31:
1287:
424:
pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia was considered inconclusive. The same year, the FDA approved a QHC for calcium and colon cancer, with suggested wording "Some evidence suggests that calcium supplements may reduce the risk of colon/rectal cancer, however, FDA has determined that this evidence is limited and not conclusive." Evidence for breast cancer and prostate cancer was considered inconclusive. Proposals for QHCs for calcium as protective against kidney stones or against menstrual disorders or pain were rejected.
291:
2237:
normal blood HDL-cholesterol concentrations (ID 349, 1893), reduction in the severity of symptoms related to the premenstrual syndrome (ID 348, 1892), "cell membrane permeability" (ID 363), reduction of tiredness and fatigue (ID 232), contribution to normal psychological functions (ID 233), contribution to the maintenance or achievement of a normal body weight (ID 228, 229) and regulation of normal cell division and differentiation
945:
1426:
375:(ULs) for the combination of dietary and supplemental calcium. From the IOM, people ages 9–18 years are not supposed to exceed 3,000 mg/day; for ages 19–50 not to exceed 2,500 mg/day; for ages 51 and older, not to exceed 2,000 mg/day. The EFSA set UL at 2,500 mg/day for adults but decided the information for children and adolescents was not sufficient to determine ULs.
431:(EFSA) concluded that "Calcium contributes to the normal development of bones." The EFSA rejected a claim that a cause-and-effect relationship existed between the dietary intake of calcium and potassium and maintenance of normal acid-base balance. The EFSA also rejected claims for calcium and nails, hair, blood lipids, premenstrual syndrome and body weight maintenance.
999:, such as skeletal and cardiac muscles and neurons, membrane depolarization leads to a Ca transient with cytosolic Ca concentration reaching around 1 μM. Mitochondria are capable of sequestering and storing some of that Ca. It has been estimated that mitochondrial matrix free calcium concentration rises to the tens of micromolar levels
1122:
channels to efflux K and cause hyperpolarization of the cell membrane. Both nitric oxide and hyperpolarization cause the smooth muscle to relax in order to regulate the amount of tone in blood vessels. However, dysfunction within these Ca-activated pathways can lead to an increase in tone caused by
986:
Within a typical cell, the intracellular concentration of ionized calcium is roughly 100 nM, but is subject to increases of 10- to 100-fold during various cellular functions. The intracellular calcium level is kept relatively low with respect to the extracellular fluid, by an approximate magnitude of
1155:
from inhibition, like in the photoreception system. Ca ion can also determine the speed of adaptation in a neural system depending on the receptors and proteins that have varied affinity for detecting levels of calcium to open or close channels at high concentration and low concentration of calcium
1117:
In the endothelial cells which line the inside of blood vessels, Ca ions can regulate several signaling pathways which cause the smooth muscle surrounding blood vessels to relax. Some of these Ca-activated pathways include the stimulation of eNOS to produce nitric oxide, as well as the stimulation
396:
Although as a general rule, dietary supplement labeling and marketing are not allowed to make disease prevention or treatment claims, the FDA has for some foods and dietary supplements reviewed the science, concluded that there is significant scientific agreement, and published specifically worded
383:
For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For calcium labeling purposes, 100% of the Daily Value was 1000 mg, but as of May 27, 2016, it was revised to 1300 mg to bring it into agreement with the RDA. A
916:
calcium, which is one of the most closely regulated physiological variables in the human body. Normal plasma levels vary between 1 and 2% over any given time. Approximately half of all ionized calcium circulates in its unbound form, with the other half being complexed with plasma proteins such as
423:
In 2005, the FDA approved a
Qualified Health Claim for calcium and hypertension, with suggested wording "Some scientific evidence suggests that calcium supplements may reduce the risk of hypertension. However, FDA has determined that the evidence is inconsistent and not conclusive." Evidence for
2236:
Scientific
Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to calcium and maintenance of normal bone and teeth (ID 2731, 3155, 4311, 4312, 4703), maintenance of normal hair and nails (ID 399, 3155), maintenance of normal blood LDL-cholesterol concentrations (ID 349, 1893), maintenance of
1516:
Calcium is needed to stabilize the permeability of cell membranes. Without calcium, the cell walls are unable to stabilize and hold their contents. This is particularly important in developing fruits. Without calcium, the cell walls are weak and unable to hold the contents of the fruit.
405:
supplements, effective
January 1, 2010. Examples of allowed wording are shown below. In order to qualify for the calcium health claim, a dietary supplement must contain at least 20% of the Reference Dietary Intake, which for calcium means at least 260 mg/serving.
1437:
signals the guard cells, free Ca ions enter the cytosol from both outside the cell and internal stores, reversing the concentration gradient so the K+ ions begin exiting the cell. The loss of solutes makes the cell flaccid and closes the stomatal pores.
1784:
Wilson, C.H.; Ali, E.S.; Scrimgeour, N.; Martin, A.M.; Hua, J.; Tallis, G.A.; Rychkov, G.Y.; Barritt, G.J. (2015). "Steatosis inhibits liver cell store-operated Ca(2)(+) entry and reduces ER Ca(2)(+) through a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism".
2282:
975:. In humans, the total body content of calcium is present mostly in the form of bone mineral (roughly 99%). In this state, it is largely unavailable for exchange/bioavailability. The way to overcome this is through the process of
1011:
The effects of calcium on human cells are specific, meaning that different types of cells respond in different ways. However, in certain circumstances, its action may be more general. Ca ions are one of the most widespread
912:, calcium ions, like many other ions, are of such vital importance to many physiological processes that its concentration is maintained within specific limits to ensure adequate homeostasis. This is evidenced by human
884:
in g/L) multiplied by 0.02). There is, however, controversy around the usefulness of corrected calcium as it may be no better than total calcium. It may be more useful to correct total calcium for both albumin and the
2256:
879:
As access to an ionized calcium is not always available a corrected calcium may be used instead. To calculate a corrected calcium in mmol/L one takes the total calcium in mmol/L and adds it to ((40 minus the serum
368:(EFSA) uses the term Population Reference Intake (PRIs) instead of RDAs and sets slightly different numbers: ages 4–10 800 mg, ages 11–17 1150 mg, ages 18–24 1000 mg, and >25 years 950 mg.
1454:
cannot occur. Although young leaves have a higher need for calcium, older leaves contain higher amounts of calcium because calcium is relatively immobile through the plant. It is not transported through the
1134:
measurement that calcium-bound vWF acts as a shear force sensor in the blood. Shear force leads to unfolding of the A2 domain of vWF whose refolding rate is dramatically enhanced in the presence of calcium.
3710:
3141:
2601:
Yap, E; Ouyang, J; Puri, I; Melaku, Y; Goldwasser, P (1 June 2022). "Novel methods of predicting ionized calcium status from routine data in critical care: External validation in MIMIC-III".
5447:
1561:
127:, Ca, are released from bone into the bloodstream under controlled conditions. Calcium is transported through the bloodstream as dissolved ions or bound to proteins such as
2185:
2173:
2161:
2149:
2480:
Clin Chem. 1992 Jun;38(6):904–08. Single stable reagent (Arsenazo III) for optically robust measurement of calcium in serum and plasma. Leary NO, Pembroke A, Duggan PF.
1102:
was found as early as 1882 by Ringer. Subsequent investigations were to reveal its role as a messenger about a century later. Because its action is interconnected with
2021:
Institute of
Medicine (US) Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D Calcium; Ross, A. C.; Taylor, C. L.; Yaktine, A. L.; Del Valle, H. B. (2011).
1849:
Institute of
Medicine (US) Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D Calcium; Ross, A. C.; Taylor, C. L.; Yaktine, A. L.; Del Valle, H. B. (2011).
443:(USDA) web site has a very complete searchable table of calcium content (in milligrams) in foods, per common measures such as per 100 grams or per a normal serving.
3703:
3134:
2644:
Brini, Marisa; Ottolini, Denis; Calì, Tito; Carafoli, Ernesto (2013). "Calcium in Health and
Disease". In Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K. O. Sigel (ed.).
1673:
Brini, Marisa; Ottolini, Denis; Calì, Tito; Carafoli, Ernesto (2013). "Calcium in Health and
Disease". In Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K. O. Sigel (ed.).
5032:
2842:
Jakobi AJ, Mashaghi A, Tans SJ, Huizinga EG. Calcium modulates force sensing by the von
Willebrand factor A2 domain. Nature Communications 2011 Jul 12;2:385.
2150:
Qualified Health Claims: Letter of
Enforcement Discretion – Calcium and Hypertension; Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension; and Preeclampsia (Docket No. 2004Q-0098)
1494:. The Ca concentration of the vacuole may reach millimolar levels. The most striking use of Ca ions as a structural element in algae occurs in the marine
4843:
1056:
of sodium by coupling the influx of sodium into cell (and down its concentration gradient) with the transport of calcium out of the cell. In addition, the
3696:
3127:
2239:
2219:
2200:
2174:
Qualified Health Claims: Letter of Denial – Calcium and Kidney Stones; Urinary Stones; and Kidney Stones and
Urinary Stones (Docket No. 2004Q-0102)
2162:
Qualified Health Claims: Letter Regarding Calcium and Colon/Rectal, Breast, and Prostate Cancers and Recurrent Colon Polyps (Docket No. 2004Q-0097)
1126:
Calcium coordination plays an important role in defining the structure and function of proteins. An example a protein with calcium coordination is
440:
1717:
Brini, Marisa; Call, Tito; Ottolini, Denis; Carafoli, Ernesto (2013). "Intracellular Calcium Homeostasis and Signaling". In Banci, Lucia (ed.).
2325:
419:"Adequate calcium and vitamin D as part of a healthful diet, along with physical activity, may reduce the risk of osteoporosis in later life."
3034:
3009:
2694:
2661:
2544:
2429:
2040:
1868:
1754:
1734:
1690:
1900:
Balk EM, Adam GP, Langberg VN, Earley A, Clark P, Ebeling PR, Mithal A, Rizzoli R, Zerbini CA, Pierroz DD, Dawson-Hughes B (December 2017).
4472:
3439:
1151:
such as in the olfactory system to either enhance or repress cation channels. Other times the calcium level change can actually release
2534:
2005:"Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies"
4898:
2217:
Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to calcium and potassium and maintenance of normal acid-base balance
2856:"Computational model of the cAMP-mediated sensory response and calcium-dependent adaptation in vertebrate olfactory receptor neurons"
1123:
unregulated smooth muscle contraction. This type of dysfunction can be seen in cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and diabetes.
371:
Because of concerns of long-term adverse side effects such as calcification of arteries and kidney stones, the IOM and EFSA both set
4157:
1072:
4323:
4510:
3836:
3105:
1290:
732:
413:"Adequate calcium as part of a healthful diet, along with physical activity, may reduce the risk of osteoporosis in later life."
5223:
4127:
2072:
39:
4232:
1286:
30:
5118:
4912:
1957:
833:
428:
365:
361:
178:
also affects calcium levels by opposing parathyroid hormone; however, its physiological significance in humans is dubious.
5396:
4594:
4462:
3640:
3396:
2108:
35:
5472:
5018:
5000:
4162:
3986:
1277:
1057:
372:
188:
which repetitively release and then reaccumulate Ca ions in response to specific cellular events: storage sites include
5025:
2382:
Reference range list from Uppsala University Hospital ("Laborationslista"). Artnr 40284 Sj74a. Issued on April 22, 2008
836:, in which the tissue is vaporized and combusted. To measure Ca concentration or spatial distribution within the cell
416:"Adequate calcium and vitamin D throughout life, as part of a well-balanced diet, may reduce the risk of osteoporosis."
5442:
4848:
4659:
4132:
3872:
3332:
3294:
2186:
Qualified Health Claims: Letters of Denial - Calcium and a Reduced Risk Of Menstrual Disorders (Docket No. 2004Q-0099)
2004:
996:
818:
1821:
5457:
5421:
4731:
4617:
4550:
4417:
3996:
3673:
2092:"Federal Register May 27, 2016 Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. FR page 33982"
211:(free), in budding yeast 2 mM (bound), in mammalian cell 10–100 nM (free) and in blood plasma 2 mM.
3224:
2464:
5462:
5276:
3882:
3770:
3501:
1333:
1106:, they are called synarchic messengers. Calcium can bind to several different calcium-modulated proteins such as
864:
4689:
4563:
4480:
4122:
2490:
Minisola, S; Pepe, J; Piemonte, S; Cipriani, C (2 June 2015). "The diagnosis and management of hypercalcaemia".
3374:
1053:
1049:
43:
4377:
821:
used in this method makes it necessary to calibrate the method every few hours in a clinical laboratory setup.
4669:
4500:
4367:
2829:
Hua Cai, David G. Harrison. Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiovascular Diseases: The Role of Oxidant Stress.
4929:
4540:
4457:
4189:
4001:
3877:
3369:
3237:
3202:
1029:
94:
4829:
4736:
4485:
4217:
2915:"Cyclic GMP and calcium: The internal messengers of excitation and adaptation in vertebrate photoreceptors"
1130:(vWF) which has an essential role in blood clot formation process. It was discovered using single molecule
5288:
4926:
4630:
4576:
4439:
4426:
4184:
3887:
3635:
3489:
3327:
3289:
1337:
1207:
1064:
992:
385:
4545:
4147:
4117:
2761:"Mitochondrial Free Ca Levels and Their Effects on Energy Metabolism in Drosophila Motor Nerve Terminals"
2235:
2216:
2197:
2024:
Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D, Chapter 6 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels pages 403–56
410:"Adequate calcium throughout life, as part of a well-balanced diet, may reduce the risk of osteoporosis."
348:
In 2021, calcium was the 243rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1
5228:
5103:
4853:
4535:
4350:
4137:
3429:
3406:
3391:
3322:
1127:
1037:
193:
4490:
4194:
4142:
3966:
3961:
2307:
4775:
4372:
4112:
3981:
3971:
1852:
Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D, Chapter 5 Dietary Reference Intakes pages 345–402
1624:
5401:
5113:
5073:
5063:
5058:
4387:
4382:
4212:
4199:
4152:
3976:
3902:
3892:
3627:
3484:
3472:
3449:
3304:
3172:
2867:
2816:
Christopher J Garland, C Robin Hiley, Kim A Dora. EDHF: spreading the influence of the endothelium.
2773:
1584:
1572:
1197:
397:
allowed health claims. An initial ruling allowing a health claim for calcium dietary supplements and
102:
817:
O-Cresolphalein Complexone Method; A disadvantage of this method is that the volatile nature of the
5271:
5238:
5198:
5098:
4863:
4793:
3465:
3460:
3357:
3197:
2355:
1590:
1369:
1365:
1017:
171:
132:
66:
3811:
2843:
5467:
5406:
5365:
5190:
4530:
4515:
4293:
4273:
4242:
4094:
4051:
3816:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3725:
2944:
2741:
2626:
2515:
2091:
2054:
1882:
1099:
903:
868:
98:
4798:
4589:
4520:
4268:
4247:
2138:
Food Labeling: Health Claims; Calcium and Osteoporosis, and Calcium, Vitamin D, and Osteoporosis
1769:
1761:
1302:
Substantial decreases in extracellular Ca ion concentrations may result in a condition known as
4674:
4407:
3801:
3781:
5375:
5345:
5313:
5308:
5293:
5266:
5213:
5203:
5108:
5088:
5083:
5053:
4709:
4704:
4318:
4313:
4237:
4071:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3761:
3567:
3546:
3214:
3209:
3081:
3030:
3005:
2979:
2936:
2895:
2799:
2733:
2690:
2667:
2657:
2618:
2583:
2540:
2507:
2425:
2347:
2137:
2046:
2036:
1931:
1874:
1864:
1802:
1765:
1757:
1750:
1740:
1730:
1696:
1686:
1652:
1644:
1596:
1566:
1499:
1451:
1318:
1227:
1144:
1080:
1045:
960:
956:
948:
136:
4699:
4694:
4684:
4664:
4397:
3912:
2975:
2562:"Predicting Ionized Hypocalcemia in Critical Care: An Improved Method Based on the Anion Gap"
1368:
and decreased neuromuscular excitability. One cause of hypercalcemia is a condition known as
5452:
5340:
5298:
4745:
4339:
4308:
4222:
4173:
4066:
4017:
3897:
3657:
3314:
3071:
3063:
2971:
2926:
2885:
2875:
2789:
2781:
2723:
2649:
2610:
2573:
2499:
2337:
2028:
1921:
1913:
1856:
1794:
1722:
1678:
1636:
1549:
1495:
1484:
1409:
1271:
1258:
1172:
1152:
1131:
1092:
1013:
504:
163:
74:
70:
4495:
4107:
3114:
5411:
5303:
5243:
5208:
5093:
5078:
4933:
4604:
4392:
4227:
3991:
3650:
3645:
3109:
2468:
2243:
2223:
2204:
1447:
1240:
1033:
976:
964:
725:
290:
140:
120:
2198:
Calcium and contribution to the normal development of bones: evaluation of a health claim
1324:
Ca ions can damage cells if they enter in excessive numbers (for example, in the case of
983:. The remainder of calcium is present within the extracellular and intracellular fluids.
2871:
2777:
5355:
5350:
5335:
5323:
4953:
4612:
4505:
4402:
4102:
4089:
4076:
3722:
3558:
3414:
3187:
3177:
3076:
3051:
2890:
2855:
2794:
2760:
1926:
1901:
1510:
1476:
1329:
1325:
1223:
1189:
1182:
1088:
1084:
652:
520:
480:
106:
62:
3102:
1822:"Cell Biology by the Numbers: What are the concentrations of different ions in cells?"
716:
is a measure of free calcium. An abnormally high level of calcium in plasma is termed
5436:
5416:
5380:
5370:
5328:
5318:
4894:
4643:
4452:
4081:
4061:
4056:
4041:
3601:
3580:
3494:
3419:
3352:
2931:
2914:
2630:
2418:
2326:"Serum ionized calcium and corrected total calcium in borderline hyperparathyroidism"
1434:
1361:
1357:
1314:
1303:
1025:
717:
181:
175:
128:
109:
86:
3688:
3119:
2962:
Gillespie, P. G.; Cyr, J. L. (2004). "Myosin-1c, the hair cell's adaptation motor".
2948:
2745:
2685:
Boron, Walter F.; Boulpaep, Emile L (2003). "The Parathyroid Glands and Vitamin D".
2519:
2058:
1886:
1524:
accumulate Ca in their tissues, thus making them more firm. Calcium is stored as Ca-
5233:
4971:
4947:
4278:
4046:
3746:
3733:
3719:
3606:
3575:
3478:
3379:
3167:
2116:
1578:
1397:
1381:
1310:
1041:
988:
913:
721:
705:
398:
189:
144:
58:
2342:
1949:
944:
220:
Age-adjusted daily calcium recommendations (from U.S. Institute of Medicine RDAs)
855:
reporters may be used. These include cell permeable, calcium-binding fluorescent
5281:
5218:
4984:
4755:
4679:
4288:
4283:
4168:
4009:
3907:
3751:
3424:
3384:
3364:
3299:
3261:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3159:
2765:
2653:
1726:
1682:
1545:
1460:
1425:
1389:
1385:
980:
979:, in which calcium is liberated into the bloodstream through the action of bone
926:
909:
852:
685:
636:
467:
2728:
2711:
1979:
1640:
995:
for energy, as well as a sizable storage within intracellular compartments. In
17:
5169:
4957:
4937:
4871:
4525:
3942:
3937:
3826:
3806:
3344:
3284:
3271:
3192:
3151:
2785:
2614:
1917:
1472:
1401:
1148:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1061:
644:
204:
167:
155:
148:
54:
2578:
2561:
1648:
364:(RDAs) for calcium in 1997 and updated those values in 2011. See table. The
4943:
4902:
4765:
4760:
3821:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3434:
3232:
2880:
1625:"Basic Mechanisms of Cardiac Impulse Propagation and Associated Arrhythmias"
1602:
1349:
1162:
1021:
972:
934:
886:
837:
402:
208:
185:
3085:
2983:
2899:
2803:
2737:
2671:
2622:
2587:
2511:
2050:
2022:
1935:
1878:
1850:
1806:
1744:
1700:
1656:
4977:
cGMP preferring PDE inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil, paraxanthine, tadalafil)
2940:
5360:
5253:
5161:
5145:
4964:
4920:
4906:
4821:
4723:
4412:
4303:
3850:
3741:
3596:
3528:
3279:
3067:
2351:
1405:
1393:
1353:
1247:
1147:
for visual, auditory, and the olfactory system. It may often be bound to
987:
12,000-fold. This gradient is maintained through various plasma membrane
847:
628:
580:
552:
496:
455:
2648:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 13. Springer. pp. 81–138.
2263:. United States Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Research Service
1721:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 12. Springer. pp. 119–68.
1677:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 13. Springer. pp. 81–137.
1356:. Calcium also acts as one of the primary regulators of osmotic stress (
147:
in the kidney back into circulation, and increases in the activation of
5261:
4884:
4750:
4263:
4258:
4207:
4026:
4021:
3947:
3867:
3856:
3536:
2461:
2109:"Daily Value Reference of the Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD)"
1798:
1541:
1529:
1525:
1491:
1480:
1345:
1076:
938:
930:
918:
881:
841:
825:
612:
604:
78:
50:
5010:
2503:
959:
contain calcium in different concentrations. For instance, Ca (mostly
5177:
5153:
5137:
5128:
4980:
4876:
4770:
4333:
3541:
1506:
1487:
1456:
1341:
1306:
1234:
1217:
1068:
922:
860:
620:
561:
549:
541:
512:
488:
459:
90:
82:
2420:
First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2008 (First Aid for the Usmle Step 1)
199:
Characteristic concentrations of calcium in model organisms are: in
2032:
1860:
1114:, proteins that are necessary for promoting contraction in muscle.
712:, which includes both protein-bound and free calcium. In contrast,
1521:
1424:
1285:
701:
289:
1902:"Global dietary calcium intake among adults: a systematic review"
832:
The total amount of Ca present in a tissue may be measured using
4858:
4785:
4359:
968:
856:
677:
669:
661:
596:
588:
528:
116:
5014:
3692:
3123:
3103:
United States Department of Agriculture: Vitamin D and Calcium
2646:
Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases
1675:
Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases
124:
101:. Extracellular calcium is also important for maintaining the
1143:
Ca ion flow regulates several secondary messenger systems in
115:
Plasma calcium levels in mammals are tightly regulated, with
2560:
Yap, E; Roche-Recinos, A; Goldwasser, P (30 December 2019).
2398:
Derived from molar values using molar mass of 40.08 g•mol−1
724:, with "abnormal" generally referring to levels outside the
2449:
Derived from mass values using molar mass of 40.08 g•mol−1
384:
table of the old and new adult daily values is provided at
1032:
or voltage-gated calcium channels), or from some internal
1548:, and act in a number of signal transduction pathways as
1060:(PMCA) obtains energy to pump calcium out of the cell by
824:
Arsenazo III Method; This method is more robust, but the
3115:
National Osteoporosis Foundation: Calcium and vitamin D
2074:
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals
3742:
Nitroxyl anion (NO; oxonitrate(1-), hyponitrite anion)
2533:
Thomas, Lynn K.; Othersen, Jennifer Bohnstadt (2016).
1348:
into a cell may damage it or even cause it to undergo
1239:
Activation in response to antigen presentation to the
3002:
Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approach
2687:
Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approach
2854:
Dougherty, D. P.; Wright, G. A.; Yew, A. C. (2005).
1540:
Ca ions are usually kept at nanomolar levels in the
5389:
5252:
5189:
5127:
5046:
4811:
4784:
4722:
4652:
4603:
4471:
4358:
4349:
4332:
4233:
Methylamine hexamethylene methylamine/NO (MAHMA/NO)
3849:
3769:
3760:
3732:
3666:
3626:
3619:
3589:
3566:
3557:
3527:
3448:
3405:
3343:
3313:
3270:
3223:
3158:
1446:Calcium is a necessary ion in the formation of the
1044:. Levels of intracellular calcium are regulated by
294:
Global dietary calcium intake among adults (mg/day)
2417:
1779:
1777:
967:) is the most important (and specific) element of
4047:Amyl nitrite (isoamyl nitrite, isopentyl nitrite)
1459:because it can bind with other nutrient ions and
1073:voltage-dependent, calcium-selective ion channels
360:The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) established
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2257:"Food Composition Databases Show Nutrients List"
3908:Naproxcinod (nitronaproxen; AZD-3582, HCT-3012)
2860:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2445:
2443:
2441:
2416:Deepak A. Rao; Le, Tao; Bhushan, Vikas (2007).
1048:that remove it from the cell. For example, the
813:The main methods to measure serum calcium are:
2027:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
1855:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
5448:Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements
5026:
4324:N-Acetyl-N-acetoxy-4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide
3883:Ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN; nitroglycol)
3704:
3135:
3050:White, Philip J.; Martin R. Broadley (2003).
3027:Review of medical microbiology and immunology
1562:Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements
8:
3000:Boron, Walter F.; Boulpaep, Emile L (2003).
2536:Nutrition Therapy for Chronic Kidney Disease
2457:
2455:
1623:Kléber, André G.; Rudy, Yoram (2004-04-01).
1471:Ca ions are an essential component of plant
1429:Calcium GCaMP reporter in tomato pollen tube
2995:
2993:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
1293:, showing calcium levels in purple at right
5033:
5019:
5011:
4355:
4346:
3766:
3711:
3697:
3689:
3623:
3563:
3142:
3128:
3120:
2566:The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2319:
2317:
1158:
166:of calcium from the intestines and bones.
158:. Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D
4067:Isobutyl nitrite (2-methylpropyl nitrite)
3977:Nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate (GTN))
3075:
2930:
2889:
2879:
2793:
2727:
2577:
2341:
2176:U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2005).
2164:U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2005).
2152:U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2005).
1925:
1844:
1842:
1605: – Group of fat-soluble secosteroids
1384:use calcium compounds for building their
1024:either from outside the cell through the
401:was later amended to include calcium and
2976:10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.112842
2188:U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2005)
2113:Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD)
1668:
1666:
1360:). Chronically elevated plasma calcium (
943:
730:
571:
446:
218:
29:
4143:S-Nitrosocysteine (SNC, CysNO, SNO-Cys)
4133:S-Nitroso-N-valerylpenicillamine (SNVP)
1712:
1710:
1615:
441:United States Department of Agriculture
4128:S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP)
4002:Sodium trioxodinitrate (Angeli's salt)
2226:European Food Safety Authority (2011).
2207:European Food Safety Authority (2016).
2080:, European Food Safety Authority, 2006
720:and an abnormally low level is termed
34:Calcium is used in many nerves in the
2913:Pugh, E. N. Jr.; Lamb, T. D. (1990).
1587: – Use of Potassium by organisms
1575: – Use of Magnesium by organisms
1502:plates, with which they are covered.
1110:(the first one to be identified) and
863:or genetically engineered variant of
7:
4963:non-selective PDE inhibitors (e.g.,
3747:Nitric oxide (NO; nitrogen monoxide)
3029:. McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 414.
2324:Larsson L, Ohman S (November 1978).
1960:from the original on 15 January 2024
1593: – Use of Selenium by organisms
1079:transmission through the release of
1020:. They make their entrance into the
112:, as well as proper bone formation.
5131: (Core six elements)
3987:Pentaerithrityl tetranitrate (PETN)
3873:Diethylene glycol dinitrate (DEGDN)
3440:Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB
2759:Ivannikov, M.; et al. (2013).
2689:. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 1094.
615:(skimmed milk cheese) = 90 mg
4892:Indirect/downstream NO modulators:
4660:Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA)
3004:. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 867.
2462:Blood Test Results – Normal Ranges
2140:U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
1599: – Use of sodium by organisms
1569: – Use of Iodine by organisms
828:in the reagent is a health hazard.
38:which is slightly slower than the
25:
4690:Nitroarginine methyl ester (NAME)
4153:S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO, SNOG)
4123:S-Nitroso-N-acetylcysteine (SNAC)
3997:Propylene glycol dinitrate (PGDN)
3752:Nitrosonium (NO; nitrosyl cation)
1980:"Calcium - Drug Usage Statistics"
1309:, which is marked by spontaneous
672:, white, long-grain = 19 mg
65:. They play an important role in
42:. It is most notably used in the
1317:will begin to affect aspects of
1291:Reference ranges for blood tests
733:Reference ranges for blood tests
4218:Diethylenetriamine/NO (DETA/NO)
2818:British Journal of Pharmacology
2261:USDA Food Composition Databases
1450:. Without the mitotic spindle,
1313:discharge. In addition, severe
544:seeds (unhulled) = 125 mg
475:goat hard cheese = 895 mg
40:voltage-gated potassium channel
5119:Biological aspects of fluorine
4418:N-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-ornithine (
1505:Calcium is needed to form the
1298:Negative effects and pathology
1028:via calcium channels (such as
834:Atomic absorption spectroscopy
429:European Food Safety Authority
366:European Food Safety Authority
362:Recommended Dietary Allowances
69:pathways, where they act as a
1:
5397:Composition of the human body
5001:Receptor/signaling modulators
4670:Guanidinoethyldisulfide (GED)
3888:Isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN)
3878:Erythritol tetranitrate (ETN)
3397:Comprehensive metabolic panel
2246:EFSA Journal 2010;8(10):1725.
373:Tolerable Upper Intake Levels
53:ions (Ca) contribute to the
36:voltage-gated calcium channel
4138:S-Nitrosocaptopril (SNO-Cap)
3967:Nitroflurbiprofen (HCT-1026)
3962:Nitroatorvastatin (NCX-6560)
2932:10.1016/0042-6989(90)90013-b
1278:Function of protein kinase C
997:electrically excitable cells
575:Food, calcium per 100 grams
450:Food, calcium per 100 grams
5407:Mineral (Essential element)
4613:Aminoguanidine (pimagedine)
4506:Aminoguanidine (pimagedine)
4403:Aminoguanidine (pimagedine)
4167:N-Nitroso compounds (e.g.,
3982:Nitropravastatin (NCX-6550)
3893:Isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN)
3333:Thyroid-stimulating hormone
3295:Total iron-binding capacity
2964:Annual Review of Physiology
2654:10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_4
2492:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
2343:10.1093/clinchem/24.11.1962
2283:"SR Legacy Nutrient Search"
1727:10.1007/978-94-007-5561-1_5
1683:10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_4
1498:, which use Ca to form the
1336:, or after insults such as
819:2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol
97:, including several of the
27:Use of calcium by organisms
5489:
5422:Uranium in the environment
4899:AT-II receptor antagonists
4644:Nitroarginine (NNA, NOARG)
4481:1-Amino-2-hydroxyguanidine
4453:Nitroarginine (NNA, NOARG)
4200:Sodium nitroprusside (SNP)
3674:Elevated alpha-fetoprotein
2729:10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.028
2710:Clapham, David E. (2007).
2539:. CRC Press. p. 116.
1906:Osteoporosis International
1641:10.1152/physrev.00025.2003
1334:neurodegenerative diseases
1156:in the cell at that time.
1003:during neuronal activity.
901:
93:require calcium ions as a
5277:Acute beryllium poisoning
4994:
3025:Levinson, Warren (2008).
2820:. 164:3, 839–52. (2011).
2786:10.1016/j.bpj.2013.03.064
2615:10.1016/j.cca.2022.05.003
1918:10.1007/s00198-017-4230-x
1820:Milo, Ron; Philips, Rob.
1581: – Skeletal disorder
1463:out of liquid solutions.
1321:and signal transduction.
1058:plasma membrane Ca ATPase
865:green fluorescent protein
786:
761:
700:The amount of calcium in
4378:3-Chloro-5-nitroindazole
4213:Diethylamine/NO (DEA/NO)
4185:Metal nitrosyl complexes
4113:S-Nitrosoalbumin (SNALB)
3807:Cinaciguat (BAY 58-2667)
2579:10.1373/jalm.2019.029314
1719:Metallomics and the Cell
1328:, or over-excitation of
1054:electrochemical gradient
1050:sodium-calcium exchanger
1030:calcium-binding proteins
536:goat milk = 134 mg
81:, in contraction of all
44:cardiac action potential
4970:PDE9 inhibitors (e.g.,
4458:Pentamidine isethionate
4368:3-Bromo-7-nitroindazole
4255:Heterocyclic compounds:
3779:Activators/stimulators:
3203:BUN-to-creatinine ratio
2881:10.1073/pnas.0504099102
2424:. McGraw-Hill Medical.
1513:of newly formed cells.
1208:Parathyroid chief cells
704:(more specifically, in
356:Dietary recommendations
352:million prescriptions.
5289:Chlorine gas poisoning
4927:L-Type calcium channel
3636:Elevated transaminases
3328:Thyroid function tests
3290:Transferrin saturation
3150:Clinical biochemistry
2833:. 87, 840–44. (2000).
1430:
1344:). Excessive entry of
1294:
1098:Calcium's function in
1065:adenosine triphosphate
952:
647:, boiled = 50 mg
386:Reference Daily Intake
345:
47:
5262:Argyria (Silver)
5104:Molybdenum in biology
4531:Cindunistat (SD-6010)
4486:2-Ethylaminoguanidine
4243:Spermine/NO (SPER/NO)
4040:O-Nitroso compounds (
3430:Lactate dehydrogenase
3392:Basic metabolic panel
3323:ACTH stimulation test
1950:"The Top 300 of 2021"
1629:Physiological Reviews
1428:
1364:) is associated with
1332:, which can occur in
1289:
1128:von Willebrand factor
1052:uses energy from the
1038:endoplasmic reticulum
947:
708:) can be measured as
599:greens = 114 mg
591:, soft = 114 mg
293:
194:endoplasmic reticulum
184:calcium is stored in
33:
5402:Lithium (medication)
5114:Arsenic biochemistry
5074:Manganese in biology
5064:Potassium in biology
5059:Magnesium in biology
4917:receptor antagonists
4590:Ronopterin (VAS-203)
4289:Molsidomine (SIN-10)
4210:(diazeniumdiolates):
4190:Roussin's black salt
3903:Mannitol hexanitrate
3450:Liver function tests
3305:Transferrin receptor
2831:Circulation Research
2603:Clinica Chimica Acta
1585:Potassium in biology
1573:Magnesium in biology
1198:Juxtaglomerular cell
696:Measurement in blood
491:paste = 427 mg
172:parafollicular cells
119:acting as the major
103:potential difference
5473:Signal transduction
5272:Beryllium poisoning
5099:Selenium in biology
5041:Elements in biology
4284:Linsidomine (SIN-1)
4181:Nitrosyl compounds:
4148:S-Nitrosodiclofenac
4118:S-Nitrosated AR545C
4103:S-Nitroso compounds
3466:Serum total protein
3461:Human serum albumin
3052:"Calcium in Plants"
2872:2005PNAS..10210415D
2778:2013BpJ...104.2353I
2712:"Calcium Signaling"
1826:book.bionumbers.org
1591:Selenium in biology
1370:hyperparathyroidism
1366:cardiac arrhythmias
1018:signal transduction
736:
221:
133:Parathyroid hormone
99:coagulation factors
85:cell types, and in
67:signal transduction
5443:Biological systems
5366:Thallium poisoning
5069:Calcium in biology
4195:Roussin's red salt
4052:Cyclohexyl nitrite
3943:Nipradilol (K-351)
3238:Arterial blood gas
3108:2020-05-20 at the
3068:10.1093/aob/mcg164
2467:2012-11-02 at the
2308:"FoodData Central"
2242:2019-09-01 at the
2222:2019-09-01 at the
2203:2019-12-20 at the
1799:10.1042/bj20140881
1479:, and are used as
1431:
1295:
1100:muscle contraction
1075:are important for
1046:transport proteins
953:
949:Calcium regulation
904:Calcium metabolism
731:
346:
219:
207:(bound), 100
170:secreted from the
48:
5458:Calcium signaling
5430:
5429:
5376:Toxic heavy metal
5361:Selenium toxicity
5346:Mercury poisoning
5314:Fluoride toxicity
5309:Cadmium poisoning
5294:Chromium toxicity
5267:Arsenic poisoning
5109:Iodine in biology
5089:Copper in biology
5084:Cobalt in biology
5054:Sodium in biology
5008:
5007:
4833:
4824:
4807:
4806:
4740:
4718:
4717:
4638:
4634:
4625:
4621:
4618:N-(1-Iminoethyl)-
4584:
4580:
4571:
4567:
4564:N-(1-Iminoethyl)-
4558:
4554:
4551:N-(1-Iminoethyl)-
4491:2-Iminopiperidine
4447:
4443:
4434:
4430:
4421:
4343:
4072:Isopropyl nitrite
4018:Nitroso compounds
3860:
3845:
3844:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3615:
3614:
3568:Blood sugar level
3547:Pancreatic lipase
3385:Total cholesterol
3215:Serum osmolal gap
3210:Plasma osmolality
3036:978-0-07-149620-9
3011:978-1-4160-2328-9
2696:978-1-4160-2328-9
2663:978-94-007-7499-5
2546:978-1-4398-4950-7
2504:10.1136/bmj.h2723
2431:978-0-07-149868-5
2042:978-0-309-16394-1
1870:978-0-309-16394-1
1755:978-94-007-5561-1
1736:978-94-007-5560-4
1692:978-94-007-7499-5
1597:Sodium in biology
1567:Iodine in biology
1550:second messengers
1500:calcium carbonate
1452:cellular division
1442:Cellular division
1319:blood coagulation
1284:
1283:
1276:Further reading:
1228:neural adaptation
1173:Endothelial cells
1145:neural adaptation
1093:synaptic vesicles
1081:neurotransmitters
1014:second messengers
961:calcium phosphate
951:in the human body
875:Corrected calcium
811:
810:
692:
691:
568:
567:
560:plain whole-milk
462:) = 1140 mg
288:
287:
228:Calcium (mg/day)
143:of Ca from bone,
137:parathyroid gland
16:(Redirected from
5480:
5463:Dietary minerals
5341:Lithium toxicity
5299:Cobalt poisoning
5035:
5028:
5021:
5012:
4934:dihydropyridines
4834:-arginine (NOHA)
4831:
4822:
4776:alpha aminoacids
4746:chlorogenic acid
4741:-arginine (NOHA)
4738:
4636:
4632:
4623:
4619:
4582:
4578:
4569:
4565:
4556:
4552:
4445:
4441:
4432:
4428:
4419:
4373:3-Chloroindazole
4356:
4347:
4337:
4035:
4034:
3972:Nitrofluvastatin
3956:
3955:
3898:Itramin tosilate
3854:
3767:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3690:
3658:Hyperproteinemia
3624:
3564:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3121:
3090:
3089:
3079:
3056:Annals of Botany
3047:
3041:
3040:
3022:
3016:
3015:
2997:
2988:
2987:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2934:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2893:
2883:
2866:(30): 10415–20.
2851:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2827:
2821:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2797:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2731:
2722:(6): 1047–1058.
2707:
2701:
2700:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2472:
2459:
2450:
2447:
2436:
2435:
2423:
2412:
2399:
2396:
2383:
2380:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2354:. Archived from
2345:
2321:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2253:
2247:
2233:
2227:
2214:
2208:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2115:. Archived from
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1929:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1846:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1781:
1772:
1749:electronic-book
1748:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1670:
1661:
1660:
1620:
1496:coccolithophores
1467:Structural roles
1272:protein kinase C
1259:protein kinase C
1159:
1153:guanylyl cyclase
1132:optical tweezers
1034:calcium storages
737:
572:
447:
351:
341:
335:
329:
323:
317:
311:
305:
299:
222:
135:secreted by the
75:neurotransmitter
71:second messenger
21:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5412:Oxygen toxicity
5385:
5304:Copper toxicity
5248:
5185:
5123:
5094:Zinc in biology
5079:Iron in biology
5042:
5039:
5009:
5004:
4990:
4954:PDE5 inhibitors
4916:
4880:
4867:
4803:
4780:
4714:
4648:
4599:
4467:
4393:7-Nitroindazole
4388:6-Nitroindazole
4383:5-Nitroindazole
4336:
4328:
4105:(thionitrites):
4033:
4030:
4029:
4028:
3992:Propatylnitrate
3954:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3853:
3841:
3756:
3728:
3717:
3687:
3678:
3662:
3651:Hypoalbuminemia
3646:Hypoproteinemia
3611:
3585:
3559:Small molecules
3553:
3523:
3444:
3401:
3339:
3309:
3266:
3256:
3219:
3154:
3148:
3110:Wayback Machine
3099:
3094:
3093:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3037:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3012:
2999:
2998:
2991:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2925:(12): 1923–48.
2919:Vision Research
2912:
2911:
2907:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2837:
2828:
2824:
2815:
2811:
2772:(11): 2353–61.
2758:
2757:
2753:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2664:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2469:Wayback Machine
2460:
2453:
2448:
2439:
2432:
2415:
2413:
2402:
2397:
2386:
2381:
2370:
2361:
2359:
2336:(11): 1962–65.
2323:
2322:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2289:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2244:Wayback Machine
2234:
2230:
2224:Wayback Machine
2215:
2211:
2205:Wayback Machine
2196:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2119:on 7 April 2020
2107:
2106:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2043:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1912:(12): 3315–24.
1899:
1898:
1894:
1871:
1848:
1847:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1783:
1782:
1775:
1737:
1716:
1715:
1708:
1693:
1672:
1671:
1664:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1558:
1538:
1469:
1448:mitotic spindle
1444:
1423:
1421:Stomata closing
1418:
1378:
1330:neural circuits
1300:
1274:
1241:T cell receptor
1183:Secretory cells
1141:
1121:
1009:
977:bone resorption
965:calcium sulfate
906:
900:
895:
877:
762:Ionized calcium
726:reference range
714:ionized calcium
698:
693:
569:
437:
394:
381:
358:
349:
344:
343:
339:
337:
333:
331:
327:
325:
321:
319:
315:
313:
309:
307:
303:
301:
297:
217:
161:
152:
121:mineral storage
28:
23:
22:
18:Calcium storage
15:
12:
11:
5:
5486:
5484:
5476:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5435:
5434:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5393:
5391:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5356:Nickel allergy
5353:
5351:Metal toxicity
5348:
5343:
5338:
5336:Lead poisoning
5333:
5332:
5331:
5324:Iron poisoning
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5279:
5269:
5264:
5258:
5256:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5195:
5193:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5175:
5167:
5159:
5151:
5143:
5134:
5132:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5030:
5023:
5015:
5006:
5005:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4978:
4975:
4968:
4961:
4951:
4941:
4924:
4914:
4910:
4895:ACE inhibitors
4888:
4887:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4837:
4836:
4827:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4790:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4734:
4728:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4628:
4615:
4609:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4574:
4561:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4477:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4437:
4424:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4364:
4362:
4353:
4344:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4266:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4177:
4176:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4098:-Butyl nitrite
4092:
4090:Pentyl nitrite
4087:
4085:-Butyl nitrite
4079:
4077:Methyl nitrite
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4042:alkyl nitrites
4031:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3863:
3861:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3775:
3773:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3738:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3693:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3643:
3638:
3632:
3630:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3539:
3533:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3475:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3454:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3415:Cardiac marker
3411:
3409:
3407:Cardiovascular
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3358:Hemoglobin A1c
3349:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3325:
3319:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3229:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3188:Renal function
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3098:
3097:External links
3095:
3092:
3091:
3062:(4): 487–511.
3042:
3035:
3017:
3010:
2989:
2954:
2905:
2846:
2835:
2822:
2809:
2751:
2702:
2695:
2677:
2662:
2636:
2593:
2552:
2545:
2525:
2482:
2473:
2451:
2437:
2430:
2400:
2384:
2368:
2313:
2299:
2274:
2248:
2228:
2209:
2190:
2178:
2166:
2154:
2142:
2130:
2100:
2083:
2064:
2041:
2033:10.17226/13050
2013:
1996:
1971:
1941:
1892:
1869:
1861:10.17226/13050
1838:
1812:
1773:
1735:
1706:
1691:
1662:
1635:(2): 431–488.
1614:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1557:
1554:
1537:
1536:Cell signaling
1534:
1511:middle lamella
1477:cell membranes
1468:
1465:
1443:
1440:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1377:
1374:
1352:, or death by
1326:excitotoxicity
1299:
1296:
1282:
1281:
1270:Activation of
1268:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1257:Activation of
1255:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1224:vesicle fusion
1222:Transmission (
1220:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1190:vesicle fusion
1186:
1179:
1178:
1177:↑Vasodilation
1175:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1140:
1137:
1119:
1089:vesicle fusion
1085:synaptic cleft
1008:
1005:
971:and calcified
902:Main article:
899:
896:
894:
891:
876:
873:
830:
829:
822:
809:
808:
805:
802:
798:
797:
794:
791:
788:
784:
783:
780:
777:
773:
772:
769:
766:
763:
759:
758:
753:
748:
743:
697:
694:
690:
689:
682:
681:
674:
673:
666:
665:
657:
656:
649:
648:
641:
640:
633:
632:
625:
624:
617:
616:
609:
608:
601:
600:
593:
592:
585:
584:
583:= 114 mg
577:
576:
570:
566:
565:
564:= 121 mg
557:
556:
555:= 122 mg
546:
545:
538:
537:
533:
532:
531:= 150 mg
525:
524:
523:= 232 mg
521:collard greens
517:
516:
515:= 234 mg
509:
508:
507:= 240 mg
501:
500:
499:= 273 mg
493:
492:
485:
484:
483:= 720 mg
481:Cheddar cheese
477:
476:
472:
471:
470:= 909 mg
464:
463:
452:
451:
445:
436:
433:
421:
420:
417:
414:
411:
393:
390:
380:
377:
357:
354:
342: >1000
338:
336: 900–1000
332:
326:
320:
314:
308:
302:
296:
295:
286:
285:
282:
278:
277:
274:
270:
269:
266:
262:
261:
258:
254:
253:
250:
246:
245:
242:
238:
237:
234:
230:
229:
226:
216:
213:
159:
150:
139:regulates the
123:site. Calcium
107:excitable cell
61:of organisms'
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5485:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5417:Soil salinity
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5382:
5381:Zinc toxicity
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5371:Tin poisoning
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5330:
5329:Iron overload
5327:
5326:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5319:Halotolerance
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5251:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5188:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5126:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5036:
5031:
5029:
5024:
5022:
5017:
5016:
5013:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4993:
4986:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4959:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4922:
4918:
4911:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4835:
4828:
4826:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4794:Calmidazolium
4792:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4629:
4627:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4575:
4573:
4562:
4560:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4438:
4436:
4425:
4423:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4062:Hexyl nitrite
4060:
4058:
4057:Ethyl nitrite
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4037:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3848:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3714:
3709:
3707:
3702:
3700:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3602:Hyperuricemia
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3581:Hyperglycemia
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3495:AST/ALT ratio
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3479:transaminases
3476:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3420:Troponin test
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3380:Triglycerides
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3353:Blood glucose
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
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3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3251:
3249:
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3239:
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3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3216:
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3208:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3145:
3140:
3138:
3133:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3003:
2996:
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2990:
2985:
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2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
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2497:
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2483:
2477:
2474:
2471:Bloodbook.Com
2470:
2466:
2463:
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2456:
2452:
2446:
2444:
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2433:
2427:
2422:
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2414:Last page of
2411:
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2405:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2358:on 2019-12-12
2357:
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2167:
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2158:
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2110:
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2068:
2065:
2060:
2056:
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2048:
2044:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2017:
2014:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
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1866:
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1845:
1843:
1839:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1793:(2): 379–90.
1792:
1788:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1742:
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1571:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1490:in the plant
1489:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:abscisic acid
1427:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1382:invertebrates
1376:Invertebrates
1375:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1362:hypercalcemia
1359:
1358:osmotic shock
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1315:hypocalcaemia
1312:
1308:
1305:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:cell membrane
1023:
1019:
1015:
1006:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
991:that utilize
990:
989:calcium pumps
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
950:
946:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
921:, as well as
920:
915:
911:
905:
897:
893:Other animals
892:
890:
888:
883:
874:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
851:, a range of
850:
849:
844:
843:
839:
835:
827:
823:
820:
816:
815:
814:
806:
803:
800:
799:
795:
793:2.5, 2.6, 2.8
792:
789:
787:Total calcium
785:
781:
778:
775:
774:
770:
767:
764:
760:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
738:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
718:hypercalcemia
715:
711:
710:total calcium
707:
703:
695:
688:= 11 mg
687:
684:
683:
680:= 12 mg
679:
676:
675:
671:
668:
667:
664:= 33 mg
663:
659:
658:
655:= 40 mg
654:
651:
650:
646:
643:
642:
639:= 52 mg
638:
635:
634:
631:= 53 mg
630:
627:
626:
623:= 79 mg
622:
619:
618:
614:
611:
610:
607:= 99 mg
606:
603:
602:
598:
595:
594:
590:
587:
586:
582:
579:
578:
574:
573:
563:
559:
558:
554:
551:
548:
547:
543:
540:
539:
535:
534:
530:
527:
526:
522:
519:
518:
514:
511:
510:
506:
503:
502:
498:
495:
494:
490:
487:
486:
482:
479:
478:
474:
473:
469:
466:
465:
461:
457:
454:
453:
449:
448:
444:
442:
434:
432:
430:
425:
418:
415:
412:
409:
408:
407:
404:
400:
392:Health claims
391:
389:
387:
378:
376:
374:
369:
367:
363:
355:
353:
330: 800–900
324: 700–800
318: 600–700
312: 500–600
306: 400–500
300: <400
292:
283:
280:
279:
275:
272:
271:
267:
265:>51 years
264:
263:
259:
256:
255:
251:
248:
247:
243:
240:
239:
235:
232:
231:
227:
224:
223:
214:
212:
210:
206:
202:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
182:Intracellular
179:
177:
176:thyroid gland
173:
169:
165:
157:
153:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
129:serum albumin
126:
122:
118:
113:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
87:fertilization
84:
80:
77:release from
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
5191:Deficiencies
5178:
5170:
5162:
5154:
5146:
5138:
5068:
4997:
4996:
4972:paraxanthine
4948:beta blocker
4891:
4840:
4818:
4622:-ornithine (
4555:-ornithine (
4300:
4279:Feprosidnine
4274:Sydnonimines
4272:
4257:
4254:
4206:
4183:
4180:
4169:nitrosamines
4166:
4101:
4095:
4082:
4039:
4016:
3866:
3833:
3812:GSK-2181236A
3778:
3720:Nitric oxide
3641:Elevated ALP
3607:Hypouricemia
3576:Hypoglycemia
3512:Unconjugated
3477:
3182:
3160:Electrolytes
3059:
3055:
3045:
3026:
3020:
3001:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2838:
2830:
2825:
2817:
2812:
2769:
2764:
2754:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2686:
2680:
2645:
2639:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2535:
2528:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2476:
2419:
2360:. Retrieved
2356:the original
2333:
2329:
2302:
2290:. Retrieved
2286:
2277:
2267:November 29,
2265:. Retrieved
2260:
2251:
2231:
2212:
2193:
2181:
2169:
2157:
2145:
2133:
2121:. Retrieved
2117:the original
2112:
2103:
2086:
2073:
2067:
2023:
2016:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1983:
1974:
1962:. Retrieved
1953:
1944:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1851:
1829:. Retrieved
1825:
1815:
1790:
1786:
1718:
1674:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1579:Osteoporosis
1539:
1528:crystals in
1519:
1515:
1504:
1470:
1445:
1432:
1398:endoskeleton
1379:
1338:brain trauma
1323:
1311:motor neuron
1304:hypocalcemic
1301:
1275:
1188:↑Secretion (
1142:
1125:
1116:
1097:
1042:mitochondria
1036:such as the
1010:
1000:
985:
954:
907:
878:
867:(GFP) named
846:
840:
831:
812:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:for calcium
722:hypocalcemia
713:
709:
706:blood plasma
699:
438:
435:Food sources
426:
422:
399:osteoporosis
395:
382:
370:
359:
347:
257:19–50 years
201:E. coli
200:
198:
190:mitochondria
180:
145:reabsorption
114:
59:biochemistry
49:
5282:Berylliosis
4985:simvastatin
4819:Precursors:
4756:epicatechin
4680:Indospicine
4635:-arginine (
4581:-arginine (
4516:AR-C 102222
4444:-arginine (
4431:-arginine (
4294:Sydnonimine
4027:Nitrite (NO
4010:Trolnitrate
4006:Tenitramine
3948:Nitrate (NO
3834:Inhibitors:
3817:Praliciguat
3797:BAY 60-4552
3792:BAY 41-8543
3787:BAY 41-2272
3590:Nitrogenous
3425:CPK-MB test
3365:Lipid panel
3300:Transferrin
3248:Bicarbonate
3243:Base excess
3152:blood tests
2766:Biophys. J.
2609:: 375–381.
2572:(1): 4–14.
1764:electronic-
1546:plant cells
1483:to balance
1461:precipitate
1408:calcareous
1404:plates and
1386:exoskeleton
1254:Contraction
1212:↓Secretion
1202:↓Secretion
1062:hydrolysing
981:osteoclasts
927:bicarbonate
910:vertebrates
898:Vertebrates
853:fluorescent
751:Upper limit
746:Lower limit
637:rolled oats
468:milk powder
249:9–18 years
162:, promotes
5437:Categories
5229:Molybdenum
4958:sildenafil
4938:nifedipine
4841:Cofactors:
4830:N-Hydroxy-
4737:N-Hydroxy-
4526:Canavanine
4521:BYK-191023
4340:inhibitors
4269:REC15/2739
4248:V-PYRRO/NO
3938:Nicorandil
3827:Vericiguat
3726:modulators
3517:Conjugated
3345:Metabolism
3285:Serum iron
3272:Iron tests
3193:Creatinine
2970:: 521–45.
2362:2011-10-21
2330:Clin. Chem
1989:14 January
1964:14 January
1610:References
1473:cell walls
1402:echinoderm
1149:calmodulin
1139:Adaptation
1112:calmodulin
1108:troponin-C
1067:(ATP). In
955:Different
925:including
804:10.2, 10.5
768:1.23, 1.30
765:1.03, 1.10
281:Lactation
273:Pregnancy
241:4–8 years
233:1–3 years
186:organelles
168:Calcitonin
164:absorption
156:calcitriol
141:resorption
55:physiology
5468:Nutrition
5224:Manganese
5219:Potassium
5173:hosphorus
4998:See also:
4944:Nebivolol
4903:captopril
4825:-Arginine
4766:norvaline
4761:ornithine
4675:GW-273629
4631:N-Methyl-
4577:N-Methyl-
4568:-lysine (
4440:N-Propyl-
4427:N-Methyl-
4408:ARL-17477
4301:Unsorted:
3851:NO donors
3822:Riociguat
3802:BI-703704
3782:Ataciguat
3723:signaling
3507:Bilirubin
3457:Proteins
3435:Myoglobin
3233:Anion gap
3225:Acid-base
3173:Potassium
2631:248568849
2498:: h2723.
1787:Biochem J
1770:1868-0402
1762:1559-0836
1649:0031-9333
1603:Vitamin D
1406:poriferan
1394:carapaces
1350:apoptosis
1163:Cell type
1083:into the
1022:cytoplasm
973:cartilage
963:and some
935:phosphate
887:anion gap
838:cytoplasm
629:chickpeas
581:hazelnuts
403:vitamin D
149:vitamin D
110:membranes
5254:Toxicity
5239:Selenium
5199:Chromium
5047:Elements
4965:caffeine
4930:blockers
4921:bosentan
4907:losartan
4724:Arginase
4710:VAS-2381
4705:ONO-1714
4653:Unsorted
4413:Indazole
4319:FR146881
4314:FR144220
4304:Cimlanod
4259:Furoxans
4238:PROLI/NO
4208:NONOates
4158:SNO-t-PA
4022:nitrites
3933:NCX-4215
3928:NCX 4040
3923:NCX-4016
3918:NCX-2216
3868:Nitrates
3857:prodrugs
3620:Proteins
3597:Azotemia
3529:Pancreas
3315:Hormones
3280:Ferritin
3178:Chloride
3106:Archived
3086:12933363
2984:14977412
2949:22506803
2900:16027364
2804:23746507
2746:15087548
2738:18083096
2672:24470090
2623:35526587
2588:32445343
2520:28462200
2512:26037642
2465:Archived
2292:April 7,
2287:usda.gov
2240:Archived
2220:Archived
2201:Archived
2059:58721779
2051:21796828
1984:ClinCalc
1958:Archived
1954:ClinCalc
1936:29026938
1887:58721779
1879:21796828
1831:24 March
1807:25422863
1745:23595672
1701:24470090
1657:15044680
1556:See also
1530:plastids
1410:spicules
1354:necrosis
1248:Myocytes
1185:(mostly)
1077:synaptic
1016:used in
869:Cameleon
859:such as
848:in vitro
801:8.4, 8.5
790:2.1, 2.2
779:4.9, 5.2
776:4.1, 4.4
613:ricottas
553:cow milk
505:sardines
497:molasses
456:parmesan
379:Labeling
192:and the
95:cofactor
5453:Calcium
5390:Related
5165:itrogen
5149:ydrogen
4983:(e.g.,
4981:Statins
4956:(e.g.,
4932:(e.g.,
4919:(e.g.,
4901:(e.g.,
4751:ginseng
4700:NXN-462
4695:NCX-456
4685:KD-7040
4665:CKD-712
4398:A-84643
4264:Furoxan
4163:SNO-vWF
3913:NCX-466
3762:Targets
3537:Amylase
3262:Lactate
3257:content
3183:Calcium
3077:4243668
2941:1962979
2891:1180786
2868:Bibcode
2795:3672877
2774:Bibcode
2010:. 2017.
1927:5684325
1542:cytosol
1526:oxalate
1509:in the
1492:vacuole
1485:organic
1481:cations
1346:calcium
1267:Various
1235:T cells
1218:Neurons
1167:Effect
1069:neurons
1007:Effects
1001:in situ
957:tissues
939:sulfate
931:citrate
919:albumin
882:albumin
842:in vivo
826:arsenic
796:mmol/L
771:mmol/L
621:lentils
605:spinach
513:almonds
203:3
174:of the
105:across
91:enzymes
89:. Many
79:neurons
51:Calcium
5234:Sodium
5214:Iodine
5204:Copper
5129:CHONPS
4812:Others
4771:lysine
4334:Enzyme
4309:FK-409
4223:GLO/NO
4174:SIN-1A
3542:Lipase
3168:Sodium
3084:
3074:
3033:
3008:
2982:
2947:
2939:
2898:
2888:
2802:
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1522:plants
1507:pectin
1488:anions
1457:phloem
1416:Plants
1390:shells
1342:stroke
1307:tetany
937:, and
923:anions
914:plasma
861:Fura-2
807:mg/dL
782:mg/dL
741:Target
660:human
653:orange
562:yogurt
550:nonfat
542:sesame
489:tahini
460:cheese
350:
340:
334:
328:
322:
316:
310:
304:
298:
215:Humans
83:muscle
5181:ulfur
5157:xygen
5141:arbon
4844:NADPH
4639:-NMA)
4626:-NIO)
4585:-NMA)
4572:-NIL)
4559:-NIO)
4501:AEITU
4496:1400W
4448:-NPA)
4435:-NMA)
4422:-NIO)
4108:LA810
3734:Forms
3667:Other
2945:S2CID
2742:S2CID
2627:S2CID
2516:S2CID
2095:(PDF)
2078:(PDF)
2055:S2CID
2008:(PDF)
1883:S2CID
1520:Some
1433:When
1396:) or
1380:Some
702:blood
284:1000
276:1000
268:1000
260:1000
252:1300
244:1000
73:, in
63:cells
5244:Zinc
5209:Iron
4859:Heme
4786:CAMK
4605:eNOS
4595:TRIM
4546:MITU
4541:IPTU
4536:EITU
4473:iNOS
4463:TRIM
4360:nNOS
4228:JS-K
4096:tert
3198:Urea
3082:PMID
3031:ISBN
3006:ISBN
2980:PMID
2937:PMID
2896:PMID
2800:PMID
2734:PMID
2716:Cell
2691:ISBN
2668:PMID
2658:ISBN
2619:PMID
2584:PMID
2541:ISBN
2508:PMID
2426:ISBN
2348:PMID
2294:2020
2269:2017
2125:2020
2047:PMID
2037:ISBN
1991:2024
1966:2024
1932:PMID
1875:PMID
1865:ISBN
1833:2017
1803:PMID
1766:ISSN
1758:ISSN
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1697:PMID
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1645:ISSN
1475:and
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1118:of K
1104:cAMP
1040:and
969:bone
857:dyes
756:Unit
678:beef
670:rice
662:milk
645:eggs
597:beet
589:tofu
529:kale
439:The
427:The
236:700
225:Age
125:ions
117:bone
57:and
4872:CaM
4854:FMN
4849:FAD
4799:W-7
4732:ABH
4511:AMT
4351:NOS
3837:ODQ
3771:sGC
3628:LFT
3502:GGT
3490:AST
3485:ALT
3473:ALP
3375:HDL
3370:LDL
3072:PMC
3064:doi
2972:doi
2927:doi
2886:PMC
2876:doi
2864:102
2790:PMC
2782:doi
2770:104
2724:doi
2720:131
2650:doi
2611:doi
2607:531
2574:doi
2500:doi
2496:350
2338:doi
2029:doi
1922:PMC
1914:doi
1857:doi
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1679:doi
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