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120:, The Laguna Beach Art Association and the Los Angeles Museum of History, Art and Science played a key role in popularizing the work of the California Impressionists. While impressionist-influenced painting remained popular in California well after it did in Europe or the Eastern United States, in the late 1920s, impressionism was seen as old-fashioned and conservative. In the 1930s, more modern styles became accepted, and the movement fell into decline.
325:, which brought many French and American Impressionist masterworks to San Francisco, more Northern California painters adopted a more chromatic palette and dappled brushwork that was closer to French Impressionism and they adopted high-key midday subjects. Some of the best known Northern California painters who worked in a more impressionistic manner were the marine painter
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contemporaries. This seems almost natural, for the
Southland was a land of almost perpetual sunshine. The painters didn't need the earth tones that were favored by the Northern California painters and instead adopted a broad, chromatic palette that helped them to capture the brilliant light that bathed the hills and valleys of Southern California.
414:(1859-1932), after stays in Philadelphia, New York, Cincinnati and Europe, moved West to Santa Fe, New Mexico, finally settling in Santa Barbara, California, in 1906. He is especially famous for his impressionist paintings of the California desert in various seasons and time of the day; he also played a leading role in founding the
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exhibitions held in
California that continue their artistic practice. In most of these exhibitions, the painters bring their materials and blank canvasses or panels on which to paint. Then, they have a specified number of hours or days to complete their works before an exhibition is held. This type
128:
In the 1890s, European ideas and painting techniques finally made their way to the west coast of the United States. We call the group of artists who responded to these ideas the
California Impressionists, but that is not a name that they self-applied. Charles Desmarais, director of the Laguna Art
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began to draw artists and patrons and a bright, airy
Impressionist aesthetic became dominant. This coincided with a tremendous population boom in Southern California. From early in the 20th century, Southern California painters generally worked in a much higher key then their Northern California
132:
Patricia
Trenton argued that the "common thread that binds these artists is the recognition and depiction of light through color, an interest fostered in part by the dissemination of the color theories of Michel-Eugene Chevreul and Albert Henry Munsell. But... these artists were inspired by the
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caused the rapid expansion of its wealth and art scene, so there were few artists and even fewer collectors in the years before the turn of the 20th century. As first the
Painters Club (1906) and then the California Art Club (1909) were founded and the first commercial galleries opened,
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were actually born and raised in
California. Most of these artists were already trained in art when they moved to California, arriving between 1900 and the early 1920s, although many continued their education in California. These artists worked together and showed together frequently.
318:(1858–1918). While many of the Northern California tonalist painters did paint extensively out of doors, most of the works were done in their studio, stylized and poetic visions, a step away from the plein air or impressionist painting favored by the French school.
72:
The
California Impressionist artists depicted the California landscape from the south to the north—the foothills, mountains, seashores, and deserts of the interior and coastal regions. California Impressionism reached its peak of popularity in the years before the
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shows that were organized by the
California Art Club at Mission San Juan Capistrano. Capistrano had been a popular location for the California Impressionists of the 1920s and these exhibitions were very successful for both the artists and collectors. Other
484:, writers began to recognize that a major movement of Impressionist-influenced painters had been active in California between 1900 and 1930. Interest in California's impressionist painters was aided by the historic preservation movement and interest in the
508:
hosted retrospective exhibitions for Franz
Bischoff and other artists of the Plein-Air school with small color catalogs, signaling that the early painters of Los Angeles were worthy of both scholarly and commercial attention. In 1977 the
395:, whose father was a leading rancher was a Los Angeles native who was trained in San Francisco and Paris and while in France he became an enthusiastic proponent of Impressionism. He only came home in 1914, after years of living in the
302:(1834–1903). Northern California Tonalist landscapes can be recognized by their simplified compositions and a limited palette that gave the paintings close color harmonies. Some of the other major Northern California Tonalists were
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became popular, young curators, art historians and art dealers began to mount exhibitions and write about the California Impressionists. By the 1980s, there was a broad interest in California Impressionism. Under the direction of
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painting, the way that paintings are executed in a number of hours, while conditions stay consistent. In addition to the popular shows on Catalina Island, the philanthropist and art collector
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The California Impressionists continue to show their influence in museum exhibits, high auction prices, and in events that continue their working methods. A posthumous 2021 exhibit at
906:
Please compare images of the Northern painters who are listed above and worked in the Tonalist way for example to their Southland brethren, or early Redmonds v.s. late Redmonds
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clarity and force of the distinctive light of Southern California and by the region's endlessly intriguing motives of hill and meadow, desert and mountain, river and ocean".
1299:
The Galleries of the Exposition: A Critical Review of the Paintings, Statuary, and the Graphic Arts in the Palace of Fine Arts at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition
513:
hosted a retrospective for William Wendt, the most important figure in early Los Angeles painting, which was curated by Nancy Moure. The following year Moure released her
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Interest in the California Impressionists began to wane in the late 1920s. When the Southland painters of the 1920s were discussed, they were sometimes derisively called
425:. Miller came to Pasadena to teach alongside Rose, with whom he had worked in Giverny. His color and draftsmanship had a profound influence on other California artists.
329:, the coastal landscape painter Bruce Nelson and E. Charlton Fortune (1885–1969), a talented Monterey woman who gave up easel painting for ecclesiastical decoration.
436:, Braun was "not only the finest Impressionist of the San Diego area, but arguably the most brilliant landscape artist of his generation working in California."
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In 1981 in conjunction with the Los Angeles Bicentennial, an exhibition of early California painting was held at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. In 1982
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hurt the art market. The economy hastened the decline of plein-air painting, and modernism began to supplant the artists of the Southland art organizations.
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517:. Moure also curated a retrospective exhibition for the Laguna Beach Museum with illustrations of works by dozens of painters who had been active there.
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Museum, noted that this phrase "is a misnomer if it implies any but the most tenuous connections to the theory-based art born in France decades before".
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The decline of the California Plein-Air Movement was gradual. While art historians have described California Impressionism's long popularity as "the
2058:
2068:
1415:
333:, a student of Arthur Mathews who lived for many years in Europe while maintaining ties to San Francisco, assayed methods of Impressionism and
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of American Impressionism," the movement eventually began to give way to more modern movements, both in the press and among collectors. The
77:. The California Impressionists generally painted in a bright, chromatic palette with loose, painterly brushwork that showed influence from
1515:
1170:
Moure, Nancy Dustin Wall. "Loners, Mavericks and Dreamers; Art in Los Angeles before 1900". Laguna Beach, Calif.: Laguna Art Museum, 1993
1753:
688:
Dominik, Janet Blake (1992). "Patrons and Critics in Southern California: 1900-1930". In Trenton, Patricia; Gerdts, William H. (eds.).
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Dominik, Janet Blake (1992). "Patrons and Critics in Southern California: 1900-1930". In Trenton, Patricia; Gerdts, William H. (eds.).
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of exhibition is largely credited to Denise Burns and the Plein-Air Painters of America and the early exhibitions that it promoted on
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was a bold stylist known for his paintings of California in the springtime. The Austrian Franz Bischoff and the German-born
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1214:
Moure, Nancy Dustin Wall. Painting and Sculpture in Los Angeles, 1900–1945. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum, 1980
528:, in 1986. These books are still in print and played an instrumental role in the revival of interest in these painters.
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moved to San Diego in 1909. His patterned landscapes are notable for their sparkling sunlight and subtle mysticism. For
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Moure, Nancy Dustin Wall. Publications in Southern California Art, 1, 2, and 3. Los Angeles: Dustin Publications, 1984.
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Most of the Plein Air painters came from the East, the Midwest and Europe, and only a few of the early artists such as
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101:. The artists associated with California Impressionism were influenced by European Impressionism, and members such as
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85:. These artists gathered in art colonies in places like Carmel-by-the-Sea and Laguna Beach as well as in cities like
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1963:
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there to teach. Two of the most prominent California Impressionists who lived in Carmel were William Ritschel and
2017:
1811:
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348:. Both were known for their marine subjects, and had developed national reputations long before they moved west.
26:, California Impressionist painter, (1886–1989). "Plein-Air painting at Carmel’’, Carmel Beach, CA, circa 1920s.
1953:
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Southern Alleghenies Museum of Art, Collection of Plein-Air Pastels including CAC Members Living and Deceased
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966:"Sam Hyde Harris, Seeing the Unusual: Historic Sam Hyde Harris collection opens at Casa Romantica this fall"
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294:, who worked in the forest south of Paris in the mid-19th century, as well as the American landscape master
1177:, Laguna Beach Museum of Art, Exhibition Catalog, Chronicle Books, San Francisco, 1992 (Exhibition Catalog)
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Moure, Nancy, Morseburg, Jeffrey, Read, Nat B., The Art of the Jonathan Club, Jonathan Art Foundation, 2010
19:
1912:
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738:
Trenton, Patricia (1992). "Preface and Acknowledgments". In Trenton, Patricia; Gerdts, William H. (eds.).
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in the first three decades after the turn of the 20th century. Considered to be a regional variation on
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1153:, Carnegie Museum, Oxnard, California Introduction by Suzanne Bellah, CAC, 1997 (Exhibition Catalog)
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Many of the Northern California painters were influenced by the works of the French painters of the
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Desmarais, Charles (1992). "Director's Foreword". In Trenton, Patricia; Gerdts, William H. (eds.).
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53:
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Moure, Nancy Dustin Wall. William Wendt, 1865–1946. Laguna Beach, Calif.: Laguna Art Museum, 1977.
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McManus, Michael P. (1992). "A Focus on Light". In Trenton, Patricia; Gerdts, William H. (eds.).
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1146:, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, California Art Club, 1998 (Exhibition Catalog)
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A key component of the continued interest in the California Impressionists are the frequent
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highlighted Sam Hyde Harris' career as a commercial artist. In a 2022 auction, a piece by
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Perhaps the most well-known Impressionist painter to settle in Southern California was
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337:, and may have been "the finest and most original of the state's Impressionists."
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1011:
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Stern, Jean. “California Impressionism Chosen for Corporate Offices in Arizona,”
2007:
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556:. The concept was conceived of as a way to emphasize the spontaneous nature of
468:. Led by a number of pioneering art historians like Nancy Moure, then with the
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describe the large movement of 20th century artists who worked out of doors (
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was published by Ruth Lilly Westphal. Westphal followed the first book with
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E. Charlton Fortune helped to develop the Carmel area art colony, bringing
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Biographies of most of the major California painters can be found in the
541:
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137:
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See CAC web site for the story of the Painter's Club and its dissolution
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The Paintings of Sam Hyde Harris (1889-1977): A Retrospective Exhibition
1372:
Web site Devoted to the Life and Art of Thedore Lukits, CAC Life Member
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306:, who led the Bay Area Arts and Crafts Movement, the moonlight painter
98:
1227:
Vreeland, Francis William. “A New Art Centre for the Pacific Coast,”
819:
See Nancy Moure's 1977 exhibition catalog listed below for biography.
1353:
The Oakland Museum of California, Large Collection of California Art
1332:
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festivals were held in Carmel-by-the-Sea and Santa Ana, California.
116:, the Painters and Sculptors Club, San Francisco's Sketch Club, The
1389:
California Impressionism lecture by collector Jean Stern on YouTube
1163:
Landauer, Susan. “The California Art Club: A History (1909–1995).”
915:
See new Bischoff catalog from the Pasadena Museum of California Art
109:
were educated and closely associated with European Impressionists.
2012:
1357:
1269:
Brown, Benjamin Chambers. “The Beginnings of Art in Los Angeles.”
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18:
1371:
1393:
1080:
On Location in Malibu 2009: Paintings by the California Art Club
515:
Dictionary of Art and Artists in Southern California Before 1930
504:, expert on California Impressionism, The Peterson Galleries in
428:
After studying with Chase in New York and then going to Europe,
1397:
1347:
1283:
Downes, William Howe. “California for the Landscape Painter.”
1160:, The Easton Gallery, Santa Barbara, 1996 (Exhibition Catalog)
928:
by Will South. The City of Rosemead is named after his family.
1255:
Berry, Rose V. S. “California and Some California Painters.”
1137:
California Art Club: 91st Annual Gold Medal Juried Exhibition
1130:
California Art Club: 92nd Annual Gold Medal Juried Exhibition
1123:
California Art Club: 93rd Annual Gold Medal Juried Exhibition
1117:
California Art Club: 94th Annual Gold Medal Juried Exhibition
1104:
California Art Club: 95th Annual Gold Medal Juried Exhibition
1098:
California Art Club: 96th Annual Gold Medal Juried Exhibition
1092:
California Art Club: 97th Annual Gold Medal Juried Exhibition
1086:
California Art Club: 98th Annual Gold Medal Juried Exhibition
1074:
California Art Club: 99th Annual Gold Medal Juried Exhibition
1070:
Burlington Center for the Arts, 2009 (CAC Exhibition Catalog)
1358:
Laguna Museum of Art, Collection of California Impressionism
1318:
Donovan, Elleen Dwyer. “California Artists and Their Work.”
1383:
1337:
897:
Kanst, Stendahl, Sotheby's Salon all founded in the 1920s.
1348:
The Irvine Museum, Collection of California Impressionism
663:"Art Colony: The Laguna Beach Art Association, 1918-1935"
1342:
1196:
California Painting During the Arts and Crafts Period",
1352:
767:. Los Angeles, CA: Petersen Publishing Co. p. 16.
763:
Stern, Jean; Westphal, Ruth (1980). Stern, Jean (ed.).
403:, whose work suggested an Impressionism reminiscent of
456:
Revival of interest in early California Impressionism
1311:
Seares, Mabel Urmy. “The Spirit of California Art.”
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developed more slowly than San Francisco, where the
60:, the California Impressionists are a subset of the
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692:. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books. p. 176.
616:. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books. p. 171.
1220:Burlingame, Margaret R. “The Laguna Beach Group.”
791:
641:. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books. p. 14.
48:, United States. Their work became popular in the
742:. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books. p. 8.
717:. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books. p. 7.
391:were both converts to California Impressionism.
793:"Arts at Home and Abroad - The California Coast"
522:Plein-Air Painters of California: The Southland
1363:Weisman Museum, Pepperdine, Venue for Special
1301:. San Francisco. Paul Elder and Company, 1915.
1191:, Westphal Publishing, Irvine, California 1984
1184:, Westphal Publishing, Irvine, California 1986
286:Northern California Tonalism and Impressionism
1409:
8:
832:books edited by Ruth Westphal, listed below.
1189:Plein-Air Painters of California: The South
1182:Plein-Air Painters of California: The North
526:Plein-Air Painters of California: The North
1416:
1402:
1394:
1262:“California as Presented by Her Artists,”
314:(1869–1943), and the painter and muralist
1248:Robinson, W. W. “The Laguna Art Colony.”
1241:Berry, Rose, “A Painter of California .”
1234:Berry, Rose, "A Patriarch of Pasadena ".
1173:Trenton, Patricia & Gerdts, William,
1158:Ranchos: Santa Barbara Land Grant Ranchos
16:American art movement based in California
298:(1825–1894) and the American expatriate
1290:Usher, B. D. “California Art Exhibit.”
604:
323:Panama–Pacific International Exposition
1151:East Coast Ideals, West Coast Concepts
870:, 256. Abbeville Press, New York, 1984
407:, settled in California in the 1890s.
1113:: The Gold Edition, 2005 (Dictionary)
7:
1304:“California as a Sketching Ground.”
987:"California Art: Auction Highlights"
786:
784:
1276:“A California School of Painters.”
1211:12 (November–December 1985): 72–80.
440:Decline of California Impressionism
1245:80 (January 1925): 332–34, 336–37.
1068:California's Landscapes and Legacy
14:
1333:California Art Club Official Site
1149:Adams, Peter & Adams Elaine,
968:(Press release). San Clemente, CA
352:Southern California Impressionism
1514:
1167:8 (February–March 1996): 144–51.
830:Plein-Air Painters of California
802:. February 1, 1914. p. M-15
470:Los Angeles County Museum of Art
416:Santa Barbara School of the Arts
2059:American Impressionist painters
1139:, 1999 (CAC Exhibition Catalog)
1133:, 2002 (CAC Exhibition Catalog)
1125:, 2003 (CAC Exhibition Catalog)
1119:, 2004 (CAC Exhibition Catalog)
1106:, 2006 (CAC Exhibition Catalog)
1100:, 2007 (CAC Exhibition Catalog)
1094:, 2008 (CAC Exhibition Catalog)
1088:, 2009 (CAC Exhibition Catalog)
1076:, 2010 (CAC Exhibition Catalog)
2069:Cultural history of California
1588:First Impressionist Exhibition
1187:Westphal, Ruth Lilly, Editor,
1180:Westphal, Ruth Lilly, Editor,
1144:Treasures of the Sierra Nevada
410:Mid-Western born and educated
1:
1754:Marc-Aurèle de Foy Suzor-Coté
1338:Plein-Air Painters of America
1315:23 (September 1909): 264–266.
1016:Plein Air Painters of America
300:James Abbott McNeill Whistler
36:California Plein-Air Painting
1287:11 (December 1920): 491–502.
847:Oakland Museum of California
491:As interest in the American
478:Oakland Museum of California
310:(1862–1928), the flamboyant
1923:French impressionist cinema
1200:, Volume 10, Number 2, 1991
1175:California Light: 1900–1930
740:California Light: 1900-1930
715:California Light: 1900-1930
690:California Light: 1900-1930
639:California Light: 1900-1930
614:California Light: 1900-1930
588:California Plein-Air School
62:California Plein-Air School
44:), directly from nature in
2085:
1964:Pennsylvania Impressionism
1512:
1231:28 (November 1927): 64–65.
843:"Arthur and Lucia Mathews"
236:Channel Pickering Townsley
2018:Pays des Impressionnistes
1812:Giovanni Battista Ciolina
1343:Laguna Plein-Air Painters
1322:51 (January 1908): 25–33.
1280:3 (February 1921): 10–11.
1111:Davenport's Art Reference
593:California Scene Painting
2064:Painters from California
1954:Decorative Impressionism
1949:California Impressionism
1308:43 (April 1911): 121–32.
1285:American Magazine of Art
1257:American Magazine of Art
1224:24 (April 1932): 259–66.
1222:American Magazine of Art
583:American Barbizon school
493:Arts and Crafts Movement
486:Arts and Crafts Movement
476:and Harvey Jones of the
361:Poppies, Antelope Valley
304:Arthur and Lucia Mathews
32:California Impressionism
2054:Landscape art by school
1974:Synthetic impressionism
1939:Amsterdam Impressionism
1764:Helen Galloway McNicoll
1615:Frederick Carl Frieseke
1259:15 (June 1924): 279–91.
667:Laguna Beach Art Museum
365:Benjamin Chambers Brown
112:Organizations like the
2049:American art movements
2044:American Impressionism
1645:Walter Elmer Schofield
1273:6 (January 1924): 7–8.
1238:81 (May 1925): 123–26.
868:American Impressionism
399:. Also Paris-trained,
367:
118:Carmel Art Association
58:American Impressionism
50:San Francisco Bay Area
27:
1872:Władysław Podkowiński
1610:William Merritt Chase
1501:Pierre-Auguste Renoir
1365:On Location in Malibu
497:historic preservation
359:
342:William Merritt Chase
195:Charles Chapel Judson
22:
1779:Robert Wakeham Pilot
1769:James Wilson Morrice
1650:John Henry Twachtman
1306:International Studio
1278:California Southland
1271:California Southland
1266:6 (June 1924): 7–13.
1264:California Southland
1250:California Southland
1243:International Studio
1236:International Studio
1194:Morseburg, Jeffrey,
1082:Exhibition Catalogue
1037:"Calendar of Events"
544:sold for $ 441,375.
375:California Gold Rush
308:Charles Rollo Peters
278:Jack Wilkinson Smith
165:John Marshall Gamble
79:French Impressionism
1892:Philip Wilson Steer
1744:William Blair Bruce
1531:Gustave Caillebotte
1451:Gustave Caillebotte
1229:Arts and Decoration
1198:Style 1900 Magazine
1165:American Art Review
1041:California Art Club
866:Gerdts, William H.
532:Continued influence
482:Northern California
474:Southern California
380:Southern California
321:After 1915 and the
266:Julia Bracken Wendt
114:California Art Club
54:Southern California
2001:The Impressionists
1969:Post-Impressionism
1847:Konstantin Korovin
1697:Frederick McCubbin
1541:Henry O. Havemeyer
1377:2021-09-17 at the
1252:6 (July 1924): 10.
1209:Western Art Digest
799:The New York Times
397:Giverny art colony
368:
335:Post-Impressionism
316:Giuseppe Cadenasso
272:Shirley Williamson
254:John Edward Walker
83:Post-Impressionism
28:
2039:Art in California
2026:
2025:
1959:Neo-Impressionism
1827:Antoine Guillemet
1807:Marie Bracquemond
1774:Laura Muntz Lyall
1640:Theodore Robinson
1635:Lilla Cabot Perry
1471:Armand Guillaumin
1294:, April 26, 1919.
562:Joan Irvine Smith
511:Laguna Art Museum
434:William H. Gerdts
423:Richard E. Miller
231:Donna N. Schuster
219:Granville Redmond
183:Anna Althea Hills
24:Mary Agnes Yerkes
2076:
2003:(2006 TV series)
1995:Wilfrid de Glehn
1867:Nadežda Petrović
1832:Nazmi Ziya GĂĽran
1731:
1674:
1625:Alphonse Maureau
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1572:Ambroise Vollard
1562:Paul Durand-Ruel
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1496:Camille Pissarro
1441:Frédéric Bazille
1427:
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1320:Overland Monthly
1297:Neuhaus, Eugen.
1109:Davenport, Ray,
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225:William Ritschel
75:Great Depression
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1897:Eliseu Visconti
1887:JoaquĂn Sorolla
1862:Francisco Oller
1852:MartĂn Malharro
1797:Eugène Baudouin
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1749:William Brymner
1729:
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1906:Other media
1882:Max Slevogt
1857:Henry Moret
1702:Tom Roberts
1581:Exhibitions
1466:Edgar Degas
1434:Originators
1367:Exhibitions
1046:5 September
1021:5 September
996:5 September
852:5 September
673:5 September
371:Los Angeles
207:Edgar Payne
153:Arthur Cane
107:Alson Clark
97:, and even
91:Los Angeles
2033:Categories
1918:Literature
1739:Henri Beau
1671:Australian
972:2022-04-11
806:2020-07-12
599:References
564:sponsored
502:Jean Stern
464:Eucalyptus
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30:The terms
418:in 1920.
1932:See also
1728:Canadian
1599:American
1375:Archived
991:Bonham's
926:Guy Rose
577:See also
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393:Guy Rose
138:Guy Rose
103:Guy Rose
95:Pasadena
1988:Related
1979:The Ten
1790:artists
1730:artists
1673:artists
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1555:Dealers
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1059:Sources
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