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486:, director of about twenty companies, and had received many honors and official commissions. Cavallier had chosen his son-in-law, Marcel Paul, as his successor. The heirs of Xavier Rogé and two other shareholders, Colonel Plassiart and the Lorraine banker Paul Lenglet, still had sizeable shareholdings. In the early 1920s Cavallier arranged for them to form a pact within a financial company, Filor (Financière Lorraine). This lasted until 1964, when the founding families still controlled 50% of the capital of Pont-à -Mousson.
131:
467:
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up quotations for tenders. He achieved excellent results in selling the cast iron pipes, and in 1883 won the tenders for the city of Paris. Rogé decided to groom
Cavallier as his successor, and in the 1880s Cavallier became in effect the director-general, although Rogé retained that title. Cavallier did not limit himself to the commercial side, but played a large role in building up the company's mining assets. The company depended on the Marbache and
308:
the largest shareholder with 816 shares, or 28%, due to acquisition of the shares of Xavier Rogé. By 1912 he controlled 36.8%, including the shares of his family members. By 1910 Cavallier was worth 10 million gold francs, a large but not huge amount. After World War I he controlled 43% of the company's capital. His motivation seems to have been primarily to build up the enterprise through hard work rather than to make a personal fortune.
475:
strategy as a pipe specialist led him to move into the export market early on so the company would not depend on fluctuating domestic demand. By the time he died half of the company's output was exported, with 450 foreign cities using Pont-Ă -Mousson pipes, 127 of them outside of Europe. Cavallier knew that exports forced industry to become more competitive and efficient, and reduced costs helped domestic customers.
207:
products, mainly cast iron pipes. Cavallier worked at the company for four months before being called up on 5 November 1874 for a year of military service, which he spent at
Versailles in the 1st Regiment of Engineers. He was discharged as a second lieutenant of the reserve on 1 November 1875. He returned to the Société de Pont-à -Mousson on 2 November 1875, where he would work for the rest of his life.
167:, and his brother Henri became a member of the board of directors of the Société de Pont-à -Mousson. For many years the family lived in the heart of the Bois-le-Prêtre, a forest about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the center of the town. In October 1867 Camille was admitted as a day student to the Collège of Pont-à -Mousson, where he was an excellent student. In 1870 he was accepted by the
328:, opposed by a local physician who was supported by the Fédération républicaine. He lost by 3,506 votes to the doctor's 3,820. Wendel was convinced, perhaps correctly, that Cavallier had engineered his defeat since he distrusted Wendel's dealings with union leaders and thought he had encouraged the strike . Unlike self-made men such as Cavallier and Alexandre Dreux of the
138:
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163:. His parents were Jean Pierre Baptiste Cavallier (b. 1816) and Marguerite Sophie Martin (b. 1825). His father was a gamekeeper for the Eaux et Forêts and his mother was a cleaning lady whose customers included Xavier Rogé, head of the local Société de Pont-à -Mousson iron works. His sister Sophie later joined the
31:
360:
coal deposits in northern
Belgium, leading to incorporation of the Société Campinoise on 11 April 1902. The Beeringen-Coursel concession was granted to a group of three exploration companies on 26 November 1906, and Pont-à -Mousson participated in creation of the Société des Charbonnages de Beeringen (
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concession in the Briey Basin for the company. Since becoming head of the company
Cavallier devoted a large part of his salary to buying shares in the company. In 1900, Cavallier held only 8% of the capital of Pont-Ă -Mousson, with 236 shares. By the time of the meeting of 9 January 1901 he had become
418:
defined the demands of the Comite des Forges for the post-war settlement. They wanted return of Alsace-Lorraine, cession of the Saar and transfer of
Luxembourg from the German Customs Union to a union with Belgium. Camille Cavallier was one of a small number of iron masters who also wanted the left
215:
Camille
Cavallier was first assigned to the "flat" foundry, then in 1876 to the "standing" foundry dedicated to making iron gutters and pipes. In 1877 Rogé gave him charge of the newly created commercial service. The job was to establish regional agencies, monitor demand, watch competitors and draw
393:
the Pont-Ă -Mousson factory was occupied by the
Germans for a few days, and remained less than 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from the front line. Auboué was occupied. The Foug factory remained in operation, and was converted to manufacture of munitions. Workshops were established at Belleville in 1916
359:
At the 23 January 1900 meeting
Cavallier pointed out the importance of securing a supply of coke, and proposed to acquire a concession to open a new coal mine. In January 1902 Cavallier began to discuss a joint operation with the Société de Micheville and the Société du Nord et de l'Est to exploit
343:
Cavallier transformed the moderately sized cast iron pipe manufacturer into a giant, always concentrating on making pipes. Annual cast iron production rose from 80,000 to 183,000 tons between 1900 and 1913. Cavallier studied use of blast furnace gas for production of electrical power, built a test
114:
in the first quarter of the 20th century, specializing in making cast iron pipes. He came from a poor family but obtained a good technical education and joined the iron maker as an employee in 1874. He rose rapidly through the ranks, and started to acquire shares. Soon after taking charge of the
474:
On 7 May 1924 Cavallier said the company was self-sufficient in iron ore, and would soon be self-sufficient in coke. It was not until 1925 that
Cavallier was able to announce that production had returned to prewar levels. When Cavallier died in 1926 annual production had reached 237,000 tons. His
239:
near the part of
Lorraine that had been annexed by Germany, and on 1 December 1882 found the upper layers of the iron oxide formation of the Briey Basin. The survey then stopped, since the company undertaking it declared that the iron oxide formation had been completely crossed. Cavallier thought
206:
Camille Cavallier joined the Société de Pont-à -Mousson on 1 August 1874. At this time the company consisted only of the factory at Pont-à -Mousson and the Marbache Iron Mine in the Nancy Basin. The blast furnaces produced only 50,000 tons per year, of which only 12,000 tons were made into moulded
202:
and restart the business, selling most of its production to forges in the Ardennes and Champagne. In 1866 Rogé visited England and became aware of the new and promising market for cast-iron water pipes. He focused the company on pipe production, and found a ready market when cities began to make
319:
road so that he could be "in the middle of his hive." He would work long hours, from 6 in the morning until late at night. A general strike started at Pont-Ă -Mousson in September 1905, the first, triggered by dismissal of the union's treasurer but caused by long-running grievances over pay. The
244:
above the Auboué ore deposit due to the amount of water it contained. Cavallier decided to proceed anyway, using the freezing method to pass through the 100 metres (330 ft) aquifer layer, although this method had not been used for more than 60 metres (200 ft) in the past. The gamble
240:
there could be lower layers, and obtained permission to continue the survey. In April 1883 a layer 4 metres (13 ft) thick was found, and on 11 August 1884 the Société de Pont-à -Mousson was granted the concession. The technicians said that it would be very difficult to pass through the
440:
lit the first reconstructed blast furnace at Pont-Ă -Mousson 23 November 1919 in a solemn ceremony. Within France, Cavallier was in favor of quota agreements between competing companies to prevent destructive price wars. German demand for iron from Lorraine plummeted after
402:, near Rouen. His son in law, Marcel Paul, was given responsibility for the plant, which was built on 50 hectares (120 acres) between the railway and the river. By the end of the war 20% of French shells were being made from cast iron in the Foug foundry.
372:
coalfield. A test drill of 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) near the central station of the Pont-Ă -Mousson plant found several layers of coal, but only at great depth. The company took an interest in coal mines in several other parts of northern France.
254:
in 1886, with Xavier Rogé as its sole administrator. Rogé fell seriously ill in 1888 and depended more and more on Cavallier, then aged 34. On 17 August 1888 the company was granted the Vieux-Château concession, and on 25 May 1892 was granted the
405:
At the 24 January 1917 general meeting Cavallier proposed to appoint a board of directors with representatives of capital and labour. Cavallier became deputy chairman in 1917, and three administrators were named. Marcel Paul was titled
270:. Until 1889 Cavallier had no shares in the company. In 1890 he acquired 100 shares, and in 1898 another 136. When Rogé was sick Cavallier acted as the effective head of the company, and on 15 January 1895 he was named deputy director.
197:
iron mine and to use the ore to manufacture cast iron. Xavier Rogé was the manager. In 1862 the enterprise was liquidated due to lack of sufficient capital to cover the high investment expenses. Rogé managed to raise capital in the
179:
of 1870. He returned to the college for a few months after it reopened in the spring of 1871, then entered the École des Arts et Métiers in Châlons-sur-Marne on 15 October 1871. He graduated on 31 July 1874 as a medalist.
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In the post-war period the company faced a massive task of reconstruction, while training new workers to replace those lost in the war. In 1919–20 Pont-à -Mousson took over a major pipe-making facility in the
344:
station, then built a large central power station. He continued to increase the percent of pipes in the company output. In 1903 he installed blast furnaces at Auboué. In 1905 he built a foundry at
478:
Cavallier became Vice-President of the Nancy Chamber of Commerce and a member of many committees and associations. He died of a heart attack on 10 June 1926 at his property of Gentilly, at
497:
Camille Cavallier; F. Daubiné (November 1900), "Fonçage par congélation du puits n° 1 de la mine de fer d'Auboué de la Société anonyme des hauts-fourneaux et fonderies de Pont-à -Mousson",
364:
Coal Company) on 23 February 1907. The Beringen deposit was rich, but covered by a layer 550–700 metres (1,800–2,300 ft) thick of sands containing aquifers. It was not until after
352:
concession, which was later merged with the Auboué concession. The company acquired control of the Bayard foundries in Haute-Marne. It also took stakes in the Micheville and
303:
On 31 January 1899 Camille Cavallier was made joint administrator, and became sole administrator when Rogé retired the next year. On 31 March 1899 Cavallier obtained the
445:(1914–18). By 1922 total demand was just a tenth of the pre-war demand from the Ruhr alone. Contributing factors were the growing use of the Siemens-Martin process of
320:
strike was a shock to the management. Cavallier founded the FĂŞte du travail (Labour Festival) in 1906 in an attempt to reunite the community. In 1910 the steelmaker
432:. The company also acquired interests in Lorraine companies that had been liquidated, notably Rombas, and acquired interests in coal mines in the Saar and
164:
168:
548:
Après guerre. La Métallurgie française. Des améliorations, évolutions et réformes qui seraient nécessaires dans ses méthodes, ses moyens, son esprit
1001:
955:
227:
130:
482:, near Nancy, the day after presiding over a general shareholders meeting. At the time of his death he was a member of the board of the
146:
203:
large investment in water supply after 1871. He adopted the English method of casting pipes in vertical rather than horizontal moulds.
119:(1914–18). The company was devastated by the war, but Cavallier managed to bring production back up to prewar levels before his death.
890:
1017:
1059:
256:
483:
339:
Exploratory drilling shaft for coal built in 1905 by the Société Joseph Vogt for the Société des Fonderies de Pont-à -Mousson
290:
926:
368:(1914–18) that the first pit was opened on 26 December 1921. In Lorraine Cavallier explored for a continuation of the
267:
221:
399:
597:
Conférence sur l'hydrogéologie, faite à l'École supérieure de la métallurgie et de l'industrie des mines de Nancy
381:
973:
Diriger une grande entreprise française au XXe siècle : modes de gouvernance, trajectoires et recrutement.
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287:). Around 1908 his daughter married Marcel Paul (1879–1946), who changed his name to Marcel Paul-Cavallier.
30:
993:
Recasting Bourgeois Europe: Stabilization in France, Germany, and Italy in the Decade after World War I
329:
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The Pont-Ă -Mousson company had been created in 1856 by a group of Lorraine businessmen to operate the
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264:
172:
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for recycling scrap steel combined with availability of war material to be recycled. In early 1922
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mines in the Nancy Basin, which delivered about 100,000 tons of ore annually. After surveys of the
176:
115:
company he became the largest shareholder. He quadrupled production in the years leading up to
997:
951:
947:
Liberalism and Social Reform: Industrial Growth and Progressiste Politics in France, 1880-1914
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107:
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steel makers, and after the war would take interests in steelworks in Lorraine and the Saar.
263:
and Grande Goutte mines in the Nancy Basin. In the 1890s the blast furnaces were fitted with
507:
250:
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in 1917. In 1917 Cavallier founded the Fonderie Lorraine to manufacture war materials in
369:
463:
ore these past years." However, Pont-Ă -Mousson gradually regained its export markets.
1043:
459:
312:
260:
348:, throwing up the building and furnaces in a month. In 1905 Cavallier purchased the
1025:
872:
530:
Commerce extérieur de la France. La France exportatrice et l'Allemagne exportatrice
450:
332:, Wendel was aristocratic, which did not endear him with the other industrialists.
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280:). Their children were Charles (1879–1930) and Jeanne Marguerite Françoise (b.
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explained to Camille Cavallier that this had "permitted a boycotting of our
236:
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region the company asked for a mining concession there, but was refused.
217:
199:
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111:
106:(19 May 1854 – 10 June 1926) was a French industrialist who directed the
521:
Fours à coke pour usines sidérurgiques, où doit-on les construire ?
892:
Camille Cavallier s'entretient avec des délégués syndicaux, 29 Mai 1908
608:, Notes économiques d'un métallurgiste, Nancy: impr. de Berger-Levrault
335:
183:
783:
716:
606:
La Volute infernale. L'accroissement des prix depuis l'avant-guerre
933:, Ces innovateurs ou ces aventuriers qui ont transforme l'economie
572:, Paris: impr.-libr.-Ă©diteurs Gauthier-Villars et Cie, p. 153
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380:
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Une formule de rémunération du personnel industriel et commercial
979:, Histoire. Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS)
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581:, Notes économiques d'un métallurgiste, Nancy: Berger-Levrault
259:
concession, both in the Nancy Basin. The company acquired the
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About 1878 Camille Cavallier married Thérèse Julie Mangeot (
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617:, impr. M. Darantière / Les Éditions du Raisin, p. 325
1024:(in French), Fondation des Arts et MĂ©tiers, archived from
514:, Nancy: Impr. nancéienne / Chambre de commerce de Nancy
733:
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729:
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Camille Cavallier (1918), "Les patrons, l'industrie",
550:(report to the Ligue française), Paris: impr. de Chaix
155:
Camille Constant Cavallier was born on 19 May 1854 in
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559:, Bibliothèque d'histoire contemporaine, foreword by
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Cavallier built his house beside the factory on the
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The Pont-Ă -Mousson ironworks was transformed into a
93:
85:
66:
44:
21:
634:
632:
414:. Towards the end of the war study groups under
294:Camille Cavallier meeting union leaders in 1908
570:Notes économiques d'un métallurgiste. Extraits
677:
235:Xavier Rogé began to investigate land around
8:
557:L'Avenir de la France, réformes nécessaires
299:Chief executive: Pre-war period (1899–1914)
615:Sagesse du chef, lettres et notes inédites
29:
18:
737:
599:, Nancy-Paris-Strasbourg: Berger-Levrault
137:
925:Gaston-Breton, Tristan (8 August 2005),
784:Camille Cavallier s’entretient ... 1908
717:Camille Cavallier (1854–1926) – Annales
628:
175:. His education was interrupted by the
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807:
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579:La Loi de huit heures, loi mortelle...
470:Blast furnace at Pont-Ă -Mousson (2008)
843:
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7:
819:
771:
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165:Sœurs de la Charité de Saint Charles
169:École Nationale des Arts et Métiers
638:
14:
385:Pont-Ă -Mousson on 3 November 1918
1016:Vuillemin, Jean (October 2002),
990:Maier, Charles S. (2015-10-27),
412:administrateur directeur général
211:Growing responsibility (1875–99)
136:
129:
873:"Camille CAVALLIER (1854–1926)"
996:, Princeton University Press,
950:, Greenwood Publishing Group,
512:L'Exposition de Bruxelles 1910
410:and the other two were titled
324:ran for election as deputy in
1:
281:
274:
523:, Paris: impr. de G. Gotscho
268:regenerative heat exchangers
80:, Meurthe-et-Moselle, France
61:, Meurthe-et-Moselle, France
484:Comité des Forges de France
1076:
613:Camille Cavallier (1937),
604:Camille Cavallier (1927),
595:Camille Cavallier (1926),
586:Camille Cavallier (1923),
577:Camille Cavallier (1922),
568:Camille Cavallier (1921),
546:Camille Cavallier (1917),
537:Camille Cavallier (1917),
528:Camille Cavallier (1915),
519:Camille Cavallier (1914),
150:Location of Pont-Ă -Mousson
944:Gordon, David M. (1996),
895:(in French), Saint Gobain
423:Post-war period (1918–26)
231:Factory at Pont-Ă -Mousson
28:
1022:Arts et MĂ©tiers Magazine
400:Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray
908:"Camille (m) CAVALLIER"
590:, Nancy: impr. de Royer
541:, Nancy: impr. de Rigot
532:, Paris: impr. de Chaix
471:
408:administrateur délégué
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340:
295:
232:
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1060:French businesspeople
588:La France victorieuse
501:, Paris: Vve C. Dunod
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377:World War I (1914–18)
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293:
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186:
35:Camille Cavallier by
970:Joly, Hervé (2008),
447:open hearth furnaces
147:class=notpageimage|
16:French industrialist
1018:"Camille Cavallier"
927:"Camille Cavallier"
506:Camille Cavallier;
419:bank of the Rhine.
177:Franco-Prussian War
678:Gaston-Breton 2005
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387:
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330:Aciéries de Longwy
322:François de Wendel
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161:Meurthe department
1003:978-1-4008-7370-8
957:978-0-313-29811-0
877:Annales des Mines
563:, Paris: F. Alcan
499:Annales des mines
455:Comité des forges
416:Humbert de Wendel
173:Châlons-sur-Marne
104:Camille Cavallier
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23:Camille Cavallier
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110:iron works in
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74:(aged 72)
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318:
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306:
298:
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288:
271:
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210:
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196:
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158:
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132:
122:
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109:
105:
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
69:
65:
60:
47:
43:
38:
32:
27:
20:
1030:, retrieved
1026:the original
1021:
1007:, retrieved
992:
981:, retrieved
972:
961:, retrieved
946:
935:, retrieved
930:
916:, retrieved
911:
897:, retrieved
891:
881:, retrieved
876:
851:
839:
827:
815:
803:
791:
779:
614:
605:
596:
587:
578:
569:
556:
547:
538:
529:
520:
511:
498:
490:Publications
477:
473:
458:
451:Robert Pinot
436:. President
426:
411:
407:
404:
388:
358:
342:
310:
302:
272:
249:
247:
234:
214:
205:
192:
154:
103:
102:
72:(1926-06-10)
70:10 June 1926
1055:1926 deaths
1050:1854 births
914:(in French)
879:(in French)
856:Gordon 1996
808:Gordon 1996
796:Gordon 1996
443:World War I
391:World War I
370:SaarbrĂĽcken
366:World War I
285: 1882
245:succeeded.
123:Early years
117:World War I
86:Nationality
55:19 May 1854
37:Denys Puech
1044:Categories
1032:2017-08-29
1009:2017-08-29
983:2017-08-28
963:2017-08-29
937:2017-08-29
918:2017-08-29
899:2017-08-29
883:2017-08-28
844:Maier 2015
832:Maier 2015
350:Moineville
261:Malzéville
257:Belleville
242:overburden
97:Iron maker
94:Occupation
51:1854-05-19
931:Les Echos
820:Joly 2008
772:Joly 2008
753:Joly 2008
480:Maxéville
78:Maxéville
912:geneanet
510:(1909),
362:Beringen
218:Custines
200:Saarland
195:Marbache
188:Marbache
112:Lorraine
865:Sources
460:minette
453:of the
434:Moselle
222:Millery
1000:
954:
639:Garric
265:Cowper
237:Auboué
89:French
39:(1912)
977:(PDF)
624:Notes
326:Briey
313:Nancy
305:Mairy
998:ISBN
952:ISBN
430:Saar
396:Sens
394:and
346:Foug
317:Metz
67:Died
45:Born
171:in
1046::
1020:,
929:,
910:,
875:,
760:^
745:^
724:^
685:^
646:^
631:^
282:c.
275:c.
786:.
740:.
719:.
680:.
641:.
315:–
53:)
49:(
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