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or unusual. "Cruelty" is not definable with precision. It is in the eye of the beholder: what may be perceived as cruelty by one person is seen as justice by another. Thus, this court, in ascertaining the permissible limits of punishment, must look in the first instance to those values to which the people of our state subscribe. That as one individual I prefer values more lofty than those implicit in the macabre process of deliberately exterminating a human being does not permit me to interpret in my image the common values of the people of our state.
363:(as opposed to prohibiting ones that violate both conditions), the court found the penalty unconstitutional on state constitutional grounds since if it violated either provision it was unconstitutional at the state level. The court even went so far as to decline to even consider if the death penalty violates the
370:
The state contended that while the use of capital punishment served no rehabilitating purposes, it was a legitimate punishment for retribution in serious offenses, in that it served to isolate the offender, and was a useful deterrent to crime. The court rejected the state's defense citing that there
517:
The people of
California responded quickly and emphatically, both directly and through their elected representatives, to callously declare that whatever the trends elsewhere in the nation and the world, society in our state does not deem the retributive extinction of a human life to be either cruel
330:
Furthermore, the court also cited the view of capital punishment in
American society as one of the most important reasons for its acceptability, contending that a growing population and a decreasing number of executions was persuasive evidence that such a punishment was no longer condoned by the
307:
In the original case (1966), the court did not raise the issue as to whether the death penalty was unconstitutional. In the second hearing, which also took place in 1968, the court did raise the issue but decided that the death penalty was neither cruel nor unusual. However, in view of
453:
also had his death sentence for the assassination of Robert
Kennedy commuted to life in prison. It would also mean that if any person was ever charged with a murder committed in California before 1972, the death penalty could not be imposed. The United States Supreme Court in
534:, which revisits the events and sequelae of San Diego's longest (at the time, four hours) armed siege/shootout at the Hub Loans & Jewelry Company. A newspaper editor died of a heart attack. Over a thousand rounds were exchanged betweend the shooter and a
480:
Later in 1972, the people of
California amended the state constitution by initiative process, superseding the court ruling and reinstating the death penalty. Rather than simply switch to the federal "cruel and unusual" standard, the amendment, called
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350:
All persons shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, unless for capital offenses when the proof is evident or the presumption great. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed; nor shall cruel
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The case was an automatic appeal to the court under section 1239b of the
California Penal Code, which provides that, following a death sentence, the case is automatically appealed to the State Supreme Court.
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that the death penalty—as then practiced in almost all of the states that used it—was unconstitutional.) As it turned out, the U.S. Supreme Court would set aside the question whether the death penalty was
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as it degraded and dehumanized the parties involved. It held that the penalty is "unnecessary to any legitimate goal of the state and incompatible with the dignity of man and the judicial process".
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McComb also argued that the death penalty deterred crime, noting numerous
Supreme Court precedents upholding the death penalty's constitutionality, and stating that the legislative and
296:(1968), which decided that it was illegal to remove a juror who simply disagreed with the death penalty unless the juror adamantly refused to follow the law under any circumstances.
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and stated that any prisoner currently under sentence of death could petition a superior court to modify its judgment. thus no longer faces a realistic threat of execution...
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capital statutes (including the one in
California, but excluding others like the one in Rhode Island) in the U.S. to be unconstitutional, plus extensive appellate and
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1572:
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declared capital punishment in
California unconstitutional under Art. 1, 6, of the state constitution... The California Supreme Court declared in the
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unusual punishments be inflicted. Witnesses shall not be unreasonably detained, nor confined in any room where criminals are actually imprisoned.
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decision caused all capital sentences in the state of
California to be commuted to life in prison. Notably, it is because of this decision that
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and
Article 1, Section 6 of the California Constitution (the provision has since moved to Article 1, Section 17), which read (emphasis added):
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Anderson's sentence was later commuted, and, in 1976, he was paroled and moved to Seattle. He died there in 1999 at the age of 62.
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processes were the only appropriate avenues to determine whether the death penalty should be allowed. McComb was so upset about the
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were far less onerous means of isolating the offender, and the lack of proof that capital punishment is an effective deterrent.
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The use of capital punishment in the state of California was deemed unconstitutional because it was considered cruel or unusual.
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since it had already found it to be in violation of the state constitution. The court decided it on April 24, 1972.
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In a 1978 concurring opinion, Justice Mosk expressed his dismay at the response of the California electorate to
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The case was retried on the issue of the defendant's penalty, and the jury again returned a verdict of death.
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litigation in capital cases, no death sentences were carried out in the state until 1992. That year,
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64 Cal.2d 633 (1966), but it reversed its decision with respect to the sentence of the death penalty
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For the case involving evidentiary factors necessary for first degree murder conviction, see
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team. The "murder case would eventually make California judicial history and keep
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for nine months until the enactment of a constitutional amendment reinstating it,
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avoided execution following his conviction and resulting death sentence for the "
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The case also turned on a difference in wording between the U.S. Constitution's
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106:[51 Cal.Rptr. 238, 414 P.2d 366]; sentence reversed and remanded,
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Browning-Ferris Industries of Vermont, Inc. v. Kelco Disposal, Inc.
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Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause and death penalty case law
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The Hub Shootout: San Diego's Unbelievable Four-hour Firefight
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The Hub Shootout: San Diego's Unbelievable Four-hour Firefight
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Since the State Constitution prohibits a punishment which is
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The People of the State of California v. Robert Page Anderson
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The People of the State of California v. Robert Page Anderson
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Culea, John; Willard, Steve, Editor; Jensen, Terry, Editor;
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wrote a brief dissent on the basis that the landmark case,
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Wright, joined by Peters, Tobriner, Mosk, Burke, Sullivan
87:; 493 P.2d 880; 100 Cal. Rptr. 152; 1972 Cal. LEXIS 154
464:(1972) denied an appeal of a death sentence because:
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it ruled that the death penalty was constitutional).
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254:1972), was a landmark case in the state of
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488:Due to the U.S. Supreme Court decision in
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765:Ninth Circuit Capital Punishment Handbook
737:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
611:"Dissenter Is Upset, Walks Out of Court"
100:Defendant convicted; judgment affirmed,
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727:
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704:(Paperback). Independently published.
278:Robert Page Anderson was convicted of
947:Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber
7:
474:its decision was fully retroactive
401:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
506:was executed in the gas chamber.
1573:Capital punishment in California
560:Capital punishment in California
319:The court ruled that the use of
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530:The incident was documented in
250:, 493 P.2d 880, 6 Cal. 3d 628 (
120:Certiorari denied, 406 U.S. 958
1578:1972 in United States case law
1427:City of Grants Pass v. Johnson
801:United States Eighth Amendment
492:later the same year declaring
1:
323:was considered impermissibly
814:Cruel and unusual punishment
361:either of the two conditions
1516:United States v. Bajakajian
412:unconstitutional (later in
55:Supreme Court of California
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696:Lampert, Bob, Photographer
607:United Press International
29:
1563:California state case law
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1379:South Carolina v. Gathers
1051:Skipper v. South Carolina
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237:California Proposition 17
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112:[73 Cal.Rptr. 21]
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32:People v. Anderson (1968)
1532:Tyler v. Hennepin County
1479:United States v. Salerno
1451:Excessive bail and fines
755:Retrieved April 7, 2008.
63:Argued February 18, 1972
1508:Austin v. United States
1043:Caldwell v. Mississippi
904:Montgomery v. Louisiana
761:(Registration Required)
293:Witherspoon v. Illinois
230:California Constitution
215:California Constitution
1491:Excessive Fines Clause
1355:Robinson v. California
971:California v. Anderson
955:McGautha v. California
840:Robinson v. California
832:Weems v. United States
520:
478:
357:
18:California v. Anderson
1462:Excessive Bail Clause
1203:Panetti v. Quarterman
1083:Maynard v. Cartwright
609:(February 18, 1972).
590:6 Cal. 3d 628
1219:Kennedy v. Louisiana
1115:Whitmore v. Arkansas
1107:Stanford v. Kentucky
1091:Thompson v. Oklahoma
1075:Lowenfield v. Phelps
920:Jones v. Mississippi
864:Harmelin v. Michigan
759:Opinion of the Court
753:Opinion of the Court
457:Aikens v. California
449:" murders in 1969.
233:Article I section 27
1395:Helling v. McKinney
1320:Hudson v. McMillian
1286:Corporal punishment
1275:Bucklew v. Precythe
1011:Spaziano v. Florida
912:Virginia v. LeBlanc
872:Ewing v. California
504:Robert Alton Harris
280:first-degree murder
217:Article I section 6
166:Raymond L. Sullivan
1583:1972 in California
1387:Payne v. Tennessee
1312:Ingraham v. Wright
1267:Madison v. Alabama
1139:Atkins v. Virginia
1131:Herrera v. Collins
1059:Ford v. Wainwright
1035:Glass v. Louisiana
1003:Godfrey v. Georgia
880:Lockyer v. Andrade
730:has generic name (
656:Hub Loans Shootout
640:People v. Frierson
585:People v. Anderson
381:Marshall F. McComb
344:unusual punishment
321:capital punishment
316:cruel or unusual.
284:People v. Anderson
260:capital punishment
174:Marshall F. McComb
154:Mathew O. Tobriner
150:Associate Justices
117:Subsequent history
42:People v. Anderson
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1296:Jackson v. Bishop
1187:Hill v. McDonough
1155:Tennard v. Dretke
1123:Walton v. Arizona
1019:Enmund v. Florida
963:Furman v. Georgia
939:Wilkerson v. Utah
896:Miller v. Alabama
888:Graham v. Florida
848:Rummel v. Estelle
667:Culea et al. 2018
621:on March 31, 2020
386:Furman v. Georgia
338:argument against
243:
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170:Raymond E. Peters
16:(Redirected from
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1524:Timbs v. Indiana
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1419:Kahler v. Kansas
1304:Gates v. Collier
1243:Hurst v. Florida
1235:Glossip v. Gross
1163:Roper v. Simmons
1099:Penry v. Lynaugh
1067:Tison v. Arizona
1027:Pulley v. Harris
987:Coker v. Georgia
979:Gregg v. Georgia
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1227:Hall v. Florida
1195:Kansas v. Marsh
1179:Oregon v. Guzek
1174:(5th Cir. 2005)
1171:Bigby v. Dretke
1147:Ring v. Arizona
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