31:
626:
427:, the bags could not have been searched without a search warrant had Greenwood been carrying them in public. Merely leaving them on the curb for the garbage man to collect, Brennan argued, should not be found to remove that expectation of privacy, for “scrutiny of another's trash is contrary to commonly accepted notions of civilized behavior.”
363:
in it. Although
Greenwood had hidden the trash from view by putting it in opaque plastic bags and expected it to be on the street only a short time before it would be taken to the dump, the Court believed it to be “common knowledge” that garbage at the side of the street is “readily accessible to
282:
This case has been widely cited as "trashing" the Fourth
Amendment with critics stating "the decision fails to recognize any reasonable expectation of privacy in the telling items Americans throw away" and that those who wish to preserve the privacy of their trash must now "resort to other, more
323:
In May, another investigator again had the garbage collectors pick up the garbage bag left on the curb. The garbage again contained evidence of drugs, the police obtained another search warrant, and they found more drugs and evidence of
582:
307:
that
Greenwood left on the curb in front of his house. In the garbage, she found evidence of drug use. She used that information to obtain a warrant to search Greenwood's home. When officers searched the house, they found
1514:
409:. It held that so long as the police conduct did not violate federal law, "California could permissibly conclude that the benefits of excluding relevant evidence of criminal activity do not outweigh the costs."
3064:
532:
2340:
331:
The
California Superior Court dismissed the charges against Greenwood and Van Houten on the ground that unwarranted trash searches violated the U.S. Constitution's Fourth Amendment, as well as the
237:
1474:
641:
509:
490:
466:
442:
101:
72:
732:
260:
233:
1408:
1087:
3099:
2246:
2238:
843:
386:, the court concluded that "hat a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection."
380:, and other members of the public.” Moreover, Greenwood had left the trash there expressly so that the trash collector, a stranger, could take it. Quoting
2187:
3059:
2286:
96:
Drug charges against defendants dismissed by
California Superior Court (unpublished). Affirmed, California Court of Appeal, 182 Cal.App.3d 729 (1986).
1635:
2693:
723:
3069:
2383:
417:
Justice
Brennan reasoned that the possibility the police or other “unwelcome meddlers” might rummage through the trash bags “does not negate the
359:
took no part in the case), the Court held that under the Fourth
Amendment, no warrant was necessary to search the trash because Greenwood had no
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1320:
583:"California v. (Verus) Greenwood: Did the United States Supreme Court Trash the Fourth Amendment? | Office of Justice Programs"
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in their contents any more than the possibility of a burglary negates an expectation of privacy in the home.” Under
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1024:
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393:, which the California Supreme Court had interpreted to prohibit warrantless searches of garbage left at the curb (
336:
2810:
1984:
1960:
1952:
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1790:
1737:
1662:
1589:
1570:
1215:
1199:
779:
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630:
401:, also known as the "Victims' Bill of Rights." One of its provisions, the Truth-in-Evidence Act, eliminated the
2743:
2105:
1835:
1745:
1231:
1119:
405:
for unconstitutionally obtained evidence. The Court rejected
Greenwood's claim that the amendment violated the
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2019:
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expensive, self-help measures such as an investment in a trash compactor or a paper shredder."
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left for collection outside the curtilage of a home. California Court of Appeal reversed.
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Police
Department learned from various sources that Billy Greenwood might be selling
3001:
2593:
299:
out of his single-family home. In April, Stracner asked the neighborhood's regular
292:
67:
157:
1296:
625:
397:, 1971). However, the Constitution had been amended in 1982 by the passage of
344:
252:
97:
455:
373:
313:
272:
79:
1300:
688:
377:
309:
304:
500: (1989): No warrant needed for observations from public airspace.
365:
369:
268:
223:
Kennedy took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.
123:
533:
List of United States
Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court
389:
Greenwood argued that the evidence should be excluded under the
317:
316:. Greenwood and Dyanne Van Houten were arrested and released on
276:
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2657:
2465:
1633:
1459:
1290:
1185:
744:
705:
210:
White, joined by Rehnquist, Blackmun, Stevens, O'Connor, Scalia
30:
608:"California v. Greenwood: A Trashing of the Fourth Amendment"
347:
and reversed the judgment of the California Court of Appeal.
343:
refused to hear the appeal. The U.S. Supreme Court granted
558:"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions"
3065:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
118:
The Fourth Amendment does not prohibit the warrantless
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59:
54:
California v. Billy Greenwood and Dyanne Van Houten
49:
42:
23:
291:In early 1984, Investigator Jenny Stracner of the
1409:Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada
2247:National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab
717:
8:
2188:Michigan Department of State Police v. Sitz
2966:
2955:
2888:
2674:
2665:
2654:
2473:
2462:
2287:Safford Unified School District v. Redding
1643:
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1287:
1182:
915:
752:
741:
724:
710:
702:
20:
2239:Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n
844:Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n
2694:Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States
3100:United States Fourth Amendment case law
2384:Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders
549:
2306:Property of probationers and parolees
2255:Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton
2159:United States v. Montoya De Hernandez
18:1988 United States Supreme Court case
7:
2512:Seizure of premises awaiting warrant
697:ThinkQuest - California v. Greenwood
2900:Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents
1582:Warrants directed at third parties
257:Supreme Court of the United States
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
3060:United States Supreme Court cases
2427:County of Riverside v. McLaughlin
2215:Students, employees, and patients
2012:Breathalyzers, blood samples, DNA
1636:Exceptions to warrant requirement
972:Dow Chemical Co. v. United States
852:United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez
462:Dow Chemical Co. v. United States
361:reasonable expectation of privacy
2477:Distinguishing stops and arrests
2143:United States v. Martinez-Fuerte
2127:Almeida-Sanchez v. United States
648:35 (1988) is available from:
624:
271:left for collection outside the
29:
2970:Unreasonable search and seizure
2167:United States v. Flores-Montano
1563:Neutral and detached magistrate
1321:United States v. Brignoni-Ponce
3070:1988 in United States case law
2271:Ferguson v. City of Charleston
2196:City of Indianapolis v. Edmond
1515:Los Angeles County v. Rettelle
733:United States Fourth Amendment
240:; Cal. Const., Art. I, § 28(d)
1:
3095:Law enforcement in California
2566:Detention during vehicle stop
2435:Atwater v. City of Lago Vista
2360:Searches in jails and prisons
1272:District of Columbia v. Wesby
746:Scope of the Fourth Amendment
2960:Incorporation against States
2531:Detention incident to search
2349:City of Los Angeles v. Patel
528:Surreptitious DNA collecting
251:, 486 U.S. 35 (1988), was a
3085:Legal history of California
2279:Board of Education v. Earls
1937:United States v. Rabinowitz
1920:Searches incident to arrest
1072:United States v. Mendenhall
341:Supreme Court of California
218:Brennan, joined by Marshall
3116:
3075:Waste in the United States
2582:Rodriguez v. United States
2325:Administrative inspections
2052:Birchfield v. North Dakota
1025:Carpenter v. United States
796:Silverman v. United States
689:Oyez (oral argument audio)
2965:
2954:
2811:Wong Sun v. United States
2664:
2653:
2472:
2461:
2341:Camara v. Municipal Court
1985:Thornton v. United States
1961:United States v. Chadwick
1953:United States v. Robinson
1929:Trupiano v. United States
1791:Coolidge v. New Hampshire
1738:Schneckloth v. Bustamonte
1663:United States v. Chadwick
1642:
1629:
1590:Zurcher v. Stanford Daily
1571:Coolidge v. New Hampshire
1469:
1455:
1307:
1286:
1216:Spinelli v. United States
1200:Brinegar v. United States
1194:
1181:
1147:Fourth Amendment standing
780:Olmstead v. United States
751:
740:
424:United States v. Chadwick
232:
222:
135:
117:
28:
3090:Laguna Beach, California
2744:Herring v. United States
2106:South Dakota v. Opperman
1836:Carroll v. United States
1746:United States v. Matlock
1475:Johnson v. United States
1297:Investigative detentions
1232:Ornelas v. United States
1120:United States v. Drayton
2994:Elkins v. United States
2771:Murray v. United States
2555:Bailey v. United States
2403:United States v. Watson
2295:City of Ontario v. Quon
2151:United States v. Ramsey
2020:Schmerber v. California
1770:Fernandez v. California
1507:United States v. Grubbs
1433:Heien v. North Carolina
1425:Navarette v. California
1401:United States v. Arvizu
1353:United States v. Cortez
1096:California v. Hodari D.
1048:Counselman v. Hitchcock
1009:United States v. Miller
937:Oliver v. United States
929:Hester v. United States
836:California v. Greenwood
812:United States v. Knotts
638:California v. Greenwood
631:California v. Greenwood
391:California Constitution
333:California Constitution
303:to pick up the plastic
248:California v. Greenwood
43:Argued January 11, 1988
24:California v. Greenwood
2752:Davis v. United States
2686:Weeks v. United States
2501:United States v. Place
2223:New Jersey v. T. L. O.
2135:United States v. Ortiz
1815:Minnesota v. Dickerson
1687:Brigham City v. Stuart
1377:Minnesota v. Dickerson
1361:United States v. Place
1240:Whren v. United States
1128:Brendlin v. California
1001:United States v. White
884:United States v. Jones
868:Kyllo v. United States
820:United States v. Place
505:Kyllo v. United States
480:Expectation of privacy
419:expectation of privacy
267:search and seizure of
263:does not prohibit the
234:U.S. Const. amends. IV
150:William J. Brennan Jr.
2870:Kimmelman v. Morrison
2736:United States v. Leon
2706:Impeachment exception
2574:Pennsylvania v. Mimms
2060:Mitchell v. Wisconsin
1884:California v. Acevedo
1860:United States v. Ross
1754:Illinois v. Rodriguez
1647:Exigent circumstances
1536:Boyd v. United States
1163:Byrd v. United States
1112:Soldal v. Cook County
1040:Definition of seizure
964:California v. Ciraolo
945:United States v. Dunn
860:Bond v. United States
828:United States v. Karo
804:Katz v. United States
788:Abel v. United States
764:Boyd v. United States
438:California v. Ciraolo
383:Katz v. United States
78:108 S. Ct. 1625; 100
3013:Warrant requirements
2986:Rochin v. California
2783:Inevitable discovery
2727:Good-faith exception
2520:Illinois v. McArthur
2314:Samson v. California
1945:Chimel v. California
1868:California v. Carney
1807:Horton v. California
1730:Stoner v. California
1499:Maryland v. Garrison
1293:Reasonable suspicion
992:Third-party doctrine
920:Open-fields doctrine
876:Illinois v. Caballes
772:United States v. Lee
756:Definition of search
523:Open-fields doctrine
351:Opinion of the Court
82:30; 56 U.S.L.W. 4409
45:Decided May 16, 1988
2627:Plumhoff v. Rickard
2603:Tennessee v. Garner
2539:Michigan v. Summers
2485:Dunaway v. New York
2395:Warrantless arrests
2204:Illinois v. Lidster
2036:Missouri v. McNeely
2001:Riley v. California
1908:Collins v. Virginia
1892:Wyoming v. Houghton
1852:Arkansas v. Sanders
1844:Chambers v. Maroney
1762:Georgia v. Randolph
1711:Lange v. California
1385:Illinois v. Wardlow
1256:Devenpeck v. Alford
1248:Maryland v. Pringle
956:Aerial surveillance
892:Florida v. Jardines
680:Library of Congress
182:Sandra Day O'Connor
3080:1988 in California
2838:Hudson v. Michigan
2763:Independent source
2419:Welsh v. Wisconsin
2411:Payton v. New York
2263:Chandler v. Miller
2231:O'Connor v. Ortega
2098:Cady v. Dombrowski
2090:Inventory searches
1969:New York v. Belton
1679:Welsh v. Wisconsin
1671:Payton v. New York
1611:Wilson v. Arkansas
1602:Knock-and-announce
1527:Mere evidence rule
1491:Ybarra v. Illinois
1483:Franks v. Delaware
1417:Arizona v. Johnson
1345:Ybarra v. Illinois
1329:Delaware v. Prouse
1104:Florida v. Bostick
407:Due Process Clause
146:Associate Justices
120:search and seizure
3047:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3021:Ker v. California
2950:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2880:
2879:
2830:No-knock searches
2715:James v. Illinois
2670:Exclusionary rule
2649:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2443:Virginia v. Moore
2333:Frank v. Maryland
2071:Protective sweeps
1876:Florida v. Jimeno
1703:Caniglia v. Strom
1625:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1451:
1450:
1282:
1281:
1264:Florida v. Harris
1224:Illinois v. Gates
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1155:Rakas v. Illinois
1035:
1034:
1017:Smith v. Maryland
629:Works related to
403:exclusionary rule
244:
243:
162:Thurgood Marshall
142:William Rehnquist
3107:
3029:Aguilar v. Texas
2978:Wolf v. Colorado
2967:
2956:
2926:42 U.S.C. § 1983
2889:
2675:
2666:
2655:
2635:Mullenix v. Luna
2611:Graham v. Connor
2493:Florida v. Royer
2474:
2463:
2376:Hudson v. Palmer
2079:Maryland v. Buie
2044:Maryland v. King
1900:Florida v. White
1827:Vehicle searches
1799:Arizona v. Hicks
1722:Consent searches
1695:Kentucky v. King
1655:Warden v. Hayden
1644:
1631:
1552:Warden v. Hayden
1523:
1457:
1441:Kansas v. Glover
1393:Florida v. J. L.
1369:Michigan v. Long
1288:
1208:Aguilar v. Texas
1183:
1136:Torres v. Madrid
1080:Florida v. Royer
980:Florida v. Riley
916:
900:Klayman v. Obama
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712:
703:
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612:
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573:
572:
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568:
554:
486:Florida v. Riley
395:People v. Krivda
326:drug trafficking
261:Fourth Amendment
131:Court membership
108:1019 (1987).
33:
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21:
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3110:
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2914:
2908:Egbert v. Boule
2876:
2862:Stone v. Powell
2844:
2825:
2819:Utah v. Strieff
2798:
2792:Nix v. Williams
2777:
2758:
2721:
2700:
2660:
2641:
2619:Scott v. Harris
2594:Excessive force
2588:
2561:
2547:Muehler v. Mena
2526:
2507:
2468:
2449:
2390:
2368:Bell v. Wolfish
2355:
2320:
2301:
2210:
2173:
2118:Border searches
2112:
2085:
2066:
2007:
1993:Arizona v. Gant
1977:Knowles v. Iowa
1914:
1821:
1776:
1717:
1638:
1617:
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1521:
1465:
1447:
1303:
1278:
1190:
1169:
1142:
1031:
986:
951:
914:
908:ACLU v. Clapper
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357:Justice Kennedy
355:By a 6–2 vote (
353:
339:affirmed. The
337:Court of Appeal
301:trash collector
289:
194:Anthony Kennedy
184:
174:John P. Stevens
172:
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2932:Monroe v. Pape
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2028:Cupp v. Murphy
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1544:Hale v. Henkel
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1337:Brown v. Texas
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1088:INS v. Delgado
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1056:Hale v. Henkel
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1313:Terry v. Ohio
1310:
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1069:
1066:
1065:
1064:Terry v. Ohio
1061:
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1053:
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1049:
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1042:
1038:
1027:
1026:
1022:
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917:
911:(D.D.C. 2013)
910:
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903:(D.D.C. 2013)
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633:at Wikisource
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584:
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553:
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543:
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538:Garbage theft
536:
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400:
399:Proposition 8
396:
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367:
362:
358:
350:
348:
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342:
338:
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298:
297:illegal drugs
294:
286:
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280:
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258:
255:in which the
254:
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217:
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209:
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202:Case opinions
200:
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191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
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145:
143:
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138:Chief Justice
137:
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125:
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116:
111:
107:
103:
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91:
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81:
75:
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69:
66:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
41:
37:
27:
22:
16:
3027:
3019:
3002:Mapp v. Ohio
3000:
2992:
2984:
2976:
2930:
2906:
2898:
2868:
2860:
2849:
2836:
2817:
2809:
2790:
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2096:
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2018:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1927:
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1890:
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826:
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786:
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637:
602:
592:December 26,
590:. Retrieved
586:
577:
565:. Retrieved
561:
552:
503:
484:
460:
436:
422:
416:
394:
388:
381:
354:
330:
322:
305:garbage bags
293:Laguna Beach
290:
281:
247:
246:
245:
228:Laws applied
189:
177:
165:
153:
88:Case history
71:
53:
15:
2803:Attenuation
2179:Checkpoints
1464:requirement
587:www.ojp.gov
567:October 15,
519: (2001)
476: (1986)
452: (1986)
265:warrantless
158:Byron White
100:. granted,
3054:Categories
2885:Civil suit
1782:Plain view
544:References
374:scavengers
345:certiorari
287:Background
456:Curtilage
314:marijuana
273:curtilage
80:L. Ed. 2d
60:Citations
2659:Remedies
2467:Seizures
735:case law
636:Text of
431:See also
370:children
207:Majority
2892:Federal
2678:Origins
1462:Warrant
653:Findlaw
562:Findlaw
413:Dissent
366:animals
310:cocaine
269:garbage
215:Dissent
113:Holding
3032:(1964)
3024:(1963)
3005:(1961)
2997:(1960)
2989:(1952)
2981:(1949)
2935:(1961)
2911:(2022)
2903:(1971)
2873:(1986)
2865:(1976)
2854:review
2841:(2006)
2822:(2016)
2814:(1963)
2795:(1984)
2774:(1988)
2755:(2011)
2747:(2009)
2739:(1984)
2718:(1990)
2697:(1920)
2689:(1914)
2638:(2015)
2630:(2014)
2622:(2007)
2614:(1989)
2606:(1985)
2585:(2015)
2577:(1977)
2558:(2013)
2550:(2005)
2542:(1981)
2523:(2001)
2504:(1983)
2496:(1983)
2488:(1979)
2446:(2008)
2438:(2001)
2430:(1991)
2422:(1983)
2414:(1980)
2406:(1976)
2387:(2012)
2379:(1984)
2371:(1979)
2352:(2015)
2344:(1967)
2336:(1959)
2317:(2006)
2298:(2010)
2290:(2009)
2282:(2002)
2274:(2001)
2266:(1997)
2258:(1995)
2250:(1989)
2242:(1989)
2234:(1987)
2226:(1985)
2207:(2004)
2199:(2000)
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2170:(2004)
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2154:(1977)
2146:(1976)
2138:(1975)
2130:(1973)
2109:(1976)
2101:(1973)
2082:(1990)
2063:(2019)
2055:(2016)
2047:(2013)
2039:(2013)
2031:(1973)
2023:(1966)
2004:(2014)
1996:(2009)
1988:(2004)
1980:(1998)
1972:(1981)
1964:(1977)
1956:(1973)
1948:(1969)
1940:(1950)
1932:(1948)
1911:(2018)
1903:(1999)
1895:(1999)
1887:(1991)
1879:(1991)
1871:(1985)
1863:(1982)
1855:(1979)
1847:(1970)
1839:(1925)
1818:(1993)
1810:(1990)
1802:(1987)
1794:(1971)
1773:(2014)
1765:(2006)
1757:(1990)
1749:(1974)
1741:(1973)
1733:(1968)
1714:(2021)
1706:(2021)
1698:(2011)
1690:(2006)
1682:(1986)
1674:(1980)
1666:(1977)
1658:(1967)
1614:(1995)
1593:(1978)
1574:(1971)
1555:(1967)
1547:(1906)
1539:(1886)
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1502:(1987)
1494:(1979)
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1444:(2020)
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1380:(1996)
1372:(1983)
1364:(1983)
1356:(1981)
1348:(1979)
1340:(1979)
1332:(1979)
1324:(1975)
1316:(1968)
1301:frisks
1275:(2018)
1267:(2013)
1259:(2004)
1251:(2003)
1243:(1996)
1235:(1996)
1227:(1983)
1219:(1969)
1211:(1964)
1203:(1949)
1166:(2018)
1158:(1978)
1139:(2021)
1131:(2007)
1123:(2002)
1115:(1992)
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1067:(1968)
1059:(1906)
1051:(1892)
1028:(2018)
1020:(1979)
1012:(1976)
1004:(1971)
983:(1989)
975:(1986)
967:(1986)
948:(1987)
940:(1984)
932:(1924)
895:(2013)
887:(2012)
879:(2005)
871:(2001)
863:(2000)
855:(1990)
847:(1989)
839:(1988)
831:(1984)
823:(1983)
815:(1983)
807:(1967)
799:(1961)
791:(1960)
783:(1928)
775:(1927)
767:(1886)
692:
686:
683:
677:
674:
671:Justia
668:
665:
659:
656:
650:
378:snoops
335:. The
192:
190:·
188:
180:
178:·
176:
168:
166:·
164:
156:
154:·
152:
2919:State
644:
512:
493:
469:
445:
275:of a
124:waste
104:
93:Prior
1299:and
646:U.S.
594:2023
569:2021
514:U.S.
495:U.S.
471:U.S.
447:U.S.
318:bail
312:and
277:home
253:case
106:U.S.
98:Cert
73:more
65:U.S.
63:486
642:486
510:533
498:445
491:488
474:227
467:476
450:207
443:476
238:XIV
122:of
102:483
3056::
1295::
640:,
585:.
560:.
517:27
376:,
372:,
368:,
320:.
279:.
236:,
68:35
725:e
718:t
711:v
610:.
596:.
571:.
507:,
488:,
464:,
440:,
76:)
70:(
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