Caldera International - Knowledge (XXG)

884: 652: 710:. Ransom Love said that the Microsoft settlement would not benefit Caldera Systems other than that Caldera, Inc. would relinquish the name "Caldera", which would address existing industry confusion between the two. Reports at the time also indicated that the settlement would not directly benefit Caldera Systems, but that Caldera Systems could get an intangible benefit from a name association with a company that had bested an industry giant. Love also said that the timing between the funding round, work for which had begun six months earlier, and the IPO announcement was "unfortunate, and completely coincidental". 49: 741: 1000: 929: 845:. But there was pushback on the idea from the UnixWare staff in New Jersey, and in addition the license issues involved proved formidable. Love later said, "at first we wanted to open-source all of Unix's code, but we quickly found that even though we owned it, it was, and still is, full of other companies' copyrights. The challenge was that there were a lot of business entities that didn't want this to happen. Intel was the biggest opposition." 837:

Skeptics noted, however, that many of those listed resellers were probably not that active anymore, especially in light of SCO's recent struggles (it had reported a $ 19 million quarterly loss a week before the acquisition announcement). Traditional SCO users were leery of the move, but Love tried to reassure them that the SCO Unix operating systems would continue on: "Why would we buy it to destroy what we buy? That wouldn't make any sense."

40: 872:. So in February 2001, the deal was renegotiated to include OpenServer in what was sold to Caldera Systems, although a percentage of OpenServer revenue would still go back to SCO. The monetary terms of the deal were adjusted as well, with Caldera Systems paying SCO more cash than in the original agreement. Analysts were skeptical that these multiple operating systems could be managed without considerable difficulties being encountered. 749: 936:"Unifying Unix with Linux for Business" became the company's new marketing slogan. In light of that, the company began the Caldera Developer Network, which was intended to give developers of all kinds "early access to UNIX and Linux technologies, allowing them to develop on UNIX, on Linux or on a combined UNIX and Linux platform." 925:) subsidiary, directed by Makoto Asoh, who had previously run Nihon SCO, in Tokyo, Japan, which had been one of two SCO subsidiaries in that country. Overall, SCO had an infrastructure presence of some kind in 80 countries, whereas Caldera Systems had always been largely domestic, thus in part the rationale for the name change. 1315:

the licensing of our intellectual property". Within a few months after that, SCO had begun issuing proclamations and lawsuits based upon its belief that its Unix intellectual property had been incorporated into Linux in an unlawful and uncompensated manner, and had stopped selling its own Linux product. The

947:. While it may have been done to make the branding more consistent with OpenLinux and Open Server, it confused people as well as build and installation scripts that tested for system name. Later, the newly renamed SCO Group reverted to the previous UnixWare brand and version release numbering, releasing 1310:

The product name Caldera OpenLinux became "SCO Linux powered by UnitedLinux" and all other Caldera branded names were changed as well. The Volution Messaging Server product was retained and renamed SCOoffice Server, but the other Volution products were split off under the names Volution Technologies,

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were closed, representing what had been the development sites for Volution Online and the original Caldera OpenLinux. At the same time, the company's CTO, Drew Spencer, also departed. Plans to continue the company's annual Forum conference for the international SCO Unix community in Santa Cruz were

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The Volution program was created out of the desire to create a layer of functionality on top of Linux, and Open UNIX 8 Linux Kernel Personality, that would add value to the operating systems offerings. It would end up having four main components: Volution Manager, Volution Messaging Server, Volution

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There were hurdles to be overcome, including a fair amount of enmity for SCO within the Linux community. A major question became whether Caldera Systems would make the SCO-acquired Unix source code open source. Ransom Love initially said, "While we're having to look carefully at the licensing, we're

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The deal was complex, involving cash, stock, and loans, and difficult to evaluate monetarily, but based on the price of Caldera Systems stock at the time it was worth around $ 110–114 million. SCO was much the bigger company, with 900 employees to Caldera Systems' 120. But SCO had been in distress;

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release, especially in terms of it having a fully graphical and easy-to-use installation feature. Ease of installation was an important criteria in selecting a Linux distribution, and Caldera Deutschland had created this first fully graphical installer for Linux, called Lizard, starting in November

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Several rounds of layoffs took place during this time. There was one in April 2001 that resulted in 32 employees losing their jobs. In September 2001 there was a layoff of 8 percent of the company's workforce, reducing it from 618 to 567 employees. A localized layoff hit the Santa Cruz office

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technology reporter Stephen Shankland wrote at the time, "UnitedLinux is widely viewed as an effort by second-tier Linux companies to gain the critical mass held by Linux leader Red Hat, but industry watchers are skeptical it will triumph." Other users saw the venture as more of a marketing move by

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subsequently said of Ransom Love, "He's only a parasite", to which Love took umbrage, responding, "Did Richard Stallman ever invest £50m in Linux? We did. I have been involved in the Linux community since my time at Novell in 1994. … I am not a greedy capitalist. I am only a businessman. … You can't

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specification which would allow applications built for Linux to run on SCO's UnixWare. This was seen as both a way to capture more applications for Unix, and as a way to increase the performance of high-end applications. The latter factor was because SCO UnixWare had an advantage over Linux at the

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The company then staged an IPO of its common stock, with the symbol CALD. On the first day of trading, March 21, 2000, Caldera Systems' shares doubled in value, going from an initial price of $ 14 to close at $ 29 7/16, with heavy trading been seen and an intra-day high of $ 33. The IPO raised $ 70

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product (renamed Open UNIX) to present a unified view of Unix and Linux that could satisfy high-end business needs and take advantage of SCO's large reseller channel. The Volution suite of higher-layer solutions for system management, mail and messaging, and authentication also had the same goal.

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From the start of his time as CEO, McBride had considered the possibility of claiming ownership of some of the code within Linux. Love had told him, "Don't do it. You don't want to take on the entire Linux community." But by October 2002, McBride had created an internal organization "to formalize

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relationship was even more problematic. Even though the reseller organizations had been combined, in reality the prior SCO resellers made much more from each SCO Unix sale than from sales of Caldera OpenLinux, so they were not anxious to move existing customers from Unix to Linux. And even those

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So combining these channels was seen as a solution to this problem. As the president of iXorg, a reseller organization focused on SCO, stated, "The real value that Caldera will get from the deal is not the Unix name, not the customer base, not even the technologies. It is the reseller channel."

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Caldera Systems had not been profitable; for the company's 1998 fiscal year, ending on October 31, it had a loss of $ 7.9 million on revenue of $ 1.05 million, and for its 1999 fiscal year, it had a loss of $ 9.3 million on revenue of $ 3.05 million. However, the industry saw promise in Linux as a

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of the assets acquired from SCO, as they could no longer be accounted for as having the value they were originally thought to possess. For the fiscal year ending on October 31, 2001, Caldera International reported a loss of $ 131.4 million based on revenues of $ 40.4 million (the loss included a

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said in 1999, "One where you might see a problem is Caldera, because they see part of their value added in proprietary tools they have licensed from third parties." In response, a Caldera Systems executive expressed the company's philosophy: "We have produced a product that combines the best of

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ranked it ninth on its list of the worst technology mergers and acquisitions of all time. In any case, the one true success story to come out of business-oriented Linux distributions was Red Hat, who at the time maintained they were competing against Microsoft, not Caldera Systems or the other

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The Linux side of Caldera International was bleeding funds; it was spending $ 4 for each $ 1 it received in revenue. The only Linux distributor company that was doing even passably well at the time was Red Hat. Caldera International's UnixWare and OpenServer business continued to be focused on

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Overall, the fortunes of Caldera International had been steadily declining, the SCO–Caldera combined total revenue having decreased from $ 170 million in 1999 to $ 70 million in 2001. The company was consistently reporting losses; for the third quarter of its fiscal year in 2001, for

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While the launch was successful on its own terms, analysts saw signs that the Linux mania was finally cooling, abetted by Red Hat and VA Linux having seen their values steadily decrease since their spectacular starts. So, while some observers viewed the IPO as a success, others viewed it as a

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Caldera played an important role in Linux history by establishing what would be necessary to create a mainstream, business-oriented system, with stability and support, out of the Linux kernel. Along with Red Hat and SuSE, it was the most important of the commercial Linux distributions. And as

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As Caldera Systems saw it, Unix and Linux were complementary rather than competitive technologies, especially in the sense that SCO Unix represented a good back-office and database solution while Linux specialized in networking. The deal gave Caldera Systems access to partnerships with

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As Dave Wilson, CEO of Vintela, later said, "Caldera Systems … played a major role in establishing Linux as a serious technology in our industry, and the people who worked for Caldera Systems are very proud of their achievements. Many of those people continue to drive innovation ."

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Interviewed later in 2003, Ransom Love – by then no longer in the Linux business either – said that SCO might have a legitimate argument regarding some specific contractual issues, but that lawsuits were rarely helpful and that "Fundamentally, I would not have pursued SCO's path."

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conference in Germany, Caldera Systems announced that it would be changing its name to Caldera International once the SCO acquisition was complete. By this point, the length and difficulty of the acquisition process had alienated some longtime SCO customers and partners.

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Caldera Systems reincorporated in Delaware on March 6, 2000. By this point it was well positioned in some respects, such as having a strong relationship with Sun and receiving good product reviews within the industry. But it suffered from a lack of public awareness; as

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was announced, with Microsoft paying former parent company Caldera, Inc. an amount estimated at $ 275 million (which turned out to be $ 280 million). Caldera Systems received a $ 30 million private equity investment from a group of companies that included

1026:, to offer Acrylis's subscription-based service that allowed system administrators to test and then update Linux systems over a network. The service also delivered alerts to customers regarding the necessity for upgrades. The effort was an attempt to compete with the 459:. Beginning courses trained on several difficult Linux distributions as well as Caldera OpenLinux, while more advanced courses focused on OpenLinux only (the name OpenLinux tended to annoy other Linux distributions, suggesting as it did that the others were not open). 416:, in order to split up tasks and directions. Caldera Systems, whose actual incorporation date had been August 21, 1998, took over the Linux business, including development, training, services, and support, while Caldera Thin Clients (which changed its name to 1474:

Quarterly Report Pursuant To Section 13 Or 15(d) Of The Securities Exchange Act Of 1934; For the quarterly period ended July 31, 2002; Or Transition Report Pursuant To Section 13 Or 15(d) Of The Securitues Exchange Act Of 1934: Caldera International, Inc.,

1188:, which had a server running SCO OpenServer in each store that collected data from point-of-sale devices and relayed it to corporate headquarters while also providing access to corporate applications. An example of Linux Kernel Personality being used was 981:

But overall, Caldera International found itself in a classic business problem where the interests of the existing business conflicted with their growth model. SCO Unix was mature and sold itself (mainly to repeat customers and replicated sites). The

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and broad scope applicability, and was expressly designed to be usable on other Linux distributions in addition to Caldera Systems'. Following that, Caldera Systems sponsored the development of browser-based Unix system administration via the

829:-strong reseller channel. Caldera Systems had been emphasizing trying to get into much the same VAR channel business that SCO was in, using the argument that resellers could find larger margins with free software than by selling Microsoft's 1104:

was an attempt by a consortium of Linux companies to create a common base distribution for enterprise use and minimize duplication of engineering effort. and form an effective competitor to Red Hat. The founding members of United Linux were

466:, which attracted equity investments from several major technology companies in early 1999. Red Hat also tended to get the most media attention. Besides Red Hat and Caldera, other well-known companies selling Linux distributions included 868:(SEC) regarding the details of the merger. However, the two companies' support organizations did get combined during this time. In addition, there was confusion among the SCO customer base about the fate of its other operating system, 309:

In the end none of these efforts succeeded in the marketplace, and Caldera Systems/International lost large amounts of money in all four years of its existence. Under severe financial pressure, in June 2002 Love was replaced as CEO by

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were especially difficult for high-tech companies, with information technology spending slowing to a near halt. Overall the SCO side of the business often saw customers making do with what they had rather than buying anything new.

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magazine stated, "Questions remain about execution, but the deal is at least a temporary life preserver for SCO, whose flagship UnixWare server software was in danger of eventually becoming irrelevant in the face of Linux."

1307:. (The final legal aspects of the name change did not become complete until May 2003.) This reflected recognition of the reality that almost all of the company's revenue was coming from Unix, not Linux, products. 861:, and some other high-end operating system capabilities. Indeed, one SCO product manager said that some Linux applications could run several times faster under UnixWare with LKP than they could under native Linux. 1367:

Perhaps the most successful technology venture to come out of Caldera International was the Volution Authentication Server, which under the Vintela name achieved considerable success. Vintela itself was bought by

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a group of companies that were in difficulty. Intimations that UnitedLinux would also feature per-seat licensing were unpopular in the broader Linux community, and SuSE for their part said they had no such plans.

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Caldera Systems created a full-featured GUI system administration tool called Caldera Open Administration System (COAS) that was deployed during 1999. The tool was a unified, easy to use administration tool with a

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service and gain a source of recurring revenue. Then in May 2001, Caldera International bought the WhatifLinux technology and assets outright from Acrylis, and changed the name of the service to Volution Online.

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analyst Dan Kusnetzky said, "They have a wonderful demo, and the product looks very good. But if you asked people on the street about Caldera they would probably think you are talking about a volcano in Hawaii."

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analyst Dan Kusnetzky said that while the United Linux role was important, the removal of Love from the CEO post could be seen as "moving him away from the controls at Caldera to let someone else take over."

1295:, thereby relieving itself of the obligation to pay a percentage of OpenServer revenue past a certain point to Tarantella. Love became head of Caldera International's role in the United Linux effort. 744:

Caldera Systems CEO Ransom Love speaking to the assembled SCO user and reseller community during the opening keynote addresses of the Forum 2000 conference in the quarry amphitheater of UC Santa Cruz

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aimed at business customers that included features it developed, such as an easy-to-use, graphical installer and graphical and web-based system administration tools, as well as features from bundled

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in April 2002. An especially broad, 15 percent layoff in May 2002 affected all areas of the company, with 73 people being let go and around 400 employees remaining. Offices in

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In January 2001, Caldera Systems first shipped Volution Manager, a browser-based systems administration solution. Intended for service providers and corporate accounts, it was based around

833:. But it had been a difficult sell against SCO; even when Linux outperformed SCO Unix, the idea of switching vendors and support organizations made resellers reluctant to make the move. 4097: 1008:

Online, and Volution Authentication Server, with an effort to build a common console for a unified user experience. As Ransom Love said, "Volution is a complex and extensive platform".

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project, which first produced working Java ports for Linux systems, was featured on Caldera OpenLinux. In 2000, Caldera Systems was one of the companies elected to the inaugural

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call our business model parasitic. We add value to Linux, so it can become successful. … I know that the open source movement has no clue about marketing, they underestimate it."

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The company was re-elected to its seat on the Executive Committee after it became Caldera International, and represented Java usage on SCO Unix platforms as well. Work to improve

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and the difficulties of Windows–Unix integration, led Caldera International into research and development of an overall authentication solution that would find its place among

1613: 456: 1420:, another UNIX operating system, which was originally developed by The Santa Cruz Operation. SCO OpenServer 5 was a descendant of SCO UNIX, which is in turn a descendant of 1077:, Kerberos, and WBEM. The product of this work was the Volution Authentication Server, which allowed the management of Unix and Linux authentication via Active Directory. 4157: 4112: 1303:

Changes under McBride happened quickly. On August 26, 2002, it was announced that Caldera International was changing its name back to SCO, in the form of the new name

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market. This would eventually become the Volution Messaging Server, which was released in late 2001 for use on Caldera OpenLinux and Open UNIX 8 with LKP. It offered

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in developing class materials and created a series of Authorized Linux Education Centers around the globe that would train successful students towards doing well in

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named Caldera OpenLinux, and the Caldera Systems business plan stressed the importance of corporate training, support, and services. Towards this end they created a

4152: 4107: 1513: 2534: 1499: 1479: 978:. It also said it would begin an "Open Access to Open UNIX 8" program to allow developer partners to read-only viewing of unencumbered parts of the source base. 1981: 297:(SCO). The much larger, merged company changed its name to Caldera International when the deal closed in May 2001. Caldera International sought to shape SCO's 2901: 899:

The acquisition closed on May 7, 2001, and the new Caldera International name became effective. The merged company had major offices in not just Utah, but also

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under the Sun "Classic JVM" for SCO Unix platforms that begun under SCO was completed with Caldera International. Caldera Systems was also involved in several

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open-source and commercial packages; we are doing Linux for business. We do add to it commercial packages that allow business users to easily integrate it."

706:, with the goal to "fund operations and accelerate the growth and acceptance of Linux." Also, Caldera Systems announced that it would be filing to have an 3252: 1255:, in late June 2002 Caldera International received another delisting notice from NASDAQ. The company had less than four months' cash for operations. As 954:

In terms of the question of making some of UnixWare open source, in August 2001 Caldera International did announce that it was placing the code for the

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solution for businesses, and in the latter half of 1999 a "Linux hysteria" had erupted in the stock market, with first Red Hat in August 1999 and then

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in order to get the stock price back over a dollar and avoid delisting. Also in March 2002, Caldera International moved its headquarters from Orem to

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Financial pressure on the company continued; for fiscal 2000, ending on October 31, Caldera Systems lost $ 39.2 million on revenue of $ 4.3 million.

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distributions, and which set several marks for revenue for an open-source oriented business before being acquired by IBM in 2018 for $ 34 billion.

883: 4122: 1287:, and several start-ups, taking over as CEO from Ransom Love. At the same time, Caldera International said it would buy back its stock owned by 1151:

instance, it reported a net loss of $ 18.8 million against revenue of only $ 18.9 million. In the following quarter they took a large

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writer observed, was "certainly never going to become a catchphrase." UnitedLinux did attract some major hardware vendors in support, such as

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In addition to other people's applications, Caldera Systems created many Linux extensions to fill voids where no other commercial company was.

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praised Caldera as a product development company and noted that OpenLinux won several industry awards, including 1999 product of the year from

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in part due to the advent of Linux, a series of previously good financial results had gone sour for the company as 1999 turned into 2000. As

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before that – was the final marker for the ascendency of Linux over the Unix old guard: "The hackers had triumphed over the establishment."

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the following year) took over the DOS and embedded business. The shell company Caldera, Inc., remained responsible for the lawsuit only.

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project between 1999 and 2001. It became the first Linux distribution to include Webmin as the standard tool for system administration.

1576: 1089:. This was part of what continued to bring criticism of Caldera in the some quarters of the open source and free software communities; 911:, as well as smaller facilities in 16 additional countries. Thus included in late May 2001, Caldera International, with investments of 2921: 865: 651: 3332: 3015:"Caldera to Open Source AIM Performance Benchmarks, UNIX Regular Expression Parser and Give 'Open Access' to Open UNIX 8 Source Code" 1019:. It featured some sophisticated functionality, but its initial user interface was limited in some ways and the product was costly. 3850: 1161: 3506: 1359:

But from a business perspective, the Caldera Systems acquisition of SCO Unix has been treated less kindly in retrospect. In 2016,

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rather than Caldera OpenLinux. The Caldera product name was changed to "Caldera OpenLinux powered by United Linux", which as one

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that were supportive of Linux, did not necessarily see a strong value add for Caldera International products and could often sell

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On September 2, 1998, Caldera, Inc. announced the creation of two Utah-based wholly owned subsidiaries, Caldera Systems, Inc. and

4142: 3698: 2808: 1117:, and Caldera International. The consortium was announced on May 30, 2002. The UnitedLinux distribution would be based mostly 1058: 3904: 3761: 1756: 1203:; investors were very reluctant to put additional monies into unprofitable start-up companies. The additional effects of the 3122: 2902:"Caldera Completes Acquisition of Two SCO Divisions; Becomes Largest Linux Company in the World with Global Services/Support" 2454: 1296: 1062: 891:

The merger was originally being done under the name of the holding company Caldera, Inc., Then on March 26, 2001, during the

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mainly targeted at business customers and containing some proprietary additions. Caldera, Inc. later purchased the German

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Volution Authentication Server, technology to allow the management of Linux and Unix authentication via Microsoft servers

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Caldera Systems focused on a high-end Linux product and its Linux distribution became rich with features with bundled

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1998. Several years later it was still receiving praise from reviewers. The installer could even be started from a

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disappointment. Red Hat continued to dominate in North America, with an over 50 percent share of the Linux market.

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scrapped, with instead a GeoForum event announced that would be held in multiple locations around the world and in

1070: 975: 632: 444: 413: 1959: 1478:(Form 10-Q), Lindon, Utah, USA, Commission file number 0-29911; I.R.S. Employer Identification Number 87-0662823, 2169: 1781: 1635: 1236: 1035: 1023: 858: 854: 636: 624:. Caldera Systems' role on the Executive Committee included representing the Linux and open source communities. 478:. But no company at the time had been successful in building a profitable business around open source software. 3260: 864:

The SCO acquisition was originally scheduled to close in October 2000, but got delayed due to concerns from the

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In part Caldera International's problems were due to the economic environment surrounding the collapse of the

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in November and December 1999 having experienced huge jumps in value during their first day each of trading.

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to allow people to run Windows applications under Linux. Additionally, they shipped with Linux versions of

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and replicated sites, the latter largely being represented by retail or franchise-based companies such as

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Schilling, Jonathan L. (February 2003). "The simplest heuristics may be the best in Java JIT compilers".

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Volution Online, a subscription-based service for testing and then updating Linux systems over a network

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A desk at Caldera International's Murray Hill, New Jersey showed the renamed Open UNIX 8 being installed

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of its stock, although the stock price did not reach the stratospheric heights of its chief competitor

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was branded OpenUNIX 8, but later releases returned to the UnixWare 7.1.x name and version numbering.

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When Caldera OpenLinux 3.1 Workstation was released in June 2001, it was with the requirement for

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Instead, there was a focus on SCO's Linux Kernel Personality (LKP), a layer that conformed to the

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On January 10, 2000, three things happened, all of which were coincidental. A settlement to the

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effort of Linux companies seeking to form a common distribution that could compete with Red Hat.

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In August 2000, Caldera Systems announced the purchase of Unix technology and services from the

3742: 2866:"Caldera Systems Previews New Company – Caldera International – At CeBIT with Industry Support" 1114: 3846: 3840: 2686: 1965: 1644: 1605: 1493: 1431: 1389: 1240: 1220: 1216: 1051: 1016: 772:– to Caldera Systems. (The agreement was phrased in terms of Caldera Holding, Inc., a typical 769: 620:

for Java SE/EE, which guided the evolution of Java language and software platform through the

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going to open up the source as much as possible, and at least some of it will be under" the

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total amount of write-down and other non-cash and restructuring charges of $ 98.6 million).

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Volution Messaging Server, a bundled mail and messaging solution for Linux and Unix servers

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for $ 56.5 million in 2005, and the Vintela software became a core part of that company's

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and its LST Power Linux distribution, which was made the basis of their following product

3821: 2141: 244:, was an American software company that existed from 1998 to 2002 and developed and sold 2535:"Settlement fuels Caldera 'family' Orem company is 'settling up' with spinoffs thriving" 1673: 1424:. OpenServer 6 is, in fact, an OpenServer compatibility environment running on a modern 1223:

stopped their coverage of the company. On March 14, 2002, Caldera engaged in a 1-for-4

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desktop that the Caldera Systems distribution used. In doing so they worked with the

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This approach led to a debate about the purity of Linux-based products. Red Hat CEO

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Caldera Systems made a deal in February 2001 with Acrylis, Inc., a company based in

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announced that it would sell its Server Software and Services Divisions, including

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Caldera Systems, and then Caldera International, had substantial experience with

4071:

to 2001) and LST - Verein zur Förderung freier Software (archived web site

3352: 2082: 1982:"Technology: Supporters of Linux Worry That Commercialization Could Bring Chaos" 1592:"Caldera reopens 'settled' suit, buys DR DOS — Antitrust suit against Microsoft" 940: 597: 571: 502: 3443:"SuSE Denies UnitedLinux Per-Seat License Model; Announces Developer's Version" 2997: 2731: 2710: 1881: 1718: 17: 3256: 1677: 1344: 1339: 1152: 1110: 1106: 830: 723:

million for the company and gave it a market capitalization of $ 1.1 billion.

518: 510: 471: 429: 349: 194: 131: 111: 54: 3940: 1648: 1609: 1398:, a UNIX operating system. UnixWare 2.x and below were direct descendants of 1139:, with the goal of creating a uniform Linux distribution by the end of 2002. 3886:"Worst tech mergers and acquisitions: Caldera and SCO, Microsoft and Danger" 3082: 3032: 2199: 2037: 1596: 1270: 1173: 777: 530: 514: 467: 376: 3175: 2052: 1471:

United States Securities and Exchange Commission, Washington (2002-09-17),

2959:"SCO Forum 1999: CJ Online speaks with Jiro Monden, director of Nihon SCO" 2347: 1395: 1275:

On June 27, 2002, Caldera International had a change in management, with

1177: 1012: 765: 665: 544:

Caldera OpenLinux was also available on a retail basis, in the form of a

298: 190: 101: 2661:"Agreement and Plan of Reorganization, By and Among ... August 1, 2000" 2399: 1434:, technology consisting of an operating system and a toolkit to create 1261:

magazine later wrote, the company "faced a nearly hopeless situation."

916: 912: 768:– its most technically advanced proprietary Unix operating systems for 490: 287: 2242: 2177: 1777: 3216: 2590: 1403: 1280: 1212: 1181: 790: 691: 687: 678: 602: 545: 384: 380: 87: 1910:

Rebel Code: The Inside Story of Linux and the Open Source Revolution

1864:"Ransom Love Interview and Caldera Systems, Inc at Comdex Fall 2000" 1780:(in German). LST – Verein zur Förderung freier Software e.V. 2018 . 1034:

Caldera Systems had earlier begun work on a Linux equivalent to the

2221: 318:

and took that entity in a completely different business direction.

3908: 3889: 3557: 3105: 2017: 1557: 1421: 1360: 1251:

Despite having earlier done the reverse stock split, as well as a

1132: 998: 927: 892: 882: 773: 747: 739: 650: 506: 417: 245: 1747:"Microsoft Will Pay $ 275 Million To Settle Lawsuit From Caldera" 1441:

Volution Manager, a browser-based systems administration solution

932:

Mouse pad with the "Unifying Unix with Linux for Business" slogan

784:, held later that month, had its name shortened to just "Forum". 3825: 3780: 3746: 3648: 3600: 3576: 3492: 3427: 2852:"Caldera Systems Reports Fourth Quarter and Fiscal 2000 Results" 2812: 2785: 1143: 1074: 959: 939:

Caldera International's initial release of UnixWare was renamed

752:

Placard describing the merged operations of Caldera Systems and

439:

The company targeted the Linux-based software business with its

341: 249: 3905:"From Linux to cloud, why Red Hat matters for every enterprise" 3605:

c. September 7, 2001 (date on article now on website is wrong).

2127: 1050:

support for e-mail, simple configuration, and integration with

3663:"SCO Group Inc. Contracts: Office Sublease … January 10, 2002" 2790:

c. February 1, 2001 (date on article now on website is wrong).

1136: 965: 804: 655:

Workplaces and offices within the Caldera Systems headquarters

197:, Volution Manager, Volution Online, Volution Messaging Server 3866:

Davies, Justin; Whittaker, Roger; von Hagen, William (2006).

760:

On August 2, 2000, following several months of negotiations,

3845:(Revised ed.). New Delhi: Firewall Media. p. 123. 3762:"Caldera Changes Name to the SCO Group, Plans SCO Linux 4.0" 290:

and some other companies during the "Linux mania" of 1999.

259:

Caldera Systems was created in August 1998 as a spinoff of

2942:(Press release). Business Wire. 2001-05-31. Archived from 2200:"COAS: A Flexible Approach to System Administration Tools" 1842:, Bloomberg News. p. IT-2 – via Newspapers.com. 822:

But a primary reason for the acquisition was to get SCO's

1184:, and others. A typical deployment scenario was that of 1065:

in February 2002. That, combined with experience in the

224: 3507:"Caldera reports a net loss of $ 91 million for quarter" 3078:"Caldera shows off distributed Linux systems management" 2400:"JSR 140: Service Location Protocol (SLP) API for Java" 1819:. Central Utah. p. B10 – via Newspapers.com. 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 3719:"Caldera International plans name change to SCO Group" 2272:"Round Table: Standard/Enterprise Edition EC Ratified" 1402:

Release 4.2 and was originally developed by AT&T,

635:, including being the specification lead for JSR 140, 3166:"Caldera Volution Messaging Server: A Product Review" 1392:, a Linux distribution with added non-free components 462:

The early leader in the Linux as a business race was

263:, with Ransom Love as its CEO. It focused on selling 2711:"From the Publisher: UnixWare and Linux Get Hitched" 2455:"Calderas have a big day same day -- coincidentally" 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 1211:

The Caldera stock price was well under a dollar and

608:

Caldera Systems was a leader in the adoption of the

348:

and Ransom H. Love, receiving start-up funding from

3017:(Press release). Caldera International. 2001-08-20. 2473:"Novell wins appeal in Microsoft antitrust lawsuit" 2311:"Java Community ProcessSM Election Results Are In!" 2053:"Wabi: Caldera's Solution for Windows Applications" 1546: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1319:were fully underway, and SCO would soon become, as 457:

Linux Professional Institute Certification Programs

282:In March 2000, Caldera Systems staged a successful 219: 201: 182: 163: 142: 126: 118: 107: 94: 79: 69: 61: 4000:), Caldera International, Inc. (archived web site 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3033:"A Rose by Any Other Name – Is It Still the Same?" 2915: 2913: 2911: 2904:(Press release). Caldera Systems, Inc. 2001-05-08. 2868:(Press release). Caldera Systems, Inc. 2001-03-26. 2782:"Caldera deal provides ammunition against Red Hat" 1907: 3333:"Caldera CEO steps aside to focus on UnitedLinux" 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3123:"Orem's Caldera purchases WhatifLinux technology" 3009: 3007: 2495:"Sun, SCO, Novell, Citrix put bucks into Caldera" 1703:. Securities and Exchange Commission. 2003-01-27. 3626:"Caldera announces 15 percent cut in work force" 2809:"Caldera Systems expands Unix acquisition plans" 2732:"VARs: Increasing Margins through Free Software" 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 1960:"Red Hat, Caldera release new versions of Linux" 1345:Rebel Code: Linux and the Open Source Revolution 4098:Defunct software companies of the United States 4051:), Caldera Deutschland GmbH (archived web site 1832:"Free radical Linux sees Window of opportunity" 1674:"Caldera Creates Two Wholly-Owned Subsidiaries" 3684:"Caldera announces GeoFORUM 2002 in Las Vegas" 3590: 3588: 3586: 2881:"Linux standardization is key, executive says" 2649:. pp. A1, A12 – via Newspapers.com. 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2516:"Microsoft and Caldera – dispelling the myths" 2429:"Caldera IPO Marks First Linux Disappointment" 1875: 1873: 1466: 1464: 920: 780:conference of developers and resellers at the 525:to allow their customers to non-destructively 3699:"SCO name returns as Caldera rebrands itself" 3191:"Caldera wins Best Open Source Project Award" 3102:"Caldera prepares to take piece of Linux pie" 2896: 2894: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2643:"SCO spins off two divisions for cash, stock" 2369: 2367: 2365: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1975: 1973: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1325:headlined, "The Most Hated Company In Tech". 53:Caldera International headquarters office in 8: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3117: 3115: 2981:"Caldera launches Caldera Developer Network" 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2329: 2327: 2290: 2288: 1862:Cook, Forrest; Sobol, Rebecca (2000-11-20). 853:time in terms of support for 16- and 32-way 32: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3458: 3456: 3247: 3245: 2922:"Caldera says layoffs coming to Santa Cruz" 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2749: 2747: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2014:"Red Hat and Caldera get in the ring Pt II" 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1712: 1710: 3597:"Caldera faces losses, delisting, layoffs" 3482: 3480: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3140: 3138: 3026: 3024: 2992: 2990: 2928:. p. D-10 – via Newspapers.com. 2076: 2074: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1498:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 509:as well as productivity applications from 493:implementation from Novell. They licensed 375:Caldera, Inc. inherited a lawsuit against 275:. Caldera Systems was also active in the 122:Changed management, name, direction (2002) 47: 38: 31: 4158:American companies disestablished in 2002 4113:Software companies disestablished in 2002 3964:Caldera Systems, Inc. (archived web site 3903:Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. (2019-07-17). 3736: 3734: 3632:. p. D-6 – via Newspapers.com. 3554:"McDonald's take away Caldera OpenServer" 3355:(Press release). UnitedLinux. 2002-05-30. 3147:"Linux heading for the corporate desktop" 2974: 2972: 2887:. p. D-5 – via Newspapers.com. 2832:"Scaldera vows a better Linux than Linux" 2564:. Bloomberg News. 2000-03-22. p. D2. 2163: 2161: 1934:"Linux Supplier to Get Equity Investment" 1551:Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. (2003-09-25). 1265:Change of management, name, and direction 3777:"SCO's Linux grabs for Microsoft e-mail" 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3364: 3362: 3095: 3093: 3050: 3048: 2615:"Caldera goes Unix with SCO acquisition" 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1901: 1899: 1897: 943:. This release was what would have been 3988:), Caldera Holdings (archived web site 3923:"Quest Software to Acquire Vintela Inc" 3686:(Press release). Linux.com. 2002-07-17. 3153:. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com. 1811:"Caldera to lay off 16 local employees" 1460: 1003:Caldera polo shirt and T-shirt, c. 2001 879:"Unifying Unix with Linux for Business" 639:API for Java, and participating in the 513:. Since many of their customers used a 4153:American companies established in 1998 4108:Software companies established in 1998 3645:"Caldera reverse stock split March 14" 1575:(Press release). Caldera. 1996-07-24. 1491: 393:action related to Caldera's claims of 314:, who soon adopted the corporate name 302:Caldera International was part of the 4039:LST Software GmbH (archived web site 3424:"Struggling Linux company swaps CEOs" 2756:"SCO's UnixWare Users Keep the Faith" 2033:"NetWare for Linux: neat party trick" 485:. For instance, the company offered 447:program for Linux as well as for the 428:Caldera Systems was headquartered in 7: 3213:"Interview with Vintela's President" 2687:"Tarantella Inc SCO's Second Coming" 2377:. Xinuos. 2004-06-15. Archived from 2128:"Caldera Systems IPO Soars in Debut" 2012:Panettieri, Joseph C. (2000-08-14). 782:University of California, Santa Cruz 3743:"SCO fees may hit some Linux users" 3232:"Vintela's Winding Road to Windows" 1600:. News. Vol. 18, no. 31. 776:in such transactions.) The annual 610:Java language and software platform 277:Java language and software platform 3489:"Red Hat edges ahead of estimates" 2558:"Caldera shares double on 1st day" 2081:Thomas, Benjamin D. (1999-08-23). 1980:Fisher, Lawrence M. (1999-10-18). 1880:Richardson, Majorie (March 2000). 1081:United Linux and continued decline 866:Securities and Exchange Commission 641:JSR 48 WBEM Services Specification 25: 3820:Shankland, Stephen (2003-05-15). 3775:Shankland, Stephen (2003-01-22). 3643:Shankland, Stephen (2002-03-11). 3487:Shankland, Stephen (2001-12-19). 3465:"More layoffs, losses at Caldera" 3422:Shankland, Stephen (2002-06-27). 3301:"Open source leaders duke it out" 2807:Shankland, Stephen (2001-02-09). 2295:Kreileder, Juergen (2000-10-04). 1162:small and medium-sized businesses 1044:shared calendaring and scheduling 172:Ransom H. Love, President and CEO 65:Caldera Systems, Inc. (1998–2001) 27:Defunct American software company 3801:"The Most Hated Company In Tech" 3741:Shankand, Stephen (2003-01-14). 3624:Pittman, Jennifer (2002-05-10). 3253:"Authenticating Linux with LDAP" 2957:Pajari, George (November 1999). 2920:Pittman, Jennifer (2001-09-19). 2879:Pittman, Jennifer (2001-08-22). 2641:Malinkoff, Marina (2000-08-03). 1684:from the original on 2017-06-24. 1579:from the original on 2017-06-24. 1196:application server on UnixWare. 1067:Kerberos authentication protocol 4103:Defunct companies based in Utah 3573:"Caldera spreads Unix software" 3552:Madubuko, Justin (2001-07-30). 3299:Mueller, Dietmar (2001-06-24). 3164:Speel, Hans-Cees (2002-05-04). 2830:Orlowski, Andrew (2000-08-22). 2533:Collins, Lois M. (2000-01-16). 1882:"Jim Higgins, Caldera Training" 1784:from the original on 2018-08-04 1759:from the original on 2016-12-31 1616:from the original on 2020-02-08 1514:"SCO UnixWare Operating System" 1482:from the original on 2020-02-16 1311:Center 7, and finally Vintela. 1059:Web-Based Enterprise Management 4123:2002 disestablishments in Utah 3799:Kerstetter, Jim (2004-02-02). 3441:Proffitt, Brian (2002-06-03). 3392:"The name game, Caldera style" 3100:Rabbitte, Sonya (2001-02-02). 2453:Nii, Jenifer K. (2000-01-11). 1717:Hughes, Phil (November 1999). 1063:LinuxWorld Conference and Expo 552:machine that sold for US$ 49. 489:, which included a full-blown 1: 4133:2001 mergers and acquisitions 4128:2000 initial public offerings 3822:"SCO targets Linux customers" 3697:Weiss, Todd R. (2002-08-26). 3463:Wallace, Brian (2001-09-07). 3369:Hochmuth, Phil (2002-06-03). 3331:Weiss, Todd R. (2002-06-27). 3055:Henderson, Tom (2001-02-19). 3031:Gerhardt, Jeff (2002-08-27). 2854:. ResponseSource. 2000-12-06. 2754:Weiss, Tood R. (2000-08-28). 2709:Hughes, Phil (October 2000). 2427:Beale, Matthew (2000-03-22). 2198:Kirch, Olaf (February 1999). 2098:"Mac, Windows And Now, Linux" 1958:Thurrott, Paul (1999-04-25). 1279:, formerly an executive with 3760:Loli, Eugenia (2002-08-26). 3571:Becker, David (2002-01-16). 3259:. 2003-03-03. Archived from 2730:Taylor, Dean (August 2000). 2584:DiCarlo, Lisa (2000-08-03). 2168:Drake, Joshua (2002-01-14). 2096:Hafner, Katie (1998-10-08). 1914:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 919:, opening the Caldera K.K. ( 517:setup, Caldera shipped with 453:Linux Professional Institute 4118:1998 establishments in Utah 3941:"ADbridge notes repository" 3390:Kearns, Dave (2002-09-09). 3211:Adams, David (2004-11-30). 3189:Smith, J. T. (2002-02-04). 3145:Wilson, Eric (2001-12-04). 3076:Scannell, Ed (2001-01-22). 2979:Smith, J. T. (2001-05-14). 2126:Plotkin, Hal (2000-03-21). 1809:Duggan, Tara (2002-05-10). 633:Java Specification Requests 584:Other products and projects 548:for installing Linux on an 238:Caldera International, Inc. 33:Caldera International, Inc. 4174: 3230:Barney, Doug (June 2005). 2514:Lea, Graham (2000-02-29). 1830:Harmon, Amy (1998-10-06). 1268: 1071:Microsoft Active Directory 976:GNU General Public License 970:commands, as well for the 445:professional certification 414:Caldera Thin Clients, Inc. 330: 3870:. Indianapolis, Indiana: 3842:IT Tools and Applications 3531:Stone, Brad (July 2004). 3151:The Sydney Morning Herald 2586:"Caldera Is SCO's Savior" 2031:Yager, Tom (1998-08-17). 1940:. 1999-03-09. p. C4. 1745:Gomes, Lee (2000-01-11). 1636:Computerworld New Zealand 1629:Leon, Mark (1996-07-29). 1590:Leon, Mark (1996-07-29). 1237:Chelmsford, Massachusetts 1192:, which used it to run a 1036:Microsoft Exchange Server 1024:Chelmsford, Massachusetts 956:regular expression parser 921: 859:UnixWare NonStop Clusters 855:symmetric multiprocessing 637:Service Location Protocol 344:, was founded in 1994 by 46: 37: 2402:. Java Community Process 2313:. Java Community Process 2274:. Java Community Process 2224:. Webmin.com. 2017-10-02 2170:"Volution shows promise" 2146:rant.gulbrandsen.priv.no 1651:. CMPWNZ. Archived from 1602:InfoWorld Publishing Co. 1350:Unix System Laboratories 1091:Free Software Foundation 1040:small to medium business 989:Red Hat Enterprise Linux 815:as a means to develop a 770:Intel commodity hardware 700:Chicago Venture Partners 629:just-in-time compilation 327:Background and formation 4143:Free software companies 3839:Bangia, Ramesh (2005). 3303:. ZDNet. Archived from 2998:"UnixWare 7.1.3 Review" 1752:The Wall Street Journal 972:AIM Multiuser Benchmark 905:Murray Hill, New Jersey 736:Acquisition of SCO UNIX 708:initial public offering 618:JCP Executive Committee 358:Caldera Network Desktop 356:. Its main product was 153:Murray Hill, New Jersey 2142:"The Openlinux Lizard" 1248:in the United States. 1038:that was aimed at the 1004: 933: 901:Santa Cruz, California 888: 757: 745: 656: 622:Java Community Process 149:Santa Cruz, California 3872:John Wiley & Sons 3057:"Watching over Linux" 3000:. OSNews. 2003-12-16. 2348:10.1145/772970.772975 1205:early 2000s recession 1194:SilverStream Software 1119:SuSE Enterprise Linux 1002: 931: 886: 751: 743: 731:Caldera International 654: 407:tortious interference 3943:. GitHub. 2018-01-16 3595:Shankland, Stephen. 2780:Shankland, Stephen. 762:Santa Cruz Operation 754:Santa Cruz Operation 704:Egan-Managed Capital 696:Santa Cruz Operation 674:Caldera v. Microsoft 483:proprietary software 424:"Linux for Business" 390:Caldera v. Microsoft 295:Santa Cruz Operation 279:on Linux community. 273:proprietary software 4016:(archived web site 3868:SUSE Linux 10 Bible 3630:Santa Cruz Sentinel 2926:Santa Cruz Sentinel 2885:Santa Cruz Sentinel 2647:Santa Cruz Sentinel 2243:"Webmin Supporters" 2083:"Caldera OpenLinux" 1922:–100, 230, 295–296. 1906:Moody, Guy (2001). 1225:reverse stock split 1215:was threatening to 850:Linux Standard Base 647:Investments and IPO 203:Number of employees 144:Number of locations 34: 3966:calderasystems.com 3533:"The Linux Killer" 2222:"About the author" 2103:The New York Times 1987:The New York Times 1938:The New York Times 1916:Perseus Publishing 1840:The New York Times 1641:IDG Communications 1428:based UNIX kernel. 1408:System V Release 5 1317:SCO–Linux disputes 1221:Financial analysts 1190:Shoppers Drug Mart 1087:per-seat licensing 1005: 934: 889: 843:GNU Public Licence 758: 746: 657: 441:Linux distribution 379:when it purchased 362:Linux distribution 346:Bryan Wayne Sparks 269:Linux distribution 209:664 (ca. May 2001) 4093:Caldera (company) 3925:(Press release). 3379:. pp. 1, 16. 2299:. Blackdown Java. 1676:(Press release). 1518:www.bus.umich.edu 1390:Caldera OpenLinux 1246:Las Vegas, Nevada 1241:Erlangen, Germany 1052:Microsoft Outlook 1017:Novell eDirectory 565:Microsoft Windows 550:IBM PC compatible 487:NetWare for Linux 434:Erlangen, Germany 403:exclusive dealing 370:Caldera OpenLinux 366:LST Software GmbH 265:Caldera OpenLinux 235: 234: 187:Caldera OpenLinux 175:Drew Spencer, CTO 16:(Redirected from 4165: 4074: 4066: 4054: 4042: 4031: 4019: 4003: 3991: 3979: 3967: 3952: 3951: 3949: 3948: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3796: 3785: 3784: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3738: 3729: 3728: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3670: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3621: 3606: 3604: 3592: 3581: 3580: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3528: 3515: 3514: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3484: 3475: 3474: 3460: 3451: 3450: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3419: 3402: 3401: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3366: 3357: 3356: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3328: 3309: 3308: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3268: 3249: 3240: 3239: 3236:Redmond magazine 3227: 3221: 3220: 3208: 3195: 3194: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3174:. Archived from 3161: 3155: 3154: 3142: 3133: 3132: 3119: 3110: 3109: 3097: 3088: 3087: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3052: 3043: 3042: 3028: 3019: 3018: 3011: 3002: 3001: 2994: 2985: 2984: 2976: 2967: 2966: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2917: 2906: 2905: 2898: 2889: 2888: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2815:. Archived from 2804: 2791: 2789: 2777: 2766: 2765: 2751: 2742: 2741: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2706: 2695: 2694: 2683: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2668: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2638: 2625: 2624: 2607: 2596: 2595: 2581: 2566: 2565: 2562:The Boston Globe 2554: 2543: 2542: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2450: 2437: 2436: 2433:E-Commerce Times 2424: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2407: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2386: 2371: 2360: 2359: 2331: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2318: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2292: 2283: 2282: 2280: 2279: 2267: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2250: 2239: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2229: 2218: 2212: 2211: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2185: 2176:. Archived from 2165: 2156: 2155: 2153: 2152: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2123: 2108: 2107: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2078: 2069: 2068: 2066: 2065: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2009: 1992: 1991: 1977: 1968: 1963: 1955: 1942: 1941: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1913: 1903: 1892: 1891: 1877: 1868: 1867: 1859: 1844: 1843: 1827: 1821: 1820: 1816:The Daily Herald 1806: 1793: 1792: 1790: 1789: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1765: 1764: 1742: 1729: 1728: 1719:"Caldera Splits" 1714: 1705: 1704: 1697: 1686: 1685: 1670: 1664: 1663: 1661: 1660: 1624: 1622: 1621: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1569: 1563: 1562: 1548: 1533: 1532: 1530: 1529: 1520:. Archived from 1510: 1504: 1503: 1497: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1468: 1289:Tarantella, Inc. 1095:Richard Stallman 968: 962: 924: 923: 909:Watford, England 828: 827: 817:64-bit computing 813:Project Monterey 809:vertical markets 684:Sun Microsystems 570:Industry writer 495:Sun Microsystems 464:Red Hat Software 254:operating system 231: 228: 226: 215:388 (2002-07-31) 157:Watford, England 99:Operating system 51: 42: 35: 21: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4163: 4162: 4138:Linux companies 4083: 4082: 4072: 4064: 4052: 4040: 4029: 4017: 4001: 3989: 3977: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3955: 3946: 3944: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3902: 3901: 3897: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3874:. p. xxxv. 3865: 3864: 3860: 3853: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3798: 3797: 3788: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3740: 3739: 3732: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3668: 3666: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3623: 3622: 3609: 3594: 3593: 3584: 3570: 3569: 3565: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3530: 3529: 3518: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3486: 3485: 3478: 3462: 3461: 3454: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3421: 3420: 3405: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3371:"Linux times 4" 3368: 3367: 3360: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3330: 3329: 3312: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3266: 3264: 3251: 3250: 3243: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3210: 3209: 3198: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3144: 3143: 3136: 3121: 3120: 3113: 3099: 3098: 3091: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3054: 3053: 3046: 3030: 3029: 3022: 3013: 3012: 3005: 2996: 2995: 2988: 2978: 2977: 2970: 2963:Computing Japan 2956: 2955: 2951: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2919: 2918: 2909: 2900: 2899: 2892: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2806: 2805: 2794: 2779: 2778: 2769: 2753: 2752: 2745: 2729: 2728: 2724: 2708: 2707: 2698: 2691:Dataquest India 2685: 2684: 2675: 2666: 2664: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2640: 2639: 2628: 2609: 2608: 2599: 2583: 2582: 2569: 2556: 2555: 2546: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2513: 2512: 2508: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2452: 2451: 2440: 2426: 2425: 2414: 2405: 2403: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2384: 2382: 2373: 2372: 2363: 2336:SIGPLAN Notices 2333: 2332: 2325: 2316: 2314: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2294: 2293: 2286: 2277: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2257: 2248: 2246: 2241: 2240: 2236: 2227: 2225: 2220: 2219: 2215: 2197: 2196: 2192: 2183: 2181: 2167: 2166: 2159: 2150: 2148: 2140: 2139: 2135: 2125: 2124: 2111: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2080: 2079: 2072: 2063: 2061: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2030: 2029: 2025: 2011: 2010: 1995: 1979: 1978: 1971: 1957: 1956: 1945: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1905: 1904: 1895: 1879: 1878: 1871: 1861: 1860: 1847: 1829: 1828: 1824: 1808: 1807: 1796: 1787: 1785: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1762: 1760: 1744: 1743: 1732: 1716: 1715: 1708: 1699: 1698: 1689: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1658: 1656: 1628: 1619: 1617: 1589: 1588: 1584: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1550: 1549: 1536: 1527: 1525: 1512: 1511: 1507: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1470: 1469: 1462: 1457: 1386: 1335: 1273: 1267: 1129:Hewlett-Packard 1083: 1028:Red Hat Network 997: 966: 960: 881: 825: 823: 801:Compaq Computer 738: 733: 662:Cobalt Networks 649: 612:on Linux. The 586: 426: 335: 329: 324: 322:Caldera Systems 242:Caldera Systems 223: 214: 212: 210: 208: 204: 178: 166: 145: 138: 134: 84: 57: 28: 23: 22: 18:Caldera Systems 15: 12: 11: 5: 4171: 4169: 4161: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4085: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4037: 3960: 3959:External links 3957: 3954: 3953: 3932: 3914: 3895: 3877: 3858: 3851: 3831: 3812: 3786: 3767: 3752: 3730: 3710: 3689: 3675: 3654: 3635: 3607: 3582: 3563: 3544: 3516: 3498: 3476: 3452: 3433: 3403: 3382: 3358: 3344: 3310: 3307:on 2007-03-27. 3291: 3273: 3241: 3222: 3196: 3181: 3178:on 2006-10-18. 3156: 3134: 3111: 3089: 3068: 3044: 3020: 3003: 2986: 2968: 2949: 2946:on 2013-02-03. 2931: 2907: 2890: 2871: 2857: 2843: 2822: 2819:on 2001-06-12. 2792: 2767: 2743: 2722: 2696: 2673: 2652: 2626: 2613:(2000-08-02). 2597: 2567: 2544: 2525: 2506: 2493:(2000-01-11). 2482: 2464: 2438: 2412: 2391: 2361: 2323: 2302: 2284: 2255: 2234: 2213: 2190: 2157: 2133: 2109: 2088: 2070: 2044: 2023: 1993: 1969: 1962:. ITPro Today. 1943: 1925: 1893: 1869: 1845: 1822: 1794: 1769: 1730: 1706: 1687: 1680:. 1998-09-02. 1665: 1582: 1564: 1534: 1505: 1459: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1429: 1418:SCO OpenServer 1415: 1412:UnixWare 7.1.2 1393: 1385: 1382: 1370:Quest Software 1334: 1331: 1293:MTI Technology 1269:Main article: 1266: 1263: 1201:dot-com bubble 1082: 1079: 996: 993: 949:UnixWare 7.1.3 945:UnixWare 7.1.2 880: 877: 870:SCO OpenServer 737: 734: 732: 729: 648: 645: 614:Blackdown Java 594:modular design 585: 582: 523:PartitionMagic 425: 422: 409:by Microsoft. 395:monopolization 387:in 1996. This 331:Main article: 328: 325: 323: 320: 233: 232: 221: 217: 216: 205: 202: 199: 198: 184: 180: 179: 177: 176: 173: 169: 167: 164: 161: 160: 146: 143: 140: 139: 136: 130: 128: 124: 123: 120: 116: 115: 109: 105: 104: 96: 92: 91: 85: 80: 77: 76: 71: 67: 66: 63: 59: 58: 52: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4170: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4078: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4038: 4035: 4027: 4023: 4015: 4014:The SCO Group 4011: 4007: 3999: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3975: 3971: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3942: 3936: 3933: 3929:. 2005-05-31. 3928: 3927:Business Wire 3924: 3918: 3915: 3910: 3906: 3899: 3896: 3892:. 2016-02-10. 3891: 3887: 3881: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3859: 3854: 3852:9788170084471 3848: 3844: 3843: 3835: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3816: 3813: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3768: 3763: 3756: 3753: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3727:. 2002-08-27. 3726: 3725: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3706: 3705: 3704:Computerworld 3700: 3693: 3690: 3685: 3679: 3676: 3664: 3658: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3639: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3608: 3602: 3598: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3564: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3545: 3540: 3539: 3534: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3513:. 2001-12-11. 3512: 3508: 3502: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3471: 3466: 3459: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3437: 3434: 3429: 3425: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3404: 3400:. p. 22. 3399: 3398: 3397:Network World 3393: 3386: 3383: 3378: 3377: 3376:Network World 3372: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3348: 3345: 3340: 3339: 3338:Computerworld 3334: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3292: 3288:. 2001-06-25. 3287: 3283: 3277: 3274: 3263:on 2017-08-24 3262: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3185: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3172: 3171:Linux Journal 3167: 3160: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3129: 3124: 3118: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3086:. p. 24. 3085: 3084: 3079: 3072: 3069: 3065:. p. 51. 3064: 3063: 3062:Network World 3058: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3039: 3038:Linux Journal 3034: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3010: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2953: 2950: 2945: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2872: 2867: 2861: 2858: 2853: 2847: 2844: 2839: 2838: 2833: 2826: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2783: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2764:. p. 85. 2763: 2762: 2761:Computerworld 2757: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2738: 2737:Linux Journal 2733: 2726: 2723: 2718: 2717: 2716:Linux Journal 2712: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2693:. 2000-09-22. 2692: 2688: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2592: 2587: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2536: 2529: 2526: 2521: 2517: 2510: 2507: 2502: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2486: 2483: 2479:. 2011-05-03. 2478: 2474: 2468: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2430: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2401: 2395: 2392: 2381:on 2022-03-21 2380: 2376: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2312: 2306: 2303: 2298: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2273: 2270:Bacon, John. 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2244: 2238: 2235: 2223: 2217: 2214: 2210:(58es): 1–es. 2209: 2205: 2204:Linux Journal 2201: 2194: 2191: 2180:on 2016-04-05 2179: 2175: 2171: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2147: 2143: 2137: 2134: 2129: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106:. p. G1. 2105: 2104: 2099: 2092: 2089: 2084: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2060: 2059: 2058:Linux Journal 2054: 2048: 2045: 2041:. p. 79. 2040: 2039: 2034: 2027: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990:. p. C5. 1989: 1988: 1983: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1929: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1911: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1888: 1887:Linux Journal 1883: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1838:. Melbourne. 1837: 1833: 1826: 1823: 1818: 1817: 1812: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1783: 1779: 1773: 1770: 1758: 1754: 1753: 1748: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1725: 1724:Linux Journal 1720: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1669: 1666: 1655:on 2018-08-23 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1626: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1598: 1593: 1586: 1583: 1578: 1574: 1568: 1565: 1560: 1559: 1554: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1524:on 2017-05-01 1523: 1519: 1515: 1509: 1506: 1501: 1495: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1454: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1436:point of sale 1433: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1400:Unix System V 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1365: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1305:The SCO Group 1301: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1285:FranklinCovey 1282: 1278: 1272: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1259: 1254: 1253:stock buyback 1249: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1157: 1154: 1148: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1124:Network World 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1080: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1029: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1001: 994: 992: 990: 985: 979: 977: 973: 969: 963: 957: 952: 950: 946: 942: 937: 930: 926: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 897: 894: 885: 878: 876: 873: 871: 867: 862: 860: 856: 851: 846: 844: 838: 834: 832: 820: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 796: 793: 792: 785: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 755: 750: 742: 735: 730: 728: 724: 720: 717: 711: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 680: 676: 675: 669: 667: 663: 653: 646: 644: 642: 638: 634: 630: 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 606: 604: 599: 596:and goals of 595: 589: 583: 581: 579: 578: 577:Linux Journal 573: 568: 566: 561: 557: 556:OpenLinux 2.2 553: 551: 547: 542: 539: 534: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 479: 477: 476:Mandrake Soft 473: 469: 465: 460: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 437: 435: 431: 423: 421: 419: 415: 410: 408: 404: 400: 399:illegal tying 396: 392: 391: 386: 382: 378: 373: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 338:Caldera, Inc. 334: 333:Caldera, Inc. 326: 321: 319: 317: 316:The SCO Group 313: 307: 305: 300: 296: 291: 289: 285: 280: 278: 274: 270: 267:, a high-end 266: 262: 261:Caldera, Inc. 257: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 230: 222: 218: 206: 200: 196: 192: 188: 185: 181: 174: 171: 170: 168: 162: 158: 154: 150: 147: 141: 137:United States 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 110: 106: 103: 100: 97: 93: 89: 86: 83: 78: 75: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 50: 45: 41: 36: 30: 19: 4148:Unix history 3945:. Retrieved 3935: 3917: 3898: 3880: 3867: 3861: 3841: 3834: 3815: 3806:Businessweek 3804: 3770: 3755: 3724:Deseret News 3722: 3713: 3702: 3692: 3678: 3667:. Retrieved 3657: 3638: 3629: 3566: 3547: 3536: 3511:Deseret News 3510: 3501: 3470:Deseret News 3468: 3446: 3436: 3395: 3385: 3374: 3347: 3336: 3305:the original 3294: 3285: 3276: 3265:. Retrieved 3261:the original 3235: 3225: 3193:. Linux.com. 3184: 3176:the original 3169: 3159: 3150: 3128:Deseret News 3126: 3081: 3071: 3060: 3036: 2983:. Linux.com. 2962: 2952: 2944:the original 2934: 2925: 2884: 2874: 2860: 2846: 2837:The Register 2835: 2825: 2817:the original 2759: 2735: 2725: 2714: 2665:. Retrieved 2655: 2646: 2620:The Register 2618: 2589: 2561: 2539:Deseret News 2538: 2528: 2520:The Register 2519: 2509: 2500:The Register 2498: 2485: 2476: 2467: 2459:Deseret News 2458: 2432: 2404:. Retrieved 2394: 2383:. Retrieved 2379:the original 2342:(2): 36–46. 2339: 2335: 2315:. Retrieved 2305: 2276:. Retrieved 2247:. Retrieved 2245:. Webmin.com 2237: 2226:. Retrieved 2216: 2207: 2203: 2193: 2182:. Retrieved 2178:the original 2173: 2149:. Retrieved 2145: 2136: 2101: 2091: 2085:. Linux.com. 2062:. Retrieved 2056: 2047: 2036: 2026: 1985: 1937: 1928: 1909: 1885: 1835: 1825: 1814: 1786:. Retrieved 1772: 1761:. Retrieved 1750: 1722: 1668: 1657:. Retrieved 1653:the original 1634: 1618:. Retrieved 1595: 1585: 1567: 1556: 1526:. Retrieved 1522:the original 1517: 1508: 1484:, retrieved 1473: 1438:applications 1378: 1374:One Identity 1366: 1358: 1343: 1336: 1327: 1322:Businessweek 1320: 1313: 1309: 1302: 1277:Darl McBride 1274: 1256: 1250: 1233: 1229:Lindon, Utah 1210: 1198: 1166:CVS Pharmacy 1158: 1149: 1142:However, as 1141: 1122: 1102:United Linux 1100: 1084: 1056: 1033: 1021: 1010: 1006: 980: 974:, under the 953: 938: 935: 898: 890: 874: 863: 847: 839: 835: 821: 797: 789: 786: 759: 725: 721: 712: 672: 670: 658: 626: 607: 590: 587: 575: 569: 554: 543: 535: 480: 461: 438: 427: 411: 388: 374: 354:Canopy Group 336: 312:Darl McBride 308: 304:United Linux 292: 281: 258: 241: 237: 236: 127:Headquarters 70:Company type 29: 4018:caldera.com 4002:caldera.com 3990:caldera.com 3978:caldera.com 3447:Linux Today 3286:Linux Today 3131:. May 2001. 2611:Lea, Graham 2491:Lea, Graham 1964:(See also: 1918:. pp. 1604:p. 3. 941:Open UNIX 8 598:scalability 572:Hal Plotkin 567:partition. 527:repartition 503:WordPerfect 340:, based in 90:: CALD 4087:Categories 4077:2001-03-31 4069:2000-04-13 4065:caldera.de 4061:2000-01-02 4057:1998-12-01 4049:1997-12-11 4045:1997-01-11 4034:2001-05-08 4026:2004-09-01 4022:2002-09-14 4010:2002-08-25 4006:2001-03-30 3998:2001-03-02 3994:2001-01-18 3986:2000-12-17 3982:2000-02-29 3974:2001-04-05 3970:1999-01-17 3947:2019-11-12 3669:2019-11-02 3267:2019-11-17 3257:TechTarget 2667:2019-11-20 2406:2019-11-10 2385:2021-10-11 2317:2019-11-10 2278:2019-11-10 2249:2019-11-10 2228:2019-11-10 2184:2019-11-17 2174:LinuxWorld 2151:2017-09-21 2064:2012-01-09 1866:. 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