Buddhism in Cambodia

2318:(KUFNCD), the mass organization that supported the state by organizing women, youths, workers, and religious groups. In 1987 there was only a single Buddhist order because the Thommayut order had not been revived. The organization of the clergy also had been simplified. The sangharaja (primate of the Buddhist clergy) had been replaced by a prathean (chairman). Communities that wanted wats had to apply to a local front committee for permission. The wat were administered by a committee of the local laity. Private funds paid for the restoration of the wats damaged during the war and the Khmer Rouge era, and they supported the restored wats. Monks were ordained by a hierarchy that has been reconstituted since an initial ordination in September 1979 by a delegation from the Buddhist community in Vietnam. The validity of this ordination continued to be questioned. In general, there are only two to four monks per wat, which is fewer than before 1975. In 1981 about 4,930 monks served in 740 wats in Cambodia. The Buddhist General Assembly reported 7,000 monks in 1,821 active wats a year later. In 1969 by contrast, observers estimated that 53,400 monks and 40,000 novice monks served in more than 3,000 wats. Vickery sums up his observations on the subject by noting that, "The government has kept its promise to allow freedom for traditional Buddhism, but does not actively encourage it." 1805: 2256:

life is regulated by Buddhist law, and life in the wat adheres to a rigid routine. A bhikkhu follows 227 rules of monastic discipline as well as the 10 basic precepts. These include the five precepts that all Buddhists should follow. The five precepts for monastic asceticism prohibit eating after noon, participating in any entertainment (singing, dancing, and watching movies or television), using any personal adornments, sleeping on a luxurious bed, and handling money. In addition, a monk also is expected to be celibate. Furthermore, monks supposedly avoid all involvement in political affairs. They are not eligible to vote or to hold any political office, and they may not witness a legal document or give testimony in court. Since the person of a monk is considered sacred, he is considered to be outside the normal civil laws and public duties that affect lay people. Some of these practices have changed in the modern period, however, and in the 1980s Buddhist monks have been active even in the PRK government.

2289:, or master of ceremonies; the monk's major function was to say prayers of blessing. They were often healers and, in traditional Khmer culture, they were the practitioners whose role was closest to that of modern psychiatrists. They might also have been skilled in astrology. The monk traditionally occupied a unique position in the transmission of Khmer culture and values. By his way of life, he provided a living model of the most meritorious behavior a Buddhist could follow. He also provided the laity with many opportunities for gaining merit. For centuries monks were the only literate people residing in rural communities; they acted as teachers to temple servants, to novices, and to newly ordained monks. Until the 1970s, most literate Cambodian males gained literacy solely through the instruction of the sangha. 1881:

Singhalese order to Kampuchea. This particular event belied, however, the profound societal shift that was taking place from priestly class structure to a village-based monastic system in Theravada lands. While adhering to the monastic discipline, monks developed their wats, or temple-monasteries, not only into moral religious but also education, social-service, and cultural centers for the people. Wats became the main source of learning and popular education. Early western explorers, settlers, and missionaries reported widespread literacy among the male populations of Burma, Thailand, Kampuchea, Laos, and Vietnam. Until the 19th century, literacy rates exceeded those of Europe in most if not all Theravada lands. In Kampuchea, Buddhism became the transmitter of Khmer language and culture.

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bhikkhus, a hall, a kitchen, quarters for nuns, and a pond. The number of monks varies according to the size of the local population. The sanctuary, which contains an altar with statues of the Buddha and, in rare cases, a religious relic, is reserved for major ceremonies and usually only for the use of bhikkhus. Other ceremonies, classes for monks and for laity, and meals take place in the hall. Stupas containing the ashes of extended family members are constructed near the sanctuary. Fruit trees and vegetable gardens tended by local children are also part of the local wat. The main entrance, usually only for ceremonial use, faces east; other entrances are at other points around the wall. There are no gates.

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enter and leave the sangha. Becoming a bhikkhu and leaving the sangha are matters of individual choice although, in theory, nearly all Cambodian males over sixteen serve terms as bhikkhus. Most young men do not intend to become fully ordained bhikkhus (bhikkhu), and they remain as monks for less than a year. Even a son's temporary ordination as a bhikkhu brings great merit to his parents, however, and is considered so important that arrangements are made at a parent's funeral if the son has not undergone the process while the parent was living. There are two classes of bhikkhus at a wat: the novices (samani or nen) and the bhikkhu. Ordination is held from mid-April to mid-July, during the rainy season.

1815:(1181–1215), the most significant Khmer Buddhist king, worked tirelessly to establish Buddhism as the state religion of Angkor.Jayavarman VII was a Mahayana Buddhist, and he regarded himself to be a Dharma-king, a bodhisattva, whose duty was to "save the people" through service and merit-making, liberating himself in the process. Jayavarman withdrew his devotion from the old gods and began to identify more openly with Buddhist traditions. His regime marked a clear dividing line with the old Hindu past. Before 1200, art in the temples mostly portrayed scenes from the Hindu pantheon; after 1200, Buddhist scenes began to appear as standard motifs. 2223:

its adoption by royalty and by the aristocracy, but its adherents were confined geographically to the Phnom Penh area. Among the few differences between the two orders is stricter observance by the Thommayut bhikkhus (monks) of the rules governing the clergy. In 1961 the Mohanikay had more than 52,000 ordained monks in some 2,700 wats, whereas the Thommayut order had 1,460 monks in just over 100 wats. In 1967 more than 2,800 Mohanikay wats and 320 Thommayut wats were in existence in Cambodia. After Phnom Penh, the largest number of Thommayut wats were found in Batdambang, Stoeng Treng, Prey Veng, Kampot, and Kampong Thum provinces.

2066:(sangharaja)—has been closely connected with the Cambodian government since its re-establishment in the early-1980s High-ranking officials of the Maha Nikaya have often spoken out against criticism of the government and in favor of government policies, including calling for the arrest of monks espousing opposition positions. Officials from the Maha Nikaya hierarchy appoint members to lay committees to oversee the running of temples, who also act to ensure that temples do not become organizing points for anti-government activity by monks or lay supporters Nevertheless, divisions within the Maha Nikaya fraternity do exist. 2164:

temples in and around Phnom Penh. Unlike the engaged modernists, their interest is not in using the authority of the sangha to aide social development programs, but rather to express direct opposition to government policies and corruption. Since the 1993 UN-monitored elections, monks have been permitted to vote in Cambodia (a move opposed by some senior monks). While this has not resulted in any large-scale mobilization of the sangha as a political force, it has drawn some young monks farther into participation in parliamentary politics. Many of these young monks are associated with opposition figure

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the spirits over the province, and soldiers obtained magic cloths and amulets from mediums and shamans to protect them from the bullets of the enemy. Before embarking on a mission against enemy forces, a province chief might burn incense and call on a spirit for aid in defeating the enemy. Examples of Brahman influences were various rituals concerned with the well-being of the nation carried out by the ruler and the baku (a Brahman priestly group attached to the royal court). These rituals were reportedly stopped after Sihanouk's ouster in 1970 (see The March 1970 Coup d'État, ch. 1).

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their traditional restrictions and had become involved in politics. At intervals during the colonial period, some monks had demonstrated or had rebelled against French rule, and in the 1970s monks joined pro- government demonstrations against the communists. Anticlerical feelings reached their highest point among the Khmer Rouge, who at first attempted to indoctrinate monks and to force them to pass anticlerical ideas on to the laity. Under the Khmer Rouge regime, monks were expelled forcibly from the wats and were compelled to do manual labor. Article 20 of the 1976 Constitution of

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both believed to be from Vietnam. Venerable Tep Vong was concurrently the superior of the Buddhist clergy, vice president of the PRK's Khmer National Assembly, and vice president of the KUFNCD National Council. She quoted a refugee from Batdambang as having said, "During the meetings, the Khmer administrative authorities, accompanied by the Vietnamese experts, tell you, `Religion is like poison, it's like opium; it's better to give the money to the military, so they can fight'."

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such as one of Lopburi, there were other signs that the religious venue of Suvannabhumi were changing. Tamalinda, the Khmer monk believed to be the son of Jayavarman VII, took part in an 1180 Burmese-led mission to Sri Lanka to study the Pali canon and on his return in 1190 had adepts of the Sinhala doctrine in his court. Chou Ta-Laun, who led a Chinese mission into Angkor in 1296-97 confirms the significant presence of Pali Theravada monks in the Khmer Capital."

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organized nationally in accordance with regulations formulated in 1943 and modified in 1948. During the monarchical period, the king led the Buddhist clergy. Prince Sihanouk continued in this role even after he had abdicated and was governing as head of state. He appointed both the heads of the monastic orders and other high-ranking clergy. After the overthrow of Sihanouk in 1970, the new head of state, Lon Nol, appointed these leaders.

2476:, they can cause trouble ranging from mischief to serious life-threatening illnesses. An important way for living people to show respect for the spirits of the dead is to provide food for the spirits. If this food is not provided, the spirit can cause trouble for the offending person. For example, if a child does not provide food for the spirit of its dead mother, that spirit can cause misfortunes to happen to the child. 145: 793: 6694: 4023: 6705: 4033: 1950:. The Vietnamese invaders attempted to suppress Theravada Buddhism and force the Khmer people to practice Mahayana Buddhism. The Siamese, on the other hand, would periodically invade Cambodia and attempt to drive out the "unbelievers" in an attempt to protect the Theravada religion. This power-struggle between the two ascendant powers continued until the arrival of the Europeans in the 16th century. 4103: 4090: 2269: 4080: 37: 88: 1736:

Tantric texts at the court of Jayavarman II. In a Kamboja record of the 11th century there is a reference to the 'Tantras of the Paramis'; and images of Hevajra, definitely a tantric divinity, have been recovered from amidst the ruins of Angkor Thom. A number of Kamboja inscriptions refer to several kings who were initiated into the Great Secret (Vrah Guhya) by their

2091:. "Traditionalists", on the other hand, prefer to stick to the practices and teachings handed down through the monastic oral tradition, which have traditionally centered on the performance of merit-making ceremonies and the attainment of "heightened states" through concentration meditation. Traditionalists have tended to reject modern interest in 2322: 2346:

twenty-one monks. In the 1980s, a Cambodian Buddhist wat was constructed near Washington, D.C., financed by a massive outpouring of donations from Cambodian Buddhists throughout North America. This wat is one of the few outside Southeast Asia that has the consecrated boundary within which ordinations may be performed.

1822:, the concept of monks. In former times, great effort and resources were invested into building temples for elite brahman priests and god-kings. Under Jayavarman, these resources were redirected to building libraries, monastic dwellings, public works, and more "earthly" projects accessible to the common people. 2259:

Women are not ordained, but older women, especially widows, can become nuns. They live in wat and play an important role in the everyday life of the temple. Nuns shave their heads and eyebrows and generally follow the same precepts as monks. They may prepare the altars and do some of the housekeeping

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Two monastic orders constituted the clergy in Cambodia. The larger group, to which more than 90 percent of the clergy belonged, was the Mohanikay. The Thommayut order was far smaller. The Thommayut was introduced into the ruling circles of Cambodia from Thailand in 1864; it gained prestige because of

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Members of the young monks movement have participated in and organized public demonstrations in Phnom Penh, aimed at drawing attention to perceived government misdeeds. The Maha Nikaya hierarchy has condemned this form of political activism, calling for the arrest of some monks and defrocking others.

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Divisions within the sangha between "modernists" and "traditionalists" were recorded in Cambodia as early as 1918. Broadly speaking, "modernists" have attempted to respond to Western criticism of Buddhist institutions by re-interpreting Buddhist teachings—particularly those related to philosophy and

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During the era of French rule, convulsions of violence, led by Buddhist holy men, would periodically break out against the French. Significant advances were made in the education of Cambodian monks, both in specifically Buddhist topics and more general studies. Primary education of Cambodian children

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968) "studied Buddhism intensely. Although he decided to remain a Shivaist, he appointed a Buddhist, Kavindrarimathana, chief minister. Kavindrarimathana built shrines to Buddha and Shiva. Jayavarman V (son of Rajendravarman) also remained a devote of Shiva. He, too, permitted his own chief minister,

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Villagers are sensitive to the power and to the needs of the spirit world. According to observations by an American missionary in the early 1970s, villagers consulted the local guardian spirit to find out what the coming year would bring, a new province chief held a ceremony to ask the protection of

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Buddhism is still strong among the various Cambodian refugee groups throughout the world, although some younger monks, faced with the distractions of a foreign culture, have chosen to leave the clergy and have become laicized. In the United States in 1984, there were twelve Cambodian wats with about

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Martin offers another, more pessimistic, view of the religious situation in the late-1980s. In a 1986 study, she asserts that the PRK showed outsiders only certain aspects of religious freedom; she also states that the few wats that were restored had only two or three old monks in residence and that

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Buddhist monks traditionally were called upon to perform a number of functions in Cambodian life. They participated in all formal village festivals, ceremonies, marriages, and funerals. They also might have participated in ceremonies to name infants and in other minor ceremonies or rites of passage.

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Estimates of the number of monks in Cambodia prior to the ascension of the Khmer Rouge vary, ranging between 65,000 and 80,000. By the time of the Buddhist restoration in the early-1980s, the number of Cambodian monks worldwide was estimated to be fewer than 3,000. The patriarchs of both Cambodian

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Buddhism continued to flourish in Cambodia in the sixteenth century. King Ang Chan (1516–1566), a relative of King Dhammaraja, was a devout Buddhist. He built pagodas in his capital and many Buddhist shrines in different parts of Cambodia. In order to popularize Buddhism, King Satha (1576–1549), son

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Indeed, inscriptions indicate he sought wisdom from wise Mahayanists and Hinayanists and at least somewhat disestablished the Sivakaivalya family's hereditary claims to being chief priests (purohitar). Surayvarman's posthumous title of Nirvanapada, 'the king who has gone to Nirvana' is the strongest

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Steinberg notes the striking ratio of bhikkhus to the total population of Cambodia. In the late-1950s, an estimated 100,000 bhikkhus (including about 40,000 novices) served a population of about five million. This high proportion undoubtedly was caused in large part by the ease with which one could

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The cornerstones of Cambodian Buddhism are the Buddhist bhikkhu and the wat. Traditionally, each village has a spiritual center, a wat, where from five to more than seventy bhikkhus reside. A typical wat in rural Cambodia consists of a walled enclosure containing a sanctuary, several residences for

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Phnom Penh was founded when Lady Penh found a "four-faced Buddha" floating down the river on a Koki tree during the flooding season. She retrieved the Buddha image and had the Wat Phnom constructed to house the image. The four-faced Buddha is important in Khmer Buddhist iconography, signifying the

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The Jinakalamali gives an account of the cultural connections between Cambodia and Sri Lanka in the fifteenth century. It states that 1967 years after the Mahaparinibbana of the Buddha, eight monks headed by Mahananasiddhi from Cambodia with 25 monks from Nabbispura in Thailand came to Sri Lanka to

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every all level of society. Scholars struggle to account for this sudden and inexplicable transformation of Khmer civilization. Theravada Buddhism succeeded because it was inclusive and universal in its outreach, recruiting the disciples and monks from not only the elites and court, but also in the

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Monastery in Sri Lanka (1180–1190), a new dynamic type of Theravada Buddhism was being preached as the "true faith" in Sri Lanka. This form of Buddhism was somewhat militant and highly disciplined in reaction to the wars with the Tamil that nearly destroyed Buddhism in Sri Lanka in the 9th and 10th

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The prevalence of Tantrayana in Java, Sumatra and Kamboja , a fact now definitely established by modern researches into the character of Mahayana Buddhism and Saivism in these parts of the Indian Orient. Already in Kamboja inscription of the 9th century there is definite evidence of the teaching of

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The Dhammayuttika order in Cambodia seems to occupy a middle position between the Maha Nikaya modernists and traditionalists. Like the Dhammayuttika order in Thailand, they place a higher premium on scriptural study and knowledge of the Pali language than the monks of the traditionalist camp. At

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The Khmer Rouge policies towards Buddhism—which included the forced disrobing of monks, the destruction of monasteries, and, ultimately, the execution of uncooperative monks—effectively destroyed Cambodia's Buddhist institutions. Monks who did not flee and avoided execution lived among the laity,

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Each successive wave of European influence was accompanied by Catholic missionaries, but Theravada Buddhism proved surprisingly resistant to foreign attempts to convert the Khmer people. During the colonial period, the peace was periodically breached by outbreaks of religiously motivated violence,

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The post-Angkor period saw the dramatic rise of the Pali Theravada tradition in Southeast Asia and concomitant decline of the Brahmanic and Mahayana Buddhist religious traditions. A 1423 Thai account of a mission to Sri Lanka mentions eight Khmer monks who again brought orthodox Mahavihara sect of

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This Singhalese-based Theravada Buddhist orthodoxy was first propagated in Southeast Asia by Taling (Mon) monks in the 11th century and together with Islam in the 13th century in southern insular reaches of the region, spread as a popularly-based movement among the people. Apart from inscriptions,

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still were tolerated, but the state collected a 50 percent tax on donations. Martin believes that Buddhism was threatened externally by state repression and by nonsupport and internally by invalid clergy. She noted that the two Buddhist superiors, Venerable Long Chhim and Venerable Tep Vong, were

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and his own observations. He suggests that the Khmer Rouge was able to instill antireligious feelings in younger males because the latter were losing interest in becoming monks even during their teenage years, the traditional temporary period of service. The monks themselves had abandoned some of

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Buddhist monks do not take perpetual vows to remain monks although some become monks permanently. Traditionally, they became monks early in life. It is possible to become a novice at age seven, but in practice thirteen is the earliest age for novices. A bhikkhu must be at least twenty. The monk's

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Another division in the Cambodian sangha can be seen in what has been called the "young monks" movement, a small group of politically active monks (primarily Maha Nikaya) voicing public opposition to the current government. The "young monks" are primarily junior members of the clergy, drawn from

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The origins of Suryavarman I are unclear but evidence suggests that he began his career in northeastern Cambodia. He came to the throne after a period of disputes between rival claims to the Khmer throne. Claim to the Khmer throne did not exclusively include paternal lines but also recognized the

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The Bengal University of Nalanda in Megadha (now Behar) was the theological center of Mahayana Buddhism under the protection of the Pala Dynasty . Shivaist interpretations of Buddhism, tinged with Tantric mysticism (that may have revived portions of pre-Aryan northeastern Indian faith traditions)

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and Brahman practices. Most Cambodians, whether or not they profess to be Buddhists (or Muslims), believe in a rich supernatural world. When ill, or at other times of crisis, or to seek supernatural help, Cambodians may enlist the aid of a practitioner who is believed to be able to propitiate or

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is a kind of sorcerer who prepares charms and amulets to protect the wearer from harm. He can cure illnesses, find lost objects, and prepare magic potions. Traditionally, Cambodians have held strong beliefs about protective charms. Amulets are worn routinely by soldiers to ward off bullets, for

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In their attempt to separate the Khmer people from their cultural allegiance to the neighboring Theravada Kingdom of Siam, the French encouraged a sense of Khmer identity by emphasizing Khmer-language studies and Khmer Buddhist studies. They established Pali schools within Cambodia to keep the

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permitted freedom of religion but banned all reactionary religions, that were "detrimental to the country". The minister of culture stated that Buddhism was incompatible with the revolution and was an instrument of exploitation. Under this regime, to quote the Finnish Inquiry Commission, "The

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Cambodian Buddhism has no formal administrative ties with other Buddhist bodies, although Theravada monks from other countries, especially Thailand, Laos, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka, may participate in religious ceremonies in order to make up the requisite number of clergy. Cambodian Buddhism is

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monks also teach the efficacy of "group repentance" rituals, where, through the recitation of Pali texts, the karmic fruit of earlier misdeeds can be avoided or moderated. These rituals, which developed from New Years repentance ceremonies, have become very popular among certain segments of

2057:. The Maha Nikaya is by far the larger of the two monastic fraternities, claiming the allegiance of a large majority of Cambodian monks. The Dhammayuttika Nikaya, despite royal patronage, remains a small minority, isolated somewhat by its strict discipline and connection with Thailand. 2333:

public attendance was low. The monks were allowed to leave the wats only for an hour in the mornings, to collect their food, or during holy days. Lay people who practiced their faith were about the same ages as the monks, and they were allowed to visit the wats only in the evenings. A

2547:—haor teay—are important in Cambodian life. They are consulted about important decisions such as marriages, building a new house, or going on a long journey. They are believed to be able to foretell future events and to determine lucky or unlucky days for various activities. 1691:. Nevertheless, he was increasingly friendly to and supportive of Mahayana Buddhist influence throughout his kingdom. Mahayana Buddhism became increasingly established in his empire. The form of Mahayana Buddhism that was propagated in the Srivijaya lands was similar to the 1635:

800. Many Mahāyāna bodhisattva images also date from this period, often found alongside the predominantly Hindu images of Shiva and Vishnu. An inscription from Ta Prohm temple in Siem Reap province, dated about 625, states, that the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha are flourishing.

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scriptural traditions. Tamalinda then returned to Cambodia and promoted Buddhist traditions according to the Theravada training he had received, galvanizing and energizing the long-standing Theravada presence that had existed throughout the Angkor empire for centuries.

2021:, policies towards Buddhism began to ease starting in the summer of 1979. A group of monks who had been exiled and re-ordained in Vietnam during the Khmer Rouge period were sent to Cambodia, and in 1981 one of their number, Venerable Tep Vong, was elected the first 2314:, public observance of Buddhism and of Islam was reestablished, and government policies allowed Cambodians freedom to believe or not to believe in Buddhism. Vickery cites some differences in this reestablished Buddhism: religious affairs were overseen by the PRK's 1861:

centuries. As Theravada Buddhism struggled for survival in Sri Lanka, it developed a resiliency that generated a renaissance throughout the Buddhist world, and would eventually spread across Burma, Chang Mai, the Mon kingdoms, Lana, Sukothai, Laos, and Cambodia.

1756:, both deeply imbued with tantric influences, are to be seen often blending with one another during this period. The Sang Hyang Kamahayanikan, consisting of Sanskrit versus explained by an Old Javanese commentary, professed to teach the Mahayana and Mantrayana. 2155:

the same time, they have not embraced the modernist, engaged notion of monks as agents of social development, preferring instead to stick closely to traditional monastic roles of study, meditation, and providing merit-making opportunities for lay supporters.

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When Prince Tamalinda returned after ten years of ordination, he was a Thera, a senior monk, capable of administering ordination into this vigorous Theravada lineage, which insisted on orthodoxy and rejected Mahayana "innovations" such as tantric practices.

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After 1431 when the Cambodian kings permanently abandoned Angkor due to a Siamese invasion, the royal court was located on Udon Mountain, a few miles north of Phnom Penh. Siamese incursions from the west and Vietnamese invasions from the east weakened the

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monks maintain that by sponsoring recitations of these verses, lay supporters can accrue great merit that will result in immediate, worldly benefits, such as financial or career success. A large number of senior Cambodian officials (including

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of a new unified Cambodia sangha, officially abolishing the division between the Thommayut order and the Mohanikay. The ordination of new monks was sponsored by the government as a public show of piety and lifted restrictions on ordination.

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After independence from France, young Cambodian intellectuals changed their attitude toward the clergy. In describing a general shift away from Buddhism in the late-1950s and early-1960s, Vickery cites the early work of anthropologist

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were worked out in Megadha and then were exported throughout insular and peninsular Southeast Asia, particularly to Java. Yashovarman I (889-910), who ruled from the vicinity of Rolous in the late ninth century, seems to have been a

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Direk Duangloi, Mallika Phumathon, Phrapalad Raphin Buddhisaro. (2019). THERAVADA BUDDHISM IN CAMBODIA: POST-ANGKOR PERIOD-พระพุทธศาสนาเถรวาทในกัมพูชา: สมัยหลังพระนคร.Buddhist Asean Studies Journal. Vol 4, No 1 (2019),34-54.

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example. The kru are believed to have the power to prepare an amulet and to establish a supernatural link between it and the owner. A kru may acquire considerable local prestige and power. Many kru are former Buddhist monks.

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With the rise of Siam in the west and Vietnam in the east, the classical Angkor empire disappeared and the beginning of present-day Cambodia began. Cambodia became from this time forward a Theravada Buddhist nation.

1540:, the great Buddhist ruler. According to these sources, two monks, Sona and Uttara, were sent to propagate the doctrine of the Master in this region following the great council of 274 B.C. held in Asoka's capital 1466:

The history of Buddhism in Cambodia spans a number of successive kingdoms and empires. Buddhism entered Cambodia via two different streams. The earliest forms of Buddhism, along with Hindu influences, entered the

1994:". By the time of the Vietnamese invasion in 1979, nearly every monk and religious intellectual had been either murdered or driven into exile, and nearly every Buddhist temple and library had been destroyed. 1535:

Unconfirmed Singhalese sources state that Buddhism was introduced to Suvannaphum, or the 'Golden Peninsula', as mainland Southeast Asia was once referred to, in the 3rd century B.C. under the reign of King

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meditation as a foreign affectation, and have focused on the rote memorization and recitation of Pali passages rather than attempts to study, translate, and interpret the contents of the Pali

1544:, India. Various Buddhist sects competed with Brahmanism and indigenous animistic religions over approximately the next millennium; during this period, Indian culture was highly influential. 2017:

Following the defeat of the Khmer Rouge by Vietnamese forces, Buddhism initially remained officially suppressed in Cambodia. Following challenges to the legitimacy of the Vietnamese-backed

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obtain help from various spirits. Local spirits are believed to inhabit a variety of objects, and shrines to them may be found in houses, in Buddhist temples, along roads, and in forests.

1568:. Buddhism was already present in Funan as a secondary religion in this era. Buddhism began to assert its presence from about year 450 onward, and was observed by the Chinese traveler 3612: 1760:

The presence and growing influence of Buddhism continued as the Angkor empire increased in power. King Yosavarman built many Buddhist temples in 887–889, representing the mandala of

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Every citizen of Kampuchea has the right to worship according to any religion and the right not to worship according to any religion. Reactionary religions which are detrimental to

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700. Buddhism was weakened in the Chenla period, but survived, as seen in the inscriptions of Sambor Prei Kuk (626) and those of Siem Reap dealing with the erection of statues of

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movement do not typically possess a significant knowledge of Pali, instead focusing on the rote memorization and recitation of certain verses and scriptures considered powerful.

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established a Dhammayuttika presence in Cambodia. The newly formed Thommayut order benefited from royal patronage, but frequently came into conflict with the existing Mohanikay (

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High officials of the Cambodian government, by contrast, have tended to support the most conservative of the Maha Nikaya monks, particular the members of a segment known as the

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with Hindu merchants. In later history, a second stream of Buddhism entered Khmer culture during the Angkor empire when Cambodia absorbed the various Buddhist traditions of the

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marks the end of this season; celebrated in September, it features offerings, especially of robes, to the monks. The kathen was still celebrated in the PRK in the late 1980s.

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During the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries, Thailand's involvement in Cambodian politics extended Thai influence into religious matters as well. On King

1506:. A variety of Buddhist traditions co-existed peacefully throughout Cambodian lands, under the tolerant auspices of Hindu kings and the neighboring Mon-Theravada kingdoms. 4234: 1712:

such as Vishnu and Brahma, as well as to Shiva, with whom they continued to be identified by hereditary families of priests. Rajendravarman II studied Buddhism intensely.

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In 1975 when the communist Khmer Rouge took control of Cambodia, they tried to completely destroy Buddhism and very nearly succeeded, when considering this religion as "

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Cambodian Buddhism helped foment Khmer national identity and the independence movement in the 20th century, leading to Cambodian independence as a sovereign state.

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Two Buddhist monks from Funan, named Mandrasena and Saṃghabara, took up residency in China in the 5th to 6th centuries, and translated several Buddhist sūtras from

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Several types of supernatural entities are believed to exist; they make themselves known by means of inexplicable sounds or happenings. Among these phenomena are

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In the 13th century, wandering missionaries from the Mon-Khmer-speaking parts of Siam, Burma, Cambodia, and Sri Lanka played an important part in this process.

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regime. The status of Buddhism and of religion in general after the Vietnamese invasion was at least partially similar to its status in pre-Khmer Rouge times.

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Since 1855, the Buddhist monastic community in Cambodia has been split into two divisions, excepting a brief period of unification between 1981 and 1991: the

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program and other attempts to use the influence of the sangha to effect social change in Cambodian society, Maha Ghosananda brought to Cambodia a form of

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not previously seen among Cambodian religious institutions. This form of modernist, engaged Buddhism has proved very popular with Western Buddhists and

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A strong proponent of Mahayana Buddhism, he did not interfere or obstruct the growing presence and dissemination of Theravada Buddhism during his reign.

2125:, an ultra-conservative movement that touts the worldly efficacy of the rote recitation of various Pali and Khmer prayers and discourses. Monks in the 4069: 1764:, the mythical axis of the world. The largest of these temples is Phnom Kandal or "Central Mountain" which lies near the heart of the Angkor complex. 1922:, who is often identified with the Buddha-king of Cambodia. The type of Buddhism practiced in medieval Cambodia has been widely studied by professor 2401:

takes place in June or in July; it marks the beginning of a penitential season during which the monks must remain within the temple compounds. The

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sought to align itself with the Buddhist sangha, declaring Buddhism to be Cambodia's "state religion" in a 1991 policy statement. In 1991, King

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Cambodian monks from traveling to Siam for higher education. These Khmer language study centers became the birthplace of Cambodian nationalism.

6234: 4214: 1959:

and successor of King Barom Reachea, restored the great towers of the Angkor Wat, which had become a Buddhist shrine by the sixteenth century.

3565: 2794: 1720:(750–850) in Java. Borobudur appears to have been the inspiration for the later fabulous Angkor building projects in Cambodia, particularly 4397: 4239: 3912: 3662: 1731:

The primary form of Buddhism practiced in Cambodia during Angkor times was Mahayana Buddhism, strongly influenced with Tantric tendencies.

2303:

practice of religion was forbidden and the pagodas were systematically destroyed." Observers estimated that 50,000 monks died during the

2226:

Each order has its own superior and is organized into a hierarchy of eleven levels. The seven lower levels are known collectively as the

2041:

for each of the Thommayut and Mohanikay orders, effectively marking the end of the unified system created under Vietnamese rule in 1981.

1671:

kingdom exercised suzerainty over Cambodia as a vassal state during the end of the eighth and the beginning of the ninth centuries. King

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As Angkor collapsed under the advancing jungles, the center of power of the Theravada Cambodia moved south toward present day

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continued to take place at temple schools. Monks were also encouraged to become involved in community development projects.

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Due to their association with the Thai monarchy, monks of the Thommayut order may have been singled out for persecution.

6735: 6139: 6011: 5982: 5684: 3957: 2590: 1978:) lineage. The Thommayut were sometimes accused of holding loyalty to the Thai court, rather than to the Khmer nation. 1278: 1053: 1013: 468: 5374: 1818:

During Jayavarman VII's reign, there was a shift away from the concept of devaraja god-king, toward the concept of the

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But it was in Java and Sumatra that Tantrayana seems to have attained greater importance. There Mahayana Buddhism and

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of the country. Theravada Buddhism has been the Cambodian state religion since the 13th century (except during the

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While Jayavarman VII himself was Mahayana Buddhist, the presence of Theravada Buddhism was increasingly evident.

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royal maternal line, giving prominence to whichever line successfully supported the legitimacy of the claim.

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had also instructed civil servants to stop celebrating the traditional New Year Festival. Some traditional

6621: 6461: 6129: 6099: 5872: 5823: 5664: 5612: 5607: 5369: 5087: 4839: 4834: 3947: 3917: 3892: 3807: 3787: 3707: 3453: 2464:(elf-like guardians of animals). All spirits must be shown proper respect, and, with the exception of the 2397:, in April or in May, is the triple anniversary of the birth, death, and enlightenment of the Buddha. The 1708:

Buddhist influenced by Nalanda syncretism. His successors (notably Jayavarman IV) dedicated themselves to

1390: 1133: 1118: 1023: 1018: 840: 294: 289: 264: 159: 2432:(particularly nasty demons, the spirits of people who have died violent, untimely, or unnatural deaths), 2389:, celebrated in September or in October, is a memorial day for deceased ancestors and for close friends. 6626: 6596: 6177: 6109: 5942: 5857: 5852: 5776: 5771: 5689: 4219: 4003: 3882: 3877: 3782: 3757: 3732: 3631: 2605: 1872: 1627:(791). Some pre-Angkorean statuary in the Mekong Delta region indicate the existence of Sanskrit-based 1426: 1338: 1328: 1283: 711: 357: 194: 114: 5242: 4008: 3927: 3887: 3742: 405: 5759: 4899: 3767: 3623: 6649: 6616: 6601: 6489: 6119: 6016: 5962: 5847: 5786: 5754: 5749: 5734: 5719: 5709: 5587: 5279: 5202: 5104: 4973: 4775: 4513: 4505: 4445: 4194: 4161: 4111: 3897: 3852: 3832: 3822: 3635: 3412: 3003: 2299: 2118:, who have lent their support and funding to efforts by Maha Ghosananda and other modernist leaders. 2054: 1971: 1456: 1348: 1308: 1303: 1113: 993: 901: 886: 830: 802: 651: 561: 453: 209: 199: 144: 4430: 4357: 1783:(1006–1050) is considered the greatest of the Buddhist kings, with the exception of Jayavarman VII. 6456: 6335: 6169: 6144: 6134: 6094: 6071: 5954: 5927: 5887: 5806: 5796: 5724: 5651: 5082: 4939: 4720: 4698: 4650: 4470: 4270: 4126: 4106: 3977: 3922: 3837: 3817: 3702: 3692: 3648: 3413:"Progress of Buddhist Studies in Ceylon, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, China and Japan" 2531:

are mediums who can be possessed by supernatural beings and communicate with the spirit world. The

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Cambodian Buddhism exists side-by-side with, and to some extent intermingles with, pre-Buddhist

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and as a specialist in conducting spirit worship rituals connected with life-cycle ceremonies.

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temples, providing for extensive expansions and rich decoration of the most popular temples.

2106:

remained the most visible and recognizable figure of the Maha Nikaya modernists. Through his

2006:

perished sometime during the period 1975–1978, though the cause of their deaths is not known.

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god-king to Mahayana bodhisattva-king was probably gradual and imperceptible. The prevailing

6345: 6298: 6293: 6149: 6114: 6089: 6084: 5835: 5791: 5704: 5379: 5035: 5028: 4812: 4802: 4688: 4352: 4224: 3847: 3812: 3762: 3671: 3465: 2169: 2111: 1580: 1553: 1495: 1468: 1353: 1298: 1228: 1218: 1083: 676: 661: 646: 641: 259: 179: 5444: 4608: 4598: 4362: 2365: 2354: 1910:. Phnom Penh was originally a small riverside market center where the Mekong River and the 943: 521: 6709: 6654: 6606: 6534: 6404: 6202: 6182: 6124: 6036: 5699: 5597: 5180: 5163: 5148: 5126: 4678: 4548: 4382: 3486: 3383: 2997: 2918: 2630: 2381:

Most of the major Cambodian annual festivals are connected with Buddhist observances. The

2103: 1911: 1371: 1293: 1093: 1003: 948: 716: 616: 536: 448: 222: 5454: 5168: 4415: 4278: 2880: 2853: 6664: 6367: 6217: 5999: 5579: 5559: 5479: 5158: 5092: 5067: 4929: 3575: 3432: 3419:, Delhi: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, pp. 370–83 3398:

See The Kampuchean, or Khmer, United Front for National Construction and Defense, ch. 4

2911: 2459: 2212: 1812: 1661: 1657: 1585: 1569: 1499: 1452: 1418: 1238: 1168: 1123: 1063: 981: 606: 591: 106: 5592: 4892: 4882: 998: 6724: 6434: 6283: 5494: 5352: 5153: 5131: 4738: 4533: 4528: 4420: 4254: 4089: 4026: 3479: 2565: 2560: 1780: 1672: 1503: 1203: 1058: 1008: 691: 686: 551: 531: 400: 254: 110: 6479: 5384: 5262: 4618: 4613: 1435:) has existed since at least the 5th century. In its earliest form it was a type of 6524: 6509: 6429: 6419: 6261: 6056: 5549: 5050: 5045: 4872: 4743: 4079: 2625: 2575: 1947: 1692: 1491: 1103: 988: 906: 792: 666: 601: 576: 478: 458: 309: 299: 249: 5307: 5292: 5252: 4189: 2585: 2147:

Cambodian society, and have been conducted by the current Maha Nikaya sangharaja,

17: 3617: 2519:, a specialist in ritual. He may function as a kind of master of ceremonies at a 1898:

Life of Gautama Buddha painting. Cambodia. 18th century. Toulon Asian Art Museum.

1841:

After the 13th century Theravada Buddhism became the state religion of Cambodia.

1486:

For the first thousand years of Khmer history, Cambodia was ruled by a series of

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villages and among the peasants, enhancing its popularity among the Khmer folk.

1848:

to be ordained as a Buddhist monk and study Theravada Buddhism according to the

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

2285:

Monks did not lead the ceremonies, however, because that role was given to the

2083:

meditation—in light of both modern secular knowledge and the textual source of

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The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: Volume 1, From Early Times to C.1800

2855:

The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: Volume 1, From Early Times to C.1800

1903:

receive the umpasampada ordination at the hands of the Sinhalese Mahatheras.

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sometimes secretly performing Buddhist rituals for the sick or afflicted.

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The mass conversion of Khmer society to Theravada Buddhism amounted to a

1753: 1709: 1705: 1653: 1593: 1576: 1444: 1440: 1233: 1213: 1208: 1088: 784: 94: 2316:

Kampuchean (or Khmer) United Front for National Construction and Defense

1716:

The Sailendra dynasty also built the fantastic Mahayana Buddhist temple

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Following the withdrawal of the Vietnamese military, the newly renamed

1967: 1740: 1696: 1631:

Buddhism. Khmer-style Buddha images are abundant from the period of 600

1459:). As of 2019 it was estimated that 97.1 percent of the population are 913: 731: 701: 566: 2393:, in January or February, commemorates the last sermon of the Buddha. 2321: 6529: 6514: 6350: 6212: 6192: 5967: 5629: 5509: 5499: 5434: 5062: 5018: 5003: 4993: 4963: 4944: 4887: 4770: 4538: 4410: 4154: 4149: 2003: 1761: 1744: 1680: 1561: 1537: 928: 923: 918: 881: 483: 1772:

Kirtipandita, to foster Mahayana Buddhist learning and divination."

3640: 3626:, high teachings from the most famous and leading Khmer Layteacher 2310:

According to Michael Vickery, who has written positively about the

6669: 6504: 6362: 6328: 6308: 6278: 6207: 5624: 5469: 5347: 5342: 5312: 5267: 5114: 5109: 4988: 4693: 4518: 4485: 4475: 2423: 2398: 2394: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2277: 2267: 2206: 2183: 2073: 1893: 1803: 1737: 1688: 1684: 1645: 1598: 1565: 1557: 1541: 1519: 1163: 395: 6539: 5332: 4998: 4495: 3497:, Bangkok: Mahachulalongkorn Buddhist University, pp. 78–82 2328:

commemorates the birth, enlightenment and passing of the Buddha.

1849: 581: 4051: 3644: 6197: 4733: 2759:

Gyallay-Pap, Peter. "Notes of the Rebirth of Khmer Buddhism,"

3373:. Russell R. Ross, ed. "Role of Buddhism in Cambodian Life". 2771: 2769: 3034: 3032: 2479:

Aid in dealing with the spirit world may be obtained from a

3558:

History, Buddhism, and New Religious Movements in Cambodia

3501:

Université Buddhique Preah Sihanouk Raj; Chau Séng (ed.);

1918:

establishment of the kingdom of the Buddha of the Future,

1837:

Decline of Angkor and the emergence of a Theravada kingdom

1619:

The Kingdom of Chenla replaced Funan and endured from 500

1589:. This text was separately translated by both monks. The 2790:

The Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalog (T 232)

3290: 3288: 3196: 3194: 2280:

Temple, Angkor Wat, Siem Reap, Cambodia (January 2005).

1451:. It is enshrined in the Cambodian constitution as the 3149: 3147: 3145: 2973: 2971: 2683:

Viet Nam: A History from Earliest Times to the Present

1556:

Kingdom that flourished between 100 BC and 500 CE was

3050: 3048: 2776:

T'oung Pao: International Journal of Chinese Studies.

2912:

http://ojs.mcu.ac.th/index.php/BAS/article/view/6678

2647: 2645: 1560:, with the kings of Funan sponsoring the worship of 6640: 6555: 6470: 6168: 6070: 5953: 5650: 5578: 5405: 5278: 5218: 4853: 4719: 4659: 4504: 4396: 4326: 4180: 4125: 3976: 3936: 3678: 3491:"A Doubtful Fate of Laotian and Cambodian Buddhism" 3180: 3178: 3176: 3079: 3077: 3018: 3016: 3014: 2944: 2942: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2471: 2465: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2417: 2239: 2238:. The Mohanikay order has thirty-five monks in the 2233: 2227: 1430: 100: 80: 70: 51: 3464:(I), UK Association for Buddhist Studies: 73–106, 3431: 2812: 2810: 2444:(tutelary spirits residing in inanimate objects), 1844:King Jayavarman VII had sent his son Tamalinda to 1808:Naga-enthroned Buddha statue, 12th century, Angkor 2232:; the four higher levels together are called the 2060:The Maha Nikaya monastic hierarchy—headed by the 1743:gurus; the Saiva records make obvious records to 3613:Buddhism and the making of democracy in Cambodia 2655:. Central Intelligence Agency. October 4, 2022. 1856:During the time Tamalinda studied at the famous 1656:faith traditions gave way to the worship of the 3556:Marston, John Amos; Guthrie, Elizabeth (2004). 1878: 1827: 1792: 1750: 1733: 1701: 3006:and Kampuchean people are absolutely forbidden 4063: 3656: 3523:. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 105–110. 2711:"Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050" 1938:elements in this tradition and thus call it " 1391: 753: 8: 4845:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 3039: 2978: 2513:Another kind of magical practitioner is the 29: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 2188:Mural painting depicting Gautama Buddha at 4070: 4056: 4048: 3663: 3649: 3641: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 1586:Mahāprajñāpāramitā Mañjuśrīparivarta Sūtra 1490:with an occasional Buddhist king, such as 1398: 1384: 771: 760: 746: 121: 3469: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2755: 2753: 2751: 1572:toward the close of the seventh century. 2928: 2926: 2037:returned from exile and appointed a new 1963:including periodic millenarian revolts. 42:Monks and nuns praying in a pagoda near 6032:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 2641: 1679:869), the first real Khmer king of the 783: 133: 6235:List of Buddhist architecture in China 3618:List of Vinaya-Monasteries in Cambodia 3321: 3308: 3295: 3279: 3266: 3253: 3240: 3227: 3214: 3201: 3185: 3167: 3154: 3136: 3123: 3110: 3097: 3084: 3068: 3055: 3023: 2962: 2949: 2885:. Cambridge University Press. p. 2817: 1747:doctrines that had crept into Saivism. 28: 2497:(witch, sorcerer or sorceress), or a 1687:god-king and identified himself with 7: 3582:, New Haven: Yale University Press, 3411:Bapat, P.V.; Takasaki, J.N. (1959), 2485:(shaman or spirit practitioner), an 1596:is a prominent figure in this text. 1583:. Among these texts is the Mahāyāna 71:Regions with significant populations 3521:Encyclopedia of Buddhism (Cambodia) 3495:Thai Buddhism in the Buddhist World 2537:are sorcerers who cause illnesses. 1970:'s invitation, monks from the Thai 6022:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 3504:Organisation buddhique au Cambodge 3487:Rajavaramuni, Phra Prayudh Payutto 3386:Research completed December 1987. 2659:from the original on June 10, 2021 2264:Role of Buddhism in Cambodian life 856:Decline in the Indian subcontinent 851:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 25: 1795:evidence that he was a Buddhist." 1439:. Today, the predominant form of 1432:Preăh Pŭtthôsasânéa noŭ Kâmpŭchéa 6703: 6693: 6692: 6250:Thai temple art and architecture 5995:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 4235:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 4101: 4088: 4078: 4031: 4022: 4021: 3519:Buswell, Robert E., ed. (2004). 2991:Cambodian Constitution 1975-1979 2879:Tarling, Nicholas (1992-01-01). 2852:Tarling, Nicholas (1992-01-01). 2438:(evil spirits, usually female), 2364: 2353: 1928:École française d'Extrême-Orient 791: 143: 86: 35: 4102: 3542:, University of Hawai'i Press, 2797:from the original on 2019-11-25 2721:from the original on 2018-11-16 1695:Buddhism of Bengal, and of the 1516:History of Buddhism in Cambodia 1502:, who became a mahayanist, and 6240:Japanese Buddhist architecture 6042:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 5122:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 4313:Places where the Buddha stayed 3989:British Indian Ocean Territory 3608:Wats of Sihanoukville Cambodia 3560:. University of Hawaii Press. 3454:"Sangha Groupings in Cambodia" 2858:. Cambridge University Press. 2312:People's Republic of Kampuchea 2180:Khmer nationalism and Buddhism 2070:Modernists and traditionalists 2019:People's Republic of Kampuchea 1699:University in northern India. 1: 6255:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 2596:Supreme Patriarch of Cambodia 2168:and his political party, the 6012:Buddhism and the Roman world 5988:Decline of Buddhism in India 5983:History of Buddhism in India 4083: Topics in 2591:Buddhist Institute, Cambodia 2503:(medium, usually male). The 2078:Adolescent monks in Cambodia 1610:. Sandstone, 7th century CE. 1054:Buddhist Paths to liberation 5210:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 4950: 3452:Harris, Ian (August 2001), 2533: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2472: 2466: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2418: 2240: 2234: 2228: 1767:King Rajendravarman II (944 1683:Empire, proclaimed himself 1431: 426: 417: 363:Sri Lankan Forest Tradition 6752: 6160:The unanswerable questions 3376:Cambodia: A Country Study. 2450:(guardians of the house), 1926:and his colleagues at the 1662:Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara 1513: 368:Southern Esoteric Buddhism 6688: 6245:Buddhist temples in Korea 4808:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 4711:Three planes of existence 4318:Buddha in world religions 4097: 4017: 3580:Thailand: A Short History 3434:The Art of Southeast Asia 3371:Federal Research Division 2456:(ancestral spirits), and 1525:Wat Preah Chedey Borapaut 1422: 105: 85: 75: 56: 34: 6027:Persecution of Buddhists 5248:Four stages of awakening 4629:Three marks of existence 4215:Physical characteristics 3738:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 3634:, Tour 2000, written by 3630:and his teacher, Acharn 3471:10.1558/bsrv.v18i1.14469 3415:, in Bapat, V.P. (ed.), 2031:Cambodian People's Party 5390:Ten principal disciples 4273:(aunt, adoptive mother) 3999:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 3458:Buddhist Studies Review 3438:, Thames & Hudson, 3430:Rawson, Philip (1990), 2687:Oxford University Press 1930:. They have identified 1531:Possible early missions 1423:ព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនានៅកម្ពុជា 1074:Philosophical reasoning 707:Varanggana Vanavichayen 444:Seven Aids to Awakening 6100:Buddhism and democracy 5613:Tibetan Buddhist canon 5608:Chinese Buddhist canon 4840:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 4835:Early Buddhist schools 3417:2500 Years of Buddhism 2761:Radical Conservativism 2329: 2281: 2215: 2211:Buddha at a temple in 2192: 2159:"Young Monks" movement 2079: 1899: 1883: 1832: 1809: 1797: 1758: 1749: 1714: 1611: 1527: 841:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 290:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 265:Abhidhammattha-sangaha 6110:Eight Consciousnesses 4220:Life of Buddha in art 3632:Sujin Boriharnwanaket 2606:Preah Maha Ghosananda 2324: 2271: 2210: 2203:Cambodian adaptations 2187: 2077: 1897: 1873:nonviolent revolution 1807: 1602: 1523: 1109:Aids to Enlightenment 934:Dependent Origination 712:Dhammananda Bhikkhuni 358:Thai Forest Tradition 6731:Buddhism in Cambodia 6587:East Asian religions 6017:Buddhism in the West 5588:Early Buddhist texts 5203:Four Right Exertions 4669:Ten spiritual realms 4162:Noble Eightfold Path 3913:United Arab Emirates 3603:Buddhism in Cambodia 3538:Harris, Ian (2005), 3004:Democratic Kampuchea 2934:The Golden Peninsula 2742:France on the Mekong 2740:Tully, John (2002). 2667:– via CIA.gov. 2300:Democratic Kampuchea 2055:Dhammayuttika Nikaya 2045:The Cambodian sangha 2013:Post-Khmer Rouge era 1972:Dhammayuttika Nikaya 1890:Buddhist Middle Ages 1644:The transition from 1603:Cambodian statue of 1411:Buddhism in Cambodia 1079:Devotional practices 902:Noble Eightfold Path 562:Anagarika Dharmapala 469:Enlightenment Stages 454:Noble Eightfold Path 30:Buddhism in Cambodia 6736:Buddhism by country 6710:Religion portal 6457:Temple of the Tooth 6336:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 5375:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 4868:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 4651:Two truths doctrine 4471:Mahapajapati Gotamī 4271:Mahapajapati Gotamī 3940:limited recognition 2838:O'Murray, Stephen. 2715:Pew Research Center 2335:government circular 1252:Buddhism by country 1014:Sanskrit literature 270:Yogāvacara's manual 235:Paracanonical texts 76:Throughout Cambodia 31: 6632:Western philosophy 6230:Dzong architecture 6052:Vipassana movement 6047:Buddhist modernism 5475:Emperor Wen of Sui 5243:Pratyekabuddhayāna 5176:Threefold Training 4978:Vipassana movement 4694:Hungry Ghost realm 4514:Avidyā (Ignorance) 4461:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 4210:Great Renunciation 4205:Eight Great Events 4087: 3624:Dhamma in Cambodia 3540:Cambodian Buddhism 3382:2011-04-06 at the 3298:, pp. 99–101) 3282:, pp. 98–101) 3204:, pp. 96–101) 2996:2021-09-23 at the 2917:2022-08-09 at the 2372:Cambodian New Year 2339:Buddhist festivals 2330: 2282: 2216: 2193: 2138:) have patronized 2080: 1900: 1810: 1612: 1528: 1457:Khmer Rouge period 1449:Theravada Buddhism 866:Buddhist modernism 637:K. Sri Dhammananda 572:Vajirananavarorasa 502:Moggaliputta-Tissa 459:Four Divine Abodes 353:Vipassana movement 348:Buddhist modernism 136:Theravāda Buddhism 18:Cambodian buddhism 6718: 6717: 6356:Om mani padme hum 6062:Women in Buddhism 5978:Buddhist councils 5848:Western countries 5636:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 5397:Shaolin Monastery 4974:Samatha-vipassanā 4584:Pratītyasamutpāda 4388:Metteyya/Maitreya 4306: 4298: 4290: 4282: 4274: 4266: 4258: 4135:Four Noble Truths 4045: 4044: 3982:other territories 3672:Buddhism in Asia 3567:978-0-8248-2868-4 3230:, pp. 79–83) 3157:, pp. 88–92) 3042:, pp. 78–82) 3040:Rajavaramuni 1984 2979:Rajavaramuni 1984 2295:May Mayko Ebihara 1940:Tantric Theravada 1453:official religion 1437:Mahāyāna Buddhism 1408: 1407: 897:Four Noble Truths 770: 769: 464:Four Noble Truths 330:Pali Text Society 305:Buddhist councils 120: 119: 16:(Redirected from 6743: 6708: 6707: 6696: 6695: 6535:Sacred languages 6383:Maya Devi Temple 6346:Mahabodhi Temple 6150:Secular Buddhism 6115:Engaged Buddhism 4955: 4803:Tibetan Buddhism 4754:Vietnamese Thiền 4353:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 4304: 4296: 4288: 4280: 4272: 4264: 4256: 4105: 4104: 4092: 4082: 4072: 4065: 4058: 4049: 4035: 4025: 4024: 3994:Christmas Island 3680:Sovereign states 3665: 3658: 3651: 3642: 3620:, on sangham.net 3592: 3571: 3552: 3534: 3498: 3482: 3473: 3448: 3437: 3426: 3425: 3424: 3399: 3396: 3390: 3368: 3325: 3324:, pp. 91–2) 3318: 3312: 3305: 3299: 3292: 3283: 3276: 3270: 3263: 3257: 3256:, pp. 96–7) 3250: 3244: 3237: 3231: 3224: 3218: 3211: 3205: 3198: 3189: 3182: 3171: 3164: 3158: 3151: 3140: 3139:, pp. 92–6) 3133: 3127: 3120: 3114: 3107: 3101: 3094: 3088: 3081: 3072: 3065: 3059: 3058:, pp. 75–6) 3052: 3043: 3036: 3027: 3020: 3009: 2988: 2982: 2975: 2966: 2965:, pp. 83–4) 2959: 2953: 2946: 2937: 2932:Keyes, Charles. 2930: 2921: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2849: 2843: 2836: 2821: 2814: 2805: 2804: 2803: 2802: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2764: 2757: 2746: 2745: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2707: 2701: 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reading 3485: 3451: 3446: 3429: 3422: 3420: 3410: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3393: 3384:Wayback Machine 3369: 3328: 3319: 3315: 3306: 3302: 3293: 3286: 3277: 3273: 3264: 3260: 3251: 3247: 3238: 3234: 3225: 3221: 3212: 3208: 3199: 3192: 3183: 3174: 3165: 3161: 3152: 3143: 3134: 3130: 3121: 3117: 3108: 3104: 3095: 3091: 3082: 3075: 3066: 3062: 3053: 3046: 3037: 3030: 3021: 3012: 3000:- Article 20: " 2998:Wayback Machine 2989: 2985: 2976: 2969: 2960: 2956: 2947: 2940: 2931: 2924: 2919:Wayback Machine 2908: 2904: 2897: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2866: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2837: 2824: 2815: 2808: 2800: 2798: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2774: 2767: 2758: 2749: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2724: 2722: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2697: 2689:. p. 375. 2677: 2676: 2672: 2662: 2660: 2651: 2650: 2643: 2639: 2631:Smot (chanting) 2557: 2379: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2369: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2266: 2205: 2182: 2161: 2104:Maha Ghosananda 2087:teachings, the 2072: 2047: 2015: 1988: 1986:Khmer Rouge era 1956: 1912:Tonle Sap River 1892: 1839: 1802: 1778: 1642: 1617: 1550: 1533: 1518: 1512: 1404: 1372:Buddhism Portal 1364: 1363: 1254: 1244: 1243: 1194: 1184: 1183: 1149: 1139: 1138: 1044: 1034: 1033: 1004:Mahayana Sutras 984: 974: 973: 914:Five Aggregates 892: 891: 871: 870: 861:Later Buddhists 826: 766: 737: 736: 717:Ayya Tathaaloka 617:Maha Ghosananda 557:Sumangala Thera 542:Sāriputta Thera 537:Parakramabahu I 497: 489: 488: 381: 373: 372: 343: 335: 334: 285: 275: 274: 225: 215: 214: 155: 135: 115:other languages 66:(97.1%) in 2024 60: 47: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6749: 6747: 6739: 6738: 6733: 6723: 6722: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6712: 6700: 6689: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6646: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6577: 6567: 6561: 6559: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6549: 6548: 6547: 6542: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6476: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6453: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6422: 6417: 6412: 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R. Ambedkar 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5480:Songtsen Gampo 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5411: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5399: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5284: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5224: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5206: 5205: 5195: 5194: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5173: 5172: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5159:Eight precepts 5156: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5119: 5118: 5117: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5038: 5033: 5032: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4947: 4937: 4932: 4930:Five Strengths 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4870: 4865: 4859: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4795: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4757: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4725: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4713: 4708: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4671: 4665: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4653: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4569:Mental factors 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4510: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4421:Mahamoggallāna 4418: 4413: 4408: 4402: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4344: 4343: 4336:Avalokiteśvara 4332: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4300: 4292: 4284: 4276: 4268: 4260: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4186: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4158: 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6179: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6167: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6069: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6006: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5938:United States 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5846: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5829: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5817: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5765: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5649: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5637: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5577: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5495:Padmasambhava 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5407:Major figures 5404: 5398: 5395: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5354: 5353:Western tulku 5351: 5350: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5208: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5177: 5174: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5154:Five precepts 5152: 5151: 5150: 5147: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5132:Dhamma vicaya 5130: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5123: 5120: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4979: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4942: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4900:Buddhābhiṣeka 4898: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4799: 4796: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4735: 4732: 4731: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4652: 4649: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4544:Enlightenment 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4534:Dhamma theory 4532: 4530: 4529:Buddha-nature 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4503: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4368:Samantabhadra 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4307: 4301: 4299: 4293: 4291: 4285: 4283: 4277: 4275: 4269: 4267: 4261: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4142: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4100: 4099: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4073: 4068: 4066: 4061: 4059: 4054: 4053: 4050: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4028: 4020: 4019: 4016: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3963:South Ossetia 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3666: 3661: 3659: 3654: 3652: 3647: 3646: 3643: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3589:0-300-08475-7 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3551: 3549:0-8248-2765-1 3545: 3541: 3536: 3532: 3530:0-02-865718-7 3526: 3522: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3447: 3445:0-500-20060-2 3441: 3436: 3435: 3428: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3311:, p. 87) 3310: 3304: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3269:, p. 97) 3268: 3262: 3259: 3255: 3249: 3246: 3243:, p. 80) 3242: 3236: 3233: 3229: 3223: 3220: 3217:, p. 79) 3216: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3188:, p. 78) 3187: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3173: 3170:, p. 95) 3169: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3132: 3129: 3126:, p. 77) 3125: 3119: 3116: 3113:, p. 76) 3112: 3106: 3103: 3100:, p. 93) 3099: 3093: 3090: 3087:, p. 75) 3086: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3071:, p. 84) 3070: 3064: 3061: 3057: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3026:, p. 74) 3025: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3005: 2999: 2995: 2992: 2987: 2984: 2980: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2958: 2955: 2952:, p. 83) 2951: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2913: 2906: 2903: 2898: 2896:9780521355056 2892: 2888: 2884: 2883: 2875: 2872: 2867: 2865:9780521355056 2861: 2857: 2856: 2848: 2845: 2841: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2736: 2733: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2706: 2703: 2698: 2696:9780195160765 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2674: 2671: 2658: 2654: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2636: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2566:Mangala Sutta 2564: 2562: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2491:(ritualist), 2489: 2483: 2477: 2474: 2468: 2467:mneang phteah 2462: 2461: 2454: 2448: 2447:mneang phteah 2442: 2436: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2414: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2373: 2367: 2356: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2290: 2288: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2220: 2214: 2209: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2076: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2064: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2024: 2020: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 1999: 1995: 1993: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1896: 1889: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1854: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1816: 1814: 1806: 1799: 1796: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1782: 1781:Suryavarman I 1776:Suryavarman I 1775: 1773: 1770: 1765: 1763: 1757: 1755: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1713: 1711: 1710:Hindu trinity 1707: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1673:Jayavarman II 1670: 1667:The Buddhist 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1614: 1609: 1606: 1601: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1504:Suryavarman I 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1389: 1387: 1382: 1381: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1367: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1248: 1247: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1188: 1187: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1143: 1142: 1135: 1134:Vegetarianism 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1089:Recollections 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1059:Five precepts 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1038: 1037: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1024:Chinese canon 1022: 1020: 1019:Tibetan canon 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 986: 983: 978: 977: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 908: 905: 904: 903: 900: 898: 895: 894: 888: 885: 883: 880: 879: 875: 874: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 828: 825: 820: 819: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 800: 799: 798: 794: 790: 789: 786: 782: 778: 774: 773: 763: 758: 756: 751: 749: 744: 743: 741: 740: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 692:Ajahn Sumedho 690: 688: 687:Bhikkhu Bodhi 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 552:Ram Khamhaeng 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 499: 493: 492: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 428: 423: 421: 419: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 401:Five precepts 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 383: 377: 376: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 345: 339: 338: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 295:Early schools 293: 291: 288: 287: 284: 279: 278: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 255:Visuddhimagga 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 230:Pāli Tipiṭaka 228: 227: 224: 219: 218: 211: 210:Western world 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 157: 151: 150: 146: 142: 141: 138: 132: 128: 124: 123: 116: 112: 108: 104: 99: 96: 93: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 55: 50: 46: 45: 38: 33: 27: 19: 6650:Bodhisattvas 6570:Christianity 6565:Baháʼí Faith 6430:Dharmachakra 6420:Prayer wheel 6410:Prayer beads 6178:Architecture 6057:969 Movement 5841:Saudi Arabia 5819:Central Asia 5812:South Africa 5674: 5634: 5617: 5550:Panchen Lama 5455:Buddhapālita 5051:Satipatthana 5046:Mindful Yoga 4959:Recollection 4873:Brahmavihara 4744:Japanese Zen 4739:Chinese Chan 4699:Animal realm 4506:Key concepts 4328:Bodhisattvas 4140:Three Jewels 3978:Dependencies 3908:Turkmenistan 3873:Saudi Arabia 3722: 3579: 3576:Wyatt, David 3557: 3539: 3520: 3502: 3494: 3461: 3457: 3433: 3421:, retrieved 3416: 3394: 3387: 3375: 3316: 3303: 3274: 3261: 3248: 3235: 3222: 3209: 3162: 3131: 3118: 3105: 3092: 3063: 3001: 2986: 2957: 2933: 2905: 2881: 2874: 2854: 2847: 2839: 2799:, retrieved 2789: 2783: 2778:1958. p. 185 2775: 2760: 2741: 2735: 2723:. Retrieved 2714: 2705: 2682: 2679:Kiernan, Ben 2673: 2661:. Retrieved 2626:Dhammayietra 2576:Ratana Sutta 2549: 2539: 2512: 2478: 2415: 2407: 2380: 2374:celebrations 2344: 2331: 2326:Visak Bochea 2309: 2291: 2286: 2283: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2197: 2194: 2174: 2162: 2153: 2143: 2139: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2120: 2101: 2081: 2061: 2059: 2048: 2028: 2016: 2008: 2000: 1996: 1989: 1980: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1954:Colonial era 1948:Khmer Empire 1944: 1916: 1905: 1901: 1884: 1879: 1870: 1866: 1863: 1855: 1843: 1840: 1833: 1828: 1824: 1817: 1811: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1779: 1768: 1766: 1759: 1751: 1734: 1730: 1715: 1702: 1693:Pala Dynasty 1676: 1666: 1643: 1632: 1629:Sarvāstivāda 1620: 1618: 1584: 1574: 1551: 1534: 1492:Jayavarman I 1485: 1475:kingdoms of 1465: 1414: 1410: 1409: 1268: 1084:Merit making 1049:Three Jewels 989:Buddhavacana 919:Impermanence 907:Dharma wheel 667:U Dhammaloka 602:S. N. Goenka 577:Ledi Sayadaw 479:Three Jewels 310:Vibhajjavada 250:Vimuttimagga 240:Commentaries 164: 63:16.6 million 62: 41: 26: 6495:Dharma talk 6324:Asalha Puja 6120:Eschatology 5923:Switzerland 5903:New Zealand 5831:Middle East 5740:Philippines 5660:Afghanistan 5465:Bodhidharma 5450:Buddhaghosa 5370:Householder 5280:Monasticism 5233:Bodhisattva 5088:Prostration 5041:Mindfulness 4969:Anapanasati 4952:Kammaṭṭhāna 4749:Korean Seon 4689:Asura realm 4684:Human realm 4624:Ten Fetters 4579:Parinirvana 4481:Uppalavanna 4446:Mahākaccana 4431:Mahākassapa 4363:Kṣitigarbha 4358:Ākāśagarbha 4255:Suddhodāna 4200:Four sights 4127:Foundations 4037:Asia portal 3938:States with 3858:Philippines 3798:South Korea 3793:North Korea 3688:Afghanistan 3508:Phnom Penh 3322:Harris 2001 3309:Harris 2001 3296:Harris 2001 3280:Harris 2001 3267:Harris 2001 3254:Harris 2001 3241:Harris 2001 3228:Harris 2001 3215:Harris 2001 3202:Harris 2001 3186:Harris 2001 3168:Harris 2001 3155:Harris 2001 3137:Harris 2001 3124:Harris 2001 3111:Harris 2001 3098:Harris 2001 3085:Harris 2001 3069:Harris 2001 3056:Harris 2001 3024:Harris 2001 2963:Harris 2001 2950:Harris 2001 2840:Angkor Life 2818:Rawson 1990 2663:January 24, 2571:Metta Sutta 2545:astrologers 2391:Meak bochea 2305:Khmer Rouge 2229:thananukram 2108:Dhammayatra 2051:Maha Nikaya 1992:reactionary 1976:Maha Nikaya 1726:Angkor Thom 1650:Vaishnavite 1608:Bodhisattva 1591:bodhisattva 1542:Pataliputta 1488:Hindu kings 1481:Haripunchai 1319:New Zealand 1174:Bodhisattva 1159:Four Stages 1114:Monasticism 1094:Mindfulness 1064:Perfections 994:Early Texts 727:Kee Nanayon 697:Ajahn Brahm 682:Nyanaponika 672:Nyanatiloka 657:Jayatilleke 632:Pragyananda 527:Buddhadatta 522:Buddhaghoṣa 512:Sanghamitta 496:Key figures 449:Mindfulness 411:Kammaṭṭhāna 6725:Categories 6612:Psychology 6592:Gnosticism 6580:Comparison 6575:Influences 6557:Comparison 6440:Bhavacakra 6398:Kushinagar 6373:Pilgrimage 6319:Māgha Pūjā 6274:Bodhi Tree 6090:Buddhology 6080:Abhidharma 6072:Philosophy 6005:Menander I 5873:Costa Rica 5824:Uzbekistan 5665:Bangladesh 5619:Dhammapada 5603:Pali Canon 5565:Ajahn Chah 5545:Dalai Lama 5445:Kumārajīva 5440:Vasubandhu 5415:The Buddha 5323:Zen master 5258:Sakadagami 5238:Buddhahood 5169:Pratimokṣa 4984:Shikantaza 4940:Meditation 4915:Deity yoga 4786:Madhyamaka 4679:Deva realm 4574:Mindstream 4524:Bodhicitta 4436:Aṅgulimāla 4303:Devadatta 4279:Yaśodharā 4182:The Buddha 4172:Middle Way 3918:Uzbekistan 3893:Tajikistan 3808:Kyrgyzstan 3788:Kazakhstan 3708:Bangladesh 3698:Azerbaijan 3628:But Sovung 3423:2007-06-29 2801:2013-12-31 2653:"Cambodia" 2601:Choun Nath 2561:Pāli Canon 2422:(ghosts), 2399:chol vossa 2383:chol chnam 2166:Sam Rainsy 2089:Pali Canon 2063:sanghreach 2039:sangharaja 2023:sangharaja 1914:converge. 1908:Phnom Penh 1858:Mahavihara 1762:Mount Meru 1722:Angkor Wat 1192:Traditions 1129:Pilgrimage 1069:Meditation 1029:Post-canon 1009:Pāli Canon 939:Middle Way 836:The Buddha 722:Ayya Khema 662:Kalupahana 627:Mahapragya 622:Kripasaran 612:Ajahn Chah 532:Dhammapāla 439:Middle Way 434:Meditation 386:Abhidhamma 315:Mahāvihāra 160:Bangladesh 44:Phnom Penh 6680:Festivals 6660:Buddhists 6622:Theosophy 6425:Symbolism 6415:Hama yumi 6388:Bodh Gaya 6155:Socialism 6130:Evolution 6105:Economics 5943:Venezuela 5858:Australia 5853:Argentina 5777:Sri Lanka 5772:Singapore 5690:Indonesia 5652:Countries 5593:Tripiṭaka 5555:Ajahn Mun 5430:Nagarjuna 5425:Aśvaghoṣa 5308:Anagārika 5303:Śrāmaṇerī 5298:Śrāmaṇera 5293:Bhikkhunī 5253:Sotāpanna 5142:Passaddhi 5083:Offerings 5058:Nekkhamma 4935:Iddhipada 4855:Practices 4825:Theravada 4798:Vajrayana 4791:Yogachara 4761:Pure Land 4674:Six Paths 4661:Cosmology 4441:Anuruddha 4416:Sāriputta 4406:Kaundinya 4398:Disciples 4373:Vajrapāṇi 4225:Footprint 4190:Tathāgata 4004:Hong Kong 3958:Palestine 3883:Sri Lanka 3878:Singapore 3758:Indonesia 3480:247890925 2725:13 August 2621:Pchum Ben 2586:Vipassanā 2387:Pchum Ben 2190:Wat Botum 2097:tripitaka 2093:vipassana 2085:Theravada 1846:Sri Lanka 1718:Borobudur 1669:Sailendra 1477:Dvaravati 1461:Buddhists 1339:Sri Lanka 1329:Singapore 1284:Indonesia 1224:Vajrayāna 1199:Theravāda 1154:Awakening 1042:Practices 999:Tripiṭaka 969:Cosmology 944:Emptiness 924:Suffering 597:U Ba Khin 547:Anawrahta 325:Mahavamsa 320:Dipavamsa 300:Sthaviras 195:Sri Lanka 154:Countries 101:Languages 92:Theravada 81:Religions 6698:Category 6627:Violence 6597:Hinduism 6545:Sanskrit 6500:Hinayana 6485:Amitābha 6445:Swastika 6314:Uposatha 6304:Holidays 6289:Calendar 6135:Humanism 5973:Kanishka 5963:Timeline 5787:Thailand 5755:Kalmykia 5750:Buryatia 5735:Pakistan 5720:Mongolia 5715:Maldives 5710:Malaysia 5675:Cambodia 5540:Shamarpa 5535:Nichiren 5485:Xuanzang 5420:Nagasena 5338:Rinpoche 5068:Pāramitā 4910:Devotion 4830:Navayana 4818:Dzogchen 4781:Nichiren 4729:Mahayana 4721:Branches 4599:Saṅkhāra 4348:Mañjuśrī 4305:(cousin) 4297:(cousin) 4265:(mother) 4257:(father) 4245:Miracles 4195:Birthday 4112:Glossary 4085:Buddhism 4027:Category 3948:Abkhazia 3898:Thailand 3853:Pakistan 3833:Mongolia 3828:Maldives 3823:Malaysia 3723:Cambodia 3578:(2003), 3489:(1984), 3380:Archived 2994:Archived 2915:Archived 2795:archived 2719:Archived 2681:(2017). 2657:Archived 2616:Bour Kry 2611:Tep Vong 2555:See also 2528:Rup arak 2500:rup arak 2260:chores. 2241:rajagana 2235:rajagana 2149:Tep Vong 2053:and the 2035:Sihanouk 1936:esoteric 1920:Maitreya 1754:Shaivism 1660:and the 1654:Shaivite 1594:Mañjuśrī 1577:Sanskrit 1445:Cambodia 1441:Buddhism 1349:Thailand 1309:Mongolia 1304:Malaysia 1269:Cambodia 1234:Navayana 1214:Hinayana 1209:Mahāyāna 1119:Lay life 949:Morality 929:Not-self 887:Concepts 846:Councils 831:Timeline 803:Glossary 785:Buddhism 777:a series 775:Part of 677:Nanamoli 587:U Nārada 474:Precepts 380:Doctrine 200:Thailand 165:Cambodia 127:a series 125:Part of 95:Buddhism 6675:Temples 6655:Buddhas 6617:Science 6607:Judaism 6602:Jainism 6520:Lineage 6480:Abhijñā 6450:Thangka 6393:Sarnath 6378:Lumbini 6299:Funeral 6294:Cuisine 6170:Culture 6145:Reality 6095:Creator 6085:Atomism 5955:History 5928:Ukraine 5888:Germany 5807:Senegal 5797:Vietnam 5725:Myanmar 5525:Shinran 5515:Karmapa 5490:Shandao 5460:Dignāga 5385:Śrāvaka 5365:Donchee 5360:Kappiya 5318:Sayadaw 5288:Bhikkhu 5263:Anāgāmi 5220:Nirvana 5186:Samadhi 5073:Paritta 5014:Tonglen 5009:Mandala 4964:Smarana 4945:Mantras 4893:Upekkha 4863:Bhavana 4813:Shingon 4766:Tiantai 4619:Tathātā 4609:Śūnyatā 4604:Skandha 4594:Saṃsāra 4589:Rebirth 4564:Kleshas 4554:Indriya 4456:Subhūti 4341:Guanyin 4295:Ānanda 4287:Rāhula 4167:Nirvana 4107:Outline 3923:Vietnam 3838:Myanmar 3818:Lebanon 3748:Georgia 3703:Bahrain 3693:Armenia 3405:Sources 2581:Samatha 2441:neak ta 2410:animism 2274:donchee 2136:Hun Sen 2004:nikayas 1968:Norodom 1932:tantric 1745:Tantric 1741:Brahmin 1706:Shivite 1697:Nalanda 1581:Chinese 1510:History 1359:Vietnam 1314:Myanmar 1229:Tibetan 1219:Chinese 1147:Nirvāṇa 964:Saṃsāra 959:Rebirth 824:History 813:Outline 732:Dipa Ma 702:Analayo 567:Mongkut 507:Mahinda 427:Nibbāna 418:Saṃsāra 342:Schools 283:History 205:Vietnam 185:Myanmar 61: 6670:Sutras 6665:Suttas 6530:Siddhi 6515:Koliya 6490:Brahmā 6405:Poetry 6351:Mantra 6341:Kasaya 6213:Pagoda 6193:Kyaung 6188:Vihāra 6183:Temple 6125:Ethics 5968:Ashoka 5918:Sweden 5913:Poland 5908:Norway 5898:Mexico 5883:France 5868:Canada 5863:Brazil 5802:Africa 5782:Taiwan 5745:Russia 5670:Bhutan 5630:Vinaya 5510:Naropa 5500:Saraha 5435:Asanga 5191:Prajñā 5100:Refuge 5063:Nianfo 5024:Tertön 5019:Tantra 5004:Ganana 4994:Tukdam 4920:Dhyāna 4888:Mudita 4883:Karuṇā 4776:Risshū 4771:Huayan 4704:Naraka 4644:Anattā 4639:Dukkha 4634:Anicca 4539:Dharma 4491:Channa 4426:Ānanda 4411:Assaji 4378:Skanda 4281:(wife) 4250:Family 4230:Relics 4155:Sangha 4150:Dharma 4145:Buddha 3968:Taiwan 3903:Turkey 3868:Russia 3803:Kuwait 3783:Jordan 3773:Israel 3733:Cyprus 3718:Brunei 3713:Bhutan 3586: 3564: 3546: 3527: 3478: 3442: 2893: 2889:-192. 2862: 2693: 2429:besach 2419:khmaoc 2403:kathen 2272:Khmer 1820:Sangha 1681:Angkor 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