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279:. In an arid region, rainwater sinks into the ground very quickly. Later, as the surface dries out, the water below the surface rises, carrying up dissolved minerals from lower layers. These precipitate as water evaporates and carbon dioxide is lost. This water movement forms a caliche that is close to the surface. Caliche can also form on outcrops of
496:) and have a low magnesium content. In addition, the material must meet certain physical requirements so it does not break down when burned. Although caliche does not generally meet all of the requirements for sugar refining, it is used in areas where another source of calcium carbonate, such as limestone, is not present. While caliche requires
251:
Caliche forms where annual precipitation is less than 65 centimeters (26 in) per year and the mean annual temperature exceeds 5 °C (41 °F). Higher rainfall leaches excess calcium completely from the soil, while in very arid climates, rainfall is inadequate to leach calcium at all and
168:
Caliche is generally light-colored but can range from white to light pink to reddish-brown, depending on the minerals present. Caliche is a mark of older landscapes. It generally occurs on or very near the surface. Where caliche layers originate at some depth from the soil surface, intact landscapes
286:
The depth of the caliche layer is sensitive to mean annual rainfall. When rainfall is around 35 centimeters (14 in) per year, the caliche layer will be as shallow as 25 centimeters (9.8 in). When rainfall is around 75 centimeters (30 in) per year, the caliche layer will be at a depth
272:. Here there is less biological activity, the carbon dioxide level is much lower, and the bicarbonate reverts to insoluble carbonate. A mixture of calcium carbonate and clay particles accumulates, first forming grains, then small clumps, then a discernible layer, and finally, a thicker, solid bed.
600:
Caliche beds can cause problems for agriculture. First, an impermeable caliche layer prevents water from draining properly, which can keep roots from getting enough oxygen. Salts can also build up in the soil due to the lack of drainage. Both of these situations are detrimental to plant growth.
1236:
Velmayil, Perumal; Venu, Udayanapillai
Alagaiah (June 2019). "Micromorphology and major element geochemistry of calcretes in the Thoppukulam mine section, Sathankulam region, Southern Tamil Nadu, India: implications on depositional environment".
601:
Second, the impermeable nature of caliche beds prevents plant roots from penetrating the bed, which limits the supply of nutrients, water, and space so they cannot develop normally. Third, caliche beds can also cause the surrounding soil to be
870:
Valera FernĂĄndez, Daisy; Solleiro
Rebolledo, Elizabeth; Sedov, Sergey; Pustovoitov, Konstantin (April 2022). "Provenance, and environment context of pedogenic carbonates formation from MIS 3 to MIS 1 in the Teotihuacan Valley, Mexico".
169:
and buried landscapes are more likely than eroded surfaces to have caliche well below the soil surface. Layers vary from a few inches to feet thick, and multiple layers can exist in a single location. The caliche layer in a
480:. Caliche is widely used as a base material when it is locally available and cheap. However, it does not hold up to moisture (rain), and is never used if a hard-rock base material, such as limestone, is available.
1109:
Straulino Mainou, Luisa; Sedov, Sergey; Soler
Arechalde, Ana; Pi Puig, Teresa; Villa, Gerardo; Balanzario Granados, Sandra; DomĂ©nech-CarbĂł, MarĂa-Teresa; Osete-Cortina, Laura; Leonard, Daniel (4 November 2016).
290:
The source of the calcium in caliche may be the underlying bedrock, but caliche can form even over bedrock that is not rich in calcium. This is attributed to calcium brought in as
476:
In many areas, caliche is also used for road construction, either as a surfacing material, or more commonly, as base material. It is one of the most common road materials used in
322:
While the formation of other caliches is relatively well understood, the origin of
Chilean caliche is not clearly known. One possibility is that the deposits were formed when a
571:
The deposits contain an average of 7.5% sodium nitrate, as well as sodium sulfate (18.87%), sodium chloride (4.8%), and smaller amounts of potassium, calcium, magnesium,
1186:
390:
In
Jurassic geological settings, the caliche is often indicator of warm climate with well marked wet-dry seasonality that could indicate seasonal monsoons.
287:
of around 125 centimeters (49 in). The caliche layer disappears complete in temperate climates if annual rainfall exceeds 100 centimeters (39 in).
583:
minerals. The caliche beds are from 2 cm to several meters thick in alluvial deposits, where the soluble minerals form a cement in unconsolidated
1080:"Lessons from the Great House: Condition and treatment history as prologue to site conservation and management at Casa Grande Ruins National Monument"
283:
rocks or in rock fissures where water is trapped and evaporates. In general, caliche deposition is a slow process, requiring several thousand years.
1367:; Gajardo Cubillos, AnĂbal; Hartley, Adrian J.; Moreno, Teresa (2006). "7. Industrial minerals and rocks". In Moreno, Teresa; Gibbons, Wes (eds.).
1448:
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985:"The LourinhĂŁ Formation: the Upper Jurassic to lower most Cretaceous of the Lusitanian Basin, Portugal â landscapes where dinosaurs walked"
1310:
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415:; the caliche meets the chemical composition requirements and has been used as a principal raw material in Portland cement production.
1112:"Maya Lime MortarsâRelationship between Archaeomagnetic Dating, Manufacturing Technique, and Architectural FunctionâThe DzibanchĂ© Case"
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of the soil. Carbon dioxide levels here can exceed 15 times normal atmospheric values. This allows calcium carbonate to dissolve as
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above the caliche bed can make the condition worse. Its hardness can also make digging for projects such as canals more difficult.
470:
610:
1719:
605:. The basic soil, along with calcium carbonate from the caliche, can prevent plants from getting enough nutrients, especially
1730:
780:
348:
in arid environments. Calcrete is found throughout the geologic record, forming a record of past climate. Examples include
89:
at depth, where it precipitates and binds other materialsâsuch as gravel, sand, clay, and silt. It occurs worldwide, in
1276:
2041:
1750:
1079:
114:
753:
A Most
Damnable Invention: Dynamite, Nitrates, and the Making of the Modern World, Stephen R. Bown, Macmillan, 2005,
1033:
1735:
564:
was an important source of export revenue for Chile until World War I, when Europe began to produce both nitrates
1161:
Fisk, Pliny (2021). "Bioregional design: The design science of the future". In Neuman, M.; Zonneveld, W. (eds.).
1745:
835:
Schlesinger, William H. (January 1985). "The formation of caliche in soils of the Mojave Desert, California".
310:
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Caliches can store significant amounts of carbon, making them of significance to the overall global
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are formed. Plant roots play an important role in caliche formation, by releasing large amounts of
2051:
1991:
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1417:
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896:
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to meet the requirements, its use can still be significantly cheaper than shipping in limestone.
268:. Where rainfall is adequate but not excessive, the calcium bicarbonate is carried down into the
1057:
344:
Highly indurated (hardened) caliche is known as calcrete, and it gives rise to characteristic
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inland sea evaporated. Another theory is that it was deposited due to weathering of the
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1951:
1896:
587:. Nitrate-bearing caliche is also found impregnating bedrock to form bedrock deposits.
545:
515:
509:
445:, US, was built with walls of caliche. Caliche was also used in mortars used in of the
404:
365:
257:
162:
122:
35:
341:, where surface calcretes occur at the location of a now-desiccated prehistoric lake.
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1981:
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384:
291:
170:
1346:
Bulletin of the
American Association of Petroleum Geologists 17.5 (1933): 488â522.
1202:"Geotechnical properties and behavior of calcretes in South and South West Africa"
151:
892:
1986:
1966:
1886:
1866:
1846:
1836:
1831:
670:
Gile, L. H.; Peterson, F. F.; Grossman, R. B. (February 1965). "The K Horizon".
576:
373:
361:
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323:
275:
However, caliche also forms in other ways. It can form when water rises through
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775:(2d ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. pp. 273â275.
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Geotechnical
Properties, Behavior, and Performance of Calcareous Soils
2001:
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193:
651:
Breazeale, J.F.; Smith, H.V. (15 April 1930). "Caliche in
Arizona".
306:
Caliche â sedimentary rock, Ridgecrest, Kern County, California
1208:. West Conshohocken: American Society for Testing & Materials.
1916:
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489:
417:
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369:
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1320:. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona
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A nearly pure source of calcium carbonate is necessary to refine
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Caliche is used in construction worldwide. Its reserves in the
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salts. Caliche can also refer to various claylike deposits in
155:
is borrowed from
Spanish and is originally from the Latin word
1931:
73:
67:
1358:
Caliche of Central and Southern Llano Estacado, Texas: Notes.
314:
Calcrete rubble was widely used for building construction in
70:
1277:"The rise and fall of the salitre (sodium nitrate) industry"
58:
771:
Blatt, Harvey; Middleton, Gerard; Murray, Raymond (1980).
333:
One of the world's largest deposits of calcrete is in the
200:. In addition, it has been used to describe some forms of
1344:
Reynosa Problem of Southern Texas, and Origin of Caliche.
469:
were also built using caliche as part of studies by the
1034:"Caliche of central and southern Llano Estacado, Texas"
1360:
Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 34.3 (1964): 669â672.
492:. It must contain at least 95% calcium carbonate (CaCO
1351:
Caliche: Origin, Classification, Morphology and Uses.
81:) (unrelated to the street-slang "Caliche" spoken in
55:
1270:
1268:
819:
795:
720:(Fourth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
64:
1759:
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1623:
1447:
1084:
Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites
61:
983:Mateus, O.; Dinis, J.; Cunha, P. P. (2017-09-28).
830:
828:
522:, vast deposits of a mixture, also referred to as
1371:. Geological Society of London. pp. 21â114.
1275:Wisniak, Jaime; Garces, Ingrid (September 2001).
579:. About two-thirds of the deposits are insoluble
133:of North America, and in eastern Saudi Arabia at
1318:Cooperative Extension, The University of Arizona
807:
27:Calcium carbonate based concretion of sediment
1425:
931:"Carbon storage in the caliche of arid soils"
711:
709:
471:Center for Maximum Potential Building Systems
188:also refers to mineral deposits that include
8:
613:makes the youngest leaves turn yellow. Soil
1058:10.1306/74D71131-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D
1432:
1418:
1410:
1185:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
989:CiĂȘncias da Terra / Earth Sciences Journal
718:A dictionary of geology and earth sciences
105:regions, including in central and western
1309:Kelly, Jack; Walworth, Jim (March 2002).
1163:The Routledge handbook of regional design
1145:
1135:
1008:
534:and other salts, and sand, associated to
917:, The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham
716:Allaby, Michael, ed. (2013). "Caliche".
653:Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin
643:
1726:Canadian system of soil classification
1178:
1032:Reeves, C.C. Jr.; Suggs, J.D. (1964).
929:Schlesinger, William H. (April 1982).
1353:Lubbock, Texas: Estacado Books, 1976.
1284:Indian Journal of Chemical Technology
7:
85:) is a soil accumulation of soluble
1311:"Managing caliche in the home yard"
439:Casa Grande Ruins National Monument
1710:Unified Soil Classification System
1356:Reeves, C.C., Jr. and J.D. Suggs.
820:Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980
796:Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980
467:United States Department of Energy
461:, and a demonstration building in
411:can be used in the manufacture of
25:
1715:AASHTO Soil Classification System
173:is sometimes called a K horizon.
2013:
2012:
1392:
955:10.1097/00010694-198204000-00008
692:10.1097/00010694-196502000-00002
231:A similar material, composed of
51:
1200:Netterberg, F. (January 1982).
1038:Journal of Sedimentary Research
837:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1731:Australian Soil Classification
1722:(French classification system)
1239:Arabian Journal of Geosciences
1078:Matero, Frank (January 1999).
298:Examples of natural occurrence
145:(in India). It belongs to the
1:
1001:10.21695/cterra/esj.v19i1.355
659:. University of Arizona: 419.
544:, in turn, is a composite of
1405:Conquering Home Yard Caliche
893:10.1016/j.quaint.2021.03.019
857:10.1016/0016-7037(85)90191-7
252:only thin surface layers of
1751:List of vineyard soil types
773:Origin of sedimentary rocks
137:. Caliche is also known as
2083:
2047:Inorganic carbon compounds
1736:Polish Soil Classification
1342:Price, William Armstrong.
1137:10.3390/geosciences6040049
1096:10.1179/135050399793138482
808:Breazeale & Smith 1930
596:Problems caused by caliche
507:
2010:
1760:Non-systematic soil types
1251:10.1007/s12517-019-4544-4
1204:. In Demars, K.R. (ed.).
97:soil ordersâgenerally in
1746:List of U.S. state soils
913:C. Michael Hogan (2008)
873:Quaternary International
810:, pp. 420, 428â429.
318:during the 19th century.
1741:1938 USDA soil taxonomy
1720:Référentiel pédologique
1704:FAO soil classification
591:Caliche and agriculture
463:Carrizo Springs, Texas
434:
319:
307:
156:
150:
43:
1365:Chong Diaz, Guillermo
568:in large quantities.
540:("Chile saltpeter").
421:
399:Building applications
313:
305:
33:
1872:Calcareous grassland
1449:World Reference Base
1401:at Wikimedia Commons
1441:Soil classification
1128:2016Geosc...6...49S
1050:1964JSedR..34..669R
947:1982SoilS.133..247S
885:2022QuInt.618...52V
849:1985GeCoA..49...57S
798:, pp. 274â275.
684:1965SoilS..99...74G
437:The Great House at
2042:Carbonate minerals
1625:USDA soil taxonomy
1451:for Soil Resources
1349:Reeves, C.C., Jr.
526:, are composed of
435:
320:
308:
44:
2024:
2023:
1397:Media related to
554:potassium nitrate
457:. A dormitory in
451:YucatĂĄn Peninsula
449:buildings in the
335:Makgadikgadi Pans
237:calcium carbonate
127:Chihuahuan Desert
87:calcium carbonate
40:San Miguel Island
16:(Redirected from
2074:
2016:
2015:
1912:Hydrophobic soil
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1369:Geology of Chile
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1962:Serpentine soil
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1337:Further reading
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611:iron deficiency
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532:sodium chloride
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504:Chilean caliche
495:
486:
478:Southern Africa
413:Portland cement
401:
396:
364:caprock of the
316:South Australia
300:
249:
233:calcium sulfate
117:of the western
111:Kalahari Desert
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1952:Prime farmland
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1387:External links
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1090:(4): 203â224.
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546:sodium nitrate
516:Atacama Desert
510:Paradas method
505:
502:
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484:Sugar refining
482:
426:surrounding a
405:Llano Estacado
400:
397:
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366:Llano Estacado
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258:carbon dioxide
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123:Sonoran Desert
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2067:Soil in Chile
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2018:Types of soil
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1925:
1923:
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1918:
1915:
1913:
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1903:
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1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
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1883:
1882:Dry quicksand
1880:
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1865:
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1716:
1713:
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1708:
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1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:Other systems
1695:
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1378:9781862392199
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1016:
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998:
994:
990:
986:
979:
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936:
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767:
764:
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759:0-312-32913-X
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727:9780199653065
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719:
712:
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666:
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582:
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563:
555:
547:
543:
539:
538:
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529:
525:
521:
517:
511:
503:
501:
499:
498:beneficiation
491:
483:
481:
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
459:Ingram, Texas
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
433:
432:Central Texas
429:
425:
420:
416:
414:
410:
406:
398:
394:Economic uses
393:
391:
388:
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
352:calcretes in
351:
350:Mississippian
347:
342:
340:
336:
331:
329:
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317:
312:
304:
297:
295:
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288:
284:
282:
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246:
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174:
172:
166:
164:
160:
159:
154:
153:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
131:Mojave Desert
128:
124:
120:
119:United States
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
78:
48:
41:
37:
36:fossil forest
32:
19:
1927:Martian soil
1816:
1368:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1322:. Retrieved
1317:
1304:
1292:. Retrieved
1287:
1283:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1219:. Retrieved
1205:
1195:
1165:. Abingdon.
1162:
1156:
1119:
1115:
1104:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1061:. Retrieved
1041:
1037:
1027:
995:(1): 75â97.
992:
988:
978:
966:. Retrieved
938:
935:Soil Science
934:
924:
915:Makgadikgadi
914:
909:
876:
872:
865:
843:(1): 57â66.
840:
836:
815:
803:
791:
772:
766:
749:
741:
736:
717:
678:(2): 74â82.
675:
672:Soil Science
671:
665:
656:
652:
646:
599:
570:
566:industrially
561:
541:
535:
523:
518:in northern
513:
487:
475:
436:
402:
389:
385:carbon cycle
382:
343:
332:
321:
292:aeolian dust
289:
285:
274:
250:
239:, is called
235:rather than
230:
185:
176:In northern
175:
171:soil profile
167:
142:
138:
46:
45:
42:, California
1992:Terra rossa
1987:Terra preta
1967:Spodic soil
1887:Duplex soil
1867:Brown earth
1847:Alkali soil
1837:Rhizosphere
1832:Laimosphere
1706:(1974â1998)
1663:Inceptisols
1570:Plinthosols
1535:Kastanozems
1245:(12): 385.
1147:10251/99948
1116:Geosciences
1010:10316/79879
577:perchlorate
374:Mormon Mesa
362:Pleistocene
354:South Wales
324:prehistoric
266:bicarbonate
149:. The term
115:High Plains
83:El Salvador
2037:Carbonates
2031:Categories
1972:Stagnogley
1922:Lunar soil
1877:Dark earth
1862:Brickearth
1827:Pedosphere
1797:Soil crust
1605:Technosols
1590:Solonchaks
1510:Ferralsols
1475:Anthrosols
782:0136427103
638:References
632:Travertine
615:saturation
508:See also:
465:, for the
428:stock tank
372:, US, and
226:soda niter
218:chalcedony
161:, meaning
147:duricrusts
2052:Limestone
1957:Quicksand
1902:Fill dirt
1842:Bulk soil
1688:Vertisols
1678:Spodosols
1668:Mollisols
1658:Histosols
1643:Aridisols
1615:Vertisols
1610:Umbrisols
1600:Stagnosol
1565:Planosols
1560:Phaeozems
1540:Leptosols
1525:Gypsisols
1515:Fluvisols
1495:Chernozem
1490:Cambisols
1485:Calcisols
1480:Arenosols
1290:: 427â438
1259:195225634
1181:cite book
1122:(4): 49.
1019:2183-4431
901:233857091
879:: 52â69.
761:, p. 157.
700:129247211
346:landforms
270:B horizon
262:A horizon
260:into the
247:Formation
210:kaolinite
202:quartzite
121:, in the
113:, in the
109:, in the
107:Australia
2057:Pedology
1942:Paleosol
1857:Blue goo
1812:Gypcrust
1683:Ultisols
1653:Gelisols
1648:Entisols
1638:Andisols
1633:Alfisols
1595:Solonetz
1585:Retisols
1580:Regosols
1555:Nitisols
1550:Luvisols
1545:Lixisols
1530:Histosol
1520:Gleysols
1505:Durisols
1500:Cryosols
1470:Andosols
1460:Acrisols
1324:26 March
1294:26 March
1221:26 March
1063:25 March
968:25 March
963:97632160
621:See also
585:regolith
422:Caliche
358:Pliocene
339:Botswana
241:gypcrust
214:laterite
198:Colombia
139:calcrete
103:semiarid
95:mollisol
91:aridisol
34:Caliche
18:Calcrete
1892:Eluvium
1852:Bay mud
1817:Caliche
1807:Hardpan
1802:Claypan
1792:Subsoil
1787:Topsoil
1673:Oxisols
1575:Podzols
1465:Alisols
1453:(1998â)
1399:Caliche
1124:Bibcode
1046:Bibcode
943:Bibcode
881:Bibcode
845:Bibcode
680:Bibcode
627:Coquina
562:Salitre
542:Salitre
537:salitre
524:caliche
514:In the
443:Arizona
254:calcite
206:bauxite
190:nitrate
186:caliche
152:caliche
135:Al-Hasa
47:Caliche
2002:Yedoma
1937:Muskeg
1375:
1257:
1212:
1169:
1017:
961:
899:
779:
757:
740:Chong
724:
698:
581:gangue
573:borate
552:) and
528:gypsum
455:Mexico
380:, US.
378:Nevada
281:porous
224:, and
194:Mexico
143:kankar
2062:Salts
1982:Takir
1917:Loess
1314:(PDF)
1280:(PDF)
1255:S2CID
959:S2CID
897:S2CID
742:et al
696:S2CID
609:. An
603:basic
548:(NaNO
520:Chile
490:sugar
447:Mayan
409:Texas
370:Texas
328:Andes
178:Chile
1947:Peat
1782:Loam
1777:Clay
1772:Silt
1767:Sand
1373:ISBN
1326:2022
1296:2022
1223:2022
1210:ISBN
1187:link
1167:ISBN
1065:2022
1015:ISSN
970:2022
777:ISBN
755:ISBN
722:ISBN
607:iron
556:(KNO
424:berm
356:and
222:opal
196:and
182:Peru
180:and
163:lime
158:calx
129:and
99:arid
93:and
1932:Mud
1247:doi
1142:hdl
1132:doi
1092:doi
1054:doi
1005:hdl
997:doi
951:doi
939:133
889:doi
877:618
853:doi
688:doi
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560:).
453:in
430:in
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368:of
360:to
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