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235:
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433:
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389:
93:
44:
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68:
846:—the First National—was forced to temporarily close its doors, precipitating a cash-flow crisis for the City of North Bend. The city solved this problem by minting its own currency, using myrtlewood discs printed on a newspaper press. These coins, in denominations from 25 cents to $ 10, were used to pay employees, with the city promising to redeem them for cash as soon as it became available.
1281:
726:, is palatable raw for only a brief time when ripe; prior to this the volatile aromatic oils are too strong, and afterwards the flesh quickly becomes bruised, like that of an overripe avocado. Native Americans dried the fruits in the sun and ate only the lower third of the dried mesocarp, which is less pungent.
729:
The hard inner seed underneath the fleshy mesocarp, like the pit of an avocado, cleaves readily in two when its thin shell is cracked. The pit itself was traditionally roasted to a dark chocolate-brown color, removing much of the pungency and leaving a spicy flavor. Roasted, shelled "bay nuts" were
849:
However, when the bank reopened and the city appealed for people to bring their myrtlewood money in to redeem it, many opted to keep their tokens as collector's items. After several appeals, the city announced that the tokens would remain legal tender in the city of North Bend in perpetuity. The
420:
are smooth-edged and lance-shaped, 3–15 cm long and around a third as wide, similar to the related bay laurel, though usually narrower, and without the crinkled margin of that species. The leaves are green, and lighter on the underside. The bark and leaves have a pungent scent resembling
714:
leaves were used to treat rheumatism and neuralgias. A tea was made from the leaves to treat stomach aches, colds, sore throats, and to clear up mucus in the lungs. The leaves were steeped in hot water to make an infusion that was used to wash sores. The Pomo and Yuki tribes of
909:
527:, is one of the largest of its species in the state. Since this photograph, the tree was split, and half the tree broke off and fell in a storm. The other half is still thriving, and has more or less resumed the original canopy shape.
746:". The powder might also be used in cooking or pressed into cakes and dried for winter storage. It has been speculated that the nuts contain a stimulant; however this possible effect has been little documented by biologists.
473:
2–2.5 cm long and 2 cm broad, lightly spotted with yellow, maturing purple. Under the thin, leathery skin, it consists of an oily, fleshy covering over a single hard, thin-shelled pit, and resembles a miniature
2274:
842:"Myrtlewood" is the only wood still in use as a base "metal" for legal tender. During the 1933 "interregnum of despair" between Franklin Roosevelt's election and his inauguration, the only bank in the town of
599:, oak-laurel forests were found in Central and Southern California. Typical tree species included oaks ancestral to present-day California oaks, and an assemblage of trees from the laurel family, including
797:, used to construct the backs and sides of acoustic guitars. The wood is very hard and fine, and is also made into bowls, spoons, and other small items and sold as "myrtlewood". It is also grown as an
2294:
2279:
897:
2269:
2289:
1984:
1295:
1309:
588:. Bays occur in oak woodland close to the coast, and in northern California where moisture is sufficient, usually in or near riparian areas. The species is very
2049:
2239:
861:
2299:
1932:
1428:
1062:
436:
The leaves are entire and lance-shaped about 3–10 centimetres (1.2–3.9 in) long. They may substitute for the
Mediterranean bay leaf in cooking.
2304:
2284:
1997:
1945:
1702:
2101:
1752:
885:
828:
soup, "it is essential that you add a generous amount of
California laurel" when storing acorns to dry, to keep insects away from the acorns.
1615:
1588:
1466:
1198:
1148:
1323:
850:
unredeemed tokens have become very valuable, because of scarcity and historical interest. Fewer than 10 full sets are believed to exist.
2254:
2249:
581:
1542:
722:
Both the flesh and the inner kernel of the fruit have been used as food by Native
Americans. The fatty outer flesh of the fruit, or
577:
408:
tree growing to 30 metres (98 feet) tall with a trunk up to 90 centimetres (35 inches) in diameter. The largest recorded tree is in
2309:
2198:
1971:
1491:. Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium Vol. VII. Reprinted 1974 by Mendocino County Historical Society. p. 114.
643:, the pathogen that causes the disease sudden oak death. It is important in this sense because it is one of two tree species (
524:
520:
500:
2002:
2036:
1728:
503:
land, which agency cares for the tree. With their permission, the county parks placed a placard and a picnic area nearby.
287:
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409:
1838:
831:
One popular use for the leaves is to put them between the bed mattresses to get rid of, or prevent, flea infestations.
92:
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1847:
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221:
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mountains. It occurs at altitudes from sea level up to 1,600 m (5,200 ft). It is an introduced species in
2114:
1766:
787:
and wild food enthusiasts have adopted Native
American practices regarding the edible roasted fruit, the bay nut.
2314:
2244:
2054:
2119:
370:. The dry wood has a color range from blonde (like maple) to brown (like walnut). It is considered an excellent
2264:
279:
412:, and measured (as of 1997) 33 m (108 ft) in height with a 36 m (119 ft) spread. The thin
873:
585:
1924:
719:
treated headaches by placing a single leaf in the nostril or bathing the head with a laurel leaf infusion.
1919:
1862:
1800:
1341:
Axelrod, D. I. (2000). "A Miocene (10-12 Ma) Evergreen Laurel-Oak Forest from Carmel Valley, California".
217:
1706:
1000:
200:
1950:
234:
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663:
has long been valued for its many uses by Native
Americans throughout the tree's range, including the
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Roasted bay nuts ready for eating, or grinding into a powdery paste for beverages and cooking
488:, within the family Lauraceae. The fruit ripens around October–November in the native range.
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562:
516:
496:
382:
2015:
1268:
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130:
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1537:. Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 8. Smithsonian Institution. p. 108.
416:
is smooth and gray-brown when young, later turning reddish brown and scaly. The fragrant
1780:
1561:
2088:
768:
730:
eaten whole, or ground into powder and prepared as a drink which resembles unsweetened
668:
589:
531:
470:
225:
117:
1378:. University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. May 3, 2006
1095:"The 'headache tree' via umbellulone and TRPA1 activates the trigeminovascular system"
1025:
2233:
2010:
1396:
964:
955:
834:
The wood is used as lumber in furniture making, especially highly figured specimens.
413:
304:
77:
72:
1271:
What to See on
Crystal Springs Trail." San Mateo County. Accessed November 28, 2021.
2158:
1875:
754:
The leaf has been used in cooking but contains large amounts of the toxic compound
688:
1852:
1632:
2189:
2132:
1422:
1184:
2041:
2023:
1958:
1832:
934:
755:
426:
734:. The flavor, depending on roast level, has been described variously as "roast
1208:
684:
634:
The trees resprout after being killed by fire. Deer browse the fresh sprouts.
550:
535:
367:
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143:
17:
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814:
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405:
163:
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2145:
1504:
1120:
1111:
1094:
1729:"When banks closed, town of North Bend minted its own money — out of wood"
1186:
Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees
538:
near ground level provides fire-resistant storage of energy and sprouting
2211:
2183:
2140:
1817:
794:
777:
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371:
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153:
1937:
743:
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375:
1963:
810:
806:
801:, both in its native area, and further north up the Pacific coast to
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510:
466:
445:
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387:
104:
491:
The oldest-known living laurel is the Jepson Laurel, named after
1496:
1364:. Berkeley, CA, USA: University of California Press. p. 56.
676:
647:
being the other) on which the pathogen readily produces spores.
462:
has perfect flowers (male and female parts in the same flower).
275:
1888:
1798:
1520:
539:
592:. It is reduced to a shrub in extreme dry and hot habitats.
469:, also known as "California bay nut", is a round and green
452:, "little umbel"). Unlike other "bay laurels" of the genus
1489:
Plants Used by the
Indians of Mendocino County, California
1424:
Plants used by the
Indians of Mendocino County, California
1360:
Barbour, M. G.; Keeler-Wolf, T.; Schoenherr A. A. (2007).
1343:
University of
California Publications: Geological Sciences
542:
if fire damage requires replacement of the trunk or limbs.
2275:
Natural history of the
California chaparral and woodlands
1376:"UC Tries to Stop Northward Movement of Sudden Oak Death"
1523:: Foraging, Bushcraft, Permaculture, and Rewilding blog.
444:
are small, yellow or yellowish-green, produced in small
1269:
https://parks.smcgov.org/what-see-crystal-springs-trail
392:
Naturalized occurrence of species in Snake Lake Park,
278:
native to coastal forests and the Sierra foothills of
1786:"Encyclopedia of Stanford Trees, Shrubs, and Vines:
1349:. Berkeley, CA, USA: University of California Press.
1223:"National register of big trees: California-laurel:
2295:
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
2169:
1807:
1777:, Index of Species Information, U.S. Forest Service
1658:
NativeTech: Indigenous Food and Traditional Recipes
1457:Goodrich, J. S.; Lawson, C.; Lawson, V. P. (1980).
1040:
Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino, California
557:. It is also found in the western foothills of the
362:The tree's pungent leaves have a similar flavor to
482:is in fact closely related to the avocado's genus
891:Nearly ripe bay nuts being prepared for roasting
793:is also used in woodworking. It is considered a
1604:Vizgirdas, R. S.; Rey-Vizgirdas, E. M. (2006).
1183:Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) .
381:The tree is a host of the pathogen that causes
2280:Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
1088:
1086:
979:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T62572A68077480.en
366:, though stronger, and it may be mistaken for
8:
1556:
1554:
867:Flowers open in late winter and early spring
1610:. University of Nevada Press. p. 108.
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
2270:Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
1795:
1781:"Paleotechnics: The California Bay Laurel"
1482:
1480:
1478:
780:flavor compared to the Mediterranean bay.
233:
66:
42:
31:
1678:"Northwest Timber: Wood Terms & Info"
1110:
977:
776:leaf imparts a somewhat stronger camphor/
425:when bruised, due to a chemical known as
1516:
1514:
1140:A Dictionary of Practical Materia Medica
1132:
1130:
1063:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
817:. It is occasionally used for firewood.
282:, and to coastal forests extending into
946:
857:
2290:Plants used in Native American cuisine
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
762:. Umbellulone is absent from culinary
290:. It is the sole species in the genus
7:
1705:. Realoregongift.com. Archived from
1362:Terrestrial Vegetation of California
549:is found in southwest Oregon and in
2240:IUCN Red List least concern species
1250:. Urban Forest Ecosystems Institute
965:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
618:. Only one native species from the
311:. In Oregon, this tree is known as
2120:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30189264-2
1727:Finn J.D. John (August 29, 2010).
1229:. American Forests, Washington D.C
813:. It can be planted as a hedge or
25:
1189:(field guide ed.). Seattle:
1093:Nassini, R.; et al. (2011).
923:supports multiple mature sprouts.
2300:Pre-Columbian California cuisine
1607:Wild Plants of the Sierra Nevada
908:
896:
884:
872:
860:
91:
626:, remains in California today.
299:The tree was formerly known as
2305:Garden plants of North America
2285:Trees of mild maritime climate
1631:Sunny Savage (March 6, 2008).
525:Santa Clara County, California
521:Rancho San Antonio County Park
501:San Francisco Water Department
1:
1583:. Timber Press. p. 927.
1461:. Heyday Books. p. 176.
1143:. B. Jain Publishers/MĂ©di-T.
288:California Floristic Province
410:Mendocino County, California
323:, which may be shortened to
1581:Native American Ethnobotany
1562:"The California Bay Laurel"
448:(hence the scientific name
2336:
1775:"Umbellularia californica"
1429:Government Printing Office
1137:John Henry Clarke (1986).
331:. It has also been called
2255:Trees of Northern America
2250:Monotypic Laurales genera
1635:. Wild Food Plants (blog)
637:The species is a host of
253:
246:
241:
232:
206:
199:
88:Scientific classification
86:
64:
55:
50:
41:
34:
2081:Umbellularia californica
1839:Umbellularia californica
1809:Umbellularia californica
1788:Umbellularia californica
1769:Umbellularia californica
1761:Umbellularia californica
1731:. Offbeat Oregon History
1399:Umbellularia Californica
1326:Umbellularia californica
1225:Umbellularia californica
1005:(Hook. & Arn.) Nutt"
1003:Umbellularia californica
958:Umbellularia californica
791:Umbellularia californica
624:Umbellularia californica
507:Distribution and habitat
271:Umbellularia californica
210:Umbellularia californica
2310:Drought-tolerant plants
1763:(California Bay Laurel)
1633:"California Bay Laurel"
1579:Moerman, D. E. (1998).
1487:Chesnut, V. K. (1902).
569:, and northern Oregon.
374:and is sought after by
286:. It is endemic to the
1767:Jepson Flora Project:
1282:"CPNWH Search Results"
820:According to a modern
578:California mixed woods
543:
528:
437:
396:
301:Oreodaphne californica
972:: e.T62572A68077480.
534:
514:
435:
391:
321:California bay laurel
1568:. Paleotechnics.com.
1419:Chesnut, Victor King
1193:. pp. 277–280.
1112:10.1093/brain/awr272
954:Stritch, L. (2018).
921:Doyle Community Park
640:Phytophthora ramorum
499:. The tree lives on
274:is a large hardwood
180:(C.G.D.Nees) Nuttall
51:Foliage and flowers
2260:Flora of California
1703:"Myrtle Tree Story"
1654:"Nupa (Acorn) Soup"
1459:Kashaya Pomo Plants
1310:"Collection Search"
1296:"Collection Search"
1248:"California Laurel"
572:It mostly inhabits
192:U. californica
58:Conservation status
1533:Kelly, I. (1978).
1191:Mountaineers Books
844:North Bend, Oregon
838:"Myrtlewood" money
582:yellow pine forest
544:
529:
493:Willis Linn Jepson
438:
397:
394:Tacoma, Washington
2227:
2226:
2063:Open Tree of Life
1801:Taxon identifiers
1617:978-0-87417-535-6
1590:978-0-88192-453-4
1468:978-0-930588-86-1
1200:978-1-68051-329-5
1150:978-81-7021-013-9
879:An unripe bay nut
809:, and in western
760:methemoglobinemia
378:and woodworkers.
329:California laurel
267:
266:
262:
181:
81:
16:(Redirected from
2327:
2315:Ornamental trees
2245:Lauraceae genera
2220:
2219:
2207:
2206:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2174:
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2161:
2149:
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2042:NBNSYS0000042218
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1405:USDA Plant Guide
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1080:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1065:. Archived from
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1050:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1026:"The Plant List"
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
997:
991:
990:
988:
986:
981:
951:
912:
900:
888:
876:
864:
783:Some modern-day
717:Mendocino County
656:Historical usage
563:British Columbia
555:San Diego County
517:Permanente Creek
497:San Mateo County
383:sudden oak death
258:
237:
212:
179:
96:
95:
75:
70:
69:
46:
32:
21:
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2265:Flora of Oregon
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868:
865:
856:
840:
799:ornamental tree
758:, which causes
752:
705:Konkow language
699:call the plant
658:
653:
632:
574:redwood forests
509:
402:
353:mountain laurel
307:, it is called
228:
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208:
195:
178:
90:
82:
71:
67:
60:
28:
23:
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15:
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2159:wfo-0001071259
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2020:
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515:This tree, on
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357:balm of heaven
345:peppernut tree
325:California bay
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1709:on 2013-12-18
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1105:(2): 376–90.
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1072:on 2015-06-26
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349:headache tree
346:
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338:
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319:it is called
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201:Binomial name
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73:Least Concern
63:
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33:
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19:
2175:Umbellularia
2170:
2094:tro-17804222
1808:
1787:
1768:
1760:
1757:Umbellularia
1756:
1733:. Retrieved
1722:
1711:. Retrieved
1707:the original
1697:
1685:. Retrieved
1682:nwtimber.com
1681:
1672:
1661:. Retrieved
1657:
1648:
1637:. Retrieved
1626:
1606:
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1580:
1574:
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1528:
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1433:. Retrieved
1423:
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1380:. Retrieved
1370:
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1336:
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1276:
1263:
1252:. Retrieved
1242:
1231:. Retrieved
1224:
1217:
1185:
1139:
1102:
1098:
1074:. Retrieved
1067:the original
1054:
1048:
1039:
1034:
1020:
1009:. Retrieved
1002:
995:
983:. Retrieved
969:
963:
957:
949:
917:Umbellularia
916:
915:This single
848:
841:
833:
830:
819:
790:
789:
782:
774:Umbellularia
773:
767:
753:
750:Modern usage
742:" or "burnt
728:
721:
712:Umbellularia
711:
709:
700:
697:Concow tribe
695:people. The
661:Umbellularia
660:
659:
638:
636:
633:
623:
616:Umbellularia
615:
600:
594:
571:
547:Umbellularia
546:
545:
490:
483:
480:Umbellularia
479:
464:
460:Umbellularia
459:
453:
450:Umbellularia
449:
439:
403:
380:
361:
356:
352:
348:
344:
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308:
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293:Umbellularia
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270:
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255:
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209:
207:
191:
190:
175:Umbellularia
174:
173:
137:
124:
111:
36:Umbellularia
35:
29:
2171:Oreodaphne
2024:NatureServe
1959:iNaturalist
1833:Wikispecies
1535:Coast Miwok
985:19 November
935:Umbellulone
824:recipe for
756:umbellulone
595:During the
427:umbellulone
400:Description
315:, while in
309:pōl’-cum ōl
131:Angiosperms
2234:Categories
2089:Plant List
1977:30189264-2
1860:Calflora:
1735:2012-08-17
1713:2012-08-17
1663:2012-09-16
1639:2012-09-21
1521:FeralKevin
1382:2012-09-21
1254:2018-02-04
1233:2012-09-21
1209:1141235469
1076:2014-10-17
1011:2012-02-05
1007:. CalFlora
941:References
764:bay leaves
567:Washington
551:California
536:Lignotuber
368:bay laurel
364:bay leaves
333:pepperwood
317:California
280:California
144:Magnoliids
2320:Lauraceae
2190:Q15973646
1925:220013933
1435:24 August
815:windbreak
803:Vancouver
740:chocolate
738:," "dark
732:chocolate
602:Nectandra
553:south to
406:evergreen
404:It is an
337:spicebush
186:Species:
164:Lauraceae
101:Kingdom:
2217:17806517
2212:Tropicos
2204:332042-2
2184:Wikidata
2146:17804222
2141:Tropicos
2029:2.144045
1990:10790055
1818:Wikidata
1497:08010527
1421:(1902).
1121:22036959
929:See also
795:tonewood
785:foragers
778:cinnamon
724:mesocarp
701:sō-ē’-bä
665:Cahuilla
376:luthiers
372:tonewood
248:Synonyms
160:Family:
154:Laurales
78:IUCN 3.1
1938:5371727
1824:Q692162
1687:25 July
1505:6218739
854:Gallery
744:popcorn
693:Salinan
669:Chumash
630:Ecology
597:Miocene
476:avocado
442:flowers
423:camphor
170:Genus:
150:Order:
105:Plantae
76: (
2102:PLANTS
2068:913214
1912:umbcal
1909:FEIS:
1889:596841
1853:216089
1614:
1587:
1541:
1503:
1495:
1465:
1207:
1197:
1147:
1119:
811:Europe
807:Canada
736:coffee
691:, and
673:Ohlone
645:tanoak
610:Persea
606:Ocotea
584:, and
485:Persea
455:Laurus
446:umbels
418:leaves
355:, and
284:Oregon
220:&
2173:subg.
2133:18605
2016:62572
2003:18208
1985:IRMNG
1964:48807
1951:40863
1902:UMBCA
1876:7DH5G
1099:Brain
1070:(xls)
1059:(xls)
826:acorn
822:Miwok
681:Miwok
495:, in
471:berry
467:fruit
303:. In
260:Rchb.
226:Nutt.
218:Hook.
138:Clade
125:Clade
112:Clade
2199:IPNI
2115:POWO
2107:UMCA
2076:PfaF
2055:3438
2050:NCBI
2011:IUCN
1998:ITIS
1972:IPNI
1946:GRIN
1933:GBIF
1897:EPPO
1863:8183
1848:APNI
1753:MeSH
1689:2016
1612:ISBN
1585:ISBN
1539:ISBN
1501:OCLC
1493:LCCN
1463:ISBN
1437:2012
1205:OCLC
1195:ISBN
1145:ISBN
1117:PMID
987:2021
970:2018
689:Coos
685:Yuki
677:Pomo
651:Uses
614:and
540:buds
465:The
440:The
414:bark
305:Yuki
276:tree
222:Arn.
2154:WFO
2128:RHS
2037:NBN
1920:FNA
1884:EoL
1871:CoL
1347:145
1107:doi
1103:135
974:doi
805:in
772:).
707:).
519:in
327:or
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2026::
2013::
2000::
1987::
1974::
1961::
1948::
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1886::
1873::
1850::
1835::
1820::
1759:-
1755::
1680:.
1656:.
1564:.
1553:^
1513:^
1499:.
1477:^
1445:^
1427:.
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1345:.
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1129:^
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1101:.
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960:"
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766:(
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216:(
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
