745:, but the ironically Republican-dominated district militia objected, first to the idea of serving under any regular army leadership, and then to serving under a relatively low-ranked officer (a lieutenant colonel) who was given command of Portland after the agreement was signed. Several units of local militia refused the perform their assigned duties. One consequence of the dispute was that most militia in the state remained under state control and were thus paid from state coffers at a cost of around $ 200,000 per month. This further strained the state economy, which was already suffering because of the British blockade.
664:
40:
636:. Strong's Federalist allies in the legislature were able to publicize the partisan nature of the analysis, resulting in a hostile public backlash. He was proclaimed the winner after further, less biased, analysis corrected the count in his favor. However, in the 1807 election the rising tide of Republicanism swept Strong (along with other New England Federalists) out of office. Federalists asked him to run in 1808, but he refused, noting that he had "done his part" and that his home base in Hampshire County was strongly Federalist.
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632:, Strong barely received a majority of the votes cast. With fewer than 200 votes in the balance, the Republican-controlled legislature scrutinized the returns in a partisan manner, discarding ballots that had misspelled Strong's name while retaining those that misspelled Sullivan's and performing tallies in ways that favored their candidate. This process concluded with a finding that Strong in fact lacked a majority of votes, which was required to carry the election, as opposed to the modern
689:, Strong refused and was backed by the Governor's Council as well as the Supreme Judicial Court. He argued that there was no need to call out the militia because invasion was not imminent. Because of his stance against regular army command, the state was denied a shipment of arms that was instead diverted to frontier areas and the war theater. Strong also took no particular actions to prevent widespread smuggling along the state's frontiers with the neighboring British provinces.
719:
321:
715:, subject to reasonable limitations. Cushing was transferred to Connecticut, and General Dearborn again commanded the regular army forces in Massachusetts. Dearborn interpreted the agreement Strong had made with Cushing to apply statewide and began reorganizing militia companies to conform to regular army practices. This engendered ill will among the militia, and Strong refused to place additional levies under Dearborn's command.
597:, nominated by the Democratic-Republicans. Strong was criticized by his opponents for his lack of military service and for the fact that he was a lawyer; he countered by asserting his patriotism through his association with Joseph Hawley. His popularity in the western part of the state was decisive: the wide margin by which he won there overcame the smaller advantage by which Gerry carried the east. Acting Governor
605:
700:, who ensured that his militia always remained under state command. Strong was more concerned that the state militia not be used except in defense of the state's borders, and he compromised on the issue of command. In 1812, not long after refusing General Dearborn's request, he authorized the dispatch of militia companies to the state's eastern district (now
541:. To temper the power of the states, he introduced language requiring tax legislation to originate in the House of Representatives. Illness of his wife forced him to return to Massachusetts before the work was completed, so he did not sign the document. He was a vocal supporter of its adoption by the state's ratifying convention.
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490:
Strong's legal practice thrived during the tumultuous war years and was one of the most successful in
Hampshire County. He became a judge of the Court of Common Pleas in 1775 and was appointed county attorney of Hampshire County the following year, a post he held until 1800. On more than one occasion
655:
in the previous two elections. Gerry, who had originally been somewhat moderate, became increasingly partisan during his tenure, and
Federalists viewed Strong's earlier success in office and relatively modest demeanor as assets. Strong's victory in the election, which saw the Federalists also regain
785:
In 1777 Strong married Sarah Hooker, the daughter of a local pastor and descendant of Thomas Hooker, founder and first governor of
Connecticut. They had nine children, four of whom survived the couple. Strong was active in his church and was a leading member of local missionary and Bible societies.
752:
in
September 1814, Strong called the legislature into session early in October to respond to the occupation. Given that the federal government was unwilling to fund militia not under its control, the legislature authorized Strong to borrow money to fund a major expansion of the militia, but most of
620:
Strong won annual reelection to the governor's seat until 1807. During this tenure, the state introduced a new penitentiary system and reformed the judiciary, reducing the number of judges. Strong's time as governor was also marked by virulent political debate in the state, principally over foreign
394:
in
Massachusetts, he navigated the state in a Federalist direction through the early years of the 19th century as the rest of the country became progressively more Republican. Although he sought to retire from politics after losing the 1807 governor's race, the advent of the
769:, essentially offering a separate peace in exchange for the return of the seized territory. He also refused to authorize temporary Massachusetts funding for a federally led expedition to recover Castine, leading to further cries of indignation from Maine's Republicans. The
536:
as a means of electing the president, instead supporting the idea that the legislature should choose him. Although he initially opposed proposals that the number of senators should be equal for all states, he eventually changed his mind, enabling passage of the
650:
In 1812 Strong was convinced by
Massachusetts Federalist leaders to come out of retirement to run once again for governor. War with Britain was imminent, and the Federalists sought a strong candidate to oppose Elbridge Gerry, who had been victorious against
679:
Strong took a principled stand against the War of 1812, generally refusing to assist federal government efforts to prosecute the war. Strong was part of a chorus of
Massachusetts (and more broadly New England) Federalists who complained that in
684:
War" the federal government was trampling state and individual rights. He adhered to the view that state militia could not be required to serve under regular army command. When the first such requests were made by U. S. Army
General
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552:, which established the federal courts. He was also instrumental in 1793 and 1794 in the development and passage by Congress of the 11th Amendment to the United States Constitution. This measure was enacted in response to
439:, a 1630 immigrant to Massachusetts who was one of the founders of Northampton and the lead elder of the church for many years. Caleb was their only son. He received his early education from Rev. Samuel Moody and entered
495:
but rejected the position on account of its inadequate salary. Strong was described by a contemporary as meticulously detailed in his preparation of legal paperwork and a persuasive advocate when speaking to a jury.
773:
ended the war before the Nova Scotia negotiations went anywhere. Strong's policies during the war are credited as one of the reasons for Maine's drive for statehood, which came to a successful conclusion in 1820.
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control of the legislature, was attributed to several factors: Federalists capitalized on the partisanship of the recent redistricting of the state that resulted in the coining of the term "
480:
3014:
777:
In 1816, with the war at an end, Strong decided once again to retire from politics. Strong died in
Northampton on November 7, 1819, and was buried in its Bridge Street Cemetery.
753:
the funds acquired were spent improving Boston's defenses. Another result of the special session was a call for a meeting of states opposed to the war, which became known as the
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451:, was admitted to the bar in 1772, and began the practice of law in Northampton. Hawley was also a political mentor, shaping Strong's views on relations between the
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467:
in 1774. When the
Revolutionary War broke out in 1775, Strong was unable to serve in the military because of his damaged sight, but he was otherwise active in the
411:
in peace talks. The state and federal governments' weak defense of Massachusetts' northern frontier during Strong's tenure contributed to the successful drive for
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628:
In the 1806 election, the Republicans secured a majority in the Massachusetts assembly, and the gubernatorial election was notably close. Running mainly against
3385:
532:
Strong was elected as a delegate to the Philadelphia Convention that drafted the 1787 Constitution. A committed Federalist, Strong opposed the idea of the
544:
When the Constitution came into force in 1789, Strong was chosen by the state legislature to serve in the United States Senate. As what is now known as a
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2019:
2015:
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816:
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and was widely disliked, criticized, and opposed by Republicans. Strong resigned his seat in 1796 and returned to private life in Northampton.
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With the British naval blockade tightening and threatening the state's coastal communities in early 1814, Strong authorized Brigadier General
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was originally named Strongsburg in his honor. The Strongsburg land had been allocated to Strong as part of his ownership share in the
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engulfing Europe. Over the years of Strong's tenure, the Republicans gradually gained in power both nationally and in Massachusetts.
1959:
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policy related to British interference with Massachusetts maritime trade. That interference was a consequence of the ongoing
593:
In the election of 1800, Strong was nominated by the Federalists as their candidate for governor; his principal opponent was
504:
320:
447:, which temporarily blinded him and prevented him from engaging in the study of law for several years. He studied law with
2380:
660:", and there was strong anti-war sentiment in the state. Strong was reelected by wide margins in the following war years.
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468:
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435:. His parents were Phebe Lyman Strong and Caleb Strong, the latter a descendant of early Massachusetts settlers such as
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1998:
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487:, ratified in 1780. He then served on the first governor's council and in the state senate from 1780 to 1789.
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1689:
Hickey, Donald (December 1977). "New England's Defense Problem and the Genesis of the Hartford Convention".
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he came up for reelection in 1792, when he was again chosen. He was one of the principal drafters of the
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Shapers of the Great Debate at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 : a Biographical Dictionary
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805:
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126:
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in 1794 that a special envoy should be sent to Britain in order to avert war, and who convinced
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in 1760, graduating four years later with high honors. He was shortly thereafter afflicted with
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581:, which resolved a number of issues between the two nations but also angered the leadership of
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1965:
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1994:
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2585:
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2483:
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1987:
1644:
Free, Sovereign, and Independent States: The Intended Meaning of the American Constitution
770:
742:
622:
440:
301:
253:
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brought him back to the governor's office as a committed opponent of the war. He refused
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423:
Caleb Strong was born on January 9, 1745, in Northampton, one of the principal towns of
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138:
45:
1720:
In the Matter of Color: Race and the American Legal Process : the Colonial Period
692:
Strong's opposition to regular army control was more nuanced than that of neighboring
403:
requests that state militia be placed under army command and in 1814 sought to engage
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2101:
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511:
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Adept at moderating the sometimes harsh political conflict between Federalists and
344:
between 1800 and 1807, and again from 1812 until 1816. He assisted in drafting the
1899:
1857:
1514:
367:
lawyer prior to 1774, Strong was politically active in the rebel cause during the
1377:
360:, his political success delayed the decline of the Federalists in Massachusetts.
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2959:
2827:
2536:
854:
The History of the Descendants of Elder John Strong of Northampton Massachusetts
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645:
604:
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of states to limit suits against them by private individuals from other states.
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598:
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1969:
1780:
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1661:
336:(January 9, 1745 – November 7, 1819) was an American lawyer, politician, and
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2942:
1940:
1848:
1634:
1605:
1555:
1505:
1913:
1871:
1680:
1528:
558:, a Supreme Court decision in which a private individual sued the state of
1821:
1802:
3344:
1482:
574:
569:
Strong was also one of a small group of senators who convinced President
444:
577:
to accept that role. Jay ended up negotiating what became known as the
1710:
1702:
1685:(five volume history of Massachusetts until the early 20th century)
3396:
Pro-Administration Party United States senators from Massachusetts
717:
701:
662:
603:
412:
741:
negotiated an agreement with the Army command for the defense of
737:
The defense of Maine, however, proved problematic. Strong's aide
514:, a former slave seeking to claim his freedom. One of the cases,
823:
and had been sold by him and several minority partners in 1810.
3003:
2187:
1794:
Harrison Gray Otis, 1765–1848: The Urbane Federalist, Volume 1
601:
died ten days before Strong took office at the end of May.
3401:
Federalist Party United States senators from Massachusetts
371:. He played an influential role in the development of the
761:, beginning in December 1814, Strong secretly wrote to
757:. Around the time of the convention, which was held in
383:. He also played a leading role in the passage of the
1813:
The Federalist Party in Massachusetts to the Year 1800
475:
and in other local offices but refused service in the
3411:
Federalist Party state governors of the United States
19:"Senator Strong" redirects here. For other uses, see
3431:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1346:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
510:) who worked on a series of legal cases surrounding
3197:
3037:
2545:
2379:
2347:
2221:
1754:
Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society
730:and leader of the expedition that in 1814 occupied
517:
Commonwealth of Massachusetts v. Nathaniel Jennison
499:In 1781 Strong was one of the lawyers (another was
315:
307:
295:
283:
259:
232:
227:
215:
203:
190:
167:
144:
132:
120:
101:
89:
79:
56:
30:
16:
American Founding Father and politician (1745–1819)
3441:People of Massachusetts in the American Revolution
1583:
815:, incorporated in 1801, was named for Strong, and
524:was incompatible with the new state constitution.
483:and was elected to the committee that drafted the
1563:Butler, Gerald; Shaner, Mary and Richard (2001).
1295:
1293:
528:Philadelphia Convention and United States Senator
348:in 1779 and served as a state senator and on the
1951:The American Congress: The Building of Democracy
1904:. Northampton, MA: Gazette Printing Co. p.
1590:. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.
1881:Civil-Military Relations During the War of 1812
1378:American Antiquarian Society Members Directory
1325:
1323:
794:. In 1813, Strong was elected a member of the
387:, which established the federal court system.
379:and, as a U.S. Senator, in the passage of its
3015:
2199:
1816:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
1496:. Boston: West, Richardson and Lord. p.
884:
882:
837:
835:
711:to command militia forces in the defenses of
8:
1921:Wheeler, Russell; Harrison, Cynthia (1994).
1862:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p.
612:, Strong's frequent gubernatorial opponent (
481:1779 Massachusetts Constitutional Convention
3436:Members of the American Antiquarian Society
3381:Politicians from Northampton, Massachusetts
1925:. Washington, DC: Federal Judicial Center.
943:
941:
939:
463:Strong and Hawley were both elected to the
3022:
3008:
3000:
2206:
2192:
2184:
1976:
1467:. Portland, ME: Maine Historical Society.
1274:
1272:
38:
27:
3031:United States senators from Massachusetts
2089:U.S. senator (Class 2) from Massachusetts
1613:Elkins, Stanley; McKitrick, Eric (1993).
1230:. Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
415:'s statehood, which was granted in 1820.
1675:. New York: The States History Company.
356:. A leading member of the Massachusetts
1765:. New York: Columbia University Press.
1392:. Maine Memory/Maine Historical Society
1028:Elkins and McKitrick, pp. 406–426, 502.
831:
3451:18th-century Massachusetts politicians
817:Windham Township, Portage County, Ohio
352:before being elected to the inaugural
3446:Founding Fathers of the United States
1859:Jeffersonian Democracy in New England
1672:Commonwealth History of Massachusetts
1619:. New York: Oxford University Press.
788:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
671:, in 1789. It was later rededicated
667:Fort Adams, the principal defense of
491:he was offered a seat on the state's
75:March 4, 1789 – June 1, 1796
7:
2093:March 4, 1789 – June 1, 1796
1923:Creating the Federal Judicial System
1513:Brown, Robert; Norris, J. E (1885).
1228:"Biography of John Coape Sherbrooke"
811:was named in his honor. The town of
471:cause. He served on the Northampton
163:May 30, 1800 – May 29, 1807
116:June 5, 1812 – May 30, 1816
1722:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1669:Hart, Albert Bushnell, ed. (1927).
1414:. Portage County Historical Society
801:In World War II, the United States
3386:People from colonial Massachusetts
1646:. Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing.
1519:. Chicago: Warner, Beers. p.
1493:Biography of the Hon. Caleb Strong
1390:"Strong, a Mussul Unsquit Village"
1019:Elkins and McKitrick, pp. 389–395.
340:who served as the sixth and tenth
14:
1833:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
1750:"Memoir of Hon. Caleb Strong LLD"
748:Following the British seizure of
465:Massachusetts Provincial Congress
3188:
2338:
1901:History of Northampton, Volume 2
1567:. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse.
1540:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
1445:
792:Massachusetts Historical Society
786:He was a founding member of the
350:Massachusetts Governor's Council
346:Massachusetts State Constitution
319:
1883:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
1516:History of Portage County, Ohio
21:Senator Strong (disambiguation)
1718:Higginbotham, A. Leon (1980).
505:United States Attorney General
1:
2990:indicate acting officeholders
562:. The amendment expanded the
433:Province of Massachusetts Bay
250:Province of Massachusetts Bay
3421:Massachusetts state senators
2170:June 5, 1812 – May 30, 1816
2143:May 30, 1800 – May 29, 1807
1954:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
1797:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
1412:"Windham Historical Society"
1341:"Caleb Strong (id: S001009)"
851:Dwight, Benjamin W. (1871).
796:American Antiquarian Society
3391:American Congregationalists
1001:Wheeler and Harrison, p. 3.
781:Family, charity, and legacy
704:) under U.S. Army command.
640:Second term and War of 1812
479:. He was a delegate to the
3467:
3406:Governors of Massachusetts
2215:Governors of Massachusetts
1856:Robinson, William (1916).
643:
520:, firmly established that
373:United States Constitution
369:American Revolutionary War
18:
3416:Massachusetts Federalists
3186:
2983:
2336:
2172:
2166:Governor of Massachusetts
2163:
2155:
2145:
2139:Governor of Massachusetts
2136:
2121:
2116:
2106:
2086:
2080:
2073:
2063:
2054:Governor of Massachusetts
2047:
2041:
2031:
1999:Governor of Massachusetts
1992:
1984:
1979:
1879:Stuart, Reginald (2009).
1691:The New England Quarterly
1432:Brown and Norris, p. 567.
726:, Lieutenant Governor of
342:governor of Massachusetts
327:
223:
156:
109:
104:Governor of Massachusetts
68:
52:
37:
1980:Party political offices
1948:Zelizer, Julian (2004).
1582:Clark, Charles (1990) .
1490:Bradford, Alden (1820).
1339:United States Congress.
924:Higginbotham, pp. 90–95.
765:Lieutenant-Governor Sir
1898:Trumbull, John (1902).
1829:Morton, Joseph (2006).
1461:Banks, Ronald (1973) .
377:Philadelphia Convention
44:Portrait attributed to
3426:Harvard College alumni
1761:Marcus, Maeva (1994).
1536:Buel, Richard (2005).
906:Trumbull, pp. 594–595.
734:
676:
617:
589:First term as governor
539:Connecticut Compromise
392:Democratic-Republicans
1810:Morse, Anson (1909).
1789:Morison, Samuel Eliot
1642:Graham, John (2009).
1616:The Age of Federalism
1464:Maine Becomes a State
1299:Morison, pp. 362–370.
767:John Coape Sherbrooke
759:Hartford, Connecticut
724:John Coape Sherbrooke
721:
666:
644:Further information:
634:plurality requirement
607:
550:Judiciary Act of 1789
409:John Coape Sherbrooke
385:Judiciary Act of 1789
58:United States Senator
1763:Suits Against States
1538:America on the Brink
1266:Hickey, pp. 599–600.
1248:Hickey, pp. 596–597.
1190:Hickey, pp. 592–593.
1136:Butler et al, p. 10.
1073:Hart, pp. 3:456–457.
1064:Hart, pp. 3:455–456.
790:and a member of the
722:British General Sir
583:Revolutionary France
477:Continental Congress
354:United States Senate
218:Massachusetts Senate
127:William Phillips Jr.
2061:, 1813, 1814, 1815
1127:Buel, pp. 175, 202.
1046:Morse, pp. 178–180.
992:Lodge, pp. 298–299.
755:Hartford Convention
555:Chisholm v. Georgia
473:Committee of Safety
459:American Revolution
455:and Great Britain.
177:Samuel Phillips Jr.
2599:Governor's Council
2509:Governor's Council
2430:Governor's Council
2418:Governor's Council
2131:as Acting governor
2125:Governor's Council
2117:Political offices
2095:Served alongside:
1746:Lodge, Henry Cabot
1565:The Guns of Boston
1181:Stuart, pp. 89–90.
1118:Buel, pp. 147–149.
735:
677:
618:
564:sovereign immunity
503:lawyer and future
485:state constitution
401:United States Army
311:Lawyer, politician
287:Pro-Administration
197:Governor's Council
3358:
3357:
2997:
2996:
2182:
2181:
2173:Succeeded by
2146:Succeeded by
2134:
2110:Theodore Sedgwick
2107:Succeeded by
2064:Succeeded by
2032:Succeeded by
1359:Trumbull, p. 601.
1329:Trumbull, p. 600.
1317:Clark, pp. 60–69.
1308:Banks, pp. 61–62.
1037:Trumbull, p. 598.
915:Trumbull, p. 595.
888:Trumbull, p. 596.
841:Trumbull, p. 594.
739:William H. Sumner
709:Thomas H. Cushing
698:John Cotton Smith
673:Fort Independence
571:George Washington
534:Electoral College
429:Connecticut River
331:
330:
102:6th and 10th
96:Theodore Sedgwick
3458:
3192:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3001:
2551:
2385:
2353:
2342:
2341:
2227:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2185:
2156:Preceded by
2128:
2122:Preceded by
2081:Preceded by
2044:Christopher Gore
2042:Preceded by
2035:Christopher Gore
1985:Preceded by
1977:
1973:
1944:
1917:
1894:
1875:
1852:
1825:
1806:
1784:
1757:
1741:
1714:
1684:
1665:
1638:
1609:
1589:
1586:Maine: A History
1578:
1559:
1532:
1509:
1486:
1455:
1453:Biography portal
1450:
1449:
1448:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1386:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1368:Bradford, p. 17.
1366:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1318:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1288:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1267:
1264:
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1224:
1218:
1215:
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1197:
1191:
1188:
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1170:
1164:
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1155:
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1146:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1082:Morison, p. 272.
1080:
1074:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1002:
999:
993:
990:
984:
983:Bradford, p. 16.
981:
975:
972:
966:
963:
957:
954:
948:
945:
934:
931:
925:
922:
916:
913:
907:
904:
898:
895:
889:
886:
877:
874:
868:
865:
859:
858:
848:
842:
839:
653:Christopher Gore
508:Levi Lincoln Sr.
425:Hampshire County
358:Federalist Party
323:
266:
263:November 7, 1819
242:
240:
228:Personal details
206:
193:
161:
147:
135:
114:
92:
82:
73:
42:
28:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3457:
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3455:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3193:
3184:
3033:
3028:
2998:
2993:
2979:
2549:
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2541:
2383:
2382:
2375:
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2225:
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2178:
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2151:
2142:
2127:
2112:
2098:Tristram Dalton
2094:
2092:
2084:
2069:
2057:
2045:
2037:
2002:
1990:
1988:Increase Sumner
1962:
1947:
1933:
1920:
1897:
1891:
1878:
1855:
1841:
1828:
1809:
1787:
1773:
1760:
1744:
1730:
1717:
1688:
1668:
1654:
1641:
1627:
1612:
1598:
1581:
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1562:
1548:
1535:
1512:
1489:
1475:
1460:
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1312:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:Hickey, p. 598.
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1217:Hickey, p. 596.
1216:
1212:
1208:Hickey, p. 595.
1207:
1203:
1199:Hickey, p. 594.
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:Hickey, p. 590.
1162:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1145:Stuart, p. 109.
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:Hart, p. 3:457.
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:Hart, p. 3:455.
1054:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:Marcus, p. 597.
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
991:
987:
982:
978:
973:
969:
965:Morton, p. 281.
964:
960:
956:Zelizer, p. 16.
955:
951:
946:
937:
932:
928:
923:
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914:
910:
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862:
850:
849:
845:
840:
833:
829:
783:
771:Treaty of Ghent
648:
642:
623:Napoleonic Wars
591:
546:Class 2 Senator
530:
461:
441:Harvard College
421:
338:Founding Father
302:Harvard College
288:
284:Political party
268:
264:
254:British America
244:
243:January 9, 1745
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48:
33:
24:
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11:
5:
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3252:
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2607:
2602:
2595:
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2578:
2573:
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2561:
2555:
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2543:
2542:
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2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2517:
2512:
2505:
2498:
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2457:
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2433:
2426:
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2414:
2407:
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2395:
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2373:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2345:
2344:
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2335:
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2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2171:
2162:
2159:Elbridge Gerry
2157:
2153:
2152:
2149:James Sullivan
2147:
2144:
2135:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2105:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2030:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1960:
1945:
1931:
1918:
1895:
1889:
1876:
1853:
1839:
1826:
1807:
1785:
1771:
1758:
1748:(April 1820).
1742:
1728:
1715:
1703:10.2307/364248
1697:(4): 587–604.
1686:
1666:
1652:
1639:
1625:
1610:
1596:
1579:
1573:
1560:
1546:
1533:
1510:
1487:
1473:
1457:
1456:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1425:
1403:
1381:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1331:
1319:
1310:
1301:
1289:
1280:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1100:Lodge, p. 304.
1093:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1012:
1003:
994:
985:
976:
974:Graham, p. 34.
967:
958:
949:
947:Lodge, p. 297.
935:
933:Lodge, p. 296.
926:
917:
908:
899:
897:Lodge, p. 295.
890:
878:
876:Lodge, p. 294.
869:
867:Lodge, p. 293.
860:
843:
830:
828:
825:
782:
779:
687:Henry Dearborn
641:
638:
630:James Sullivan
610:Elbridge Gerry
595:Elbridge Gerry
590:
587:
529:
526:
460:
457:
420:
417:
381:11th Amendment
329:
328:
325:
324:
317:
313:
312:
309:
305:
304:
299:
293:
292:
285:
281:
280:
267:(aged 74)
261:
257:
256:
234:
230:
229:
225:
224:
221:
220:
216:Member of the
213:
212:
210:James Sullivan
207:
201:
200:
194:
188:
187:
185:
184:
182:Edward Robbins
179:
173:
171:
165:
164:
154:
153:
148:
142:
141:
139:Elbridge Gerry
136:
130:
129:
124:
118:
117:
107:
106:
99:
98:
93:
87:
86:
83:
77:
76:
66:
65:
54:
53:
50:
49:
46:Gilbert Stuart
43:
35:
34:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3463:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
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3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
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3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
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3243:
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3218:
3216:
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3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3181:
3178:
3176:
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3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
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3042:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3025:
3020:
3018:
3013:
3011:
3006:
3005:
3002:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
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2956:
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2899:
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2889:
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2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
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2851:
2849:
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2844:
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2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
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2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
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2789:
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2759:
2756:
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2751:
2749:
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2732:
2729:
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2722:
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2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
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2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
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2645:
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2640:
2638:
2635:
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2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2547:Commonwealth
2544:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
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2504:
2503:
2499:
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2434:
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2401:
2400:
2396:
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2390:
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2378:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
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2356:
2354:
2346:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2154:
2150:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2091:
2090:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1983:
1978:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1961:9780618179060
1957:
1953:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1932:9781428992511
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1890:9780275982003
1886:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1840:9780313060328
1836:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1772:9780231088725
1768:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1729:9780195027457
1725:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
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1692:
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1674:
1673:
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1653:9781589805897
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1626:9780195068900
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1597:9780874515206
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1574:9780759647305
1570:
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1547:9781403962386
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1311:
1305:
1302:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1287:Banks, p. 60.
1284:
1281:
1278:Buel, p. 212.
1275:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1254:
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1245:
1242:
1229:
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1220:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1172:Buel, p. 176.
1169:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1154:Buel, p. 166.
1151:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1109:Buel, p. 147.
1106:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1088:
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1079:
1076:
1070:
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813:Strong, Maine
810:
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764:
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713:Boston Harbor
710:
705:
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690:
688:
683:
682:Mr. Madison's
674:
670:
669:Boston Harbor
665:
661:
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637:
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631:
626:
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614:Herbert Adams
611:
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493:supreme court
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449:Joseph Hawley
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274:Massachusetts
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72:
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63:Massachusetts
59:
55:
51:
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41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
3204:
2987:
2952:
2740:
2663:
2646:
2631:
2614:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2563:
2550:(since 1776)
2519:
2507:
2500:
2488:
2471:
2464:
2452:
2440:
2428:
2416:
2409:
2397:
2164:
2137:
2130:
2129:
2102:George Cabot
2096:
2087:
2052:nominee for
2048:
1997:nominee for
1993:
1950:
1922:
1900:
1880:
1858:
1830:
1812:
1793:
1762:
1753:
1719:
1694:
1690:
1671:
1643:
1615:
1585:
1564:
1537:
1515:
1492:
1463:
1428:
1418:November 30,
1416:. Retrieved
1406:
1396:December 27,
1394:. Retrieved
1384:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1344:
1334:
1313:
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1244:
1234:February 12,
1232:. Retrieved
1222:
1213:
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1195:
1186:
1177:
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1159:
1150:
1141:
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1123:
1114:
1105:
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1060:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1024:
1015:
1006:
997:
988:
979:
970:
961:
952:
929:
920:
911:
902:
893:
872:
863:
853:
846:
821:Ohio Company
808:Caleb Strong
807:
803:liberty ship
800:
784:
776:
747:
736:
706:
691:
678:
649:
627:
619:
592:
568:
553:
543:
531:
515:
512:Quock Walker
498:
489:
462:
422:
389:
375:at the 1787
362:
334:Caleb Strong
333:
332:
265:(1819-11-07)
205:Succeeded by
158:
146:Succeeded by
111:
91:Succeeded by
70:
32:Caleb Strong
25:
3376:1819 deaths
3371:1745 births
3325:Saltonstall
2878:Saltonstall
2736:W. Washburn
2706:E. Washburn
2654:Lincoln Jr.
2616:Lincoln Sr.
2384:(1692–1776)
2352:(1686–1689)
2226:(1629–1686)
2176:John Brooks
2075:U.S. Senate
2067:John Brooks
763:Nova Scotia
728:Nova Scotia
694:Connecticut
658:gerrymander
646:War of 1812
437:John Strong
419:Early years
405:Nova Scotia
397:War of 1812
365:Northampton
270:Northampton
246:Northampton
192:Preceded by
151:John Brooks
134:Preceded by
81:Preceded by
3365:Categories
3165:E. Kennedy
3155:J. Kennedy
2793:Greenhalge
2532:Hutchinson
2521:Hutchinson
2371:Bradstreet
2330:Bradstreet
2320:Bellingham
2310:Bellingham
2270:Bellingham
2083:New office
2050:Federalist
1995:Federalist
1439:References
599:Moses Gill
579:Jay Treaty
308:Profession
297:Alma mater
290:Federalist
239:1745-01-09
169:Lieutenant
122:Lieutenant
3315:Lodge Jr.
3225:Pickering
3150:Lodge Jr.
3135:Lodge Sr.
2665:Armstrong
2436:J. Dudley
2424:J. Dudley
2411:Stoughton
2405:Bellomont
2399:Stoughton
2381:Province
2361:J. Dudley
2349:Dominion
2300:T. Dudley
2285:T. Dudley
2265:T. Dudley
2245:T. Dudley
1970:269285921
1781:258275261
1738:219923586
1662:297149574
696:Governor
501:Worcester
407:Governor
316:Signature
159:In office
112:In office
71:In office
3320:S. Weeks
3310:Coolidge
3295:J. Weeks
3280:Boutwell
3270:Rockwell
3210:Sedgwick
3125:Washburn
3110:Winthrop
2948:Cellucci
2888:Bradford
2843:Coolidge
2783:Brackett
2773:Robinson
2701:Clifford
2696:Boutwell
2610:Sullivan
2502:S. Phips
2490:S. Phips
2393:W. Phips
2325:Leverett
2315:Endecott
2305:Endecott
2295:Endecott
2290:Winthrop
2280:Endecott
2275:Winthrop
2260:Winthrop
2240:Winthrop
2235:Endecott
2026:, 1806,
1941:31457478
1849:70207421
1791:(1913).
1635:26720733
1606:21336521
1556:55510543
1506:13336932
743:Portland
608:Bust of
575:John Jay
453:Colonies
445:smallpox
199:(acting)
3335:Tsongas
3305:Gillett
3265:Everett
3245:Silsbee
3198:Class 2
3115:Rantoul
3105:Webster
3095:Webster
3055:Goodhue
3038:Class 1
2988:Italics
2965:Patrick
2938:Dukakis
2928:Dukakis
2923:Sargent
2913:Peabody
2903:Furcolo
2813:Douglas
2798:Wolcott
2788:Russell
2731:Claflin
2726:Bullock
2711:Gardner
2671:Everett
2576:Hancock
2571:Bowdoin
2565:Cushing
2559:Hancock
2527:Bernard
2515:Pownall
2496:Shirley
2484:Shirley
2479:Belcher
2223:Colony
1914:2772422
1872:1550209
1681:1543273
1529:3080072
750:Castine
732:Castine
616:, 1892)
560:Georgia
522:slavery
469:Patriot
431:in the
427:on the
3350:Markey
3330:Brooke
3275:Wilson
3230:Varnum
3220:Foster
3215:Dexter
3205:Strong
3180:Warren
3140:Butler
3120:Sumner
3100:Choate
3085:Mellen
3080:Ashmun
3045:Dalton
2975:Healey
2960:Romney
2898:Herter
2873:Hurley
2868:Curley
2853:Fuller
2838:McCall
2823:Draper
2768:Butler
2758:Talbot
2748:Gaston
2742:Talbot
2721:Andrew
2691:Briggs
2686:Morton
2676:Morton
2648:Morton
2642:Eustis
2637:Brooks
2632:Strong
2605:Strong
2586:Sumner
2473:Tailer
2466:Dummer
2460:Burnet
2454:Dummer
2442:Tailer
2366:Andros
2250:Haynes
1968:
1958:
1939:
1929:
1912:
1887:
1870:
1847:
1837:
1822:718724
1820:
1803:823677
1801:
1779:
1769:
1736:
1726:
1711:364248
1709:
1679:
1660:
1650:
1633:
1623:
1604:
1594:
1571:
1554:
1544:
1527:
1504:
1481:
1471:
3345:Cowan
3340:Kerry
3300:Walsh
3290:Crane
3260:Davis
3255:Bates
3250:Davis
3240:Lloyd
3175:Brown
3160:Smith
3145:Walsh
3130:Dawes
3090:Mills
3070:Lloyd
3065:Adams
3060:Mason
3050:Cabot
2970:Baker
2954:Swift
2918:Volpe
2908:Volpe
2893:Dever
2883:Tobin
2858:Allen
2833:Walsh
2818:Guild
2808:Bates
2803:Crane
2716:Banks
2681:Davis
2659:Davis
2627:Gerry
2581:Adams
2448:Shute
1707:JSTOR
1483:98910
827:Notes
702:Maine
413:Maine
61:from
3285:Hoar
3235:Otis
3170:Kirk
3075:Gore
2943:Weld
2933:King
2828:Foss
2778:Ames
2763:Long
2753:Rice
2622:Gore
2592:Gill
2537:Gage
2255:Vane
2059:1812
2028:1807
2024:1805
2020:1804
2016:1803
2012:1802
2008:1801
2004:1800
1966:OCLC
1956:ISBN
1937:OCLC
1927:ISBN
1910:OCLC
1885:ISBN
1868:OCLC
1845:OCLC
1835:ISBN
1818:OCLC
1799:OCLC
1777:OCLC
1767:ISBN
1734:OCLC
1724:ISBN
1677:OCLC
1658:OCLC
1648:ISBN
1631:OCLC
1621:ISBN
1602:OCLC
1592:ISBN
1569:ISBN
1552:OCLC
1542:ISBN
1525:OCLC
1502:OCLC
1479:OCLC
1469:ISBN
1420:2012
1398:2012
1236:2013
278:U.S.
260:Died
233:Born
85:None
2863:Ely
2848:Cox
1906:594
1699:doi
1521:567
806:SS
3367::
2100:,
2022:,
2018:,
2014:,
2010:,
2006:,
1964:.
1935:.
1908:.
1866:.
1864:62
1843:.
1775:.
1752:.
1732:.
1705:.
1695:50
1693:.
1656:.
1629:.
1600:.
1550:.
1523:.
1500:.
1498:13
1477:.
1343:.
1322:^
1292:^
1271:^
938:^
881:^
834:^
798:.
276:,
272:,
252:,
248:,
3023:e
3016:t
3009:v
2207:e
2200:t
2193:v
1972:.
1943:.
1916:.
1893:.
1874:.
1851:.
1824:.
1805:.
1783:.
1756:.
1740:.
1713:.
1701::
1683:.
1664:.
1637:.
1608:.
1577:.
1558:.
1531:.
1508:.
1485:.
1422:.
1400:.
1349:.
1238:.
857:.
680:"
675:.
241:)
237:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
