204:
184:
56:
586:
338:
196:
571:
601:
357:
291:
however you throw it down, one spike always sticks up. ... There is no doubt that the most inscrutable Indian treading on a caltrop would be shocked into noisy comment. ... The fact that only one has been found would seem to suggest that they were used little, if at all. As with all military equipment designed for
European wars, the caltrop's presence in Virginia must be considered in the light of possible attacks by the Spaniards as well as assaults from the Indians.
3329:
619:
417:). These were made from two segments of sheet metal welded together into a tetrapod with four barbed points and then painted in camouflage colours. They came in two sizes with a side length of either 65 or 75 millimetres (2.6 or 3.0 in). They were dropped from aircraft in containers the same size as 500 kg (1,100 lb) bombs and were dispersed by a small explosive charge.
44:
272:
used in war by
Antiochus and Mithridates at first terrified the Romans, but they afterwards made a jest of them. As a chariot of this sort does not always meet with plain and level ground, the least obstruction stops it. And if one of the horses be either killed or wounded, it falls into the enemy's
656:
treads. Large ones weighing over 1 tonne (1.1 tons) are still used defensively to deny access to wheeled vehicles, especially in camp areas. As dragon's teeth are immobile, the analogy with the caltrop is inexact. Another caltrop-like defence during World War II was the massive steel, freestanding
381:
troops collected caltrops as keepsakes. These caltrops were either made by welding two pieces of wire together to form a four-pointed star or pouring molten steel into a mould to form a solid, seven-pointed star. The purpose of these devices was to disable horses. They were exchanged with French
290:
Undoubtedly the most unusual weapon or military device surviving from seventeenth-century
Virginia is known as a caltrop, a single example of which has been found at Jamestown. It amounts to a widely spread iron tripod about three inches long with another leg sticking vertically upward, so that
277:
rendered them useless chiefly by the following contrivance: at the instant the engagement began, they strewed the field of battle with caltrops, and the horses that drew the chariots, running full speed on them, were infallibly destroyed. A caltrop is a device composed of four spikes or points
813:
in 52 BC), Battlefield
Detectives program, (2006), rebroadcast: 2008-09-08 on History Channel International (13:00-14:00 hrs EDST); Note: No mention of name caltrop at all, but illustrated and given as battle key to defend Roman lines of circumvallation per recent digs
432:
633:
perform a similar role to caltrops. These are sharpened sticks placed vertically in the ground. Their use in modern times targets the body and limbs of a falling victim by means of a pit or tripwire.
2723:
443:
Inventors patented caltrop-like devices to deflate vehicle tires in a manner useful to law enforcement agencies or the military. They are currently used by the military and police.
860:
Today, it has reclaimed its old Greek name and reappeared as the tetrahedron, the bane of all vehicles running on pneumatic tires, and is used by both the military and police.
303:. Makibishi were sharp spiked objects that were used in feudal Japan to slow pursuers and also were used in the defence of samurai fortifications. Iron makibishi were called
360:
Crow's feet boards studded with spikes. These were laid on the ground to prevent the enemy from approaching the defences. This board was used by the
Russian Army during the
1219:
103:
made up of usually four, but possibly more, sharp nails or spines arranged in such a manner that one of them always points upward from a stable base (for example, a
439:. The hollow spikes puncture self-sealing rubber tires. The hole in the center allows air to escape even if other ends of the tube are sealed by soft ground.
585:
1261:
1047:
1436:
723:
and other sea defences, as they have been found to let the water pass through them and interrupt natural processes less than some other defenses.
337:
2539:
1015:
998:
3133:
2828:
606:
561:
3384:
3374:
203:
59:
Different types of caltrops and metal soles that can be buckled underneath as a countermeasure from Codex LĂśffelholz, Nuremberg, 1505
2948:
1075:
600:
2733:
649:
1361:
1309:
3158:
161:, whose spiked seed cases resemble caltrops and can injure feet and puncture bicycle tires. This plant can also be compared to
55:
229:, the latter meaning "jagged iron" (literally "iron spiny snail-shell"). The former term derives from the ancient Greek word
570:
3369:
3359:
953:
183:
48:
3364:
2381:
1919:
1429:
1168:
436:
399:
395:
970:
2718:
1799:
491:
1334:
155:
originally referred to this and provides part of the modern scientific name of a plant commonly called the caltrop,
2314:
965:
557:
278:
arranged so that in whatever manner it is thrown on the ground, it rests on three and presents the fourth upright.
3389:
3379:
2763:
2388:
592:
787:
An
Elementary Course of Military Engineering â Part I: Field Fortification, Military Mining and Siege Operations
3260:
2338:
455:
and other disputes. Such devices were used by some to destroy the tires of management and replacement workers.
1041:
988:
3307:
3082:
2788:
2783:
2703:
2500:
2447:
2417:
2174:
2104:
2048:
1625:
1422:
845:
3354:
3332:
3148:
2738:
2635:
2520:
1704:
534:
378:
3285:
3123:
2905:
2658:
2395:
2218:
1547:
1194:
195:
107:). Historically, caltrops were part of defences that served to slow the advance of troops, especially
47:
Roman caltrop at the
Westphalian Museum of Archeology (German: Westfälisches Museum fßr Archäologie),
3270:
2798:
2424:
2223:
2189:
1589:
1471:
712:
494:, Ukraine has used drones to drop caltrops on key roads to disrupt wheeled vehicles carrying Russian
163:
825:
402:(OSS) of the United States are still in use today within special forces and law enforcement bodies.
3394:
3087:
2823:
2179:
1557:
1372:
689:
641:
467:
361:
283:
209:
157:
35:
1243:
3209:
2818:
2793:
2778:
2773:
2623:
2603:
2400:
1961:
1828:
1572:
939:
922:
732:
550:
499:
495:
100:
1021:
466:. Because of their small size and the difficulty proving their source, both the company and the
648:
devices, although it seems that these were rare. Much more common were concrete devices called
356:
3265:
3224:
3199:
3072:
2753:
2593:
2440:
2026:
1904:
1582:
1525:
1387:
1142:
1096:
1071:
994:
768:
702:
670:
511:
475:
236:
1065:
382:
troops for bullets. The
Australian Light Horse troops referred to them as "Horse Chestnuts".
3239:
3214:
3143:
3067:
2668:
2663:
2598:
2149:
1953:
1532:
801:
678:
637:
519:
463:
459:
123:. In modern times, caltrops are effective when used against wheeled vehicles with pneumatic
3128:
2980:
2953:
2893:
2863:
2748:
2713:
2693:
2678:
2233:
2228:
2196:
1957:
1899:
1887:
1869:
1736:
1717:
1643:
1620:
1051:
975:
715:
are concrete blocks shaped like caltrops, which interlock when piled up. They are used as
470:
blamed each other. Collateral damage included a school bus and a walking mail carrier. In
410:
261:
1285:
1369:
New
Discoveries at Jamestown, Site of the First Successful English Settlement in America
770:
A Genealogical and
Heraldic Dictionary of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain and Ireland
3297:
3292:
2958:
2943:
2878:
2868:
2743:
2728:
2628:
2618:
2583:
2457:
2250:
1947:
1914:
1878:
1694:
1552:
1516:
674:
658:
256:
188:
3348:
3302:
3255:
3163:
3153:
3107:
3077:
3062:
3031:
3012:
2873:
2813:
2768:
2683:
2642:
2452:
2085:
2080:
1813:
1776:
1761:
1712:
1657:
1636:
1445:
1380:
1313:
961:
806:
662:
452:
344:
310:
172:
120:
31:
872:
171:, a water plant with similarly shaped spiked seeds and edible fruit, is called the "
3280:
3138:
3102:
3057:
3041:
2969:
2922:
2898:
2888:
2883:
2698:
2515:
2376:
2343:
2208:
2144:
2119:
2031:
2005:
1973:
1967:
1909:
1848:
1818:
1666:
742:
706:
618:
538:
391:
274:
247:
116:
669:
that came too close to shore. These were used by the Germans to defend beaches at
1125:
1123:
785:
3179:
3036:
3005:
2987:
2975:
2917:
2912:
2853:
2848:
2808:
2708:
2673:
2569:
2472:
2243:
2213:
2203:
2109:
1998:
1806:
1615:
1562:
1102:
720:
698:
630:
623:
479:
426:
374:
104:
827:
The Seven Great Monarchies Of The Ancient Eastern World, Vol 6. (of 7): Parthia
323:. Both types of makibishi could penetrate the thin soles of shoes, such as the
3204:
3184:
3024:
2996:
2927:
2803:
2758:
2688:
2608:
2505:
2410:
2350:
2309:
2287:
2238:
2184:
2134:
2129:
2114:
2073:
2021:
1979:
1924:
1766:
1729:
1682:
748:
737:
240:
533:
It has also been adopted by military units: the caltrop is the symbol of the
458:
Caltrops, referred to as "jack rocks" in news articles, were used during the
2613:
2544:
2371:
2366:
2299:
1940:
1853:
1783:
1741:
1567:
1537:
1498:
1464:
896:
682:
645:
298:
43:
3097:
3092:
3017:
2858:
2576:
2551:
2534:
2464:
2405:
2333:
2326:
2169:
2057:
1931:
1751:
1746:
1722:
1650:
1630:
1610:
1577:
1017:
The Military Institutions of the Romans Book III: Dispositions for Action
685:
577:
515:
471:
462:
strike in 1995, puncturing tires on vehicles crossing the picket line in
251:
150:
1262:"Ukraine Drops Ancient Roman Weapons From Drones To Stop Russian Trucks"
17:
3229:
3194:
3189:
2527:
2510:
2495:
2479:
2431:
2359:
2304:
2294:
2262:
2164:
2139:
2124:
1894:
1756:
1603:
1596:
1542:
1391:
666:
661:; the works were designed as anti-tank obstacles and could also damage
546:
269:
112:
108:
3234:
2588:
2154:
2092:
2036:
2014:
1991:
1984:
1860:
1843:
1675:
1507:
1489:
1459:
716:
326:
510:
A caltrop has a variety of symbolic uses and is commonly found as a
431:
3275:
3219:
2963:
2488:
2319:
2159:
1480:
1408:
Civil Defence Training Pamphlet No 2: Objects Dropped From the Air
617:
542:
430:
355:
202:
194:
182:
54:
42:
1414:
1014:
Renatus, Flavius Vegetius (390). "Armed Chariots and Elephants".
2257:
2099:
2066:
2041:
1833:
1823:
1792:
1771:
1129:
810:
653:
136:
124:
1418:
846:"The Caltrop: A weapon that's barely changed over 2,300 years"
954:
230:
693:, throughout the scenes early in the film depicting the June
119:, and were particularly effective against the soft feet of
309:, while the makibishi made from the dried seed pod of the
135:
The modern name "caltrop" is derived from the Old English
167:, which is also sometimes referred to as the "caltrop".
920:
Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). "trÄbĹlus".
213:, showing caltrops with spikes that stick in the ground
1098:
Samurai, Warfare and the State in Early Medieval Japan
390:
Caltrops were used extensively and effectively during
677:
are heavily featured and plainly visible in the 1998
478:
passed a law making the possession of such devices a
937:
Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). "mĹŤrex".
545:. III Corps traces its lineage to the days of horse
282:
Another example of the use of caltrops was found in
3248:
3172:
3116:
3050:
2936:
2841:
2651:
2562:
2278:
2271:
1703:
1452:
518:. For instance, the Finnish noble family Fotangel (
331:sandals, which were commonly worn in feudal Japan.
1379:
990:Cavalry from Hoof to Track: The Quest for Mobility
394:. The modifications and variants produced by the
1220:"Spiky 'jack rocks' newest weapon in CAT strike"
235:meaning three spikes. Caltrops were used in the
207:Illustration from the 18th-century Chinese book
1686:
288:
266:
2248:
2194:
2012:
1858:
1193:Becker, Jonathan; et al. (13 July 1999).
324:
318:
304:
296:
295:The Japanese version of the caltrop is called
2903:
2633:
2462:
2438:
2055:
2046:
2003:
1727:
1523:
1514:
1430:
364:. On display at Royal Engineers Museum, Kent.
317:), formed a natural type of makibashi called
8:
3022:
3003:
2994:
2985:
2574:
2549:
2525:
2486:
2477:
2429:
2415:
2386:
2357:
2348:
2324:
2285:
2090:
2071:
1989:
1938:
1929:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1804:
1790:
1781:
1664:
1641:
839:
837:
142:
1673:
1655:
1601:
1587:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1244:.htm Jackrocks violation (720 ILCS5/21-1.4)
224:
218:
148:
2275:
1437:
1423:
1415:
640:, large caltrop-shaped objects made from
141:(heel-trap), such as in the French usage
549:, which used the caltrop as a defensive
451:Caltrops have been used at times during
343:Traditional caltrops and mines from the
759:
566:
333:
1114:
556:The caltrop is also the symbol of the
498:, and make them easier to target with
1312:. British Archaeology. Archived from
1310:"The 'Caltrop' as Anti-Tank Obstacle"
7:
1130:Civil Defence Training Pamphlet No 2
652:, which were designed to wedge into
223:by the ancient Romans, or sometimes
2829:Weapons Storage and Security System
1367:John L. Cotter and J. Paul Hudson,
1064:Turnbull, Stephen (22 April 2008).
844:Robert W. Reid (1 September 2006).
790:. John Wiley & Son. p. 76.
607:3rd Marine Division (United States)
1410:. His Majesty's Stationery Office.
1406:Ministry of Home Security (1944).
25:
1143:"German Metal Spikes (Crowsfoot)"
987:Jarymowycz, Roman Johann (2007).
3328:
3327:
1364:, a brief history, at Scot Clans
1286:"A to Z Guide to Heraldic Terms"
1167:Brooks, Walker (18 April 1944).
1105:, Psychology Press, 2004 P. 119.
622:Czech hedgehogs deployed at the
599:
584:
569:
336:
30:For the plant or its fruit, see
564:, formed on 16 September 1942.
745:, a game, with similar hazards
1:
2724:British "hedgehog" road block
1147:Tactical and Technical Trends
773:. Henry Colburn. p. 672.
49:Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia
1067:Japanese Castles AD 250â1540
437:Office of Strategic Services
400:Office of Strategic Services
396:Special Operations Executive
231:
147:(shoe-trap). The Latin word
3134:Cities with defensive walls
2719:Defensive fighting position
2634:
2439:
2249:
2195:
2056:
2047:
2013:
2004:
1859:
492:Russian invasion of Ukraine
325:
319:
313:, or water chestnut (genus
305:
297:
3411:
1378:Lovell, Stanley P (1964).
955:
558:United States Marine Corps
424:
29:
3385:Guerrilla warfare tactics
3375:Fortification (obstacles)
3318:
2764:Hardened aircraft shelter
2739:Entry control point (ECP)
1382:Of spies & stratagems
1290:Burkes Peerage and Gentry
1248:Retrieved 21 October 2007
1086:– via Google Books.
673:and other coastal areas.
593:III Corps (United States)
187:Bronze caltrops from the
3261:Continuity of government
1201:. European Patent Office
1175:. European Patent Office
522:for 'caltrop') had arms
286:, in the United States:
254:, referring in his work
217:The caltrop was called
3083:Motte-and-bailey castle
2789:Missile launch facility
2784:Main line of resistance
1479:
1339:D-Day Tours of Normandy
1335:"D-Day Beach Obstacles"
993:. Praeger. p. 20.
971:A GreekâEnglish Lexicon
897:"Definition of Caltrop"
877:www.merriam-webster.com
873:"Definition of Caltrop"
719:in the construction of
626:in Czechoslovakia, 1938
435:Caltrop used by the US
137:
3159:Military installations
3023:
3004:
2995:
2986:
2904:
2575:
2550:
2526:
2516:Scarp and Counterscarp
2487:
2478:
2463:
2430:
2416:
2387:
2358:
2349:
2325:
2286:
2091:
2072:
1990:
1939:
1930:
1886:
1877:
1868:
1805:
1791:
1782:
1728:
1687:
1674:
1665:
1656:
1642:
1602:
1588:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1470:
627:
440:
414:
379:Australian Light Horse
365:
293:
280:
225:
219:
214:
200:
199:A 16th-century caltrop
192:
149:
143:
60:
52:
2928:Floating water castle
2659:Admiralty scaffolding
1952:Fortified buildings (
962:Liddell, Henry George
701:assault (part of the
621:
591:Shoulder insignia of
434:
421:Tire deflation device
359:
206:
198:
186:
58:
46:
3370:Engineering barrages
3360:Roman fortifications
3271:Subterranean warfare
2224:Viking ring fortress
784:Mahan, D.H. (1867).
767:Burke, John (1846).
624:Stachelberg fortress
537:, which is based at
405:The Germans dropped
164:Centaurea calcitrapa
3365:Area denial weapons
3088:Quadrangular castle
2824:Weapon storage area
2180:Quadrangular castle
824:Rawlinson, George.
690:Saving Private Ryan
681:-directed American
642:reinforced concrete
535:US Army's III Corps
500:loitering munitions
468:United Auto Workers
362:Battle of Balaclava
284:Jamestown, Virginia
210:Gujin Tushu Jicheng
158:Tribulus terrestris
36:Tribulus terrestris
27:Anti-cavalry device
2819:Underground hangar
2604:Fire control tower
2401:Gunpowder magazine
1829:Butter-churn tower
1400:Official documents
1341:. 14 December 2019
1226:. Associated Press
1224:The New York Times
1070:. Bloomsbury USA.
1050:2006-07-10 at the
940:A Latin Dictionary
923:A Latin Dictionary
901:www.dictionary.com
733:Area denial weapon
628:
551:area denial weapon
496:military logistics
441:
373:During service in
366:
215:
201:
193:
101:area denial weapon
61:
53:
3342:
3341:
3266:Military urbanism
3200:Fortified gateway
3073:Concentric castle
2837:
2836:
2754:Fire support base
2594:Coastal artillery
2469:(Spanish America)
2063:
1905:Concentric castle
1373:Project Gutenberg
1260:Hambling, David.
1149:. 5 November 1942
1117:, pp. 42â43.
1043:American Heritage
1000:978-0-275-98726-8
703:Normandy landings
526:, three caltrops
476:state legislature
237:Battle of Carrhae
16:(Redirected from
3402:
3390:Metallic objects
3380:Medieval weapons
3331:
3330:
3324:
3215:National redoubt
3144:Fortified estate
3068:Circular rampart
3028:
3009:
3000:
2991:
2909:
2669:Anti-tank trench
2664:Air raid shelter
2639:
2599:Disappearing gun
2580:
2555:
2531:
2492:
2483:
2468:
2444:
2435:
2421:
2392:
2363:
2354:
2330:
2291:
2276:
2254:
2234:Bailey (or ward)
2200:
2105:Motte-and-bailey
2096:
2077:
2061:
2053:
2052:
2018:
2009:
1995:
1944:
1935:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1864:
1810:
1796:
1787:
1733:
1690:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1647:
1607:
1593:
1533:Circular rampart
1529:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1484:
1475:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1416:
1411:
1395:
1386:. Pocket Books.
1385:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1061:
1055:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1020:. Archived from
1011:
1005:
1004:
984:
978:
958:
957:
951:
945:
944:
934:
928:
927:
917:
911:
910:
908:
907:
893:
887:
886:
884:
883:
869:
863:
862:
857:
856:
841:
832:
831:
821:
815:
802:Battle of Alesia
798:
792:
791:
781:
775:
774:
764:
696:
679:Steven Spielberg
638:Second World War
603:
588:
576:Coat of arms of
573:
464:Peoria, Illinois
340:
330:
322:
308:
302:
262:scythed chariots
234:
228:
222:
154:
146:
140:
21:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3322:
3314:
3244:
3168:
3112:
3046:
2981:Imperial castle
2954:Coercion castle
2949:Coastal defence
2932:
2894:Promontory fort
2864:Hillside castle
2833:
2749:Fallout shelter
2714:Concertina wire
2694:Border security
2647:
2558:
2267:
1900:Coercion castle
1888:Cheval de frise
1870:Chemin de ronde
1718:Albarrana tower
1699:
1644:Schwedenschanze
1621:Promontory fort
1448:
1443:
1405:
1377:
1358:
1353:
1344:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1319:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1294:
1292:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1270:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1229:
1227:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1204:
1202:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1178:
1176:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1152:
1150:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1052:Wayback Machine
1040:
1036:
1027:
1025:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1001:
986:
985:
981:
976:Perseus Project
952:
948:
936:
935:
931:
919:
918:
914:
905:
903:
895:
894:
890:
881:
879:
871:
870:
866:
854:
852:
843:
842:
835:
823:
822:
818:
809:'s conquest of
799:
795:
783:
782:
778:
766:
765:
761:
757:
729:
694:
675:Czech hedgehogs
616:
614:Similar devices
609:
604:
595:
589:
580:
574:
508:
488:
449:
447:Labour disputes
429:
423:
388:
371:
354:
347:
341:
181:
133:
67:(also known as
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3408:
3406:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3347:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3300:
3298:Trench warfare
3295:
3293:Tunnel warfare
3290:
3289:
3288:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3149:Fortifications
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3001:
2992:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2966:
2961:
2959:Counter-castle
2956:
2951:
2946:
2944:Border barrier
2940:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2879:Lowland castle
2876:
2871:
2869:Hilltop castle
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2744:Electric fence
2741:
2736:
2734:Dragon's teeth
2731:
2729:Czech hedgehog
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2643:Wire obstacles
2640:
2631:
2629:Polygonal fort
2626:
2621:
2619:Martello tower
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2584:Border outpost
2581:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2484:
2475:
2470:
2460:
2458:Polygonal fort
2455:
2450:
2445:
2436:
2427:
2422:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2355:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2069:
2064:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2010:
2001:
1996:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1970:
1965:
1950:
1948:Flanking tower
1945:
1936:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1915:Counter-castle
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1802:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1705:Post-classical
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1695:Vitrified fort
1692:
1680:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1648:
1639:
1634:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1599:
1594:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1553:Defensive wall
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1521:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1476:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1446:Fortifications
1444:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1375:
1365:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1326:
1301:
1277:
1252:
1236:
1211:
1185:
1159:
1134:
1119:
1107:
1089:
1076:
1056:
1034:
1006:
999:
979:
946:
929:
912:
888:
864:
833:
816:
793:
776:
758:
756:
753:
752:
751:
746:
740:
735:
728:
725:
659:Czech hedgehog
650:dragon's teeth
615:
612:
611:
610:
605:
598:
596:
590:
583:
581:
575:
568:
507:
504:
487:
484:
453:labour strikes
448:
445:
422:
419:
398:(SOE) and the
387:
384:
370:
367:
353:
350:
349:
348:
342:
335:
275:Roman soldiers
257:De re militari
189:Three Kingdoms
180:
177:
132:
129:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3407:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3355:Roman weapons
3353:
3352:
3350:
3335:
3334:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3303:Urban warfare
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3256:Civil defense
3254:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:Bastion forts
3122:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3108:Z-plan castle
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3078:L-plan castle
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3063:Bridge castle
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3032:Refuge castle
3030:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3013:Military base
3011:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2976:Hunting lodge
2974:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2889:Moated castle
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2874:Island castle
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:By topography
2840:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:Submarine pen
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2769:Hesco bastion
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2684:Blast shelter
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2453:Place-of-arms
2451:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2086:Machicolation
2084:
2082:
2081:L-plan castle
2079:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1814:Bridge castle
1812:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1777:Bent entrance
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1762:Battery tower
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1713:Advanced work
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1637:Refuge castle
1635:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1362:Clan Drummond
1360:
1359:
1355:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1316:on 2005-12-20
1315:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1253:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1132:, p. 25.
1131:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1079:
1077:9781846032530
1073:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1057:
1054:, March 1963.
1053:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1024:on 2005-12-24
1023:
1019:
1018:
1010:
1007:
1002:
996:
992:
991:
983:
980:
977:
973:
972:
967:
966:Scott, Robert
963:
959:
950:
947:
942:
941:
933:
930:
925:
924:
916:
913:
902:
898:
892:
889:
878:
874:
868:
865:
861:
851:
847:
840:
838:
834:
829:
828:
820:
817:
812:
808:
804:
803:
797:
794:
789:
788:
780:
777:
772:
771:
763:
760:
754:
750:
747:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
730:
726:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
708:
704:
700:
692:
691:
687:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
663:landing craft
660:
655:
651:
647:
644:were used as
643:
639:
634:
632:
625:
620:
613:
608:
602:
597:
594:
587:
582:
579:
572:
567:
565:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
505:
503:
501:
497:
493:
485:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
446:
444:
438:
433:
428:
420:
418:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
385:
383:
380:
376:
368:
363:
358:
351:
346:
345:Mongol Empire
339:
334:
332:
329:
328:
321:
316:
312:
311:water caltrop
307:
301:
300:
292:
287:
285:
279:
276:
271:
265:
263:
259:
258:
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
233:
227:
226:murex ferreus
221:
212:
211:
205:
197:
190:
185:
178:
176:
174:
173:water caltrop
170:
166:
165:
160:
159:
153:
152:
145:
144:chausse-trape
139:
130:
128:
126:
122:
118:
117:war elephants
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
57:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
32:water caltrop
19:
3326:
3281:Siege engine
3249:Other topics
3173:Related word
3139:Defense line
3103:Tower castle
3058:Bastion fort
3042:Urban castle
2970:Ganerbenburg
2968:
2923:Water castle
2899:Ridge castle
2884:Marsh castle
2699:Bomb shelter
2679:Belgian gate
2652:20th century
2563:19th century
2501:Retrenchment
2473:Punji sticks
2382:Entrenchment
2377:Device Forts
2344:Counterguard
2279:Early modern
2209:Tower castle
2145:Powder tower
2120:Outer bailey
2032:Inner bailey
2006:Gulyay-gorod
1974:Ganerbenburg
1972:
1968:Fujian tulou
1910:Corner tower
1849:Chamber gate
1838:
1819:Bridge tower
1667:Trou de loup
1407:
1381:
1368:
1343:. Retrieved
1338:
1329:
1318:. Retrieved
1314:the original
1304:
1293:. Retrieved
1289:
1280:
1269:. Retrieved
1265:
1255:
1239:
1228:. Retrieved
1223:
1214:
1203:. Retrieved
1198:
1188:
1177:. Retrieved
1172:
1162:
1151:. Retrieved
1146:
1137:
1110:
1097:
1092:
1081:. Retrieved
1066:
1059:
1042:
1037:
1026:. Retrieved
1022:the original
1016:
1009:
989:
982:
969:
949:
938:
932:
921:
915:
904:. Retrieved
900:
891:
880:. Retrieved
876:
867:
859:
853:. Retrieved
849:
826:
819:
800:
796:
786:
779:
769:
762:
743:Knucklebones
711:
707:World War II
688:
635:
631:Punji sticks
629:
562:3rd Division
555:
539:Fort Cavazos
532:
527:
523:
509:
489:
457:
450:
442:
406:
404:
392:World War II
389:
386:World War II
372:
314:
294:
289:
281:
267:
255:
245:
216:
208:
169:Trapa natans
168:
162:
156:
134:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
62:
40:
3180:Castle town
3037:Toll castle
3006:Lustschloss
2988:Kaiserpfalz
2918:Spur castle
2913:Rock castle
2854:Hill castle
2849:Cave castle
2809:Spider hole
2709:Bremer wall
2674:Barbed tape
2570:Barbed wire
2244:Witch tower
2214:Tower house
2204:Toll castle
2190:Shield wall
2110:Murder hole
1999:Guard tower
1616:Pincer gate
1563:Faussebraye
1115:Lovell 1964
1103:Karl Friday
721:breakwaters
699:Omaha Beach
636:During the
490:During the
480:misdemeanor
460:Caterpillar
427:Spike strip
407:crow's feet
375:World War I
369:World War I
352:Modern uses
320:tennenbishi
273:hands. The
138:calcatrippe
105:tetrahedron
97:crow's foot
77:cheval trap
3395:Tetrahedra
3349:Categories
3205:Gatekeeper
3025:Ordensburg
2997:Landesburg
2804:Sentry gun
2759:Flak tower
2689:Blast wall
2609:Gun turret
2506:Sally port
2411:Kotta mara
2351:Couvreface
2315:Breastwork
2310:Blockhouse
2288:Abwurfdach
2239:Watchtower
2229:Wall tower
2185:Shell keep
2135:Portcullis
2130:Peel tower
2115:Neck ditch
2074:Landesburg
2022:Half tower
1980:Gate tower
1925:Drawbridge
1767:Battlement
1683:Wagon fort
1526:Chengqiang
1392:B0007ESKHE
1356:References
1345:2021-01-01
1320:2006-03-04
1295:2007-10-21
1271:2024-04-13
1230:2017-01-11
1205:2008-04-11
1179:2008-04-11
1153:2015-04-30
1083:2018-04-02
1028:2005-10-22
906:2021-03-21
882:2018-04-02
855:2023-06-24
850:HistoryNet
749:Triskelion
738:Booby trap
486:Via drones
425:See also:
415:KrähenfĂźĂe
306:tetsubishi
268:The armed
3308:Guerrilla
3051:By design
2799:Revetment
2614:Land mine
2545:Star fort
2372:Crownwork
2367:Covertway
2300:Barricade
1941:Embrasure
1854:Chartaque
1784:Bergfried
1742:Arrowslit
1568:Gatehouse
1538:City gate
1499:Castellum
1465:Acropolis
1199:US5921703
1195:"Caltrop"
1173:US2346713
1169:"Caltrop"
814:evidence.
755:Footnotes
713:Tetrapods
646:anti-tank
299:makibishi
264:, wrote:
246:The late
51:, Germany
3333:Category
3323:See also
3210:Loophole
3098:Ringwork
3093:Ringfort
3018:Obstacle
2859:Hillfort
2779:Loophole
2577:Barbette
2552:Tenaille
2535:Sea fort
2465:Presidio
2425:Magazine
2406:Hornwork
2339:Cavalier
2334:Casemate
2327:Caponier
2170:Ringwork
2058:Detinets
2027:Hoarding
1932:Enceinte
1807:Bretèche
1752:Bartizan
1747:Barbican
1723:Alcazaba
1651:Stockade
1631:Ringfort
1611:Palisade
1583:Landwehr
1578:Hillfort
1048:Archived
956:ĎĎίβοΝοĎ
727:See also
697:6, 1944
686:war film
671:Normandy
667:warships
578:Stirling
516:heraldry
472:Illinois
270:chariots
252:Vegetius
232:tribolos
220:tribulus
151:tribulus
113:chariots
99:) is an
93:jackrock
89:calthrop
81:galthrap
18:Caltrops
3240:Vedette
3230:Schloss
3195:Festung
3190:Dungeon
3185:Château
3129:Castles
2937:By role
2794:Pillbox
2624:Outpost
2540:Station
2528:Schanze
2511:Sandbag
2496:Redoubt
2480:Ravelin
2448:Palanka
2432:Orillon
2418:Lunette
2360:Coupure
2305:Bastion
2295:Arsenal
2263:Zwinger
2175:Roundel
2165:Ricetto
2140:Postern
2125:Outwork
2049:Kremlin
1920:Curtain
1895:Citadel
1879:Chemise
1839:Caltrop
1757:Bastion
1730:AlcĂĄzar
1626:Rampart
1604:Oppidum
1597:Nuraghe
1543:Crannog
1517:Castros
1453:Ancient
1371:, 1957
974:at the
705:during
547:cavalry
520:Swedish
250:writer
179:History
85:galtrap
73:galtrop
69:caltrap
65:caltrop
3235:Trench
3225:Picket
2636:Sangar
2589:Bunker
2521:Sconce
2441:Ostrog
2389:Flèche
2272:Modern
2251:Yagura
2219:Turret
2155:Reduit
2093:Merlon
2037:Kasbah
2015:Gusuku
1992:Glacis
1985:Gabion
1954:church
1861:Chashi
1844:Castle
1688:Laager
1676:Vallum
1633:(Rath)
1508:Castra
1490:Burgus
1460:Abatis
1390:
1266:Forbes
1074:
997:
807:Caesar
717:riprap
695:
528:argent
512:charge
506:Symbol
474:, the
411:German
327:waraji
239:in 53
121:camels
115:, and
109:horses
3276:Siege
3220:Palas
3164:Walls
3154:Forts
3117:Lists
2964:Fence
2906:Rocca
2774:Kabal
2489:Redan
2396:Gorge
2320:Canal
2197:Shiro
2160:Ribat
2150:Qalat
1962:Dzong
1958:house
1658:Sudis
1590:Limes
1548:Ditch
1481:Broch
1472:Agger
543:Texas
524:gules
315:Trapa
248:Roman
125:tires
3286:list
2704:Buoy
2258:Yett
2100:Moat
2067:Ksar
2042:Keep
1834:Caer
1824:Burh
1800:Boom
1793:Berm
1772:Bawn
1737:Amba
1573:Gord
1388:ASIN
1072:ISBN
995:ISBN
811:Gaul
683:epic
665:and
654:tank
131:Name
34:and
1558:Dun
709:).
514:in
260:to
191:era
175:".
95:or
3351::
3325::
1960:,
1956:,
1337:.
1288:.
1264:.
1246:.
1222:.
1197:.
1171:.
1145:.
1122:^
1101:,
1046:.
968:;
964:;
960:.
899:.
875:.
858:.
848:.
836:^
560:'
553:.
541:,
530:.
502:.
482:.
413::
377:,
243:.
241:BC
127:.
111:,
91:,
87:,
83:,
79:,
75:,
71:,
63:A
2062:)
2054:(
1964:)
1691:)
1685:(
1438:e
1431:t
1424:v
1394:.
1348:.
1323:.
1298:.
1274:.
1250:.
1233:.
1208:.
1182:.
1156:.
1031:.
1003:.
943:.
926:.
909:.
885:.
830:.
805:(
409:(
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
