368:, like the instant case, presented the question in the context of the program. There the Court held unconstitutional a provision that denied father's insurance benefits to surviving widowers with children in their care, while authorizing similar mother's benefits to similarly situated widows... Precisely the same reasoning condemns the gender-based distinction made by § 402(f)(1)(D) in this case. For that distinction, too, operates ‘to deprive women of protection for their families which men receive as a result of their employment’: social security taxes were deducted from Hannah Goldfarb's salary during the quarter century she worked as a secretary, yet, in consequence of § 402(f)(1)(D), she also ‘not only failed to receive for her (spouse) the same protection which similarly situated male worker would have received (for his spouse) but she also was deprived of a portion of her own earnings in order to contribute to the fund out of which benefits would be paid to others.’
31:
373:
of dependency. The Court disagreed, stating that Mrs. Goldfarb "worked and paid social security taxes... at the same rate as her male colleagues" yet received narrower insurance protection than a male colleague. The Court found that this distinction requires the equal protection challenge in the case to focus on the gender-based discrimination against women and not only the distinction between widowers and widows.
342:, Ginsburg argued in her brief that a reliance on gender stereotypes which served to devalue women's roles as breadwinners constituted gender-based discrimination in violation of equal protection. She argued that the social security statute in question "assume gainful employment as a domain in which men come first, women second," and that the statute favored "one type of marital unit over another."
395:
case-by-case determination in the large number of cases where dependency is objectively probable." Because of the likelihood that a widow would be dependent on her husband, and not the other way around, Rehnquist argued that such a justifiably rational basis is permissible under the Fifth
Amendment for the purpose of aiding administrative functions.
545:
376:
Based on an examination of the legislative history of the statute, the Court found that there existed "an intention to aid the dependent spouses of deceased wage earners, coupled with a presumption that wives are usually dependent" in the statute. Rejecting the "archaic and overbroad" generalizations
403:
This ruling required an amendment to the Social
Security Act in order to eliminate the burden of proof for widowers. The new language provided equal protection for both genders. The Congress swiftly enacted such an amendment in 1977, while restricting benefits for claimants (like Goldfarb) who got a
385:
Justice
Stevens wrote in concurrence with the majority. Rejecting that the rationale behind the statutory scheme was justifiably based on administrative convenience or based on a 'policy of cushioning the financial impact of spousal loss upon the sex for which that loss imposes a disproportionately
372:
The Court rejected the government's argument that the Court should focus solely on the distinction drawn between widowers and widows, based on the notion that the statute discriminates not against the covered wage earning female, but rather against her surviving widower, who was burdened with proof
276:
which set forth a gender-based distinction between widows and widowers, whereby Social
Security Act survivors benefits were payable to a widower only if he was receiving at least half of his support from his late wife, while such benefits based on the earnings of a deceased husband were payable to
350:
In a 5–4 decision, the
Supreme Court upheld the decision of the District Court. Justice Brennan's opinion, which was joined by Justice White, Justice Marshall, and Justice Powell, determined that the gender-based distinction violates the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. The Court agreed
293:
public schools for nearly twenty-five years and paid all of her social security taxes until her death in 1968. Upon his wife's death, Leon
Goldfarb applied for survivor benefits but was denied. The relevant statute, 42 U.S.C § 402(f)(1)(D), mandated that surviving widowers must meet the burden of
394:
In his dissent, which was joined by Chief
Justice Burger, Justice Stewart and Justice Blackmun, Rehnquist disagreed that the classification was discriminatory. Rehnquist argued that Congress' purpose in adopting these provisions for dependency was "to avoid the burden and expense of specific
260:, which held that the different treatment of men and women mandated by 42 U.S.C. § 402(f)(1)(D) constituted invidious discrimination against female wage earners by affording them less protection for their surviving spouses than is provided to male employees, and therefore violated the
386:
heavy burden,' he concurs with the Court's judgment as to the lack of justification for the disparate treatment of genders, but is "persuaded that the relevant discrimination in this case is against surviving male spouses, rather than against deceased female wage earners."
351:
with
Ginsburg's arguments, noting that the distinction in the federal requirements "deprive women of protection for their families which men receive as a result of their employment." The Court based its decision on the precedent established in prior cases
2314:
2482:
277:
his widow regardless of dependency. The Court found that this distinction deprived female wage earners of the same protection that a similarly situated male worker would have received, violating due process and equal protection.
268:. The case was brought by a widower who was denied survivor benefits on the grounds that he had not been receiving at least one-half support from his wife when she died. Justice Brennan delivered the opinion of the court, ruling
2025:
294:
proving that they had been receiving over half of their financial support from their wives. The law made no such requirement for widows, who would be provided survivor benefits regardless of their dependency on their husbands.
2442:
551:
377:
that a wife is more likely to be dependent on her husband than a husband on his wife, the Court concluded that these presumptions cannot justify a gender-based discrimination when distributing employment-related benefits.
298:
114:
2346:
2122:
2602:
2622:
749:
532:
423:
118:
75:
2506:
336:. This case was one of several gender discrimination cases that Ginsburg successfully argued in front of the Supreme Court between 1973 and 1976. Similar to her arguments in
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1961:
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pension based on noncovered employment, though it subsequently modified the pension offset and delayed actual implementation until 1983.
2298:
1753:
470:
Lens, Vicki (2003). "Reading between the Lines: Analyzing the
Supreme Court's Views on Gender Discrimination in Employment, 1971–1982".
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2498:
2322:
2282:
2106:
565:
325:
137:
35:
2617:
902:
728:
Congressional
Research Service,"Social Security: The Windfall Elimination Provision (WEP) and the Government Pension Offset (GPO),"
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1681:
1506:
1102:
418:
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1953:
1282:
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1003:
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1046:
257:
2218:
1993:
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2266:
2250:
1594:
1522:
931:
317:
that denied benefits to widowers was unconstitutional as discriminating against widowers on the basis of sex. The
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2362:
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2017:
1849:
1406:
1070:
947:
2234:
2554:
2274:
2001:
1777:
1514:
1373:
434:
357:
2378:
2130:
1322:
704:
614:
110:
2090:
1809:
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338:
54:
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1673:
1665:
1538:
1482:
1188:
1161:
1153:
1086:
1027:
1019:
984:
680:"THE SUPREME COURT: Woman in the News; Rejected as a Clerk, Chosen as a Justice: Ruth Joan Bader Ginsburg"
168:
1737:
1689:
2082:
1929:
1865:
1586:
1458:
1426:
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1196:
915:
753:
536:
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67:
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1945:
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1442:
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1801:
1349:
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1546:
1498:
1490:
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1110:
778:
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329:
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273:
200:
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1969:
1793:
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1530:
1466:
1434:
1381:
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955:
658:
487:
261:
787:
2402:
1985:
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1713:
1570:
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1212:
1094:
646:
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1937:
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Leon Goldfarb, a widower in the state of New York, applied for survivor benefits under the
2338:
1905:
1610:
1145:
1078:
1011:
413:
332:, who at the time was co-founder and general counsel of the Women's Rights Project at the
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729:
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2146:
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1857:
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302:
192:
176:
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1977:
1626:
923:
491:
290:
2009:
449:
Douglas, D. M. (1978). "Social Security: Sex Discrimination and Equal Protection".
70:
180:
2315:
Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City
313:. The lower court ruled in Goldfarb's favor, holding that the provision of the
2483:
Stop the Beach Renourishment v. Florida Department of Environmental Protection
86:
462:
650:
82:
2026:
Department of Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California
2443:
Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency
805:
618:
107:
635:. Hale, Kathleen., Snook, Carl. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 92.
588:"The Law of Gender Stereotyping and the Work-Family Conflicts of Men"
483:
299:
United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York
2123:
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co. v. City of Chicago
297:
Goldfarb challenged the constitutionality of the statute in the
2347:
First English Evangelical Lutheran Church v. Los Angeles County
2060:
1651:
1404:
982:
900:
858:
817:
30:
57:, Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare v. Leon Goldfarb
2467:
San Remo Hotel, L.P. v. City & County of San Francisco
705:"Tribute: The Legacy of Ruth Bader Ginsburg and WRP Staff"
289:. Leon Goldfarb's late wife had worked as a secretary for
633:
The Rehnquist court : justices, rulings, and legacy
552:
public domain material from this U.S government document
145:
violates the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment.
730:
https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10203
2603:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
424:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 430
2491:
Arkansas Game & Fish Commission v. United States
2507:
Koontz v. St. Johns River Water Management District
1333:
1250:
1231:
1180:
1121:
1038:
995:
598:: 1308–9 – via UF Law Scholarship Repository.
305:, Rutgers Law School professor and attorney at the
241:
233:
225:
220:
149:
129:
99:
94:
62:
49:
42:
23:
266:Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution
2259:Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City
1698:Railroad Retirement Board v. Alton Railroad Co.
2331:Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis
610:Goldfarb v. Sec'y of Health, Ed. & Welfare
245:Rehnquist, joined by Burger, Stewart, Blackmun
104:Goldfarb v. Sec'y of Health, Ed. & Welfare
870:
829:
256:, 430 U.S. 199 (1977), was a decision by the
8:
2623:United States gender discrimination case law
2291:Loretto v. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corp.
2283:Webb's Fabulous Pharmacies, Inc. v. Beckwith
663:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
321:appealed the decision to the Supreme Court.
2371:Preseault v. Interstate Commerce Commission
2187:Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank v. Radford
319:Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
2547:Pakdel v. City and County of San Francisco
2163:Seaboard Air Line Ry. Co. v. United States
2057:
1648:
1401:
992:
979:
897:
877:
863:
855:
836:
822:
814:
229:Brennan, joined by White, Marshall, Powell
20:
311:American Civil Liberties Union Foundation
2531:Knick v. Township of Scott, Pennsylvania
2411:Suitum v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency
135:The gender-based distinction created by
2608:United States equal protection case law
2451:Brown v. Legal Foundation of Washington
2419:Phillips v. Washington Legal Foundation
2387:Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council
2355:Nollan v. California Coastal Commission
2171:Rindge Company v. County of Los Angeles
504:
1706:United States v. Carolene Products Co.
656:
2515:Horne v. Department of Agriculture II
2195:United States v. General Motors Corp.
2115:Monongahela Nav. Co. v. United States
1358:Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber
309:of Rutgers Law School-Newark and the
18:1977 United States Supreme Court case
7:
2499:Horne v. Department of Agriculture I
2211:Kimball Laundry Co. v. United States
581:
579:
524:
522:
520:
518:
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
117:1975); probable jurisdiction noted,
2299:Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff
1754:Department of Agriculture v. Moreno
324:Goldfarb was represented by future
2323:United States v. Riverside Bayview
2107:Head v. Amoskeag Manufacturing Co.
1962:Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña
586:Bornstein, Stephanie (June 2012).
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
2598:United States Supreme Court cases
756:199 (1977) is available from:
2307:Ruckelshaus v. Montanato Company
1103:Bravo-Fernandez v. United States
678:Lewis, Neil A. (June 15, 1993).
543:
419:List of gender equality lawsuits
307:Women's Rights Litigation Clinic
29:
2219:United States v. Pewee Coal Co.
1954:Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC
2613:1977 in United States case law
2155:Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon
2034:United States v. Vaello Madero
1994:Flores-Villar v. United States
709:American Civil Liberties Union
334:American Civil Liberties Union
1:
2563:Sheetz v. County of El Dorado
2539:Cedar Point Nursery v. Hassid
2459:Lingle v. Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
2267:Kaiser Aetna v. United States
1682:Adkins v. Children's Hospital
886:United States Fifth Amendment
845:United States Fifth Amendment
2427:Eastern Enterprises v. Apfel
2042:Department of State v. Muñoz
1307:Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle
1240:Blockburger v. United States
1004:Blockburger v. United States
631:R., Hensley, Thomas (2006).
381:Justice Stevens’ concurrence
2363:Pennell v. City of San Jose
2018:Sessions v. Morales-Santana
1047:United States v. Randenbush
390:Justice Rehnquist's Dissent
258:United States Supreme Court
2644:
2475:Kelo v. City of New London
2251:Armstrong v. United States
2235:Nelson v. City of New York
1595:J. D. B. v. North Carolina
1523:Dickerson v. United States
932:Wong Wing v. United States
806:Oyez (oral argument audio)
550:This article incorporates
2435:Palazzolo v. Rhode Island
2099:Cole v. City of La Grange
2069:
2056:
1850:United States v. Antelope
1660:
1647:
1507:Mitchell v. United States
1413:
1407:Self-Incrimination Clause
1400:
1251:Dual sovereignty doctrine
1071:Fong Foo v. United States
996:Meaning of "same offense"
991:
978:
948:United States v. Moreland
910:
896:
852:
154:
134:
28:
2618:Social Security lawsuits
2555:Tyler v. Hennepin County
2379:Yee v. City of Escondido
2275:Agins v. City of Tiburon
2131:Peabody v. United States
2002:United States v. Windsor
1778:Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld
1515:United States v. Hubbell
1374:North Carolina v. Pearce
1323:Denezpi v. United States
1283:United States v. Wheeler
615:396 F. Supp. 308
435:Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld
366:Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld
358:Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld
301:. He was represented by
2395:Dolan v. City of Tigard
2203:United States v. Causby
2091:United States v. Lawton
1810:Hampton v. Mow Sun Wong
1746:Frontiero v. Richardson
1563:Corley v. United States
1555:United States v. Patane
1419:Curcio v. United States
1315:Gamble v. United States
1205:United States v. Dinitz
1138:Ludwig v. Massachusetts
1130:United States v. Wilson
1063:Burton v. United States
964:United States v. Cotton
732:Retrieved July 2, 2024
389:
339:Frontiero v. Richardson
55:Joseph A. Califano, Jr.
2139:United States v. Cress
1914:Fullilove v. Klutznick
1770:Schlesinger v. Ballard
1674:Adair v. United States
1666:Dred Scott v. Sandford
1539:Yarborough v. Alvarado
1259:United States v. Lanza
1189:United States v. Perez
1170:Smith v. United States
1162:United States v. Dixon
1154:United States v. Felix
1087:Burks v. United States
1028:United States v. Dixon
1020:United States v. Felix
985:Double Jeopardy Clause
370:
169:William J. Brennan Jr.
43:Argued October 5, 1976
2083:Kohl v. United States
1587:Berghuis v. Thompkins
1427:Griffin v. California
1299:United States v. Lara
1197:United States v. Jorn
1055:Ball v. United States
916:Hurtado v. California
472:Social Service Review
363:
272:the provision of the
45:Decided March 2, 1977
2243:United States v. Dow
1890:Califano v. Westcott
1834:Califano v. Goldfarb
1483:Doe v. United States
1350:Palko v. Connecticut
1221:Blueford v. Arkansas
746:Califano v. Goldfarb
592:Hastings Law Journal
529:Califano v. Goldfarb
253:Califano v. Goldfarb
24:Califano v. Goldfarb
2628:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
2075:Barron v. Baltimore
1922:Rostker v. Goldberg
1842:Califano v. Webster
1818:Washington v. Davis
1786:Mathews v. Eldridge
1738:Richardson v. Davis
1690:Nichols v. Coolidge
1579:Maryland v. Shatzer
1547:Missouri v. Seibert
1499:McNeil v. Wisconsin
1491:Illinois v. Perkins
1451:Williams v. Florida
1267:Bartkus v. Illinois
1232:Multiple punishment
1111:McElrath v. Georgia
797:Library of Congress
570:§ 402(f)(1)(D)
429:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
330:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
315:Social Security Act
287:Social Security Act
274:Social Security Act
201:Lewis F. Powell Jr.
142:§ 402(f)(1)(D)
81:97 S. Ct. 1021; 51
2571:DeVillier v. Texas
1970:Miller v. Albright
1930:Heckler v. Mathews
1866:Califano v. Torres
1794:Hills v. Gautreaux
1654:Due Process Clause
1531:Chavez v. Martinez
1467:Edwards v. Arizona
1459:Michigan v. Tucker
1435:Miranda v. Arizona
1382:Benton v. Maryland
1366:Baxstrom v. Herold
956:Beck v. Washington
889:criminal procedure
684:The New York Times
262:Due Process Clause
165:Associate Justices
2585:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2523:Murr v. Wisconsin
2403:Babbitt v. Youpee
2052:
2051:
1986:Zadvydas v. Davis
1946:Bowen v. Gilliard
1898:Harris v. Rosario
1762:Morton v. Mancari
1722:Schneider v. Rusk
1714:Bolling v. Sharpe
1641:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1571:Florida v. Powell
1443:Boulden v. Holman
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1275:Waller v. Florida
1213:Oregon v. Kennedy
1095:Evans v. Michigan
974:
973:
451:Baylor Law Review
249:
248:
205:William Rehnquist
189:Thurgood Marshall
2635:
2227:Berman v. Parker
2179:Leonard v. Earle
2058:
1938:Lyng v. Castillo
1882:Davis v. Passman
1874:Vance v. Bradley
1826:Mathews v. Lucas
1730:Rogers v. Bellei
1649:
1619:Salinas v. Texas
1475:Oregon v. Elstad
1402:
1342:Ex parte Bigelow
1291:Heath v. Alabama
1122:After conviction
993:
980:
898:
879:
872:
865:
856:
838:
831:
824:
815:
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804:
801:
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759:
733:
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717:
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695:
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622:
612:
606:
600:
599:
583:
574:
572:
562:
556:
547:
546:
526:
495:
466:
270:unconstitutional
161:Warren E. Burger
150:Court membership
144:
33:
32:
21:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2577:
2339:Hodel v. Irving
2065:
2048:
1906:Harris v. McRae
1802:Mathews v. Diaz
1656:
1643:
1642:
1633:
1611:Howes v. Fields
1409:
1388:
1329:
1246:
1227:
1176:
1146:Grady v. Corbin
1117:
1079:Ashe v. Swenson
1039:After acquittal
1034:
1012:Grady v. Corbin
987:
970:
906:
892:
883:
848:
842:
808:
802:
799:
793:
790:
784:
781:
775:
772:
766:
763:
757:
741:
736:
727:
723:
713:
711:
703:
702:
698:
688:
686:
677:
676:
672:
655:
643:
630:
629:
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608:
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603:
585:
584:
577:
564:
563:
559:
544:
527:
506:
502:
469:
448:
445:
443:Further reading
414:Gender equality
410:
401:
392:
383:
348:
283:
213:John P. Stevens
203:
191:
179:
136:
125:906 (1976).
90:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
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2503:
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2455:
2447:
2439:
2431:
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2415:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2351:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2147:Block v. Hirsh
2143:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2103:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2063:Takings Clause
2061:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2030:
2022:
2014:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1982:
1974:
1966:
1958:
1950:
1942:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1910:
1902:
1894:
1886:
1878:
1870:
1862:
1858:Fiallo v. Bell
1854:
1846:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1758:
1750:
1742:
1734:
1726:
1718:
1710:
1702:
1694:
1686:
1678:
1670:
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1978:Nguyen v. INS
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2185:
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2169:
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2113:
2105:
2097:
2089:
2081:
2073:
2040:
2032:
2024:
2016:
2010:Kerry v. Din
2008:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1952:
1944:
1936:
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1195:
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1018:
1010:
1002:
962:
954:
946:
938:
930:
922:
914:
745:
724:
712:. Retrieved
708:
699:
687:. Retrieved
683:
673:
632:
626:
609:
604:
595:
591:
560:
549:
528:
478:(1): 25–50.
475:
471:
454:
450:
433:
402:
399:Implications
393:
384:
375:
371:
365:
364:
356:
352:
349:
337:
323:
296:
284:
252:
251:
250:
208:
196:
184:
172:
103:
95:Case history
74:
53:
15:
621: 1975).
234:Concurrence
181:Byron White
2592:Categories
903:Grand Jury
642:1576075605
500:References
281:Background
87:U.S. LEXIS
85:270; 1977
659:cite book
566:42 U.S.C.
492:145063956
463:0005-7274
353:Frontiero
226:Plurality
138:42 U.S.C.
83:L. Ed. 2d
63:Citations
891:case law
847:case law
744:Text of
651:70901660
619:E.D.N.Y.
408:See also
328:justice
115:E.D.N.Y.
108:F. Supp.
761:Cornell
714:May 30,
689:May 30,
457:: 199.
264:of the
242:Dissent
237:Stevens
130:Holding
2574:(2024)
2566:(2024)
2558:(2023)
2550:(2021)
2542:(2021)
2534:(2019)
2526:(2017)
2518:(2015)
2510:(2013)
2502:(2013)
2494:(2012)
2486:(2010)
2478:(2005)
2470:(2005)
2462:(2005)
2454:(2003)
2446:(2002)
2438:(2001)
2430:(1998)
2422:(1998)
2414:(1997)
2406:(1997)
2398:(1994)
2390:(1992)
2382:(1992)
2374:(1990)
2366:(1988)
2358:(1987)
2350:(1987)
2342:(1987)
2334:(1987)
2326:(1985)
2318:(1985)
2310:(1984)
2302:(1984)
2294:(1982)
2286:(1980)
2278:(1980)
2270:(1979)
2262:(1978)
2254:(1960)
2246:(1958)
2238:(1956)
2230:(1954)
2222:(1951)
2214:(1949)
2206:(1946)
2198:(1945)
2190:(1935)
2182:(1929)
2174:(1923)
2166:(1923)
2158:(1922)
2150:(1921)
2142:(1917)
2134:(1913)
2126:(1897)
2118:(1893)
2110:(1885)
2102:(1885)
2094:(1884)
2086:(1875)
2078:(1833)
2045:(2024)
2037:(2022)
2029:(2020)
2021:(2017)
2013:(2015)
2005:(2013)
1997:(2011)
1989:(2001)
1981:(2001)
1973:(1998)
1965:(1995)
1957:(1990)
1949:(1987)
1941:(1986)
1933:(1984)
1925:(1981)
1917:(1980)
1909:(1980)
1901:(1980)
1893:(1979)
1885:(1979)
1877:(1979)
1869:(1978)
1861:(1977)
1853:(1977)
1845:(1977)
1837:(1977)
1829:(1976)
1821:(1976)
1813:(1976)
1805:(1976)
1797:(1976)
1789:(1976)
1781:(1975)
1773:(1975)
1765:(1974)
1757:(1973)
1749:(1973)
1741:(1972)
1733:(1971)
1725:(1964)
1717:(1954)
1709:(1938)
1701:(1935)
1693:(1927)
1685:(1923)
1677:(1908)
1669:(1857)
1630:(2022)
1622:(2013)
1614:(2012)
1606:(2011)
1598:(2011)
1590:(2010)
1582:(2010)
1574:(2010)
1566:(2009)
1558:(2004)
1550:(2004)
1542:(2004)
1534:(2003)
1526:(2000)
1518:(2000)
1510:(1999)
1502:(1991)
1494:(1990)
1486:(1988)
1478:(1985)
1470:(1981)
1462:(1974)
1454:(1970)
1446:(1969)
1438:(1966)
1430:(1965)
1422:(1957)
1385:(1969)
1377:(1969)
1369:(1966)
1361:(1947)
1353:(1937)
1345:(1885)
1326:(2022)
1318:(2019)
1310:(2016)
1302:(2004)
1294:(1985)
1286:(1978)
1278:(1970)
1270:(1959)
1262:(1922)
1243:(1932)
1224:(2012)
1216:(1982)
1208:(1976)
1200:(1971)
1192:(1824)
1173:(2023)
1165:(1993)
1157:(1992)
1149:(1990)
1141:(1976)
1133:(1833)
1114:(2024)
1106:(2016)
1098:(2013)
1090:(1978)
1082:(1970)
1074:(1962)
1066:(1906)
1058:(1896)
1050:(1834)
1031:(1993)
1023:(1992)
1015:(1990)
1007:(1932)
967:(2002)
959:(1962)
951:(1922)
943:(1900)
935:(1896)
927:(1887)
919:(1884)
905:Clause
809:
803:
800:
794:
791:
788:Justia
785:
782:
776:
773:
767:
764:
758:
649:
639:
617: (
613:,
568:
548:
531:,
490:
461:
438:(1975)
211:
209:·
207:
199:
197:·
195:
187:
185:·
183:
175:
173:·
171:
140:
106:, 396
1334:Other
752:
535:
488:S2CID
121:
100:Prior
754:U.S.
716:2018
691:2018
665:link
647:OCLC
637:ISBN
537:U.S.
459:ISSN
355:and
123:U.S.
76:more
68:U.S.
66:430
750:430
540:199
533:430
480:doi
119:424
111:308
71:199
2594::
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