40:
198:." Flint Johnson disagrees with Breeze's interpretation of Camlann as a cattle raid, but also agrees that the battle was historical and that the causes would have been political, although the date is still uncertain. Johnson concluded: "The most reasonable reason why Arthur's death was associated with 537 is because as a king he was associated with the fertility of his kingdom and 537 was a period of famine. It would have made perfect sense to a medieval scholar with a British cultural background that the death of a renowned king had caused ."
301:(Guinevere), wife of Arthur, as one of the "Three Harmful Blows of the Island of Britain", causing the Strife of Camlann. Calling Camlann one of Britain's "Three Futile Battles", Triad 84 also mentions this dispute between sisters. Triad 54 describes Medrawd raiding Arthur's court, throwing Gwenhwyfar to the ground and beating her. Other Triads in which Camlann is mentioned include Triad 30 ("Three Faithless War Bands") and Triad 59 ("Three Unfortunate Counsels").
549:
416:
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2467:
266:, and Cynwyl Sant as the three men who survived Camlann: Morfran because of his fearsome ugliness, Sandde because of his angelic beauty, and Cynwyl because he left Arthur last. This triad shows that Camlann was famous as a battle that few survived. Caitlin Green suggests that "Osfran's son" from the
471:
in south central
England (Camlann is not mentioned). The fighting begins by an accident of fate, when a startled knight draws his sword to kill an adder during the standoff negotiations between Mordred and Arthur. After great numbers die on both sides (including several other kings and most of the
467:. He leaves Mordred in charge of Britain when he departs, only for Mordred to betray him and seize the throne. Arthur brings his veteran army back to Britain, where they meet Mordred's forces outnumbering them two-to-one with his British supporters and foreign allies (Saxon and Irish) at
407:(1663–1693). In Layamon's telling, only Arthur and his two nameless knights are left alive after the battle. Wace wrote: "I neither know who lost, nor who gained that day. No man wists the name of overthrower or of overthrown. All alike are forgotten, the victor with him who died."
343:, written circa 1136. Geoffrey's version drew on existing Welsh tradition, but embellished the account with invented details. His focus was not on individuals but the 'character of the British nation'. In Books X and IX, Arthur goes to war against the Roman leader
81:, is only vaguely described in several medieval Welsh texts dating from around the 10th century. The battle's much more detailed depictions have emerged since the 12th century, generally based on that of a catastrophic conflict described in the pseudo-chronicle
347:, leaving his nephew Modredus (Mordred) in charge of Britain. In Arthur's absence, Modredus secretly marries Arthur's wife Guenhuvara (Guinevere) and takes the throne for himself. Arthur returns and his army faces Modredus' at Camblana (the
316:) shows that it was a topic familiar to Welsh writers. The law states "when the queen shall will a song in the chamber, let the bard sing a song respecting Camlan, and that not loud, lest the hall be disturbed." The 15th/16th-century poet
612:) and has been buried there. Geoffrey gives only a hopeful possibility (but not assurance) for Arthur's wounds to be healed eventually, but a successful revival of Arthur by Morgan is stated as a fact in the rewrite of Geoffrey in the
395:, written around 1400. The chronicle tradition typically follows Geoffrey in placing Camlann on the Camel in Cornwall: Wace places it at "Camel, over against the entrance to Cornwall," and Layamon specifies the location as
148:. An entry for the year 537 mentions the "strife of Camlann, in which Arthur and Medraut fell, and there was great mortality in Britain and Ireland." This is also the first written mention of Medraut (the later
589:. Later authors of the prose cycles featured Morgan herself (usually with two or more other ladies with her) arriving in a fairy boat to take the king away, the scene made iconic through its inclusion in
451:(Vulgate) cycle, Arthur goes to France not to fight the Romans, but to pursue his former prime knight Lancelot, who had engaged in an affair with Guinevere and killed Arthur's nephews (Mordred's and
434:. These often follow Geoffrey's blueprint, but alter many of the details. The legend shifts to the 'character of individuals' and the proposed adultery between Guinevere and
326:, the immediate cause of the battle is a deliberate provocation by Arthur's rogue peace envoy named Iddawg (Iddawc Cordd Prydain) who intentionally insulted Medrawd.
826:
293:): Medrawd (Mordred) rebels against Arthur while the latter is campaigning on the continent and usurps the throne, instigating the battle. Triad 53 lists a slap
1140:
Bartrum, Peter C., A Welsh classical dictionary : people in history and legend up to about A.D. 1000, The
National library of Wales, 1993, pp. 109-111.
2244:
1615:
534:, Mordred is actually victorious as he survives Arthur's death in their battle and then becomes the new king, only to be later defeated by Lancelot.
2364:
77:, who also perished. The original legend of Camlann, inspired by a purportedly historical event said to have taken place in the early 6th-century
282:, one of the nine men who plotted the Battle of Camlann, suggesting a now-lost tradition of complex intrigue underpinning Arthur's last battle.
2512:
2507:
507:
This account of Arthur's last battle was adapted into many subsequent works of the period from 13th to 15th century, including the Old French
190:, Breeze concludes: "There is every reason to think that, in 537, when the walls of this stronghold stood high , Arthur was killed by men of
159:
1332:
1046:
761:
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39:
258:, dated to the 11th or 12th century, mentions the battle twice in connection to heroes who fought there. The text includes a triad naming
480:), Arthur kills Mordred in a duel, but is himself mortally wounded. The dying Arthur tasks his knight (depending on the telling, either
87:. The further greatly embellished variants originate from the later French chivalric romance tradition, in which it became known as the
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reports that as signs of the battle "pieces of armour both for horse and man are many times found in digging of the ground" in his
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says that the battle came about through the treachery of Medrod and happened "about two nuts". In the 13th/14th-century Welsh tale
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1937:
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narration laments that the brutal and bloody battle resulted in the deaths of so many that, afterwards, Arthur's "kingdom of
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offer clues to the alleged cause of the Battle of
Camlann. Triad 51 largely reflects (and is derived from) Geoffrey (
1195:
Wilson-Okamura, David Scott (Winter 1997). "Adultery and the Fall of Logres in the Post-Vulgate "Suite du Merlin"".
2407:
2017:
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137:
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158:(2020) argues that the battle is historical, and it was an aftermath of the famine associated by the documented
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31:
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388:(mid-13th century). Various later works are based fairly closely on Geoffrey, including the Middle English
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in
Cornwall). Many are killed, including Modredus; Arthur is mortally wounded and taken to the Isle of
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Geoffrey's work was highly influential, and was adapted into various other languages, including
152:), but it does not specify whether he and Arthur fought on the same side or who won the battle.
73:, in which Arthur either died or was fatally wounded while fighting either alongside or against
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elegy or lament about a different Arthur, perhaps one listed in the genealogy of the kings of
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argued that, as
Camlann is not mentioned in the list of Arthur's battles in the ninth-century
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1478:"Frequently Asked Questions about the Arthurian Legends | Robbins Library Digital Projects"
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and magical isle, in hope that he could be saved. Geoffrey has Arthur delivered to Morgen (
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The earliest dateable reference to the battle is found in the 10th-century Welsh annals
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A Welsh classical dictionary : people in history and legend up to about A.D. 1000
166:, "great mortality in Britain and Ireland". He interprets Camlann as a cattle raid on
2486:
2147:
1932:
1719:
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Lynch, Andrew. “‘… ‘IF INDEED I GO’: ARTHUR’S UNCERTAIN END IN MALORY AND TENNYSON.”
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2012:
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240:, one of the earliest mentions of Camlann is found in the circa 9th/10th-century
112:("crooked/twisting-enclosure" or "crooked/twisting open land"), or (less likely)
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However, most historians regard Arthur and the Battle of
Camlann as legendary.
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Further traditions about Arthur's final battle are developed in the
Arthurian
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1298:"The Death of Arthur [by Layamon] | Robbins Library Digital Projects"
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573:, Arthur was then taken from the battlefield of Camlann to Avalon, an often
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How
Mordred was Slain by Arthur, and How by Him Arthur was Hurt to the Death
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1277:"The Death of Arthur [by Wace] | Robbins Library Digital Projects"
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511:(in which Arthur refuses to make peace with Mordred), the Middle English
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182:" was "convincing". Discussing further indications suggesting Camlann as
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1256:"Alliterative Morte Arthure, Part IV | Robbins Library Digital Projects"
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1117:
The
Romance of Arthur: An Anthology of Medieval Texts in Translation
972:
Culhwch and Olwen: An
Edition and Study of the Oldest Arthurian Tale
116:("crooked/twisting bank (of a river)"), as found in the name of the
304:
Camlann is mentioned in Peniarth MS.37, a 14th-century copy of the
2157:
2117:
2002:
1987:
1744:
1739:
1649:
1432:"Stanzaic Morte Arthur, Part 3 | Robbins Library Digital Projects"
547:
414:
337:
included the Battle of Camlann in his pseudo-historical chronicle
279:
528:. These works all locate the battle at Salisbury. In the Italian
252:, as the site of the grave of Osfran's son. The Welsh prose text
1947:
1774:
1674:
1090:"The Welsh Triads (Siân Echard, University of British Columbia)"
363:
1597:
1324:
Monumenta Britannica: Or, A Miscellany of British Antiquities
756:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 95.
630:, do not give a definitive answer to Arthur's ultimate fate.
30:"Camlann" redirects here. For the living history museum, see
1524:"The Tomb of King Arthur | Robbins Library Digital Projects"
1327:. Vol. 2. Dorset Publishing Company. pp. 844–845.
618:; Wace and Layamon also tell this did happen, claiming that
1550:. Translated by Chase, Carol J. Boydell & Brewer Ltd.
1151:"The Dream Of Rhonabwy | Robbins Library Digital Projects"
585:
guided by Barinthus, replaced by two unnamed women in the
1453:"Le Morte D'Arthur, Vol. II (of II) by Sir Thomas Malory"
899:
Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies
691:
Jones, Thomas, "Datblygiadau Cynnar Chwedl Arthur", in:
608:, declare that Arthur died in Avalon (identifying it as
174:, to the effect that an identification of Camlann with "
504:
was doomed to destruction, and many others with it."
2380:
2352:
2243:
2202:
2166:
1888:
1753:
1635:
1114:Lacy, Norris J.; Wilhelm, James J. (17 July 2015).
949:, The National library of Wales, 1993, pp. 109-111.
704:Lacy, Norris J., Ashe, Geoffrey, Mancoff, Debra N.
969:
779:British Battles 493-937: Mount Badon to Brunanburh
1190:
1188:
274:. The text also mentions Gwyn Hywar, overseer of
1041:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus. p. 76.
976:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp.
563:In a popular motif, introduced by Geoffrey in
246:("Stanzas of the Graves", Stanza 12) from the
1609:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
941:
939:
937:
355:to recover, passing the crown to his kinsman
8:
1172:"Mordred | Robbins Library Digital Projects"
893:David, Brian, Review of Nicholas J. Higham,
732:"Camlan | Robbins Library Digital Projects"
1616:
1602:
1594:
968:Bromwich, Rachel; Evans, Simon D. (1992).
825:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
721:, University of Wales Press, 1961, p. 160.
91:, and include the 15th-century telling in
44:Battle Between King Arthur and Sir Mordred
1238:Geoffrey of Monmouth. "British History".
1014:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
658:The battle is dated 539 in some editions.
290:
38:
693:Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies
680:Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic
671:
651:
818:
719:Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Welsh Triads
496:, and he is then taken to Avalon. The
929:King Arthur: The Making of the Legend
895:King Arthur: The Making of the Legend
874:King Arthur: The Making of the Legend
754:King Arthur: The Making of the Legend
695:, Vol 15, 1958, pp. 235-251 (p. 238).
7:
596:Some accounts, such as the Stanzaic
382:(early 13th century), and the Welsh
162:, which caused, in the words of the
1407:Lancelot-Grail: The death of Arthur
1065:A Companion to Arthurian Literature
708:, Taylor & Francis, 1997, p. 16
622:. Other versions, like the Vulgate
522:'s influential Middle English work
69:) is the legendary final battle of
1499:"Vita Merlini: The Life of Merlin"
25:
706:The Arthurian Handbook, Edition 2
312:(Welsh law), which (according to
194:, the British kingdom centred on
160:extreme weather events of 535–536
2465:
2453:
2441:
1241:History of the Kings of Britain
604:, as well as the commentary by
2413:King Arthur's messianic return
1016:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 334–335.
958:Bromwich and Evans, pp. 8, 85.
1:
2513:Battles involving King Arthur
2508:Battles involving the Britons
1547:The History of the Holy Grail
270:is connected to Morfran from
1321:(1980). Fowles, John (ed.).
752:Higham, Nicholas J. (2018).
567:and elaborated in his later
97:that remains popular today.
682:, Brill, 2009, p. 186; 232.
488:) with returning his sword
105:The name may derive from a
2539:
2408:Historicity of King Arthur
1572:Arthurian Literature XXVII
1012:. In Koch, John T. (ed.).
781:. London. pp. 13–24.
541:
474:Knights of the Round Table
138:Historicity of King Arthur
135:
29:
2436:
1068:. John Wiley & Sons.
884::24:23 (20 December 2018)
620:Arthur is about to return
340:Historia Regum Britanniae
84:Historia Regum Britanniae
1544:Lacy, Norris J. (2010).
1410:. Boydell & Brewer.
1404:Lacy, Norris J. (2010).
249:Black Book of Carmarthen
232:Medieval Welsh tradition
32:Camlann Medieval Village
2048:Lady/Ladies of the Lake
1348:Nickel, Helmut (1993).
872:of Nicholas J. Higham,
777:Breeze, Andrew (2020).
2503:6th century in England
2317:Land/Castle of Maidens
1590:at The Camelot Project
1062:Fulton, Helen (2012).
1037:Green, Thomas (2007).
1008:Koch, John T. (2006).
878:London Review of Books
615:Gesta Regum Britanniae
560:
555:, a scene painting by
427:
215:entry was probably an
62:
50:
1209:10.1353/art.1997.0053
910:10.1353/cjm.2019.0021
600:and the Alliterative
553:The Passing of Arthur
551:
447:, part of the French
418:
323:The Dream of Rhonabwy
42:
2518:Geoffrey of Monmouth
2083:Lynette and Lyonesse
1908:Angharad Golden-Hand
1730:Ambrosius Aurelianus
1384:www.ancienttexts.org
476:remaining after the
438:is first mentioned.
405:Monumenta Britannica
335:Geoffrey of Monmouth
211:, the source of the
2523:New Forest folklore
1350:"Surviving Camlann"
1094:faculty.arts.ubc.ca
945:Bartrum, Peter C.,
868:, "So Much Smoke",
787:10.2307/j.ctvv4187r
330:Chronicle tradition
297:gave to her sister
89:Battle of Salisbury
2472:History portal
2460:England portal
2428:Tristan and Iseult
2423:Knight of the Swan
2023:Guiron le Courtois
1983:Elaine of Corbenic
1913:Anguish of Ireland
1354:Quondam et Futurus
1039:Concepts of Arthur
717:Bromwich, Rachel.
678:Matasovic, Ranko,
561:
509:Post-Vulgate Cycle
432:chivalric romances
428:
376:'s Middle English
268:Englynion y Beddau
243:Englynion y Beddau
227:Legendary versions
208:Historia Brittonum
124:(Castlesteads) in
51:
27:Legendary conflict
2480:
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2393:Battle of Camlann
2167:Animal characters
2123:Percival's sister
1973:Elaine of Astolat
1629:Matter of Britain
1457:www.gutenberg.org
1334:978-0-902129-50-4
1048:978-0-7524-4461-1
913:Project MUSE
842:"Camlann and 537"
763:978-0-300-21092-7
628:Le Morte d'Arthur
591:Le Morte d'Arthur
531:La Tavola Ritonda
411:Romance tradition
385:Brut y Brenhinedd
272:Culhwch and Olwen
264:Sandde Bryd Angel
260:Morfran ail Tegid
255:Culhwch and Olwen
94:Le Morte d'Arthur
55:Battle of Camlann
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390:Alliterative
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114:*Cambo-glanna
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67:Brwydr Camlan
64:
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60:
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33:
19:
2403:Loathly lady
2392:
2360:Bibliography
2194:Twrch Trwyth
1943:Blanchefleur
1574:, pp. 19–32.
1571:
1566:
1546:
1539:
1527:. Retrieved
1518:
1506:. Retrieved
1502:
1493:
1481:. Retrieved
1472:
1460:. Retrieved
1456:
1447:
1435:. Retrieved
1426:
1406:
1399:
1387:. Retrieved
1383:
1374:
1360:(1): 32–37.
1357:
1353:
1343:
1323:
1319:Aubrey, John
1313:
1301:. Retrieved
1292:
1280:. Retrieved
1271:
1259:. Retrieved
1250:
1240:
1233:
1203:(4): 16–46.
1200:
1196:
1175:. Retrieved
1166:
1154:. Retrieved
1145:
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1097:. Retrieved
1093:
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849:. Retrieved
845:
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747:
735:. Retrieved
726:
718:
713:
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692:
687:
679:
674:
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627:
623:
613:
601:
598:Morte Arthur
597:
595:
590:
586:
575:otherworldly
570:Vita Merlini
568:
564:
562:
557:Hawes Craven
552:
529:
523:
515:Morte Arthur
514:
506:
497:
442:
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308:code of the
303:
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284:
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241:
237:
236:Besides the
235:
212:
206:
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184:Castlesteads
163:
154:
143:
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113:
110:*Cambo-landa
109:
104:
92:
88:
82:
66:
54:
52:
43:
36:
2312:Joyous Gard
2270:Brocéliande
2230:Round Table
2058:Leodegrance
2028:Gwenhwyfach
1757:Round Table
1655:Constantine
1625:King Arthur
866:Tom Shippey
805:j.ctvv4187r
478:Grail Quest
401:John Aubrey
372:(c. 1155),
357:Constantine
349:River Camel
295:Gwenhwyvach
203:Nick Higham
176:Camboglanna
132:Historicity
122:Camboglanna
71:King Arthur
2487:Categories
2215:Holy Grail
2184:Petitcrieu
1765:Bagdemagus
1197:Arthuriana
987:070831127X
666:References
318:Tudur Aled
299:Gwenhwyfar
136:See also:
2418:Pendragon
2210:Excalibur
2179:Gringolet
2153:Vortigern
2088:Maleagant
2063:Lohengrin
1958:Brunor(s)
1953:Brangaine
1875:Sagramore
1865:Pellinore
1855:Palamedes
1700:Guinevere
1695:Gingalain
1225:161872051
931:, p. 225.
821:cite book
813:243164764
624:Mort Artu
513:Stanzaic
498:Mort Artu
490:Excalibur
444:Mort Artu
397:Camelford
291:see below
217:Old Welsh
107:Brittonic
101:Etymology
2353:In media
2337:Tintagel
2327:Lyonesse
2302:Corbenic
2292:Celliwig
2282:Caerleon
2143:Taliesin
2098:Meliodas
2033:Hellawes
1993:Feirefiz
1963:Catigern
1903:Agrestes
1870:Percival
1835:Lancelot
1815:Galehaut
1770:Bedivere
1725:Morgause
1645:Agravain
1627:and the
1366:27870222
1217:27869286
1010:"Camlan"
927:Higham,
876:, 2018,
851:19 April
634:See also
583:Taliesin
565:Historia
486:Bedivere
457:Agravain
436:Lancelot
399:, where
306:Gwentian
276:Cornwall
188:Carlisle
120:fort of
2287:Camelot
2253:Astolat
2225:Prydwen
2220:Pridwen
2203:Objects
2108:Nentres
2053:Laudine
2038:Hengist
2018:Guiomar
2008:Gorlois
1968:Claudas
1918:Annowre
1898:Accolon
1880:Tristan
1860:Pelleas
1850:Moriaen
1830:Lamorak
1825:Griflet
1820:Geraint
1810:Galahad
1805:Dinadan
1795:Dagonet
1790:Caradoc
1715:Mordred
1705:Igraine
1680:Gaheris
1660:Culhwch
1529:31 July
1508:31 July
1483:31 July
1462:31 July
1437:31 July
1389:31 July
1303:31 July
1282:31 July
1261:31 July
1177:31 July
1156:31 July
737:31 July
492:to the
482:Griflet
461:Gaheris
374:Layamon
196:Penrith
186:, near
150:Mordred
126:Cumbria
79:Britain
75:Mordred
18:Camlann
2381:Topics
2370:comics
2332:Sarras
2322:Logres
2258:Avalon
2245:Places
2174:Cavall
2138:Sebile
2133:Rience
2103:Merlin
2078:Lunete
2073:Lucius
2043:Iseult
1845:Lionel
1840:Lanval
1800:Daniel
1785:Cligès
1780:Brunor
1690:Gawain
1685:Gareth
1637:Family
1588:Camlan
1554:
1414:
1364:
1331:
1223:
1215:
1124:
1099:7 June
1072:
1045:
1020:
984:
917:734087
915:
870:review
811:
803:
793:
760:
559:(1895)
544:Avalon
518:, and
502:Logres
465:Gareth
453:Gawain
426:(1917)
353:Avalon
192:Rheged
2158:Yniol
2118:Olwen
2003:Garel
1988:Enide
1745:Yvain
1740:Urien
1665:Ector
1650:Cador
1362:JSTOR
1221:S2CID
1213:JSTOR
978:8, 85
809:S2CID
801:JSTOR
646:Notes
422:, by
280:Devon
221:Dyfed
118:Roman
59:Welsh
1675:Hoel
1552:ISBN
1531:2018
1510:2018
1485:2018
1464:2018
1439:2018
1412:ISBN
1391:2018
1329:ISBN
1305:2018
1284:2018
1263:2018
1179:2018
1158:2018
1122:ISBN
1101:2018
1070:ISBN
1043:ISBN
1018:ISBN
982:ISBN
853:2021
827:link
791:ISBN
758:ISBN
739:2018
587:Brut
463:and
379:Brut
364:Wace
285:The
278:and
53:The
2493:537
2068:Lot
1928:Ban
1710:Kay
1205:doi
906:doi
897:in
783:doi
484:or
178:on
65:or
46:by
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1455:.
1382:.
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1265:.
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855:.
829:)
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57:(
34:.
20:)
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