108:) is also involved in regulating the amount of calcium in cells. The NCX switches the intra- and extra-cellular amounts of Na and Ca. NCX works together with Na-K-ATPase to create calcium concentration microdomains in certain cells like astrocytes discussed above. Specific forms of Na-K-ATPase, the Ξ±2 or Ξ±3 isoforms, actually interact with the NCX in the formation of the calcium microdomains in astrocytes.
78:) is used. Calcium is also regulated using this Na-K-ATPase due to the enzyme's interactions with protein and non-protein molecules. The main interaction that keeps calcium regulated is the binding of Na-K-ATPase to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (
1056:
Zhang, C. F.; Liu, F. C.; Liu, X. B.; Chen, D. J. (2010). "Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine against BDE-209-induced neurotoxicity in primary cultured neonatal rat hippocampal neurons in vitro".
441:
Axelrod, D. (2008). Total
Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy. In J. J. Correia & H. W. Detrich (Eds.), Biophysical Tools for Biologists, Vol 2: In Vivo Techniques (Vol. 89, pp. 169-221).
70:
across the cell membrane. Na-K-ATPase helps to keep the body at equilibrium by the movement of those ions through the plasma membrane. This ion pump helps to reset the movement of ions during an
97:
which are star-shaped glial cells in the central nervous system are the main cells with these calcium-signaling micro domains. In fact, a rigorous mathematical analysis in
90:
right next to the pre- and post-synaptic calcium channels in the nerve cells. Figure 1 is an example of how Na-K-ATPase forms the calcium-signaling microdomain.
74:
by sending K into the cell and sending Na out of the cell. Since it opposes the normal flow of ions during an action potential, energy in the form of ATP (
535:"Observation of calcium microdomains at the uropod of living morphologically polarized human neutrophils using flash lamp-based fluorescence microscopy"
739:
Lisman, J. E.; Raghavachari, S.; Tsien, R. W. (2007). "The sequence of events that underlie quantal transmission at central glutamatergic synapses".
101:
has shown that localized inflow of Ca remains localized, despite the diffusion of cytosolic Ca and potential storage in the endoplasmic reticulum.
860:"Subplasmalemmal Ca(2+) measurements in mouse pancreatic beta cells support the existence of an amplifying effect of glucose on insulin secretion"
154:"Imaging synaptosomal calcium concentration microdomains and vesicle fusion by using total internal reflection fluorescent microscopy"
909:"Imaging a target of Ca(2+) signalling: Dense core granule exocytosis viewed by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy"
1105:
211:
Llinas, R; Sugimori, M; Silver, R. (1 May 1992). "Microdomains of high calcium concentration in a presynaptic terminal".
86:
that helps to send neuronal signals through the body. The neuronal cells have the calcium-signaling microdomains in the
105:
43:
79:
75:
31:; when a calcium channel opens, the Ca concentration in the adjacent CCM increases up to several hundred
59:
62:
enzyme relate with the creation of calcium-signaling microdomains. Na-K-ATPase is a protein that pumps
644:
220:
165:
782:
Marchaland, J.; Cali, C.; Voglmaier, S. M.; Li, H.; Regazzi, R.; Edwards, R. H.; Bezzi, P. (2009).
83:
32:
305:"Monitoring dynamic changes in free Ca concentration in the endoplasmic reticulum of intact cells"
1081:
764:
482:
403:"Spatial Quantification of Cytosolic Ca2+ Accumulation in Nonexcitable Cells:An Analytical Study"
823:
Petibois, C.; Desbat, B. (2010). "Clinical application of FTIR imaging: new reasons for hope".
1073:
1038:
987:
938:
889:
840:
756:
721:
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564:
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383:
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236:
193:
36:
1065:
1028:
1018:
977:
969:
928:
920:
879:
871:
832:
803:
795:
748:
711:
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554:
546:
513:
464:
414:
373:
365:
324:
316:
275:
267:
228:
183:
173:
71:
958:"Monitoring astrocyte calcium microdomains with improved membrane targeted GCaMP reporters"
453:"Novel isoenzyme of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase is identified in brain, but not in heart"
28:
648:
224:
169:
1033:
1006:
982:
957:
933:
908:
884:
859:
808:
783:
716:
689:
665:
632:
608:
583:
559:
534:
378:
353:
320:
280:
255:
188:
153:
329:
304:
1099:
469:
452:
67:
1085:
768:
486:
1069:
706:
27:(Ca) concentration. They are found immediately around the intracellular opening of
836:
924:
303:
Montero M, Brini M, Marsault R, Alvarez J, Sitia R, Pozzan T, Rizzuto R (1995).
24:
858:
Ravier, M. A.; Cheng-Xue, R.; Palmer, A. E.; Henquin, J. C.; Gilon, P. (2010).
656:
369:
271:
1023:
973:
875:
584:"Development of new peptide-based tools for studying synaptic ribbon function"
502:"Calcium Microdomains in the Chemosensory Cilia of Olfactory Receptor Neurons"
419:
402:
98:
94:
63:
518:
501:
232:
178:
87:
20:
1077:
1042:
991:
942:
893:
844:
760:
725:
674:
617:
568:
478:
451:
Bunik, V.; Kaehne, T.; Degtyarev, D.; Shcherbakova, T.; Reiser, G. (2008).
428:
401:
Lopez-Caamal, F.; Oyarzun, D.A.; Middleton, R.H.; Garcia, M.R. (May 2014).
387:
289:
197:
688:
Ibarretxe, G.; Perrais, D.; Jaskolski, F.; Vimeney, A.; Mulle, C. (2007).
599:
338:
240:
550:
47:
799:
690:"Fast regulation of axonal growth cone motility by electrical activity"
752:
407:
IEEE/ACM Transactions on
Computational Biology and Bioinformatics
1005:
Thomsen, L. B. T. L. B.; Jorntell, H.; Midtgaard, J. (2010).
152:
Serulle, Y.; Sugimori, M.; Llinas, R. R. (30 January 2007).
1007:"Presynaptic calcium signalling in cerebellar mossy fibres"
42:
Calcium concentration microdomains can be visualised with
633:"Modelling calcium microdomains using homogenisation"
354:"The Na-K-ATPase and calcium-signaling microdomains"
1058:
International
Journal of Developmental Neuroscience
500:Castillo, K.; Bacigalupo, J.; Restrepo, D. (2008).
39:, which has a diverse range of potential outcomes.
907:Ravier, M. A.; Tsuboi, T.; Rutter, G. A. (2008).
956:Shigetomi, E.; Kracun, S.; Khakh, B. S. (2010).
582:Francis, A. A.; Mehta, B.; Zenisek, D. (2011).
158:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
256:"Imaging single-channel calcium microdomains"
8:
1032:
1022:
981:
932:
883:
807:
715:
705:
664:
607:
558:
517:
468:
418:
377:
328:
279:
187:
177:
144:
35:(ΞΌM). These microdomains take part in
254:Demuro, A; Parker, I (NovβDec 2006).
7:
352:Tian, J.; Xie, Z. J. (August 2007).
321:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb00233.x
17:Calcium concentration microdomains
14:
470:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06632.x
1070:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.05.003
707:10.1523/jneurosci.1070-07.2007
637:Journal of Theoretical Biology
1:
837:10.1016/j.tibtech.2010.07.003
19:(CCMs) are sites in a cell's
1011:Frontiers in Neural Circuits
925:10.1016/j.ymeth.2008.09.016
741:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
1122:
657:10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.03.019
631:Higgins, E. R. R. (2007).
588:Journal of Neurophysiology
370:10.1152/physiol.00008.2008
272:10.1016/j.ceca.2006.08.006
1024:10.3389/neuro.04.001.2010
974:10.1017/s1740925x10000219
876:10.1007/s00125-010-1775-z
420:10.1109/TCBB.2014.2316010
112:Neurological Interactions
825:Trends in Biotechnology
694:Journal of Neuroscience
233:10.1126/science.1350109
179:10.1073/pnas.0610741104
50:as a reporter protein.
44:fluorescence microscopy
76:adenosine triphosphate
23:with a localised high
1106:Cellular neuroscience
600:10.1152/jn.00255.2011
533:Clark, A. J. (2008).
519:10.1093/chemse/bjn065
122:Muscular Interactions
551:10.1002/cyto.a.20580
962:Neuron Glia Biology
649:2007JThBi.247..623H
225:1992Sci...256..677L
170:2007PNAS..104.1697S
104:A Na/Ca exchanger (
84:secondary messenger
58:The actions of the
54:Ion Channel Process
800:10.1002/glia.20915
700:(29): 7684β7695.
463:(20): 4990β5006.
219:(5057): 677β679.
37:calcium signaling
1113:
1090:
1089:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1036:
1026:
1002:
996:
995:
985:
953:
947:
946:
936:
904:
898:
897:
887:
870:(9): 1947β1957.
855:
849:
848:
820:
814:
813:
811:
779:
773:
772:
736:
730:
729:
719:
709:
685:
679:
678:
668:
628:
622:
621:
611:
594:(2): 1028β1037.
579:
573:
572:
562:
539:Cytometry Part A
530:
524:
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521:
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472:
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300:
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245:
244:
208:
202:
201:
191:
181:
164:(5): 1697β1702.
149:
72:action potential
29:calcium channels
1121:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1096:
1095:
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1050:
1004:
1003:
999:
955:
954:
950:
906:
905:
901:
857:
856:
852:
831:(10): 495β500.
822:
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781:
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776:
753:10.1038/nrn2191
738:
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733:
687:
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531:
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506:Chemical Senses
499:
498:
494:
450:
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436:
400:
399:
395:
351:
350:
346:
315:(22): 5467β75.
302:
301:
297:
266:(5β6): 413β22.
253:
252:
248:
210:
209:
205:
151:
150:
146:
141:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
56:
12:
11:
5:
1119:
1117:
1109:
1108:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1064:(6): 521β528.
1048:
997:
968:(3): 183β191.
948:
919:(3): 233β238.
899:
850:
815:
774:
747:(8): 597β609.
731:
680:
643:(4): 623β644.
623:
574:
545:(7): 673β678.
525:
492:
443:
434:
413:(3): 592β603.
393:
364:(4): 205β211.
344:
295:
246:
203:
143:
142:
140:
137:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
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13:
10:
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3:
2:
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1063:
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1016:
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984:
979:
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949:
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926:
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834:
830:
826:
819:
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766:
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723:
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619:
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867:
864:Diabetologia
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828:
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683:
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457:FEBS Journal
456:
446:
437:
410:
406:
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361:
357:
347:
312:
308:
298:
263:
260:Cell Calcium
259:
249:
216:
212:
206:
161:
157:
147:
135:
127:Muscle Cells
103:
92:
82:). IP3 is a
57:
41:
16:
15:
794:(13): S45.
60:Na-K-ATPase
25:calcium ion
512:(8): S61.
358:Physiology
139:References
117:Astrocytes
99:astrocytes
95:astrocytes
33:micromolar
784:"Posters"
132:Footnotes
88:cytoplasm
46:by using
21:cytoplasm
1100:Category
1086:23209232
1078:20546880
1043:20162034
992:21205365
943:18854212
894:20461354
845:20828847
769:18365674
761:17637801
726:17634363
675:17499276
618:21653726
569:18496849
487:21034449
479:18783430
429:26356026
388:18697994
290:17067668
198:17242349
48:aequorin
1034:2821199
983:3136572
934:2597054
913:Methods
885:3297670
809:7165548
717:6672867
666:1991275
645:Bibcode
609:3154815
560:3180874
379:5375021
339:8521803
281:1694561
241:1350109
221:Bibcode
213:Science
189:1785242
166:Bibcode
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330:394660
327:
309:EMBO J
288:
278:
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196:
186:
1082:S2CID
1017:: 1.
765:S2CID
483:S2CID
1074:PMID
1039:PMID
988:PMID
939:PMID
890:PMID
841:PMID
788:Glia
757:PMID
722:PMID
671:PMID
614:PMID
565:PMID
475:PMID
425:PMID
384:PMID
335:PMID
286:PMID
237:PMID
194:PMID
93:The
66:and
1066:doi
1029:PMC
1019:doi
978:PMC
970:doi
929:PMC
921:doi
880:PMC
872:doi
833:doi
804:PMC
796:doi
749:doi
712:PMC
702:doi
661:PMC
653:doi
641:247
604:PMC
596:doi
592:106
555:PMC
547:doi
543:73A
514:doi
465:doi
461:275
415:doi
374:PMC
366:doi
325:PMC
317:doi
276:PMC
268:doi
229:doi
217:256
184:PMC
174:doi
162:104
106:NCX
80:IP3
1102::
1080:.
1072:.
1062:28
1060:.
1037:.
1027:.
1013:.
1009:.
986:.
976:.
964:.
960:.
937:.
927:.
917:46
915:.
911:.
888:.
878:.
868:53
866:.
862:.
839:.
829:28
827:.
802:.
792:57
790:.
786:.
763:.
755:.
743:.
720:.
710:.
698:27
696:.
692:.
669:.
659:.
651:.
639:.
635:.
612:.
602:.
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586:.
563:.
553:.
541:.
537:.
510:33
508:.
504:.
481:.
473:.
459:.
455:.
423:.
411:11
409:.
405:.
382:.
372:.
362:23
360:.
356:.
333:.
323:.
313:14
311:.
307:.
284:.
274:.
264:40
262:.
258:.
235:.
227:.
215:.
192:.
182:.
172:.
160:.
156:.
64:Na
1088:.
1068::
1045:.
1021::
1015:4
994:.
972::
966:6
945:.
923::
896:.
874::
847:.
835::
812:.
798::
771:.
751::
745:8
728:.
704::
677:.
655::
647::
620:.
598::
571:.
549::
522:.
516::
489:.
467::
431:.
417::
390:.
368::
341:.
319::
292:.
270::
243:.
231::
223::
200:.
176::
168::
68:K
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