1078:
1042:
996:
1060:
964:
950:
302:
1024:
65:
52:
33:
1010:
1885:
2434:
982:
2420:
555:
horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1β3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern
Argentina and Chile between 50Β°S and 56Β°S, including on the
335:) which is mostly oriented at a straight angle to the larger top lobe but is sometimes in the same plane (in some of its northern populations), or the basal lobes are merged with the top lobe to form two (occasionally three) appendages (in all remaining species) which are attached next to the midvein, with the
914:
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear-oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart-shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky
Mountains of northeastern Arizona,
520:
Basal portion at an angle with the rest of the short arrowhead-shaped leaf or rarely in the same plain. Hermaphrodite flower with five to seven ivory sepals, becoming yellowish green later. The plant is usually 10β30 cm in height. Grows in moist open places in
Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador,
385:
also has spade-shaped leaves, with a round and slightly retuse top, but these are about as wide as long and are distinctly scalloped particularly towards the base, and appendages about ΒΎΓ as long with a likewise scalloped outer margin and a straight entire inner margin. The actinomorphic flowers lack
900:
One or two flowers with oblong-ovate white sepals. The kidney-shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the
Cascade Range in California,
736:
Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta
672:
Spade-shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white
1217:
also is highly variable. There may be mostly one or mostly two flowers per stem, many lanceolate sepals or fewer ovate sepals, smaller hart-shaped or larger kidney-shaped leaves, and pollen may be of two different types. Populations on the US westcoast and the US Rocky
Mountains consistently differ
1166:
is a highly variable species. When the growing season is shorter, plants are generally much smaller and may root at the nodes of the stems after flowering. Through history, many proposals have been made to split it into different (often numerous) taxa. Popular characters to distinguish between taxa
706:
Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney-shaped leaves of 2β5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in
652:
Spade-shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale
874:
Plants 10β40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear-oblong or oblong-ovate sepals. Follicles
1236:
has a rather large distribution. Usually the leaves have so called appendages, which are lobes at the base that are at a sharp angle with the top lobe. In some northern forms these appendages are in the same plane as the remainder of the leafblade, and these plants are sometimes recognised as
554:
Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same
1831:
species are found in the cold and temperate regions of the
Northern Hemisphere, the Andes and Patagonia, and alpine areas in Australia and New Zealand. It is absent from lower altitudes in the tropics and subtropics, in Africa, on Greenland and some other arctic island, from Antarctica and
1268:
that contained all
Southern Hemisphere species. The latter is sometimes regarded as a separate genus, but other authors find the morphological differences too small to legitimate that status. Support for both opinions can still be found all over scientific and colloquial sources.
1932:
was shown to have a life cycle that is adapted to snow cover and a short growing season. Flowerbuds have fully developed when the first snow remains, so that when it melts in spring the flowers can open immediately. Seeds germinate better and faster after a cold period.
368:
is split into ovate left and right halves, which are distinctly folded towards each other (plicate), and have a concave upper surface, an entire margin with toothlike hairs regularly spaced around its margins while the appendages are similar in shape but Β½ββ
Γ as large.
737:
flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North-America, but is absent in
895:
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies.
842:
Plants 8β20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the
Himalayas between 4000β6000 m from Nepal,
498:
Leaves kidney- to elongated heart-shaped, never with leaflike appendages. Flowers solitary on longer stems or in a corymb, either or not with leafy stipules. Pollen tricolpate, pantocolpate or pantoporate. Plants usually over 10 cm. β 7
394:
are distinctly colored yellow (rarely orange or red) to white (sometimes tinged pink or magenta). The shape of the sepals varies between broadly ovate, obtuse, oblong to lanceolate. The number of stamens range between 6β9 in the smallest species
483:
Leaves with leaflike appendages on the upper face of the leaves, or arrowhead-shaped with the basal portion mostly folded over the rest of the leaf. Flowers always solitary on short leafless peduncles. Pollen always tricolpate (microscope). In
1321:
group. This suggests the genus originates in the
Northern Hemisphere, and dispersed from North America to South America and from there to New Zealand and Australia. Relations between the species are represented by the following tree.
509:
Appendages merged with the upper surface of the leaf. Leaves long triangular, spade- or spoon-shaped, or divided into two or three lobes. Plants usually 1β12 cm high, in one species occasionally up to 20 cm. β 3
339:
surfaces of top lobe and appendages facing each other. This condition of the
Southern Hemisphere species is referred to as diplophylly. All species have stalked basal leaves, and some also have one or few leaves on the
1226:. Curiously, these fixed combinations cannot be found in the Canadian Rocky Mountains and in Alaska. For this reason the subspecies status is generally preferred over distinguishing a separate species (
592:
Leaves spoon-shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (
726:
Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). β 9
352:. Northern Hemisphere species have kidney to (elongated) heart-shaped leaves and stipules, with simple toothed or scalloped margins. Southern Hemisphere species have a variety of leaf shapes. In
1913:, a trait it shares with other ranunculids, and this is probably the reason members of the entire family are avoided by vertebrate animals. Beetles and mining fly larvae cause little damage in
1924:
could be assisted by rain, there is also proof for self-infertility. When ripe follicles open, they form a "splash cup" from which seeds are expelled if raindrops hit them at the right angle.
625:
Leaves elongate triangular to spear-shaped, with two narrow appendages about β
Γ as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the
2388:
I.F. Wardlow; M.W. Moncur; C.J. Totterdell (1989). "The Growth and Development of Caltha introloba F. Muell. - II. The Regulation of Germination, Growth and Photosynthesis by Temperature".
793:
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. β
770:
Smaller plants, with few-flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. β
816:
between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are
381:
has spade-shaped leaves a bit longer than wide with a round and slightly retuse top and a slightly scalloped margin with appendages half as long, triangular with a blunt tip. Finally
696:
Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1Β½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. β 8
1113:
596:). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35Β°S and 53Β°S in moist grasslands.
273:
are generally heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are
802:
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. β
2678:
1171:
adaptations to particular circumstances without a genetic basis. Variability within populations is also considerable. Varieties that are widely recognised are
1852:
is another species that occurs in moist alpine meadows, in this case from Colombia to Tierra del Fuego, growing at less altitude further from the equator.
1840:
has the widest distribution and is present in the cold and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, but cannot be found in the Western United States.
2361:
I.F. Wardlow; M.W. Moncur; C.J. Totterdell (1989). "The Growth and Development of Caltha introloba F. Muell. - I. The Pattern and Control of Flowering".
2600:
2267:
2083:
1928:
seeds also have some spongy tissue that makes them float on water, until they wash up in a location that may be suitable for this species to grow.
1241:. Some character states gradually change over its distribution area, and the angle of the basal lobes does not seem to be special in this respect.
2652:
2613:
344:. The flowers are single on a short stalk in the middle of the rosette of basal leaves (Southern Hemisphere species) or in a mostly few-flowered
2714:
875:
mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the
779:
Larger plants, with many-flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (
1041:
377:
has narrow arrowhead-shaped to elongate ovate leaves with a slightly scalloped margin, with lanceolate-triangular appendages β
Γ as long.
653:
yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39Β°S.
1059:
963:
403:) and likewise does the number of carpels range between 2-5 and 5-25. Stamens encircle the carpels and both are planted on a flat
2639:
1856:
occurs in the moist mountains and hills of southern Patagonia. The remaining four species all have limited distribution areas:
995:
2763:
1077:
2657:
422:
that has pollen with rounded apertures all over the surface (pantoporate) or an intermediate type (pantocolporate), and in
2809:
2665:
1023:
360:, with an indent at the tip of each segment, but it is also often spoon-shaped with an entire margin with a more or less
949:
448:, with elliptic to globular light brown to black seeds without wings, dependent on the species between Β½β1Β½ mm. In
2522:
2509:
1109:
357:
336:
2768:
2727:
2043:
2683:
2231:
Judd, W.W. (1964). "Insects Associated with Flowering Marsh Marigold, Caltha palustris L., at London, Ontario".
64:
2732:
2587:
928:
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. β
488:
some plants lack appendages, but these are plants up to about 10 cm with spade-shaped leaves. β 2
1218:
from each other by fixed combinations of these character states and two subspecies are distinguished: ssp.
464:
grows floating in fresh waters or on mud, but all other species are terrestrials that grow in moist soils.
2574:
2452:
2275:
1917:. Pollination is mediated by a lot of different insects, but most prominently by flies, bees and beetles.
1813:
1763:
1740:
1594:
1137:
658:
2527:
1950:
2592:
2579:
1795:
1157:
373:
has wide arrowhead-shaped leaves with an entire margin and appendages triangular and about β
Γ as large,
2693:
2618:
2548:
1542:
1009:
876:
601:
1844:
is an alpine species with a limited distribution on the south-eastern rim of the Highland of Tibet.
2119:
1560:
1101:
568:
404:
301:
266:
262:
257:("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in
2337:
673:
narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's
2776:
2719:
2424:
2248:
2139:
1774:
1724:
1469:
1444:
888:
442:
200:
59:
2701:
2535:
2060:
1876:
is cultivated as a garden ornamental in all temperate regions and may sometimes have escaped.
1153:
341:
155:
51:
2206:
981:
2706:
2397:
2370:
2302:
2266:
Xu-Li Fan; Spencer C.H. Barrett; Hua Lin; Ling-Ling Chen; Xiang Zhou; Jiang-Yun Gao (2012).
2240:
2131:
2052:
2008:
1630:
1501:
1387:
1168:
1149:
902:
762:
754:
738:
638:
530:
445:
426:
251:
188:
41:
2804:
1104:
that is generally acknowledged in the botanical literature dates from 1700 under the name
626:
556:
274:
247:
244:
102:
32:
915:
Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. β
390:
and nectaries, but the five to nine (sometimes as little as four or as much as thirteen)
2307:
2290:
2135:
1405:
1132:, without mentioning any previous author. As a plant name published before 1 May 1753,
860:
145:
89:
2157:
1884:
544:
Leaves long triangular, spade- or spoon-shaped, or divided into three lobes. β 4
472:
This key makes use of the taxonomic opinions and characters described in Smit (1973).
2798:
2182:
2003:
1612:
1350:
1145:
880:
746:
712:
682:
258:
254:
172:
135:
2252:
1297:
group. Within that section the New Zealand and Australian species form one cluster,
2781:
2490:
2438:
1286:
780:
750:
674:
180:
125:
2540:
2514:
2501:
2670:
2626:
2484:
331:(in all Northern Hemisphere species), or have one pair of lobes at the base (in
2755:
2433:
1820:(kalathos), meaning "goblet", and is said to refer to the shape of the flower.
1309:, is sister to both these clusters. The remaining Northern Hemisphere species,
1167:
concern the follicle. Most of the differences between populations are probably
1293:
is the sister of all Southern Hemisphere species and should be moved into the
813:
415:
408:
285:
are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of
2475:
2561:
1890:
1278:
593:
560:
522:
317:
2745:
2064:
2419:
2740:
2469:
2244:
2056:
1910:
1785:
1751:
1728:
817:
742:
630:
115:
2268:"Rain pollination provides reproductive assurance in a deceptive orchid"
2143:
1848:
occurs in western North-America from Alaska to California and Colorado.
1244:
The remaining species vary less and have not been divided into subtaxa.
582:
Leaves long triangular or spade-shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. β 5
2605:
2078:
438:
349:
241:
2401:
2374:
2037:
Eric Schuettpelz; Sara B. Hoot (2004). "Phylogeny and biogeography of
1152:
of 1737. But Linnaeus re-describes the species under the same name in
2631:
2291:"The self-incompatibility system in Caltha palustris (Ranunculaceae)"
848:
844:
345:
290:
286:
2446:
2566:
1883:
852:
434:
391:
387:
300:
282:
278:
237:
76:
2644:
2041:(Ranunculaceae) based on chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences".
1868:
in the mountains of North and South Island of New Zealand, while
1195:(big plants with erect stems forming young plants at the nodes),
328:
324:
320:
270:
2450:
1305:
form a second cluster, while the third South American species,
812:
Plants in cultivation with orange-brown flowers are a probable
316:
species are hairless, dwarf to medium size (1β80 cm high)
2553:
1961:
1909:. This species contains a number of noxious chemicals such as
433:, that shows both pollen types. Each carpel contains several
883:
and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.
1187:(small plants with decumbent stems rooting at the nodes),
1836:
occurs in Siberia and North America, but not in Europe.
2122:(1918). "The Genus Caltha in the Southern Hemisphere".
453:
1264:) that included all Northern Hemisphere species, and
348:, without or with one or few mostly sessile leaflike
2322:
E.J. Weeda; R. Westra; C. Westra; T. Westra (1985).
361:
309:, polar view, showing the three characteristic slits
2459:
901:western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on
1128:, and already says all of these are synonymous to
2108:. Vol. III. CUP Archive. pp. 104β105.
1832:subantarctic islands and from oceanic islands.
1717:have been reassigned to other genera later on.
281:and nectaries are missing but the five or more
1920:Although it was suggested that pollination in
790:(only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
2032:
2030:
1289:to all other species. It also turns out that
8:
2447:
50:
31:
20:
2306:
1114:part 1 of his Institutiones rei herbariae
356:, the top lobe is regularly more or less
2084:Global Biodiversity Information Facility
1864:in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania,
1942:
945:
867:
835:
729:
719:
699:
689:
665:
645:
618:
608:
585:
575:
547:
537:
513:
502:
491:
476:
2187:New Zealand Plant Conservation Network
2004:"A Revision of Caltha (Ranunculaceae)"
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
2326:. Vol. 1. IVN. pp. 226β229.
2213:. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center
1140:. And so is the first description as
208:
7:
2769:5946eb12-4240-456c-a3ef-d82d203bff98
2694:119b030b-84fb-484a-97f4-e0285ddf4b95
1713:Some species that were described as
1277:Genetic analysis suggest that three
1256:has been divided over two sections:
868:
836:
730:
720:
700:
690:
666:
646:
619:
609:
586:
576:
548:
538:
514:
503:
492:
477:
1872:is restricted to the South Island.
1585:
1533:
1526:
1492:
1485:
1470:Caltha leptosepala ssp. leptosepala
1460:
1435:
1378:
1366:
1336:
1325:
2308:10.1111/j.1601-5223.1992.tb00168.x
2136:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a089683
1860:on the southern tip of Patagonia,
1156:of 1 May 1753, thus providing the
441:suture. These mostly develop into
14:
1901:Information about the ecology of
289:around (two to twenty-five) free
277:and mostly yellow to white. True
2432:
2418:
1445:Caltha leptosepala ssp. howellii
1076:
1058:
1040:
1022:
1008:
994:
980:
962:
948:
707:North-America and northern Asia.
63:
2733:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:33085-1
1317:make up the new content of the
2324:Nederlandse Oecologische Flora
1:
1905:species is scarce except for
399:) and 60-120 in the largest (
261:and cold regions of both the
2390:Australian Journal of Botany
2363:Australian Journal of Botany
460:short stipitate to sessile.
2106:The Cambridge British Flora
1116:. He distinguished between
1110:Joseph Pitton de Tournefort
407:. The pollen is yellow and
2826:
2044:American Journal of Botany
1817:
2233:The Canadian Entomologist
1626:
1608:
1590:
1583:
1556:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1465:
1458:
1440:
1433:
1401:
1383:
1376:
1364:
1346:
1334:
1203:(with white flowers) and
873:
841:
735:
725:
705:
695:
671:
651:
624:
615:Leaves spade-shaped. β 6
614:
591:
581:
553:
543:
519:
508:
497:
482:
327:leaves. These leaves are
207:
199:
186:
179:
60:Scientific classification
58:
49:
39:
30:
23:
16:Genus of flowering plants
2289:Lundqvist, Arne (1992).
2274:. online. Archived from
2183:"Caltha novae-zelandiae"
1252:Historically, the genus
1211:(with magenta flowers).
379:C. novae-zelandiae
2002:Petra G. Smit (1973).
1898:
1888:hoverfly of the genus
1595:Caltha novae-zelandiae
847:and southern Tibet to
659:Caltha novae-zelandiae
310:
2211:Native Plant Database
1887:
1796:Calendula officinalis
1248:Modern classification
364:tip. The top lobe in
354:C. appendiculata
305:Tricolpate pollen of
304:
2810:Ranunculaceae genera
2429:at Wikimedia Commons
2245:10.4039/Ent961472-11
2158:"Caltha officinalis"
2057:10.3732/ajb.91.2.247
1964:on February 13, 2016
1812:is derived from the
1764:Oxygraphis glacialis
1741:Oxygraphis glacialis
1543:Caltha appendiculata
602:Caltha appendiculata
397:C. dionaeifolia
366:C. dionaeifolia
267:Southern Hemispheres
2104:Moss, C.E. (1920).
1561:Caltha dionaeifolia
1281:can be identified.
1279:monophyletic groups
569:Caltha dionaeifolia
458:C. leptosepala
413:C. leptosepala
2207:"Caltha palustris"
2079:"Caltha sagittata"
1899:
1866:C. novae-zelandiae
1846:Caltha leptosepala
1775:Ranunculus ficaria
1709:Reassigned species
1215:Caltha leptosepala
1002:C. novae-zelandiae
889:Caltha leptosepala
486:C. novae-zelandiae
468:Key to the species
311:
2792:
2791:
2702:Open Tree of Life
2453:Taxon identifiers
2423:Media related to
2402:10.1071/bt9890291
2375:10.1071/bt9890275
2239:(11): 1472β1476.
1808:The generic name
1793:C. officinalis =
1705:
1704:
1696:
1695:
1687:
1686:
1678:
1677:
1669:
1668:
1660:
1659:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1641:
1572:
1571:
1513:
1512:
1417:
1416:
1154:Species Plantarum
1096:Taxonomic history
944:
943:
755:Ellesmere Islands
424:C. palustris
401:C. palustris
375:C. intriloba
371:C. sagittata
229:
228:
223:
215:
175:
2817:
2785:
2784:
2772:
2771:
2759:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2736:
2735:
2723:
2722:
2710:
2709:
2697:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2674:
2673:
2671:NHMSYS0000456314
2661:
2660:
2648:
2647:
2635:
2634:
2622:
2621:
2609:
2608:
2596:
2595:
2583:
2582:
2570:
2569:
2557:
2556:
2544:
2543:
2531:
2530:
2518:
2517:
2505:
2504:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2448:
2437:Data related to
2436:
2422:
2406:
2405:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2338:"Marsh Marigold"
2334:
2328:
2327:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2272:Annals of Botany
2263:
2257:
2256:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2130:(127): 421β435.
2124:Annals of Botany
2116:
2110:
2109:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
1999:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1960:. Archived from
1947:
1874:Caltha palustris
1854:C. appendiculata
1819:
1789:undetermined sp.
1755:undetermined sp.
1732:undetermined sp.
1631:Caltha introloba
1586:
1534:
1527:
1502:Caltha sagittata
1493:
1486:
1461:
1436:
1388:Caltha palustris
1379:
1367:
1337:
1326:
1299:C. appendiculata
1285:turns out to be
1234:Caltha sagittata
1164:Caltha palustris
1150:Genera Plantarum
1142:Caltha palustris
1130:Caltha palustris
1080:
1062:
1044:
1026:
1012:
998:
984:
966:
952:
903:Vancouver Island
763:Caltha palustris
739:Franz Josef Land
639:Caltha introloba
531:Caltha sagittata
475:
474:
248:flowering plants
221:
213:
189:Caltha palustris
171:
68:
67:
54:
42:Caltha palustris
35:
21:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2780:
2775:
2767:
2762:
2754:
2752:
2744:
2739:
2731:
2726:
2718:
2713:
2705:
2700:
2692:
2690:
2682:
2677:
2669:
2664:
2656:
2651:
2643:
2638:
2630:
2625:
2617:
2612:
2604:
2599:
2591:
2586:
2578:
2573:
2565:
2560:
2552:
2547:
2539:
2534:
2526:
2521:
2513:
2508:
2500:
2498:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2455:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2346:
2344:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2216:
2214:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2191:
2189:
2181:P.J. de Lange.
2180:
2179:
2175:
2166:
2164:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2120:Hill, Arthur W.
2118:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2089:
2087:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2019:
2017:
2001:
2000:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1958:Panarctic Flora
1949:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1882:
1858:C. dionaeifolia
1826:
1806:
1711:
1706:
1697:
1688:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1652:
1643:
1573:
1514:
1418:
1303:C. dionaeifolia
1275:
1250:
1098:
1093:
1086:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1036:
1027:
1018:
1013:
1004:
999:
990:
985:
976:
967:
958:
956:C. dionaeifolia
953:
893:
884:
856:
767:
758:
708:
678:
654:
634:
627:Australian Alps
597:
564:
557:Hermite Islands
526:
470:
450:C. scaposa
299:
195:
192:
170:
62:
45:βhabit, βseeds
17:
12:
11:
5:
2823:
2821:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2797:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2782:wfo-4000006218
2773:
2760:
2750:
2737:
2724:
2711:
2698:
2688:
2675:
2662:
2649:
2636:
2623:
2610:
2597:
2584:
2571:
2558:
2545:
2532:
2519:
2506:
2496:
2481:
2465:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2443:at Wikispecies
2430:
2414:
2413:External links
2411:
2408:
2407:
2396:(4): 291β303.
2380:
2369:(4): 275β289.
2353:
2329:
2314:
2301:(2): 145β151.
2281:
2278:on 2013-06-27.
2258:
2223:
2198:
2173:
2162:The Plant List
2149:
2111:
2096:
2070:
2051:(2): 247β253.
2026:
1975:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1881:
1878:
1825:
1822:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1790:
1778:
1767:
1756:
1744:
1736:C. camschatica
1733:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1406:Caltha scaposa
1400:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1324:
1291:C. leptosepala
1274:
1271:
1249:
1246:
1228:Caltha biflora
1126:P. flore plena
1122:P. flore minor
1118:P. flore major
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1075:
1073:
1064:
1057:
1055:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1028:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1007:
1005:
1000:
993:
991:
986:
979:
977:
970:C. leptosepala
968:
961:
959:
954:
947:
942:
941:
940:
939:
926:
912:
872:
866:
865:
861:Caltha scaposa
840:
834:
833:
810:
809:
800:
791:
777:
734:
728:
727:
724:
718:
717:
704:
698:
697:
694:
688:
687:
670:
664:
663:
650:
644:
643:
623:
617:
616:
613:
607:
606:
590:
584:
583:
580:
574:
573:
552:
546:
545:
542:
536:
535:
518:
512:
511:
507:
501:
500:
496:
490:
489:
481:
469:
466:
462:C. natans
452:follicles are
437:set along the
383:C. obtusa
298:
295:
227:
226:
225:
224:
216:
205:
204:
197:
196:
193:
184:
183:
177:
176:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
146:Ranunculoideae
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
106:
105:
100:
93:
92:
87:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
56:
55:
47:
46:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2822:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2442:
2441:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2354:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2224:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2100:
2097:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2005:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1946:
1943:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1886:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1823:
1821:
1815:
1814:Ancient Greek
1811:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1708:
1701:
1700:
1692:
1691:
1683:
1682:
1674:
1673:
1665:
1664:
1656:
1655:
1647:
1646:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1613:Caltha obtusa
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1536:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1495:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1438:
1437:
1431:‑group
1430:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1374:‑group
1373:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1351:Caltha natans
1344:‑group
1343:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:Carl Linnaeus
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1006:
1003:
997:
992:
989:
983:
978:
975:
971:
965:
960:
957:
951:
946:
938:
937:
933:
927:
925:
924:
920:
913:
911:
910:
904:
899:
898:
897:
892:
891:
890:
882:
881:Cascade Range
878:
877:Sierra Nevada
871:
864:
863:
862:
854:
850:
846:
839:
832:
830:
829:βFlore Plenaβ
826:
822:
819:
815:
808:
807:
801:
799:
798:
792:
789:
788:
782:
778:
776:
775:
769:
768:
766:
765:
764:
756:
752:
748:
745:, Greenland,
744:
740:
733:
723:
716:
715:
714:
713:Caltha natans
703:
693:
686:
685:
684:
683:Caltha obtusa
676:
669:
662:
661:
660:
649:
642:
641:
640:
632:
628:
622:
612:
605:
604:
603:
595:
589:
579:
572:
571:
570:
562:
558:
551:
541:
534:
533:
532:
524:
517:
506:
495:
487:
480:
473:
467:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
425:
421:
417:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
389:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
319:
315:
308:
307:Caltha obtusa
303:
296:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:Ranunculaceae
253:
249:
246:
243:
239:
235:
234:
220:
217:
212:
209:
206:
202:
198:
191:
190:
185:
182:
178:
174:
169:
168:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
136:Ranunculaceae
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
91:
90:Tracheophytes
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
66:
61:
57:
53:
48:
44:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2460:
2439:
2425:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2345:. Retrieved
2341:
2332:
2323:
2317:
2298:
2294:
2284:
2276:the original
2271:
2261:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2215:. Retrieved
2210:
2201:
2190:. Retrieved
2186:
2176:
2165:. Retrieved
2161:
2152:
2127:
2123:
2114:
2105:
2099:
2088:. Retrieved
2082:
2073:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2018:. Retrieved
2013:
2007:
1966:. Retrieved
1962:the original
1957:
1952:
1945:
1930:C. introloba
1929:
1926:C. palustris
1925:
1922:C. palustris
1921:
1919:
1915:C. palustris
1914:
1907:C. palustris
1906:
1902:
1900:
1896:C. palustris
1895:
1889:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1862:C. introloba
1861:
1857:
1853:
1850:C. sagittata
1849:
1845:
1841:
1838:C. palustris
1837:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1824:Distribution
1809:
1807:
1798:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1759:C. glacialis
1758:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1721:
1714:
1712:
1629:
1627:
1611:
1609:
1593:
1591:
1559:
1557:
1541:
1539:
1500:
1498:
1468:
1466:
1443:
1441:
1429:Psychrophila
1428:
1404:
1402:
1386:
1384:
1371:
1349:
1347:
1341:
1330:
1318:
1314:
1311:C. palustris
1310:
1307:C. sagittata
1306:
1302:
1298:
1295:Psychrophila
1294:
1290:
1282:
1276:
1266:Psychrophila
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1205:C. palustris
1204:
1200:
1197:C. palustris
1196:
1192:
1189:C. palustris
1188:
1184:
1181:C. palustris
1180:
1176:
1173:C. palustris
1172:
1163:
1162:
1158:correct name
1141:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1105:
1099:
1084:C. sagittata
1083:
1069:
1066:C. palustris
1065:
1051:
1048:C. palustris
1047:
1033:
1030:C. palustris
1029:
1015:
1001:
987:
973:
969:
955:
935:
931:
929:
922:
918:
916:
908:
906:
894:
887:
886:
869:
859:
858:
837:
828:
824:
820:
811:
805:
803:
796:
794:
786:
784:
781:De Biesbosch
773:
771:
761:
760:
731:
721:
711:
710:
701:
691:
681:
680:
675:South Island
667:
657:
656:
647:
637:
636:
620:
610:
600:
599:
587:
577:
567:
566:
549:
539:
529:
528:
515:
504:
493:
485:
478:
471:
461:
457:
449:
430:
423:
419:
412:
400:
396:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
353:
333:C. sagittata
332:
313:
312:
306:
232:
231:
230:
219:Psychrophila
218:
210:
187:
181:Type species
166:
165:
126:Ranunculales
109:
96:
83:
40:
24:
18:
2627:iNaturalist
2485:Wikispecies
1968:October 23,
1781:C. nirbisia
1329:genus
1220:leptosepala
1102:description
1100:The oldest
932:leptosepala
923:leptosepala
919:leptosepala
825:"Semiplena"
821:βMultiplexβ
525:, and Peru.
405:floral base
342:flowerstalk
297:Description
275:star shaped
242:rhizomatous
142:Subfamily:
103:Angiosperms
2799:Categories
2347:2016-02-14
2342:NatureGate
2217:2016-01-17
2192:2016-01-11
2167:2016-01-11
2090:2016-01-05
2020:2016-01-05
1937:References
1842:C. scaposa
1770:C. hiranoi
1315:C. scaposa
1169:phenotypic
1136:Tourn. is
411:except in
409:tricolpate
2295:Hereditas
2016:: 119β150
1894:visiting
1891:Cheilosia
1870:C. obtusa
1834:C. natans
1804:Etymology
1283:C. natans
1273:Phylogeny
1222:and ssp.
1177:palustris
1016:C. obtusa
988:C. natans
936:sulphurea
594:dioecious
561:Cape Horn
523:Falklands
454:stipitate
446:follicles
325:alternate
318:perennial
259:temperate
245:perennial
73:Kingdom:
2764:VicFlora
2753:VASCAN:
2746:40035730
2741:Tropicos
2470:Wikidata
2253:83650928
2144:43236268
2065:21653380
1911:anemonin
1786:Aconitum
1752:Aconitum
1747:C. codua
1729:Aconitum
1722:C. bisma
1258:Populago
1239:C. alata
1224:howellii
1209:purpurea
1193:araneosa
1185:radicans
1134:Populago
1106:Populago
1091:Taxonomy
1070:purpurea
1052:araneosa
974:howellii
909:howellii
806:purpurea
787:araneosa
774:radicans
743:Svalbard
631:Tasmania
420:howellii
350:stipules
269:. Their
263:Northern
214:Spach
201:Synonyms
156:Caltheae
132:Family:
116:Eudicots
2645:33085-1
2606:3033282
2476:Q148547
1880:Ecology
1818:κάλαθοΟ
1148:in his
1138:invalid
629:and on
456:and in
443:sessile
439:ventral
337:adaxial
323:, with
291:carpels
287:stamens
250:in the
203:
162:Genus:
152:Tribe:
122:Order:
77:Plantae
2805:Caltha
2715:PLANTS
2707:279703
2691:NZOR:
2593:105256
2580:105256
2528:121192
2515:101522
2502:189023
2499:APDB:
2491:Caltha
2461:Caltha
2440:Caltha
2426:Caltha
2251:
2142:
2063:
2039:Caltha
2009:Blumea
1953:Caltha
1903:Caltha
1829:Caltha
1810:Caltha
1715:Caltha
1628:
1610:
1592:
1558:
1540:
1499:
1467:
1442:
1427:
1403:
1385:
1372:Caltha
1370:
1348:
1342:Thacla
1340:
1331:Caltha
1319:Caltha
1287:sister
1262:Caltha
1254:Caltha
879:, the
849:Yunnan
845:Sikkim
747:Baffin
435:ovules
429:
418:
392:sepals
388:petals
362:retuse
358:trifid
346:corymb
329:simple
314:Caltha
283:sepals
279:petals
271:leaves
252:family
233:Caltha
211:Thacla
167:Caltha
25:Caltha
2720:CALTH
2658:18453
2632:49869
2567:1CTAG
2554:37737
2249:S2CID
2140:JSTOR
1260:(now
1207:var.
1199:var.
1191:var.
1183:var.
1175:var.
1068:var.
1050:var.
1032:var.
972:ssp.
934:var.
930:ssp.
921:var.
917:ssp.
907:ssp.
853:Gansu
814:cross
804:var.
795:var.
785:var.
783:). β
772:var.
751:Devon
386:true
321:herbs
238:genus
236:is a
222:DC
110:Clade
97:Clade
84:Clade
2728:POWO
2684:3448
2679:NCBI
2653:ITIS
2640:IPNI
2619:1936
2614:GRIN
2601:GBIF
2562:EPPO
2541:3G2B
2523:BOLD
2510:APNI
2061:PMID
1970:2013
1313:and
1301:and
1201:alba
1124:and
1034:alba
905:. β
851:and
818:c.v.
797:alba
753:and
559:and
521:the
431:alba
427:var.
416:ssp.
265:and
2777:WFO
2756:936
2666:NBN
2588:FoC
2575:FNA
2549:EoL
2536:CoL
2398:doi
2371:doi
2303:doi
2299:117
2241:doi
2132:doi
2053:doi
1955:L."
1230:).
1144:by
1112:in
1108:by
827:or
240:of
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2049:91
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2029:^
2014:21
2012:.
2006:.
1978:^
1816::
1783:=
1772:=
1761:=
1749:=
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1179:,
1160:.
1120:,
885:β
857:β
831:.
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759:β
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709:β
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655:β
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293:.
194:L.
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395:(
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