930:
918:
1065:
57:
1041:
1053:
99:
304:
971:
293:
949:. It is commercially sold and widely naturalized in Australia, including Tasmania, and was introduced to South Africa, Chile, New Zealand, and Argentina. In both Chile and California, there are marked differences between California poppies grown in low and high altitudes. Coastal or low-altitude specimens produce fewer flowers and seeds, experienced longer flowering times, and had shorter stems. It is recognized as a potentially
734:, for the Royal Horticultural Society of England. While evidence indicates that the golden poppy started appearing in British gardens over the subsequent fifty years, it had not yet become strongly associated with ideas of California identity and statehood. An 1883 Scottish report, recounting a visit to California and an encounter with the golden wildflowers, reflects the early attitudes forming around the poppy.
906:
76:
963:
362:
1029:, California, drew nationwide attention. So-called super blooms occur after a period of heavy rainfall and often draw large crowds. The most popular sightseeing spot, Walker Canyon, was overwhelmed by more than 100,000 visitors in the span of a few days, causing city officials to temporarily shut down surrounding roads to motor vehicles.
584:
These variations in features among
Eschscholzia species have led to inconsistencies in species descriptions and identifications. This variation, both within and between species, triggered a surge in Eschscholzia species descriptions, reaching 112 taxa in the early part of the last century. Currently,
782:
In the 19th century, the
California poppy held a dual identity, both as a botanical native and as a symbolic representation of California. It was crafted to embody the essence of a "true" Californian, celebrated and used predominantly by the white Californian community. The Native Daughters and Sons
773:
have cultural and historical connections with the poppy. These connections involve traditional uses of the plant, cultural significance, and even folklore. While indigenous communities have nurtured the land for generations, establishing ecological conditions conducive to wildflower growth, colonial
990:
in 1903. In this era, the state aimed to construct an external identity grounded in the natural wealth of the region, enticing newcomers and businesses with promises of celebration and prosperity. Publicly, products synonymous with the color gold, such as oranges, wheat, actual gold, and the iconic
953:
within the United States, although no indications of ill effects have been reported for this plant where it has been introduced outside of
California. The golden poppy has been displaced in large areas of its original habitat, such as Southern California, by more invasive exotic species, such as
994:
The designation of the
California poppy as the state flower was influenced by a convergence of cultural, social, and political factors aimed at defining and affirming the identity of the colonial state. Asserting claims of communal identity, white settlers orchestrated a movement to construct a
1002:, the California poppy became a central design motif and symbol influencing various decorative objects. Such decorative objects featured California scenes and prominently showcased the California poppy symbolizing the imagined, pastoral and prosperous California that artists sought to create.
337:
are solitary on long stems, silky-textured, with four petals, each petal 2 to 6 cm (0.79 to 2.36 in) long and broad; flower color ranges through yellow, orange and red. Flowering occurs from
February to September in the northern hemisphere. The
1005:
A particular example is a wooden box painted by Lucia
Mathews in 1929, this box serves as a visual representation of the symbiotic relationship between the poppy and California, reinforcing the state's identity through design. As the official
1566:
Sarris, Jerome; Panossian, Alexander; Schweitzer, Isaac; Stough, Con; Scholey, Andrew (December 2011). "Herbal medicine for depression, anxiety and insomnia: A review of psychopharmacology and clinical evidence".
3405:
1064:
390:
3420:
349:
3 to 9 cm (1.2 to 3.5 in) long, which splits in two, sometimes explosively with an audible snap, to release numerous small 1.5–1.8 mm (0.059–0.071 in) wide black or dark brown
3415:
271:
flowering in summer (spring in southern
Australia), with showy cup-shaped flowers in brilliant shades of red, orange and yellow (occasionally pink and white). It is also used as food or a
929:
917:
814:
California poppy leaves are used as food or garnish, while the seeds are used in cooking. There are no clinical trials showing it can effectively treat psychiatric disorders in humans.
3410:
3440:
3435:
585:
there are 189 taxonomic descriptions at the species level and below, with 159 type specimens scattered across global herbaria. The shift in recognizing poppy species, known as the "
3370:
3400:
1788:
880:
with a range of colors and blossom and stem forms. These typically do not breed true on reseeding. Seeds are often sold as mixtures. The following cultivars have gained the
613:. Despite some unresolved aspects in the phylogenies, it is evident that taxonomic are necessary within the genus, particularly in three areas: supporting two subspecies of
790:
Such indigenous communities interpret the
Mekechaa as a plant relative, and actively resisted attempts to appropriate its existence through artistic community projects. In
986:
advocated for the adoption of the golden poppy as the state flower of
California, eventually writing the bill passed by the California Legislature and signed by Governor
381:. At the peak of the blooming season, orange flowers seem to cover all 1,745 acres (706 ha) of the reserve. Other prominent locations of California poppy meadows include
3445:
3430:
741:
had transformed from merely the
California or golden poppy to the designated state poppy– a shift from a botanical specimen with regional ties to a symbol of the state.
3365:
3360:
3385:
3072:
3345:
3425:
3147:
1809:
853:
The California poppy has been used through two methods: fresh petals to create a syrup, and dried petals added to water to make an infusion or boiled for tea.
3460:
1976:
3455:
703:
In the late 1700s, Spanish settlers affectionately called the poppy "copa de oro" (gold cup). By 1816, Russian explorers officially named the flower
3010:
1985:
1840:
1015:
975:
374:
3465:
3395:
3085:
3023:
2911:
1241:
Still, Shannon M.; Potter, Daniel (2013). "California Poppy Conundrums: Insights into Relationships within Tribe Eschscholtzieae (Papaveraceae)".
3232:
3170:
382:
342:(or in cold, windy weather) and open again the following morning, although they may remain closed in cloudy weather. The fruit is a slender,
3450:
1717:
3390:
2945:
2906:
394:
3475:
3375:
1460:
774:
settlers and their governing structures found the native flower's status as a genuine and intrinsic product of the land appealing.
1785:
1344:"California poppy (Eschscholzia californica), the Papaveraceae golden girl model organism for evodevo and specialized metabolism"
750:
417:
3059:
83:
1040:
3470:
3294:
3113:
1969:
1666:
472:, native to California, Baja California, and Oregon, widely planted as an ornamental, and an invasive elsewhere (see below).
378:
1215:
369:
Its native habitat includes California and extends to Oregon, Washington, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Sonora and northwest
3090:
3134:
1120:
999:
1936:
3380:
3355:
2725:
2818:
98:
3258:
2870:
2847:
881:
520:. They are perennial, long-lived, glaucous, short in stature, and have extremely prostrate growth and yellow flowers.
312:
The same patch of California poppies, with petals open on a sunny day (above) and closed on a chilly evening (below).
1817:
3299:
3245:
1007:
905:
276:
991:
golden poppy, were strategically employed as influential elements in the endeavor to shape and promote the state.
593:
played a pivotal role by considering the majority of described taxa as mere environmental variations. In his book
3152:
3108:
2699:
2649:
1962:
1026:
945:
Because of its beauty and ease of growing, the California poppy was introduced into several regions with similar
386:
3250:
1869:
1052:
3175:
2705:
727:
31:
786:
In contrast, the Tongva peoples of the San Gabriel Valley region recognized the California poppy by the term,
2997:
2679:
2593:
679:, topped the list for per-flower pollen production with its rate of 13.3 ± 2.8μl. When measuring the entire
487:
3002:
2976:
2989:
2971:
2885:
2780:
2567:
2546:
2489:
1540:
2875:
3350:
2719:
2619:
2457:
2452:
2007:
1522:
1148:
1134:
946:
885:
715:
553:
413:
218:
202:
56:
3028:
2473:
3162:
2919:
2659:
2582:
2478:
2360:
2232:
2163:
2121:
1902:
1406:
685:
538:) Jeps., which grows in non-arid inland regions. They are perennial, taller, and have orange flowers.
513:
343:
707:. Since California's statehood in 1850, local residents have embraced it as the California poppy or
2299:
1761:"RHS Plant Selector Eschscholzia californica 'Rose Chiffon' (Thai Silk Series) AGM / RHS Gardening"
1692:
983:
65:
3126:
1314:
1191:
783:
of the Golden West played a pivotal role in establishing the California poppy as a cultural icon.
3317:
3237:
2984:
2689:
2645:
2629:
2609:
2551:
2505:
2375:
2063:
2023:
1918:
1592:
1266:
1258:
1095:
680:
634:
590:
509:
438:
93:
35:
3309:
3077:
38:. For other species in the genus some of which are also popularly called California poppy, see
3196:
2893:
2350:
2217:
2153:
2002:
1584:
1456:
1434:
1375:
865:
749:
The California poppy has been historically used as traditional medicine and cosmetics by some
691:
569:
517:
505:
450:
421:
3201:
2520:
2515:
2426:
2407:
2370:
2207:
2078:
2073:
1910:
1611:
1576:
1424:
1414:
1365:
1355:
1250:
950:
586:
268:
257:
3051:
1395:"Food for Pollinators: Quantifying the Nectar and Pollen Resources of Urban Flower Meadows"
303:
3183:
2258:
1792:
1760:
718:
introduced the wildflower through a detailed description and life-sized color painting in
370:
346:
319:
253:
136:
1735:
3224:
1906:
1410:
1370:
1343:
970:
292:
3219:
2963:
2685:
2639:
2542:
2442:
2421:
2417:
2283:
2268:
2197:
2137:
2104:
1429:
1394:
830:
675:
621:, and recognizing two potential new taxa. Currently, 8 taxa are officially recognized.
577:
535:
333:
blue-green foliage. The leaves are alternately divided into round, lobed segments. The
327:
272:
123:
3211:
1641:
673:. On a per-flower basis it ranked second, with a rate of 8.3 ± 1.1μl. The corn poppy,
3339:
2669:
2655:
2536:
2391:
2366:
2264:
2248:
2173:
1954:
1914:
1085:
987:
826:
425:
353:. It survives mild winters in its native range, dying completely in colder climates.
1945:
1922:
1596:
1580:
1270:
753:, particularly those native to the regions where the plant is found. In particular,
3322:
2898:
2729:
2577:
2563:
2532:
2511:
2438:
869:
834:
726:. The living flower made its European debut in 1826, courtesy of Scottish botanist
609:
Botanical research has held significant implications towards the classification of
323:
264:
260:
179:
169:
159:
39:
3263:
1169:
657:
A UK study of meadow flowers including commercial mixes and common plants such as
3100:
2852:
2839:
1526:
1419:
3286:
3139:
3121:
3036:
2812:
2715:
2305:
2069:
1135:"Eschscholzia californica | California poppy Annual Biennial/RHS Gardening"
1014:
is pictured on welcome signs along highways entering California and on official
17:
2829:
1841:"'Poppy Apocalypse': A California City Swarmed By Selfie Stick-Toting Tourists"
1519:
Fields of Gold: Designing the Golden State With the California Poppy, 1880–1930
556:, which is an annual or facultative annual growing in arid inland environments.
2397:
2387:
2340:
2049:
1360:
1022:
766:
722:(1820). This marked the entry of the poppy into European taxonomic systems as
651:
446:
339:
2950:
2803:
1254:
2958:
2932:
2665:
2573:
2330:
2314:
2295:
2223:
2177:
2109:
842:
662:
442:
3276:
1588:
1480:
Journal Kept by David Douglas during His Travels in North America 1823–1827
1438:
1379:
962:
3271:
2797:
2709:
2635:
2469:
2346:
2326:
2309:
2274:
2254:
2227:
2213:
2169:
2090:
2059:
2039:
877:
838:
758:
330:
149:
3188:
2862:
1736:"RHS Plant Selector Eschscholzia californica 'Dali' AGM / RHS Gardening"
1262:
589:", initiated a significant reduction in recognized species. Willis Lynn
3015:
2675:
2625:
2336:
2183:
2100:
2033:
2029:
1998:
1893:
Cham.) grow larger than native individuals under reduced competition".
658:
647:
249:
490:
north. They are perennial and somewhat prostrate, with yellow flowers.
361:
3041:
2501:
2356:
2203:
2149:
2126:
2019:
762:
754:
670:
666:
334:
2774:
3064:
2937:
2605:
2401:
2278:
2244:
2187:
2159:
2094:
2043:
1786:"Who is responsible for setting up Santa Barbara’s first library?"
969:
961:
430:
360:
110:
2695:
2615:
2448:
2411:
2193:
1889:
Leger, E. A.; Rice, K. J. (2003). "Invasive California poppies (
873:
770:
695:, which had a rate nearly equivalent to that of the corn poppy.
669:
production, although it did not produce a significant amount of
350:
2924:
2778:
1958:
1287:" The San Francisco Examiner, December 21, 1890, Newspapers.com
868:, self-seeding, and easy to cultivate. It is best grown as an
1155:. Royal Horticultural Society, Plant Selector, RHS Gardening.
30:"California Poppy" redirects here. For the album by OPM, see
966:
A Welcome to California road sign, featuring golden poppies
833:, eschscholtzine N-CH3 (californidine), and other similar (
597:, published in 1922, he consolidated many of the taxa into
1172:. Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida
646:
As poppies are not wind-pollinated, their pollen poses no
3406:
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
794:
the final plant created by the Tongva's god of creation,
457:)—though others do not recognize them as distinct (e.g.,
27:
Species of flowering plant and state flower of California
1724:. Royal Horticultural Society, RHS Plant Selector. 2018.
601:
and reduced the total number of taxa within the greater
267:
to the United States and Mexico. It is cultivated as an
892:'Apricot chiffon' (yellow flushed with pink and orange)
424:'s scientific expedition to California and the greater
3421:
Natural history of the Channel Islands of California
1698:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 37
995:
cultural identity centered around the golden poppy.
2787:
3416:Natural history of the Central Valley (California)
437:California poppy is highly variable, with over 90
326:growing to 5–12 in (13–30 cm) tall with
1512:
1510:
1508:
1300:". Berkeley, California: Published by the author.
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1072:E. californica subsp. californica var. maritima
876:soil. Horticulturalists have produced numerous
804:golden as the sun, bringing beauty to the world
730:, who collected various plant seeds, including
3411:Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
1337:
1335:
3441:Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains
3436:Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area
1970:
1170:"California poppy, golden poppy, copa de oro"
8:
3371:Flora of the West Coast of the United States
1393:Hicks, DM; Ouvrard, P; Baldock, KCR (2016).
1308:
1306:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1810:"California Beat Hero: Sara Plummer Lemmon"
683:the top two species were the ox-eye daisy,
3401:Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
2775:
1977:
1963:
1955:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
872:, in full sun, and well-draining sandy or
486:, which is found along the coast from the
74:
55:
46:
1428:
1418:
1369:
1359:
454:
408:was the first named species of the genus
3446:Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
3431:Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
1482:". London: William Wesley & Son: 14.
375:Antelope Valley California Poppy Reserve
365:Antelope Valley California Poppy Reserve
3366:Flora of the Southwestern United States
3361:Flora of the Northwestern United States
1112:
1036:
1025:" of California poppies in the city of
901:
512:., which is found along the coast from
3386:Flora of the California desert regions
1099:, the opium poppy (closely related to
1000:1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire
665:ranked the California poppy highly in
458:
3346:NatureServe apparently secure species
1722:'Apricot Chiffon' (Thai Silk Series)"
1164:
1162:
34:. For the British speedway team, see
7:
3426:Natural history of the Mojave Desert
3300:41f856b7-c55c-45bd-a5ca-813f2355ef6a
3163:92b2b081-3ba6-47b5-b66b-6d2cbe017f2f
1839:Schwartz, Matthew (March 19, 2019).
1622:(in German). Giftpflanzen Compendium
1451:Beidleman, Richard G. (March 2006).
1319:UC Davis Arboretum and Public Garden
699:Historical and cultural significance
3461:Taxa named by Adelbert von Chamisso
428:circa 1810 aboard the Russian ship
3251:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30043364-2
2762:, beautification and conservation
1986:State flowers of the United States
1313:Cook, Anjie J. (August 17, 2021).
911:Genetic variation in blossom color
580:. Some authorities refer to it as
25:
1673:. Missouri Botanical Garden. 2018
1342:Becker, Annette (March 2, 2023).
416:after the Baltic German botanist
3456:Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz
1915:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00423.x
1876:. University of California. 1993
1569:European Neuropsychopharmacology
1453:California's Frontier Naturalist
1315:"A Profusion of Poppy Confusion"
1063:
1051:
1039:
928:
916:
904:
628:, sister group to the subfamily
418:Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz
302:
291:
97:
1581:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.04.002
1088:, a chemical compound found in
978:marker showing the state flower
898:'Rose chiffon' (pink and white)
751:indigenous people in California
745:Connection to indigenous tribes
412:, named by the German botanist
3466:Garden plants of North America
3396:Flora of the Klamath Mountains
1816:. May 27, 2009. Archived from
617:, endorsing two subspecies of
420:, his friend and colleague on
1:
2300:Pink and white lady's slipper
1642:"A tale of two poppies | Kew"
1420:10.1371/journal.pone.0158117
624:It belongs to the subfamily
605:genus from around 120 to 12.
3451:North American desert flora
1845:National Public Radio (NPR)
1547:. Plants for a Future. 2012
1220:at Arizona State University
954:mustard or annual grasses.
882:Royal Horticultural Society
720:Horae Physicae Berolinenses
3492:
3391:Flora of the Cascade Range
2750:, state children's flower
2249:White pine cone and tassel
1870:"Eschscholzia californica"
1612:"Kalifornischer Goldmohn (
1517:Reynolds, Katrina (2023).
1348:Frontiers in Plant Science
1192:"Eschscholzia californica"
1121:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
958:State flower of California
778:Tongva (Garbrielino tribe)
29:
2739:
2700:Bougainvillea spectabilis
1992:
1797:Santa Barbara Independent
1693:"AGM Plants – Ornamental"
1361:10.3389/fpls.2023.1084358
1101:Eschscholzia californica)
599:Eschscholtzia californica
275:. It became the official
208:
201:
94:Scientific classification
92:
72:
63:
54:
49:
3476:Plants described in 1820
3376:Flora of Baja California
3212:Eschscholzia_californica
2990:Eschscholzia californica
2912:Eschscholzia_californica
2819:Eschscholzia californica
2789:Eschscholzia californica
2064:Rocky Mountain columbine
1948:Eschscholzia californica
1946:USDA Plants profile for
1939:Eschscholzia californica
1891:Eschscholzia californica
1791:October 4, 2018, at the
1720:Eschscholzia californica
1669:Eschscholzia californica
1614:Eschscholzia californica
1543:Eschscholzia californica
1478:Douglas, David (1914). "
1255:10.1600/036364413X661872
1151:Eschscholzia californica
1090:Eschscholzia californica
1012:Eschscholzia californica
998:In the aftermath of the
739:Eschscholzia californica
732:Eschscholzia californica
724:Eschscholzia californica
705:Eschscholzia californica
576:, which is found in the
572:) and Curtis Clark, the
406:Eschscholzia californica
229:Eschscholzia californica
212:Eschscholzia californica
32:California Poppy (album)
1610:B. Bös (June 4, 2007).
976:California Scenic Route
935:'Ivory castle' cultivar
923:'Purple gleam' cultivar
689:, with 15.9 ± 2μl, and
488:San Francisco Peninsula
377:is located in northern
279:of California in 1903.
2756:, state floral emblem
2034:Saguaro cactus blossom
1455:(1st ed.). pp. 52–53.
1296:Jepson, W.L. (1922). "
1285:Why the Eschscholtzia?
1046:Botanical illustration
979:
967:
947:Mediterranean climates
395:San Luis Obispo County
366:
318:California poppy is a
3471:Symbols of California
1298:A Flora of California
1217:Eschscholzia mexicana
973:
965:
886:Award of Garden Merit
714:Several years later,
595:A Flora of California
455:Leger & Rice 2003
414:Adelbert von Chamisso
364:
340:petals close at night
328:alternately branching
2594:Tennessee coneflower
2583:Purple passionflower
2521:Penngift crown vetch
2458:Large white trillium
2164:Syringa, mock orange
1874:Jepson Flora Project
1820:on December 23, 2010
1620:www.giftpflanzen.com
984:Sarah Plummer Lemmon
686:Leucanthemum vulgare
638:, the opium poppy).
3381:Flora of New Mexico
3356:Flora of California
2744:: state wildflower
2376:Pink lady's slipper
1937:Calflora Database:
1907:2003EcolL...6..257L
1411:2016PLoSO..1158117H
1283:Edward W. Greene, "
1196:ucjeps.berkeley.edu
242:California sunlight
194:E. californica
66:Conservation status
2650:Coast rhododendron
2008:Oak-leaf hydrangea
1950:(California poppy)
1941:(California poppy)
1096:Papaver somniferum
1074:(E.L. Greene) Jeps
1070:Maritime poppies,
1021:In March 2019, a "
980:
968:
941:Invasive potential
818:Chemical compounds
635:Papaver somniferum
574:Mexican gold poppy
379:Los Angeles County
367:
80:Apparently Secure
36:California Poppies
3333:
3332:
3197:Open Tree of Life
2781:Taxon identifiers
2772:
2771:
2680:Indian paintbrush
2453:Scarlet carnation
2443:Wild prairie rose
2422:Flowering dogwood
2198:Wild prairie rose
2154:Hawaiian hibiscus
1799:, April 10, 2008.
1243:Systematic Botany
982:During the 1890s
755:Tongva Gabrielino
692:Cosmos bipinnatus
626:Eschscholzioideae
587:Greene Revolution
518:San Miguel Island
422:Otto von Kotzebue
225:
224:
87:
50:California poppy
16:(Redirected from
3483:
3326:
3325:
3313:
3312:
3303:
3302:
3290:
3289:
3280:
3279:
3267:
3266:
3254:
3253:
3241:
3240:
3228:
3227:
3215:
3214:
3205:
3204:
3192:
3191:
3179:
3178:
3166:
3165:
3156:
3155:
3143:
3142:
3140:NBNSYS0000002776
3130:
3129:
3117:
3116:
3104:
3103:
3094:
3093:
3081:
3080:
3068:
3067:
3055:
3054:
3045:
3044:
3032:
3031:
3019:
3018:
3006:
3005:
2993:
2992:
2980:
2979:
2967:
2966:
2954:
2953:
2941:
2940:
2928:
2927:
2915:
2914:
2902:
2901:
2889:
2888:
2879:
2878:
2866:
2865:
2856:
2855:
2843:
2842:
2833:
2832:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2776:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2640:American dogwood
2601:
2600:
2590:
2589:
2559:
2558:
2547:Yellow jessamine
2528:
2527:
2497:
2496:
2486:
2485:
2465:
2464:
2434:
2433:
2383:
2382:
2322:
2321:
2291:
2290:
2259:Black-eyed susan
2240:
2239:
2145:
2144:
2134:
2133:
2117:
2116:
2086:
2085:
2079:Mirabilis jalapa
2054:California poppy
2015:
2014:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1956:
1926:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1806:
1800:
1784:Michael Redmon,
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1697:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1514:
1483:
1476:
1463:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1432:
1422:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1363:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1310:
1301:
1294:
1288:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1238:
1221:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1166:
1157:
1156:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1067:
1055:
1043:
951:invasive species
932:
920:
908:
866:drought-tolerant
802:, described as "
632:(which includes
306:
295:
269:ornamental plant
234:California poppy
214:
102:
101:
81:
78:
77:
59:
47:
21:
18:California Poppy
3491:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3321:
3316:
3308:
3306:
3298:
3293:
3285:
3283:
3275:
3270:
3262:
3257:
3249:
3244:
3236:
3231:
3223:
3218:
3210:
3208:
3200:
3195:
3187:
3184:Observation.org
3182:
3174:
3169:
3161:
3159:
3151:
3146:
3138:
3133:
3125:
3120:
3112:
3107:
3099:
3098:MichiganFlora:
3097:
3089:
3084:
3076:
3071:
3063:
3058:
3050:
3048:
3040:
3035:
3027:
3022:
3014:
3009:
3001:
2996:
2988:
2983:
2975:
2970:
2962:
2957:
2949:
2944:
2936:
2931:
2923:
2918:
2910:
2905:
2897:
2892:
2884:
2882:
2874:
2869:
2861:
2859:
2851:
2846:
2838:
2836:
2828:
2826:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2783:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2735:
2734:
2690:Paogo (Ulafala)
2598:
2597:
2587:
2586:
2556:
2555:
2525:
2524:
2516:Mountain laurel
2494:
2493:
2483:
2482:
2462:
2461:
2431:
2430:
2380:
2379:
2319:
2318:
2288:
2287:
2284:Dwarf lake iris
2237:
2236:
2142:
2141:
2131:
2130:
2114:
2113:
2083:
2082:
2074:Mountain laurel
2012:
2011:
1988:
1983:
1933:
1895:Ecology Letters
1888:
1879:
1877:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1849:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1814:California Beat
1808:
1807:
1803:
1793:Wayback Machine
1783:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1765:Apps.rhs.org.uk
1759:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1742:
1740:Apps.rhs.org.uk
1734:
1733:
1729:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1623:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1575:(12): 841–860.
1565:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1516:
1515:
1486:
1477:
1466:
1450:
1446:
1405:(6): e0158117.
1392:
1391:
1387:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1295:
1291:
1282:
1278:
1240:
1239:
1224:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1059:
1056:
1047:
1044:
1035:
1010:of California,
960:
943:
936:
933:
924:
921:
912:
909:
859:
851:
820:
812:
780:
747:
701:
644:
552:(E. L. Greene)
449:—one with four
403:
371:Baja California
359:
316:
315:
314:
313:
309:
308:
307:
298:
297:
296:
285:
254:flowering plant
221:
216:
210:
197:
96:
88:
79:
75:
68:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3489:
3487:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3338:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3323:wfo-0000680430
3314:
3304:
3291:
3281:
3268:
3255:
3242:
3229:
3216:
3206:
3193:
3180:
3167:
3157:
3144:
3131:
3118:
3105:
3095:
3082:
3069:
3056:
3046:
3033:
3020:
3007:
2994:
2981:
2968:
2955:
2942:
2929:
2916:
2903:
2890:
2880:
2867:
2857:
2844:
2834:
2824:
2809:
2793:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2770:
2769:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2722:
2712:
2702:
2692:
2682:
2672:
2662:
2652:
2642:
2632:
2622:
2612:
2610:Bluebonnet sp.
2602:
2570:
2560:
2539:
2529:
2508:
2498:
2479:Indian blanket
2466:
2445:
2435:
2414:
2404:
2394:
2384:
2363:
2353:
2343:
2333:
2323:
2302:
2292:
2271:
2261:
2251:
2241:
2233:Louisiana iris
2220:
2210:
2200:
2190:
2180:
2166:
2156:
2146:
2118:
2105:Orange blossom
2097:
2087:
2066:
2056:
2046:
2036:
2026:
2016:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1943:
1932:
1931:External links
1929:
1928:
1927:
1901:(3): 257–264.
1886:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1831:
1801:
1777:
1752:
1727:
1709:
1684:
1658:
1633:
1602:
1558:
1532:
1484:
1464:
1444:
1385:
1331:
1302:
1289:
1276:
1249:(1): 104–117.
1222:
1208:
1183:
1158:
1140:
1126:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1092:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1038:
1034:
1031:
959:
956:
942:
939:
938:
937:
934:
927:
925:
922:
915:
913:
910:
903:
900:
899:
896:
893:
862:E. californica
858:
855:
850:
847:
831:allocryptopine
823:E. californica
819:
816:
811:
808:
779:
776:
746:
743:
737:By the 1890s,
700:
697:
676:Papaver rhoeas
643:
640:
615:E. californica
607:
606:
578:Sonoran Desert
562:E. californica
559:
558:
557:
539:
524:E. californica
521:
494:E. californica
491:
476:E. californica
466:E. californica
402:
399:
358:
355:
311:
310:
301:
300:
299:
290:
289:
288:
287:
286:
284:
281:
223:
222:
217:
206:
205:
199:
198:
191:
189:
185:
184:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
140:
139:
134:
127:
126:
121:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
90:
89:
73:
70:
69:
64:
61:
60:
52:
51:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3488:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2743:
2738:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2595:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2569:
2568:Pasque flower
2566:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2491:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2474:Oklahoma rose
2472:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2428:
2427:Carolina lily
2423:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2279:Apple blossom
2277:
2276:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2139:
2138:Cherokee rose
2129:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2095:Peach blossom
2093:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2044:Apple blossom
2042:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2025:
2024:Forget-me-not
2022:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1832:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1770:September 15,
1766:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1745:September 15,
1741:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1713:
1710:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1672:
1670:
1662:
1659:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1559:
1546:
1544:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1461:9780520230101
1458:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1171:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1086:Californidine
1084:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1066:
1061:
1054:
1049:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1027:Lake Elsinore
1024:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1003:
1001:
996:
992:
989:
988:George Pardee
985:
977:
972:
964:
957:
955:
952:
948:
940:
931:
926:
919:
914:
907:
902:
897:
894:
891:
890:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
856:
854:
848:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
827:californidine
824:
817:
815:
809:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
784:
777:
775:
772:
768:
764:
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742:
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733:
729:
728:David Douglas
725:
721:
717:
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678:
677:
672:
668:
664:
660:
655:
653:
649:
641:
639:
637:
636:
631:
630:Papaveroideae
627:
622:
620:
616:
612:
604:
603:Eschscholtzia
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
560:
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542:E. California
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203:Binomial name
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124:Tracheophytes
122:
119:
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95:
91:
85:
71:
67:
62:
58:
53:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3351:Eschscholzia
2788:
2741:
2730:Yellow elder
2724:
2714:
2704:
2694:
2684:
2674:
2664:
2660:Rhododendron
2654:
2644:
2634:
2624:
2614:
2604:
2592:
2581:
2572:
2562:
2550:
2541:
2531:
2519:
2510:
2506:Oregon grape
2500:
2488:
2477:
2468:
2456:
2447:
2437:
2425:
2416:
2406:
2402:Yucca flower
2396:
2386:
2374:
2371:Purple lilac
2365:
2355:
2345:
2335:
2325:
2313:
2304:
2294:
2282:
2273:
2263:
2253:
2243:
2231:
2222:
2212:
2202:
2192:
2182:
2168:
2158:
2148:
2136:
2125:
2120:
2108:
2099:
2089:
2077:
2068:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2038:
2028:
2018:
2006:
1997:
1947:
1938:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1878:. Retrieved
1873:
1848:. Retrieved
1844:
1834:
1824:December 13,
1822:. Retrieved
1818:the original
1813:
1804:
1796:
1780:
1768:. Retrieved
1764:
1755:
1743:. Retrieved
1739:
1730:
1719:
1712:
1702:February 18,
1700:. Retrieved
1687:
1675:. Retrieved
1668:
1661:
1649:. Retrieved
1645:
1636:
1624:. Retrieved
1619:
1613:
1605:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1549:. Retrieved
1542:
1535:
1518:
1479:
1452:
1447:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1351:
1347:
1322:. Retrieved
1318:
1297:
1292:
1284:
1279:
1246:
1242:
1216:
1211:
1199:. Retrieved
1195:
1186:
1174:. Retrieved
1150:
1143:
1129:
1115:
1100:
1094:
1089:
1071:
1020:
1016:Scenic Route
1011:
1008:state flower
1004:
997:
993:
981:
944:
895:'Dali' (red)
861:
860:
852:
835:Papaveraceae
822:
821:
813:
803:
800:Island poppy
799:
795:
791:
787:
785:
781:
748:
738:
736:
731:
723:
719:
713:
709:golden poppy
708:
704:
702:
690:
684:
674:
656:
645:
633:
629:
625:
623:
618:
614:
611:Eschscholzia
610:
608:
602:
598:
594:
582:E. Mexicana.
581:
573:
570:E. L. Greene
565:
561:
550:peninsularis
549:
545:
541:
531:
527:
523:
506:E. L. Greene
501:
497:
493:
483:
479:
475:
469:
465:
436:
429:
410:Eschscholzia
409:
405:
404:
391:Point Buchon
368:
324:annual plant
317:
277:state flower
261:Papaveraceae
245:
241:
238:golden poppy
237:
233:
228:
227:
226:
211:
209:
193:
192:
181:Eschscholzia
180:
170:Papaveraceae
160:Ranunculales
143:
130:
117:
44:
40:Eschscholzia
3225:kew-2801972
3122:NatureServe
3037:iNaturalist
2813:Wikispecies
2710:Flores mayo
2670:Wood violet
1880:October 25,
1850:October 24,
1651:October 24,
1646:www.kew.org
1324:October 25,
1023:super bloom
857:Cultivation
849:Preparation
829:(N(CH3)2),
619:E. lemmonii
546:californica
528:californica
498:californica
484:californica
480:californica
470:californica
459:Jepson 1993
445:accept two
383:Bear Valley
283:Description
246:cup of gold
137:Angiosperms
84:NatureServe
3340:Categories
3307:WisFlora:
3220:Plant List
2883:Calflora:
2630:Red clover
2341:Bitterroot
1527:2832793885
1521:(Thesis).
1107:References
798:, was the
652:inhalation
447:subspecies
3003:220004967
2977:220004967
2959:FloraBase
2620:Sego lily
2552:Goldenrod
2490:Mistletoe
2361:Sagebrush
2351:Goldenrod
2269:Mayflower
2218:Goldenrod
2208:Sunflower
1626:April 12,
878:cultivars
843:berberine
839:alkaloids
825:contains
792:Waa'aka',
788:Mekachaa.
763:Costanoan
681:capitulum
663:dandelion
650:risk via
516:south to
451:varieties
443:botanists
344:dehiscent
320:perennial
188:Species:
107:Kingdom:
3295:VicFlora
3284:VASCAN:
3277:24000077
3272:Tropicos
3209:PalDat:
3127:2.160245
3078:10203500
3065:672740-1
2907:eFloraSA
2860:BioLib:
2798:Wikidata
2331:Hawthorn
2315:Tickseed
2310:Magnolia
2228:Magnolia
2178:Milkweed
2110:Tickseed
2003:Camellia
1923:86091323
1789:Archived
1597:16831869
1589:21601431
1523:ProQuest
1439:27341588
1399:PLOS ONE
1380:36938015
1371:10017456
1271:84687122
1263:23362741
1176:April 9,
1080:See also
759:Cahuilla
716:Chamisso
566:mexicana
514:Monterey
502:maritima
439:synonyms
401:Taxonomy
331:glaucous
166:Family:
150:Eudicots
3109:MoBotPF
3016:2888380
2804:Q158795
2742:Italics
1903:Bibcode
1863:Sources
1545:– Cham"
1430:4920406
1407:Bibcode
1201:May 15,
1033:Gallery
1018:signs.
841:. Also
767:Luiseno
659:ragwort
648:allergy
564:subsp.
544:subsp.
526:subsp.
496:subsp.
478:subsp.
468:subsp.
453:(e.g.,
441:. Some
426:Pacific
357:Habitat
347:capsule
335:flowers
273:garnish
256:in the
250:species
248:, is a
176:Genus:
156:Order:
111:Plantae
82: (
3264:106119
3233:PLANTS
3202:438086
3160:NZOR:
3114:284842
2951:175478
2925:594818
2876:510012
2837:APDB:
2537:Violet
2392:Violet
2174:Violet
2127:Azalea
1921:
1677:May 8,
1595:
1587:
1551:May 8,
1525:
1459:
1437:
1427:
1378:
1368:
1269:
1261:
870:annual
769:, and
671:nectar
667:pollen
642:Pollen
591:Jepson
536:Benth.
532:crocea
389:) and
373:. The
265:native
258:family
232:, the
3238:ESCA2
3171:NZPCN
3091:18956
3073:IRMNG
3049:IPA:
3042:48225
3029:15817
2985:FoAO2
2946:EUNIS
2938:ESHCA
2899:3BH52
2853:76148
2840:23670
2827:APA:
2188:Peony
1919:S2CID
1696:(PDF)
1593:S2CID
1267:S2CID
1259:JSTOR
1058:Seeds
796:Wiyot
548:var.
530:var.
500:var.
482:var.
431:Rurik
351:seeds
219:Cham.
144:Clade
131:Clade
118:Clade
3310:3575
3287:7102
3246:POWO
3189:6766
3176:3904
3153:3467
3148:NCBI
3101:1894
3086:ITIS
3060:IPNI
3052:5614
3024:GRIN
3011:GBIF
2964:2962
2933:EPPO
2886:3512
2871:BOLD
2863:3517
2848:APNI
2830:2812
2720:Maga
2578:Iris
2412:Rose
1882:2023
1852:2023
1826:2016
1772:2018
1747:2018
1704:2018
1679:2018
1653:2023
1628:2022
1585:PMID
1553:2018
1457:ISBN
1435:PMID
1376:PMID
1326:2023
1203:2021
1178:2012
888::-
874:loam
810:Uses
771:Pomo
661:and
554:Munz
510:Jeps
3318:WFO
3259:RHS
3135:NBN
2998:FoC
2972:FNA
2920:EoL
2894:CoL
1911:doi
1577:doi
1425:PMC
1415:doi
1366:PMC
1356:doi
1251:doi
884:'s
864:is
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2706:MP
2696:GU
2686:AS
2676:WY
2666:WI
2656:WV
2646:WA
2636:VA
2626:VT
2616:UT
2606:TX
2599:WF
2591:,
2588:WF
2580:,
2574:TN
2564:SD
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2543:SC
2533:RI
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2470:OK
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2398:NM
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2367:NH
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2347:NE
2337:MT
2327:MO
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2306:MS
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2275:MI
2265:MA
2255:MD
2245:ME
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2230:,
2224:LA
2214:KY
2204:KS
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