440:, an operation which was presented by UNAMI and Martin Kobler as preventive diplomacy taking into account the main concerns of both actors and as voluntary relocation of people designated by the US as terrorist organization, leading to a safe path to a life outside of Iraq. This policy of Martin Kobler stood in contrast with the opinion of the competent body inside the UN, i.e. the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention of the UN Human Rights Council, who had categorized, in his Opinion of May 2012, the status of the MEK residents in both Camp Ashraf and Camp Liberty as Arbitrary detention and called the Iraqi government for the "immediate release and lifting of all restraints upon the free movements of these persons". This same UN body had reiterated and extended his vote in his Opinion of August 2012, calling for triggering the relevant human rights mechanisms instead of relocation, and had reconfirmed that the conditions in the new location, Camp Liberty "are synonymous with that of a detention centre as there is no possibility of freedom and interaction with the outside world" and that "there is no free movement and within the camp as well, rendering residents as detainees or prisoners. Furthermore, Martin Kobler had commissioned a report from a
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expulsion or repatriation contrary to the non-refoulment principle". However, within few weeks after his arrival on 8 October 2011, Martin Kobler internally announced a change of strategy to the UNAMI staff, presuming that residents of Camp Ashraf were "terrorists" and that the
Government could not be expected to negotiate with "terrorists", thus UNAMI's new goal would be a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the Government of Iraq aimed to induce relocation. Bowing to Government's ultimatum to expel the residents by end of the year, this agreement was signed at the end of December 2011. In the course of the process, the Government had rejected any attempt to find a solution acceptable to all parties concerned, under inclusion of the residents, and which preserved their acquired rights, resulting in a mere displacement, without consent and participation by the residents, to the new temporary transit location
468:
Hussein Al-Moosawi, a spokesman for Iraqi Prime
Minister Nouri al-Maliki, later confirmed that several MKO members had been killed, but denied any involvement of the Iraqi authorities and stated the deaths were caused by infighting among the camp's residents. Officials stated that after the incident, MKO members attacked the local army brigade stationed in the camp and killed 4 Iraqi soldiers. In September and October 2013 letters and messages to President Obama, Senators John McCain, Carl Levin, and others, called for US pressure on President al-Maliki to "hold Iraq accountable for the massacre at Camp Ashraf and to save seven abducted residents". On September 11, 2013, Amnesty International launched an urgent action to the Iraqi government calling for the protection and relief of the seven abducted hostages.
281:, Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General, started attempts for mediation between the residents and premier minister Al-Maliki's office. Additionally, as reported by UNAMI issue leader Tahar Boumedra, Chief of the Human Rights Office, it ensured regular visits to the camp for monitoring human rights and as a deterrent against violence. In October 2009, in the frame of UNAMI's mediation, the Government of Iraq announced they would close Camp Ashraf, while the residents responded that neither remaining in Iraq nor returning to Iran were safe options for them; they said to be prepared to move to safe third countries as soon as this become possible and asked for the necessary time for exploring this perspective.
369:, was refused by the Government of Iraq to visit Camp Ashraf; it nevertheless issued a statement that it was in favour of a resettlement of the residents to safe third countries. This "Stevenson plan" envisaged registration of the residents by UNHCR as asylum seekers by groups of up to 500 persons at a time, in a safe, UN "blue-helmets" protected place, then transferring them step by step to countries of safety. It was openly rejected by the Government of Iraq, and did not find enough support from the UN and the US.
385:, UNAMI started to engage UNHCR into a process of refugee status determination of the residents. By end of September 2011, UNHCR had received more than 3000 applications for asylum by Camp Ashraf inhabitants. On Sept. 29, 2011, UNAMI and UNHCR requested the Government of Iraq to recognize UNHCR becoming engaged in the refugee registration procedure; however, al-Maliki's office rejected this proposal, pointing out that Camp Ashraf as a fortress of Iranian resistance should come to an end.
292:. In response, the MEK refused to comply with the decision. On December 15, 2009, Iraqi government sent a group of its security forces into the camp to urge the residents of the camp to leave the camp. They used loudspeakers and distributed pamphlets calling the residents to join them and leave Ashraf. However, no resident accepted to leave. Media reporters were present on the scene. The UN issued a statement "exiled camp residents must not be deported". UNAMI, led by the UN envoy
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253:, the U.S. would maintain a military presence at the camp and the Iraqi government would ensure that all residents were treated according to Iraqi law. A State Department spokesman said the Government of Iraq had promised both humane treatment of people at Camp Ashraf and that none would be relocated to a country where they would have "a well-founded fear of persecution".
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Iranian opposition group had been under US military control since 2003. ... Video footage showed Iraqi security forces deliberately driving military vehicles into crowds of protesting camp residents. The security forces also used live ammunition, apparently killing at least nine camp residents, and detained 36 others who they tortured".
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381:(UNHCR) was an option for them, with the ultimate target of a safe relocation to third countries; they expressed however high concern over plans for relocation into a transitional facility inside Iraq, as they would become even more vulnerable to armed attacks than in their current city-like settlement. Under the guidance of
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injuring about 400; two others later died from their wounds. Videos by Ashraf residents purportedly show these scenes. Iraqi authorities denied using violent methods but said residents used stones, knives, and sharp tools to fight security forces that tried to enter the camp. Journalists were excluded from the area.
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Under U.S. military protection, the group was disarmed and became confined to Camp Ashraf. When the U.S. military formally gave control back to the Iraqi government in
January 2009, it caused several issues, mainly where Iraq asked for the group to be handed over to them for prosecution. However, the
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On Sept. 1, 2013, 52 MEK members were killed at Camp Ashraf, in what the group claimed was a massacre by Iraqi forces. In a statement, U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon deplored "the tragic events at Camp Ashraf" and said
Baghdad should "promptly investigate the incident and disclose the findings."
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as UNAMI Special
Representative of the UN Secretary-General. Following a unilateral interpretation made by Premier Minister al-Maliki at the farewell meeting of 28 August 2011, Ad Melkert reiterated that the UN "continues to advocate that Camp Ashraf residents be protected from forcible deportation,
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On
January 7, 2011, assailants bussed from Basra, Amara, Nasiriya, and Baghdad to the gates of the Camp. This was jointly coordinated by the "Ashraf Committee" of al-Maliki's office with the Iranian embassy in Baghdad and backed up by Iraqi security forces. The assailants attacked the camp resulting
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In Spring 2010, the Iraqi
Premier Minister's Office in cooperation with the Iranian embassy in Iraq arranged so-called "family visits" of some Iranian government-operated NGOs to destabilize Camp Ashraf. Assisted by the Iraqi army, they set up camp at the gate and fixed loudspeakers around the camp.
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The MEK established its base at Ashraf in 1986. The refugees began on a barren land with no facilities, paved road, or running water. The members of PMOI built it into a modern city with a complex of roads and buildings with many educational, social, medical, and sports facilities, manufacturing and
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On April 8, 2011, Iraqi security forces in bulldozers and
Humvees stormed Camp Ashraf in an action enthusiastically hailed by the Iranian government. The Iraqi government, however, stated it believed that the event was a "riot". According to Amnesty International, video clips of the April 8 clashes
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shelter management expert, Martin Zirn, expecting him to certify that the foreseen location, Camp
Liberty was matching international standards. However, the resulting draft report stated that the UNHCR cannot "certify and/or verify that the above location meets Humanitarian Standards", "bearing in
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During Summer 2011, the
Iranian authorities took new suppressive measures for espionage against Ashraf residents by installing two tall communication poles south of Camp Ashraf, preparing the grounds for the next attacks. The Iraqi government said that the PMOI must leave the country by the end of
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disputed Nouri al-Maliki's claim, saying that UN would not embrace the government's efforts to deport Ashraf residents by the end of 2011. Instead, as brought forward by the UNAMI issue leader Tahar Boumedra, all parties should be engaged: the Iraqi government for building civilian camp management
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launched air attacks against PMOI/MEK forces. Reports indicated that Coalition attacks had been planned well in advance as part of a purported agreement whereby Iran agreed to support US efforts as long as the US-supported Iran's initiative to destroy Camp Ashraf and its well -armed residents. MEK
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agricultural works, and even a university. Some people that defected from the MEK have made allegations of sexual assault. However, the MEK and Col. Leo McCloskey (former JIATF commander at Camp Ashraf) have denied these claims, calling them part of a misinformation campaign by the Iranian regime.
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The concerns voiced by opponents to Martin Kobler's policy claiming Camp Ashraf residents would be safer were later confirmed. For example, amongst other deadly or life-threatening events, a rocket and mortar attack leaving at least five dead and 40 wounded occurred at Camp Liberty on February 9,
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The failure to relocate the camp residents prompted the "Ashrafi Committee", an ad-hoc group of Premier Minister al-Maliki's office, to tighten the embargo on Camp Ashraf. From January 2010 onwards, despite the attempts of UNAMI for the protection of human rights, fuel deliveries, water, and food
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tried, between May and September 2011, to find a humanitarian solution via official bilateral meetings with Camp Ashraf resident's speakers respectively with the Government of Iraq. In the course of this process, the residents acknowledged that to become asylum seekers and the involvement of the
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The Central Investigation Court No 4 of the Spanish National Court, in face of the impossibility of any investigation into the massacres in Ashraf inside Iraq by a government that itself has ordered these massacres, has taken on this case. In its last writ dated July 11, 2011, the court summoned
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During the period that it protected the PMOI/MEK in Iraq—from April 2003 until January 2009—the US Army was confronted with almost 600 disillusioned members who wanted to leave the organisation. In order to house the defectors, the US Army built a separate camp adjacent to Camp Ashraf, where the
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In late July 2009 conflict erupted when Iraqi forces attempted to enter camp Ashraf to establish a police station without the consent of the MEK. Accounts of the conflict differ. Some sources say Iraqi forces used violence, including gunfire, water cannons, and batons, killing eleven people and
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In a 2010 report, Amnesty International said that "Following months of rising tension, Iraqi security forces forcibly entered and took control of Camp Ashraf ... on 28 and 29 July. The camp, which houses some 3400 members or supporters of the People's Mojahedeen Organization of Iran (PMOI), an
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armed with rockets and cluster bombs on 6 April 1992. During this raid, one F-4 was shot down by either insurgent or Iraqi military anti-aircraft artillery and both pilots (Lt. Col Amini and Cpt. Sharifi) were captured and not freed until 1998. Despite threats of response, Iraq was not able to
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mind that these are thought for Refugees in Emergencies". In fact, the shelter expert considered Camp Ashraf a community that was facing eviction from a site where they had lived for over 26 years, which is different from a situation of emergencies like a civil war or a natural disaster.
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In his quarterly report to the Security Council of 14 May 2010 pursuant to resolution 1883, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon stressed the rights of residents of Camp Ashraf, to protection against arbitrary displacement in Iraq or forced extradition to Iran.
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Subsequently, different US agencies investigated Camp Ashraf residents, and saw no basis for trying any of the residents for acts of terrorism. Consequently, Coalition forces granted residents of Camp Ashraf protected status as civilians under the
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senior Iraqi officers to appear before the court on October 3, 2011, for war crimes. The Iraqi prime minister Nouri al-Maliki is also to appear before the court once he leaves his post as premier that gives him immunity from judicial prosecution.
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345:"appear to show Iraqi soldiers indiscriminately firing into the crowds and using vehicles to try and run others down". As a conclusion, it was confirmed by a UN human rights official, 34 residents were killed and 318 wounded by Iraqi forces.
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On Sept. 28, 2011, the EU foreign policy Chief Catherine Ashton appointed Ambassador Jean De Ruyt, a senior Belgian diplomat, as an advisor to advise on the EU response and to better the humanitarian situation in the camp. In the meantime,
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In 2004, the U.S. determined that the residents of Camp Ashraf were "noncombatants" and "protected persons", and the United Nations commission described the residents as "formal asylum seekers" against persecution by the regime in Iran.
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Status of the Processing of the Camp Ashraf Residents: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, May 16,
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229:(formerly FOB Spartan, FOB Red Lion, FOB Gator, FOB Barbarian). The forward operating base is where US and Coalition forces used to reside and were involved in a humanitarian mission designed to oversee control of the camp.
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capacities in line with international humanitarian standards, the PMOI for achieving a more realistic understanding of their reality, and the international diplomatic community.
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Clark, Mark Edmond (2007). "An Analysis of the Role of the Iranian Diaspora in the Financial Support System of the Mujahedin-e Khalq". In Sean S. Costigan, David Gold (ed.).
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810:"Iran's Ministry of Intelligence and Security: A Profile." A Report Prepared by the Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, Washington, December 2012. pp. 26–28
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1639:"Central Investigation Court Number Four of the Spanish National Court issues a writ against Maliki and summons three criminals involved in April 8 massacre in Ashraf"
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formally transferred control over to the Iraqi government. From 2003 to 2013, Camp Ashraf was attacked several times, the worst being on April 8, 2011 when the
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supply were severely reduced, resident's vehicles were seized, and medical assistance and resident's access to hospital treatment and surgery were denied.
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175:) with 12 planes, according to a PMOI statement. The attacks were in retaliation for several attacks on Iranian military personnel and oil pipelines in
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The Rise and Fall of the Mojahedin Khalq, 1987-1997: Their Survival After the Islamic Revolution and Resistance to the Islamic Republic of Iran
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2132:"USCCAR Calls on Obama Administration to Hold Iraq Accountable for September 1 Massacre At Camp Ashraf and to Save Seven Abducted Residents"
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On January 1, 2009, the U.S. officially transferred control of Camp Ashraf to the Iraqi government. According to a press release from
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According to the U.S. State Department, the MEK, which established its base at Ashraf in 1986, was then welcomed into Iraq during the
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in April–May 2003, on the basis of which the group relinquished its weapons, including tanks, armored vehicles, and heavy artillery.
1455:"On the eve of Maliki's visit to Tehran, Iraqi forces attack Ashraf residents and injures 10 | Nouri Al Maliki | Military"
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that crippled and limited its air force's operations. Another air raid was conducted on 26 May 1993 against Ashraf and Jalat (near
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and U.S. officials to let them return to Ashraf, which they say has concrete buildings and shelters that offer more protection.
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1790:"UN Department of Public Information, Secretary-General Appoints Martin Kobler of Germany as Special Representative for Iraq"
397:(PMOI/MEK), called for the new nominee to visit Ashraf and to demand Iraq drop its bid to close the camp by the end of 2011.
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On December 10, 2009 the Iraqi government announced plans to move the MEK from Camp Ashraf to a former detention center,
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over a period of two years, there were around 300 units "blaring threats and insults day and night at the residents".
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422:(a onetime U.S. Marine base), where UNHCR would start to determine the resident's eligibility for refugee status.
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in 176 wounded. Iraqi forces prevented the wounded, 93 of whom were women, to go to the hospital for treatment.
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Video footage surfaced purportedly showing Iraqi forces trying to repeatedly run down residents with vehicles.
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319:, a Member of Parliament from the United Kingdom's Conservative Party, also asked for protection of Ashraf.
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International and UNAMI mediation attempts dealing with Iraq Government's intent for eviction of residents
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38:(PMOI/MEK). The population used to be around 3,400 in 2012, but in 2013 nearly all were relocated to
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Christopher C. Harmon; Randall G. Bowdish (2018). "Advertising: The People's Mujahideen e Khalq".
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1427:"UN Secretary General's quarterly report to Security Council stresses on Ashraf residents rights"
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carried out several air raids against Ashraf. The first of such raids was conducted using eight
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1474:"USCCAR Condemns Violent Attack on Camp Ashraf, Urges U.S. Government to Protect the Residents"
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1998:
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1075:"From Internment to Resettlement of Refugees: On US Obligations towards MeK Defectors in Iraq"
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2013. Iranian residents of Camp Liberty and their representatives and lawyers appealed to the
34:, having the character of a small city with all basic infrastructure, and headquarters of the
1816:"UNAMI Calls on Government of Iraq to Abide by International Law in dealing with Ashraf Camp"
233:
PMOI/MEK was concentrated, known as the Temporary Internment and Protection Facility (TIPF).
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1959:"Draft UNHCR Shelter Expert Report about Camp Liberty Standard" (19 January 2012), copy in
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1896:"UN Department of Political Affairs, Camp Ashraf: Promoting a Peaceful Solution, July 2012"
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In 2012, as laid down in the MOU, near all of the residents were moved from Camp Ashraf to
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2010:
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762:"Terrorists, cultists – or champions of Iranian democracy? The wild wild story of the MEK"
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92:, killing 52 civilians, with numerous prisoners being taken to Tehran following the raid.
47:
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1766:"Catherine Ashton appoints Jean De Ruyt to advise on the EU's response to Camp Ashraf"
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967:"U.S. Sees No Basis to Prosecute Iranian Opposition 'Terror' Group Being Held in Iraq"
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visit to Tehran, an armed attack by Iraqi forces took place, injuring 10 residents.
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1653:"Security situation in Iraq remains "extremely sensitive" - Struan Stevenson"
1598:"New details on plan for electronic suppression and espionage against Ashraf"
868:"Chronological Listing of Iranian Air Force McDonnell-Douglas F-4 Phantom II"
2282:
2199:
The United Nations and Human Rights in Iraq: The Untold Story of Camp Ashraf
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retaliate due to its own fight against Kurdish separatist guerillas and the
76:
and killed as many as 34 people and wounded 318 more. On September 1, 2013,
62:
2235:
Goulka, Jeremiah; Hansell, Lydia; Wilke, Elizabeth; Larson, Judith (2009).
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1910:"UN envoy welcomes last major transfer of Iranian exiles from Iraqi camp"
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58:
2521:
Iraqi Deputy Foreign Minister Discusses Camp Ashraf – 13 December 2011
2526:
2169:"Shiite Militia Drives Back Islamic State, but Divides Much of Iraq"
1846:"UN and Iraq sign agreement to relocate thousands of Iranian exiles"
1271:"Iraqi government: Iranian refugees to be moved from camp - CNN.com"
823:"New ISJ report: "Iran's Ministry of Intelligence Active in Europe""
2048:"Iranian dissidents were killed in the shelter of Syrian gas cloud"
1333:"Iraq: UN stresses that exiled camp residents must not be deported"
100:
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Installations used by the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
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http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2065844,00.html
1544:"Iraqi Forces Attack Camp Ashraf PMOI, April 8, 2011, 4 45 AM 2"
1200:"Video shows Iraqi Humvees running down Iranians at Camp Ashraf"
361:
End of April 2011 on a tour to Iraq, the Iraq delegation of the
27:
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2817:
List of people assassinated by the People's Mujahedin of Iran
930:"Patterns of Global Terrorism 2004, U.S. Department of State"
1550:
from the original on 2021-12-21 – via www.youtube.com.
1321:
from the original on 2021-12-21 – via www.youtube.com.
912:"In a delicate balancing act, US woos Iranian group in Iraq"
104:
Entrance gate of Ashraf when it was populated by PMOI exiles
1154:"Fights with police at Iranian refugee camp leave 7 dead"
578:"White House talks on Iraq's Camp Ashraf draw protesters"
545:"Iranian Resistance Group a Source of Contention in Iraq"
273:
In September 2009, in accordance with their mandate, the
1175:"Iraqi Forces Reportedly Open Fire, Beat Iranian Exiles"
476:
As of early February 2015, the camp was the base of the
2025:"Deadly violence hits Iran exiles' Camp Ashraf in Iraq"
1987:"Attack kills at least 5 at Iranian exile camp in Iraq"
1013:
Freeh, Louis J.; Mukasey, Michael B. (April 18, 2011).
788:
The Terrorist Argument: Modern Advocacy and Propaganda
624:"Iraq raid on Iranian exiles' Camp Ashraf 'killed 34'"
1742:"EU joins bid to help end Iraqi Camp Ashraf standoff"
1472:
Residents (USCCAR), U. S. Committee for Camp Ashraf.
1492:"People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI/MEK)"
1290:"Iranian dissident group defies order to leave Iraq"
1125:
Ian Kelly, State Department Spokesman (2009-07-29).
948:"American Forces Reach Cease-Fire With Terror Group"
192:
From air attacks to designation as protected persons
2886:
2860:
2744:
2606:
2570:
1613:"Camp Ashraf is a barometer of Iraq's human rights"
946:Jehl, Douglas; Gordon, Michael R. (29 April 2003).
117:. The city of Ashraf was named in commemoration of
2873:List of works about the People's Mujahedin of Iran
1522:"Iraq: Investigate deadly violence at Camp Ashraf"
1250:"Iraq seeks to shift Iranian group to desert camp"
179:, which Iran described as attempts to disrupt the
2237:The Mujahedin-e Khalq in Iraq: A Policy Conundrum
1735:
1733:
237:MEK received protection under international law.
121:, a famous political prisoner at the time of the
2511:Latest News Coverage on Camps Ashraf and Liberty
2505:Hunger Strikers Outside the US Embassy in London
2326:"U.S. protects Iranian opposition group in Iraq"
2260:Self-Sacrifice – Life with the Iranian Mojahedin
2115:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1562:"Everything you need to know about human rights"
356:
2837:Background and causes of the Iranian Revolution
1441:"Appeal to Secretary Clinton to delist the MEK"
372:As a consequence of the April 8, 2011 attacks,
2752:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners
2461:Bulgarian Unit Deployed at Camp Ashraf in Iraq
1869:"Text of the Memorandum of Understanding", in
1315:"CNN report on Camp Ashraf - 15 december 2009"
1147:
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57:) is situated 96 kilometers (59 mi) north of
8:
2598:Organization of Iranian American Communities
2404:"Inside a group caught between three powers"
790:. Brookings Institution Press. p. 170.
480:during its successful operation to liberate
2499:Mujahedin-e Khalq Organization (MEK or MKO)
2452:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2342:"Iranian Exile Group Aims to Build Bridges"
1771:(Press release). European Union. 2011-09-27
1073:Tom de Boer; Marjoleine Zieck (June 2014).
288:, about 200 miles (120 kilometers) west of
2555:
2541:
2533:
2425:"Bulgarian Minister of Defense visits FOB"
2098:. Archived from the original on 2013-10-30
275:United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq
2130:Residents, US Committee for Camp Ashraf.
2068:Westall, Kareem Raheem (September 2013).
1676:
850:"Iran Strafes Rebels in Iraq; Jet Downed"
158:Even after the cease-fire with Iran, the
133:. She was killed in a firefight with the
2797:1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum
1972:
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84:and conducted by Iranian proxy militias
2792:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution
2578:People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
2564:People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
2473:Two members of PMOI abducted (Update 1)
2423:1st Lt. Lea Ann Fracasso (2006-12-06).
1925:
1923:
1509:Iran hails Iraq action on former rebels
893:"Iranian Jets Bomb Foes' Bases in Iraq"
527:
16:Former headquarters of the PMOI in Iraq
2583:National Council of Resistance of Iran
2515:National Council of Resistance of Iran
2445:
2253:from the original on 22 February 2016.
2108:
2006:
1996:
1202:. Fox News. 2009-08-24. Archived from
1177:. Fox News. 2009-07-29. Archived from
1082:Melbourne Journal of International Law
1034:
1023:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
46:after pressure by then-prime minister
7:
2467:Behind the Mujahideen-e-Khalq (MeK)
2046:Tjonn, Halvor (13 September 2013).
426:Forcible relocation to Camp Liberty
2832:Timeline of the Iranian Revolution
2787:1980 Iranian presidential election
365:, led by the British Conservative
322:On 17 October 2010, on the eve of
14:
2167:Kareem Fahim (February 7, 2015).
1659:. European Parliament. 2011-03-05
825:. October 5, 2017. Archived from
734:Rubin, Elizabeth (13 July 2003).
584:. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc
379:UN High Commissioner for Refugees
82:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
2922:
2921:
2593:National Democratic Front (Iran)
2296:
760:Merat, Arron (9 November 2018).
507:
493:
2523:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
2469:Parliament of Australia Library
1152:Mohammed Tawfeeq (2009-07-29).
848:Schmitt, Eric (April 6, 1992).
1985:Staff, CNN (9 February 2013).
1296:. Miami: Miami Herald Media Co
1288:Hammoudi, Laith (2009-12-15).
965:Jehl, Douglas (27 July 2004).
910:Vick, Karl (9 November 2003).
257:Forcible eviction of residents
227:Forward Operating Base Grizzly
1:
2807:20 June 1981 Iranian protests
2706:Gholamreza Khosravi Savadjani
2409:The Christian Science Monitor
2402:Scott Peterson (2003-12-31).
2201:. New Generation Publishing.
1580:"UN: 34 Killed In Iraqi Raid"
1020:– via content.time.com.
44:Baghdad International Airport
2365:"Operations Update, July 20"
2027:. BBC News. 1 September 2013
1715:, pp. 155–180, 187–188.
1611:Kate Allen (14 April 2011).
1584:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty
1381:"IRAQ: CIVILIANS UNDER FIRE"
1248:Murphy, Brian (2009-12-11).
576:Courson, Paul (2011-12-12).
551:. 2008-01-05. Archived from
418:(Camp Hurriya in Arabic) in
169:Western-imposed no-fly zones
2486:Two members of MeK abducted
2429:Multi-National Force – Iraq
2369:Multi-National Force – Iraq
2070:"Reuters, 1 September 2013"
709:"Camp Ashraf & Liberty"
603:"Camp Ashraf & Liberty"
262:2009 attack by Iraqi forces
245:Transition to Iraqi control
187:Ashraf during US occupation
3004:
2340:Jay Solomon (2006-05-22).
2258:Stevenson, Struan (2015).
686:Azam Hadj Heydari (2010),
651:"Mujahadeen-e-Khalq (MEK)"
460:
429:
395:People's Mujahedin of Iran
337:
181:1993 presidential election
127:People's Mujahedin of Iran
36:People's Mujahedin of Iran
2919:
2842:Foreign relations of Iran
2822:2013 Camp Ashraf massacre
2220:. Sussex Academic Press.
125:, a senior member of the
2847:2011 raid on Camp Ashraf
2736:Alejo Vidal-Quadras Roca
2197:Boumedra, Tahar (2013).
1931:"Human Rights Documents"
688:Le prix de rester humain
401:Failure of the mediation
215:Fourth Geneva Convention
205:commanders negotiated a
198:2003 US invasion of Iraq
2762:Execution of Ali Saremi
2726:Mohammad Ali Haj Aghaei
2346:The Wall Street Journal
1383:. Amnesty International
463:2013 Camp Ashraf attack
251:U.S. Embassy in Baghdad
225:Adjoining the camp was
80:was directed by Iran's
2827:Albania–Iran relations
2361:William B. Caldwell IV
2262:. Birlinn, Edinburgh.
1057:www.globalsecurity.org
472:Badr Organization base
105:
65:. On January 1, 2009,
2983:Refugee camps in Iraq
2954:34.06361°N 44.57333°E
2852:2023 Tirana camp raid
2812:2003 invasion of Iraq
2777:Operation Shining Sun
2772:Operation Forty Stars
2216:Cohen, Ronen (2009).
1963:, Annex 12, p. 257 ff
1916:. September 16, 2012.
1129:. US State Department
653:. CFR. Archived from
340:2011 Camp Ashraf raid
145:Development of a city
103:
2757:Trial of Hamid Nouri
2656:Mohammad-Reza Kolahi
2390:. GlobalSecurity.org
2305:at Wikimedia Commons
2080:on January 20, 2016.
1600:. September 4, 2011.
1511:, AFP, 11 April 2011
736:"The Cult of Rajavi"
451:UN Secretary-General
2950: /
2868:Mojahed (newspaper)
2731:Hedayatollah Hatami
2588:Quintuple Coalition
2501:Global Security.ORG
1975:, pp. 226–227.
1950:, pp. 226–229.
1885:, pp. 197–204.
1835:, pp. 200–204.
1805:, pp. 197–199.
1740:AFP (26 Sep 2011).
1727:, pp. 189–196.
1703:, pp. 155–196.
1691:, pp. 152–154.
1088:(1). Archived from
916:The Washington Post
555:on February 3, 2009
363:European Parliament
154:Iranian air attacks
137:in 1982, after the
135:Revolutionary Guard
2959:34.06361; 44.57333
2782:Iranian Revolution
2691:Alireza Jafarzadeh
2491:2007-06-19 at the
2478:2007-09-29 at the
2173:The New York Times
2136:www.prnewswire.com
2009:has generic name (
1873:, Annex 11, p. 257
1852:. 26 December 2011
1478:www.prnewswire.com
1443:. August 27, 2011.
1416:, pp. 95–100.
1339:. August 29, 2011.
1252:. Associated Press
1127:"Special Briefing"
971:The New York Times
952:The New York Times
897:The New York Times
854:The New York Times
740:The New York Times
649:Jonathan Masters.
482:Diyala Governorate
177:Khuzestan Province
139:Iranian Revolution
106:
32:Diyala Governorate
2933:
2932:
2666:Somayeh Mohammadi
2651:Mehdi Abrishamchi
2301:Media related to
2269:978-1-78027-288-7
2208:978-1-909740-64-8
1404:, pp. 83–94.
1352:, pp. 98–99.
1238:, pp. 72–73.
1226:, pp. 59–82.
1115:, pp. 56–57.
1033:Missing or empty
797:978-0-8157-3219-8
696:978-2-35013-231-0
478:Badr Organization
221:Military presence
160:Iranian Air Force
86:Kata'ib Hezbollah
61:near the town of
53:Camp Ashraf (aka
2995:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2925:
2924:
2767:Operation Mersad
2701:Abdolreza Rajabi
2671:Abdolreza Rajabi
2661:Hassan Nayebagha
2557:
2550:
2543:
2534:
2457:
2451:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2431:. Archived from
2419:
2417:
2416:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2371:. Archived from
2355:
2353:
2352:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:Official website
2300:
2286:
2273:
2254:
2252:
2244:RAND corporation
2241:
2231:
2212:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2138:(Press release).
2127:
2121:
2120:
2114:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2076:. Archived from
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1994:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1927:
1918:
1917:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1770:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1737:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1677:Stevenson (2015)
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1641:. July 14, 2011.
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1480:(Press release).
1469:
1463:
1462:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
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1311:
1305:
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1302:
1301:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1149:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1060:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1021:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
991:
989:
981:
975:
974:
962:
956:
955:
943:
937:
936:
934:
926:
920:
919:
907:
901:
900:
889:
883:
882:
880:
879:
870:. Archived from
864:
858:
857:
845:
839:
838:
836:
834:
819:
813:
808:
802:
801:
783:
777:
776:
774:
772:
757:
751:
750:
748:
746:
731:
725:
719:
713:
712:
705:
699:
698:, p. 114, p. 245
684:
678:
672:
666:
665:
663:
662:
646:
640:
639:
637:
635:
620:
614:
613:
611:
609:
599:
593:
592:
590:
589:
573:
564:
563:
561:
560:
541:
517:
512:
511:
510:
503:
498:
497:
496:
409:was replaced by
405:In August 2011,
367:Struan Stevenson
286:Neqrat al-Salman
277:(UNAMI), led by
202:Coalition forces
109:Ashraf under MEK
90:Asaib Ahl al-Haq
3003:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2968:
2967:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2929:
2915:
2882:
2856:
2740:
2721:Marjan (singer)
2696:Pouran Bazargan
2681:Masoud Keshmiri
2602:
2566:
2561:
2493:Wayback Machine
2480:Wayback Machine
2444:
2438:
2436:
2422:
2414:
2412:
2401:
2393:
2391:
2386:
2378:
2376:
2358:
2350:
2348:
2339:
2331:
2329:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2293:
2276:
2270:
2257:
2250:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2215:
2209:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2154:www.amnesty.org
2148:
2147:
2143:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2005:
1995:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1973:Boumedra (2013)
1971:
1967:
1961:Boumedra (2013)
1958:
1954:
1948:Boumedra (2013)
1946:
1942:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1883:Boumedra (2013)
1881:
1877:
1871:Boumedra (2013)
1868:
1864:
1855:
1853:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1833:Boumedra (2013)
1831:
1827:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1803:Boumedra (2013)
1801:
1797:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1750:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1725:Boumedra (2013)
1723:
1719:
1713:Boumedra (2013)
1711:
1707:
1701:Boumedra (2013)
1699:
1695:
1689:Boumedra (2013)
1687:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1662:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1566:www.amnesty.org
1560:
1559:
1555:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1429:. May 23, 2010.
1425:
1424:
1420:
1414:Boumedra (2013)
1412:
1408:
1402:Boumedra (2013)
1400:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1367:www.amnesty.org
1361:
1360:
1356:
1350:Boumedra (2013)
1348:
1344:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1297:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1255:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1236:Boumedra (2013)
1234:
1230:
1224:Boumedra (2013)
1222:
1218:
1209:
1207:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1184:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1159:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1113:Boumedra (2013)
1111:
1107:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1032:
1022:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1001:Boumedra (2013)
999:
995:
987:
985:"Ashraf Report"
983:
982:
978:
964:
963:
959:
945:
944:
940:
932:
928:
927:
923:
909:
908:
904:
899:. May 26, 1993.
891:
890:
886:
877:
875:
866:
865:
861:
847:
846:
842:
832:
830:
829:on May 20, 2019
821:
820:
816:
809:
805:
798:
785:
784:
780:
770:
768:
759:
758:
754:
744:
742:
733:
732:
728:
722:Boumedra (2013)
720:
716:
707:
706:
702:
685:
681:
675:Boumedra (2013)
673:
669:
660:
658:
648:
647:
643:
633:
631:
630:. 14 April 2011
622:
621:
617:
607:
605:
601:
600:
596:
587:
585:
575:
574:
567:
558:
556:
543:
542:
529:
524:
513:
508:
506:
499:
494:
492:
474:
465:
459:
434:
428:
403:
359:
342:
336:
264:
259:
247:
223:
194:
189:
156:
147:
111:
98:
74:raided the camp
48:Nouri al-Maliki
17:
12:
11:
5:
3001:
2999:
2991:
2990:
2988:Iraq War sites
2985:
2980:
2970:
2969:
2931:
2930:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2711:Zohreh Akhyani
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2631:Mousa Khiabani
2628:
2626:Zahra Merrikhi
2623:
2621:Massoud Rajavi
2618:
2612:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2508:
2507:(The Guardian)
2502:
2496:
2483:
2470:
2464:
2463:Turkish Weekly
2458:
2420:
2399:
2384:
2363:(2006-07-20).
2356:
2337:
2324:(2007-04-06).
2318:
2306:
2292:
2291:External links
2289:
2288:
2287:
2274:
2268:
2255:
2232:
2227:978-1845192709
2226:
2213:
2207:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2159:
2141:
2122:
2083:
2060:
2038:
2016:
1977:
1965:
1952:
1940:
1919:
1901:
1887:
1875:
1862:
1837:
1825:
1820:www.uniraq.org
1807:
1795:
1781:
1757:
1729:
1717:
1705:
1693:
1681:
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1644:
1630:
1603:
1589:
1571:
1553:
1535:
1524:. 5 April 2011
1513:
1501:
1483:
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615:
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526:
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504:
473:
470:
461:Main article:
458:
455:
430:Main article:
427:
424:
402:
399:
393:, head of the
358:
355:
338:Main article:
335:
332:
263:
260:
258:
255:
246:
243:
222:
219:
193:
190:
188:
185:
155:
152:
146:
143:
131:Massoud Rajavi
110:
107:
97:
94:
26:was a camp in
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3000:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2966:
2963:
2928:
2918:
2912:
2911:Camp Ashraf 3
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:Camp Fallujah
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2879:
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2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2676:Mahnaz Samadi
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2641:Habib Khabiri
2639:
2637:
2636:Ashraf Rabiei
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2616:Maryam Rajavi
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:Organizations
2569:
2565:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2539:
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2388:"Camp Ashraf"
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2686:Jafar Kazemi
2646:Kazem Rajavi
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2303:Camp Ashraf
2178:February 8,
2053:21 December
2031:21 December
1528:21 December
1363:"Countries"
1275:www.cnn.com
608:21 December
515:Iran portal
501:Iraq portal
457:2013 attack
324:al-Maliki's
196:During the
55:FOB Grizzly
50:'s office.
24:Ashraf City
20:Camp Ashraf
2972:Categories
2945:44°34′24″E
2942:34°03′49″N
2439:2007-05-06
2415:2007-04-28
2394:2007-04-28
2379:2007-04-28
2351:2015-04-20
2332:2007-04-28
2242:(Report).
2150:"Document"
2102:2022-11-04
2096:archive.ph
1856:2019-07-20
1775:2011-12-16
1751:2019-07-20
1663:2019-07-20
1300:2009-12-16
1256:2009-12-16
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1160:2009-07-30
1133:2009-07-30
1099:2015-09-23
878:2014-10-18
771:9 February
745:28 January
661:2014-10-10
588:2011-12-14
559:2008-01-05
522:References
407:Ad Melkert
383:Ad Melkert
294:Ad Melkert
279:Ad Melkert
71:Iraqi Army
2888:Locations
2283:Routledge
488:control.
334:2011 raid
207:ceasefire
78:an attack
63:Al Khalis
2927:Category
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2476:Archived
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1999:cite web
1619:. London
1548:Archived
1319:Archived
628:BBC News
2074:Reuters
1914:UN News
1850:UN News
1387:20 July
1337:UN News
833:May 15,
711:. NCRI.
420:Baghdad
96:History
59:Baghdad
2745:Events
2608:People
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