(7): 2517–21.
1692:
1640:
1590:
1550:
1506:
1446:
1387:
1380:
1353:
1309:
1270:(15): 5731–5.
1250:
1215:(5997): 54–6.
1199:
1148:
1111:
1067:
1016:
964:
914:
912:
909:
905:sensory nerves
809:
806:
761:
760:
741:
739:
732:
725:
724:
639:
637:
630:
618:
615:
576:
573:
569:cardiovascular
549:CGRP receptors
510:
506:
498:
495:
489:
486:
465:
462:
410:
407:
399:adrenomedullin
375:adrenomedullin
365:consisting of
346:
345:
342:
341:
336:
332:
331:
326:
322:
321:
313:
312:
302:
296:
295:
291:
290:
285:
279:
278:
273:
267:
266:
261:
255:
254:
249:
243:
242:
237:
231:
230:
227:
223:
222:
219:
215:
214:
210:
209:
201:
200:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
168:
167:
157:
151:
150:
146:
145:
140:
134:
133:
128:
122:
121:
116:
110:
109:
104:
98:
97:
92:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
63:
62:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4656:
4645:
4644:Neuropeptides
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4621:
4620:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4379:Tenocyclidine
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4155:Phencyclidine
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3925:Amitriptyline
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3638:Methoxetamine
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3399:
3394:
3392:
3387:
3385:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3125:neuropeptides
3121:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3006:Endomorphin-2
3004:
3002:
3001:Endomorphin-1
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2968:Big dynorphin
2966:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2908:neuropeptides
2905:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2886:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2804:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2712:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2644:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2578:
2575:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2549:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2495:(5): 548–58.
2494:
2490:
2483:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2158:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2066:(3): 151–65.
2065:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1902:(4): 277–80.
1901:
1897:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1663:(3): 807–15.
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1523:(2): 233–46.
1522:
1518:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1084:(9): 682–93.
1083:
1079:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
971:
969:
965:
960:
956:
951:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
919:
916:
910:
908:
906:
903:
899:
895:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
867:
865:
860:
858:
853:
851:
846:
844:
839:
837:
832:
830:
825:
823:
819:
815:
807:
805:
803:
802:extravasation
799:
795:
791:
787:
782:
779:
774:
772:
768:
757:
754:February 2018
745:
740:
731:
730:
721:
718:
710:
707:February 2018
699:
696:
692:
689:
685:
682:
678:
675:
671:
668: –
667:
663:
662:Find sources:
656:
650:
649:
645:
640:This section
638:
634:
629:
628:
624:
616:
614:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
574:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
521:
517:
503:
496:
494:
487:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
463:
461:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:motor neurons
428:
424:
420:
416:
408:
406:
404:
400:
396:
395:chromosome 11
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
340:
337:
333:
330:
327:
323:
318:
314:
311:
310:
306:
303:
301:
297:
292:
289:
286:
284:
280:
277:
274:
272:
268:
265:
262:
260:
256:
253:
250:
248:
244:
241:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
211:
206:
195:
192:
188:
185:
182:
178:
173:
169:
166:
165:
161:
158:
156:
152:
147:
144:
141:
139:
135:
132:
129:
127:
123:
120:
117:
115:
111:
108:
105:
103:
99:
96:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:
73:
69:
64:
58:
54:
49:
43:
38:
35:
31:
19:
4615:
4614:
4569:Promethazine
4554:Perphenazine
4534:Fluphenazine
4509:Clocapramine
4484:Carvotroline
4460:
4450:
4386:Antagonists:
4385:
4345:
4221:
4172:Antagonists:
4171:
4073:
3945:Clomipramine
3881:
3866:
3859:
3838:Progesterone
3725:Antagonists:
3724:
3688:Pregnenolone
3575:Escitalopram
3495:Cloperastine
3484:
3470:Blarcamesine
3426:
3334:Neurophysins
3258:
3162:Neurokinin B
3157:Neurokinin A
2993:Endomorphins
2919:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2795:. Retrieved
2791:
2782:
2772:19 September
2770:. Retrieved
2766:
2757:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2702:. Retrieved
2698:
2689:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2634:. Retrieved
2630:
2621:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2565:. Retrieved
2561:
2551:
2539:. Retrieved
2535:
2525:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2372:(1): 54–61.
2369:
2365:
2355:
2322:
2318:
2279:(2): 183–7.
2276:
2272:
2228:
2224:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2148:. Retrieved
2144:
2102:
2096:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2023:(5): 320–7.
2020:
2016:
2010:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1809:
1803:
1793:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1660:
1656:
1610:
1606:
1593:
1568:
1564:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1466:
1462:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1371:
1326:(1): 87–91.
1323:
1319:
1312:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1124:
1114:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1029:
1025:
1019:
984:
980:
932:
928:
918:
902:perivascular
868:
861:
854:
847:
843:galcanezumab
840:
836:fremanezumab
833:
826:
811:
783:
777:
775:
764:
751:
743:
713:
704:
694:
687:
680:
673:
661:
641:
611:
597:
578:
526:
491:
467:
459:
435:ventral horn
412:
354:
350:
349:
307:
226:Alt. symbols
162:
81:Alt. symbols
4604:Venlafaxine
4584:Remoxipride
4574:Propranolol
4499:Cinnarizine
4399:Lamotrigine
4295:Pentazocine
4290:Noribogaine
4280:Nemonapride
4112:Haloperidol
4038:Spipethiane
4003:Noribogaine
3998:Nemonapride
3993:KCR-12-83.1
3833:Pentazocine
3793:Haloperidol
3698:Pridopidine
3673:Pentazocine
3590:Fluvoxamine
3510:Cyclazocine
3339:Neurotensin
3249:Angiotensin
3188:Neuromedins
3177:Physalaemin
3152:Substance P
3146:Tachykinins
3141:Bradykinins
3088:Hemorphin-4
3073:Adrenorphin
3044:Enkephalins
3034:γ-Endorphin
3029:β-Endorphin
3024:α-Endorphin
2963:Dynorphin B
2953:Dynorphin A
2948:Dynorphin A
2704:23 February
2636:23 February
2567:23 February
2541:23 February
2460:: 592–599.
2366:Cephalalgia
2150:23 February
2060:Cephalalgia
2017:Cephalalgia
1896:Cephalalgia
1407:: 4107433.
900:-sensitive
857:eptinezumab
607:sumatriptan
553:respiratory
529:heteromeric
451:chronotrope
427:spinal cord
423:nociception
419:vasodilator
329:Swiss-model
213:Identifiers
184:Swiss-model
66:Identifiers
4633:Categories
4589:SL 82.0715
4504:Cinuperone
4479:Caramiphen
4474:Butaclamol
4374:Tapentadol
4305:Safinamide
4285:Nepinalone
4250:Clemastine
4245:5-MeO-DiPT
4240:5-MeO-DALT
4117:Ifenprodil
4082:Arketamine
4033:Selegiline
4028:Safinamide
3988:Imipramine
3950:Clorgiline
3940:Clemastine
3930:Azidopamil
3920:5-MeO-DiPT
3915:5-MeO-DALT
3848:Sertraline
3648:Nepinalone
3595:Ifenprodil
3585:Fluoxetine
3550:Dimemorfan
3519:prasterone
3480:Citalopram
3475:Captodiame
3455:Arketamine
3450:Amantadine
3408:modulators
3168:amphibian
3105:Spinorphin
3095:Nociceptin
3078:Amidorphin
3016:Endorphins
2973:Leumorphin
2940:Dynorphins
2797:2023-05-10
2139:Tepper S.
911:References
883:cannabinol
881:byproduct
850:ubrogepant
778:beneficial
677:newspapers
644:references
605:, such as
575:Regulation
401:(AM), and
387:amino acid
379:intermedin
367:calcitonin
361:family of
359:calcitonin
325:Structures
320:Search for
294:Other data
180:Structures
175:Search for
149:Other data
4616:See also:
4594:SR-31747A
4579:Quinidine
4564:Proadifen
4549:Molindone
4524:Hypericin
4519:EMD-59983
4469:BMY-13980
4454:SKF-83959
4369:Naluzotan
4349:Berberine
4346:Agonists:
4300:RS-67,333
4235:4-MeO-PCP
4230:3-MeO-PCE
4145:Opipramol
4140:OPC-14523
4074:Agonists:
4013:RS-67,333
3958:-Deprenyl
3910:4-MeO-PCP
3890:3-MeO-PCP
3875:SOMCL-668
3867:Positive:
3863:Phenytoin
3853:SR-31742A
3828:PD-144418
3818:NPC-16377
3668:Opipramol
3663:OPC-14523
3658:Noscapine
3628:Memantine
3570:Eliprodil
3565:Donepezil
3440:5-MeO-DMT
3427:Agonists:
3279:FMRFamide
3264:Carnosine
3148:: mammal
3110:Valorphin
3100:Opiorphin
3083:Hemorphin
2767:Drugs.com
2653:CNS Drugs
1812:(1): 96.
1761:: 22–32.
1613:: 39–49.
1423:1942-0900
898:capsaicin
879:oxidative
808:Medicines
798:mast cell
601:receptor
585:cytokines
557:endocrine
497:Receptors
482:paracrine
425:. In the
276:NM_000728
235:NCBI gene
131:NM_001741
90:NCBI gene
4559:Pimozide
4514:Dezocine
4404:Naloxone
4364:Metaphit
4359:Fourphit
4339:Unsorted
4275:Ibogaine
4215:SAS-0132
4165:UKH-1114
4122:Ketamine
4107:DKR-1051
4102:DKR-1005
3983:Ibogaine
3615:L-687384
3610:Ketamine
3254:Bombesin
3172:Kassinin
2922:hormones
2915:Hormones
2904:Peptides
2847:12040079
2749:53107438
2741:30378008
2681:52962394
2673:30311143
2613:67790108
2605:30793254
2562:AJMC.com
2509:18784655
2474:27438459
2431:29067674
2411:BioDrugs
2396:24779840
2388:11993614
2347:24433430
2339:16866713
2319:Headache
2301:12568270
2255:16927957
2225:Headache
2201:28409893
2088:23099581
2045:29949980
1975:43409084
1881:13810025
1873:29691490
1838:28948500
1785:18221935
1736:12684435
1687:12574409
1635:13779528
1627:28572046
1585:15464043
1545:17302944
1537:12037140
1501:33361809
1441:35132349
1372:Hormones
1348:29249307
1340:19969463
1143:28485848
1125:Headache
1106:21635386
1098:19062206
1062:24188834
1011:25287861
959:31316600
873:delta-9
829:erenumab
814:receptor
794:meninges
786:migraine
767:migraine
617:Research
603:agonists
587:such as
539:) and a
464:Appetite
409:Function
363:peptides
339:InterPro
194:InterPro
4429:UMB-116
4424:UMB-103
4419:UMB-101
4414:UMB-100
4205:MIN-101
4195:CT-1812
4185:BD-1067
4180:BD-1008
4087:BD-1047
4023:Saffron
4008:RHL-033
3778:Dup-734
3763:BD-1067
3758:BD-1063
3753:BD-1060
3748:BD-1047
3743:BD-1031
3738:BD-1008
3683:PRE-084
3500:Cocaine
3465:BD-1052
3354:RVD-Hpα
3299:Ghrelin
3284:Galanin
3220:Orexins
2838:6758782
2517:7994962
2439:9282946
2293:1699472
2246:3134175
2192:5697612
2119:7518321
2080:8395342
2037:7828188
2002:2247835
1990:Surgery
1967:1637085
1947:Bibcode
1924:1403941
1916:7585923
1829:5612904
1776:2268710
1727:6742090
1678:6741928
1492:7856173
1471:Bibcode
1432:8817839
1304:3488550
1272:Bibcode
1245:4329128
1237:3917554
1217:Bibcode
1194:4322278
1186:6346105
1166:Bibcode
1054:6283379
1034:Bibcode
1002:4187032
950:6601389
864:Qulipta
744:updated
691:scholar
523:
415:neurons
405:(AMY).
335:Domains
305:Chr. 11
283:UniProt
190:Domains
160:Chr. 11
138:UniProt
60:
4444:YZ-185
4439:YZ-069
4434:YZ-011
4325:UMB-82
4320:UMB-23
4200:LR-172
4190:CM-156
4175:AC-927
4092:BD1063
4053:YKP10A
4018:RTI-55
3905:4-IPBS
3895:4C-T-2
3813:NE-100
3808:MS-377
3803:LR-172
3798:LR-132
3783:E-5842
3773:CM-156
3733:AC-927
3718:UMB-82
3713:UMB-23
3460:BD-737
3435:4-PPBP
3133:Kinins
3066:Others
2869:(MeSH)
2845:
2835:
2747:
2739:
2679:
2671:
2611:
2603:
2515:
2507:
2472:
2437:
2429:
2394:
2386:
2345:
2337:
2299:
2291:
2253:
2243:
2199:
2189:
2117:
2086:
2078:
2043:
2035:
2000:
1973:
1965:
1922:
1914:
1879:
1871:
1836:
1826:
1783:
1773:
1734:
1724:
1685:
1675:
1633:
1625:
1583:
1543:
1535:
1499:
1489:
1463:Nature
1439:
1429:
1421:
1378:
1346:
1338:
1302:
1295:386363
1292:
1243:
1235:
1209:Nature
1192:
1184:
1158:Nature
1141:
1104:
1096:
1060:
1052:
1026:Nature
1009:
999:
957:
947:
693:
686:
679:
672:
664:
567:, and
565:immune
537:CALCRL
403:amylin
371:amylin
288:P10092
271:RefSeq
264:114160
218:Symbol
143:P06881
126:RefSeq
119:114130
71:Symbol
4409:SM-21
4150:PB-28
4077:3-PPP
3900:4-IBP
3728:3-PPP
3430:3-PPP
3242:Other
3123:Other
2745:S2CID
2721:Drugs
2699:Lilly
2677:S2CID
2609:S2CID
2585:Drugs
2513:S2CID
2435:S2CID
2392:S2CID
2343:S2CID
2297:S2CID
2103:Brain
2084:S2CID
2041:S2CID
1971:S2CID
1920:S2CID
1877:S2CID
1631:S2CID
1603:(PDF)
1541:S2CID
1344:S2CID
1241:S2CID
1190:S2CID
1102:S2CID
1058:S2CID
698:JSTOR
684:books
545:RAMP1
480:in a
300:Locus
229:CALC2
221:CALCB
155:Locus
84:CALC1
75:CALCA
4394:AZ66
4389:AHD1
4330:W-18
4256:DiPT
4128:MDMA
4048:W-18
3964:DiPT
3621:MDMA
3605:IPAB
3486:CGRP
2920:see
2843:PMID
2774:2024
2737:PMID
2706:2019
2669:PMID
2638:2019
2601:PMID
2569:2019
2543:2019
2505:PMID
2470:PMID
2427:PMID
2384:PMID
2335:PMID
2289:PMID
2251:PMID
2197:PMID
2152:2019
2115:PMID
2076:PMID
2033:PMID
1998:PMID
1963:PMID
1912:PMID
1869:PMID
1834:PMID
1781:PMID
1759:1196
1732:PMID
1683:PMID
1623:PMID
1581:PMID
1533:PMID
1497:PMID
1437:PMID
1419:ISSN
1405:2022
1376:ISBN
1336:PMID
1300:PMID
1233:PMID
1182:PMID
1139:PMID
1094:PMID
1050:PMID
1007:PMID
955:PMID
889:and
869:The
769:and
670:news
599:5HT1
593:iNOS
591:and
589:TNFα
520:7TYO
355:CGRP
259:OMIM
252:1438
247:HGNC
114:OMIM
107:1437
102:HGNC
57:7TYO
4311:TMA
4266:DPT
3974:DPT
3359:VGF
2955:1–8
2833:PMC
2825:doi
2729:doi
2661:doi
2593:doi
2497:doi
2462:doi
2458:111
2419:doi
2374:doi
2327:doi
2281:doi
2241:PMC
2233:doi
2187:PMC
2179:doi
2107:doi
2068:doi
2025:doi
1994:108
1955:doi
1943:657
1904:doi
1861:doi
1824:PMC
1814:doi
1771:PMC
1763:doi
1722:PMC
1714:doi
1673:PMC
1665:doi
1615:doi
1611:454
1573:doi
1569:500
1525:doi
1487:PMC
1479:doi
1467:589
1427:PMC
1409:doi
1328:doi
1290:PMC
1280:doi
1225:doi
1213:313
1174:doi
1162:304
1129:doi
1086:doi
1042:doi
1030:298
997:PMC
989:doi
945:PMC
937:doi
891:CB2
887:CB1
646:to
547:).
516:PDB
240:797
95:796
53:PDB
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