1089:"On that Sunday morning, 128 people, mostly women, were murdered between seven and eight o'clock. Just one adult survived—a woman who was permanently paralyzed by bullets—and the only others were 28 babies in their papooses, who were taken to Tucson to be sold as slaves to other Indian tribes. The vigilantes, led by William Oury, a fifty-four-year-old Virginian, justified their actions by saying they had taken revenge for the murder of several pioneers, who had found gold and other valuable minerals in the hills of Arizona, and had therefore decided that the Apache land should be theirs. "Through the greater part of the year 1870, and the first part of 1871, these Indians had held a carnival of murder and plunder in all our settlements until our people had been appalled and almost paralyzed," Oury said in a presentation he made to the Arizona Pioneers' Society in 1885." Finlay, Victoria.
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800:. At dawn on Sunday, April 30, they surrounded the Apache camp. The O'odham were the main fighters, while the Americans and Mexicans picked off Apaches who tried to escape. Most of the Apache men were off hunting in the mountains. All but eight of the corpses were women and children. Twenty-nine children had been captured and were sold into slavery in Mexico by the Tohono O'odham and the Mexicans themselves. A total of 144 Aravaipas and Pinals had been killed and mutilated, nearly all of them scalped.
846:. In October 1871, a Tucson grand jury indicted 100 of the assailants with 108 counts of murder. The trial, two months later, focused solely on Apache depredations; it took the jury just 19 minutes to pronounce a verdict of not guilty. Western Apache groups soon left their farms and gathering places near Tucson in fear of subsequent attacks. As pioneer families arrived and settled in the area, Apaches were never able to regain hold of much of their ancestral lands in the
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712:. Like the Apaches, they were mobile and extremely independent, their only political authorities being war chiefs and advisory chiefs selected by local groups. This made it extremely difficult for the United States Army to run down or negotiate with more than one Yavapai group at a time. Troops had to pursue the Yavapais across rough desert
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Within a week of the slaughter, a local businessman, William
Hopkins Tonge, wrote to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs stating, "The Indians at the time of the massacre being so taken by surprise and considering themselves perfectly safe with scarcely any arms, those that could get away ran for the
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of the time regarded
Apaches as the biggest menace, but Yuman-speaking Yavapais, who were often identified as Apache Mohaves or Apache Yumas, killed and mutilated settlers just as often. Divided into four subtribes, the Tolkapaya, or Western Yavapais, the Yavepe and the Wipukpaya or Northeastern
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Some historians feel the reduction of Indian hostilities in the region had triggered fears of economic crisis in Tucson, since the
Federal government was reducing funds for pacifying and controlling hostile tribes, mostly Apaches. Merchants who survived on the "blankets for peace" economy, were
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Territory, about 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Tucson. In
February 1871, five old Apache women straggled into Camp Grant to look for a son who had been taken prisoner. Whitman fed them and treated them kindly, so other Apaches from Aravaipa and Pinal bands soon came to the post to receive
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The massacre occurred in the vicinity of Camp Grant. In 1871, its location was on an upper terrace on the east bank of the San Pedro River, just north of the junction with
Aravaipa Creek. The camp was in the vicinity of 32°50'51.22"N, 110°42'11.91"W. The Camp Grant site was near the present
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afraid their source of income would soon be lost. In early 1871, to bolster public support for increased hostilities and increased federal funding of "gifts" to the
Apaches, several Arizonans allegedly staged mock raids on isolated settlements. One of these settlements was in Aravaipa Canyon.
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into the mountains to find the Apache men and assure them his soldiers had not participated in the "vile transaction". The following evening, the surviving
Aravaipas began trickling back to Camp Grant. Many of the settlers in southern Arizona considered the attack
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Current authorities place the massacre site south of the
Aravaipa Creek and about five miles upstream from Camp Grant. No marker is at the site of the massacre, and the location is only generally known.
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Aravaipa Campus of
Central Arizona Community College, which is located between the towns of Mammoth and Winkelman on Arizona State Route 77. Few remains of the site are visible.
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group, the
Committee of Public Safety, which blamed every depredation in southern Arizona on the Camp Grant Apaches. After Apaches ran off livestock from
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Indian affairs in early 1870s Arizona lurched back and forth between peace and war. Each new round of hostilities brought increasing conflict between the
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Valley. Many groups of Apaches joined up with the Yavapais in Tonto Basin, and from there, a guerrilla war began which lasted until 1875.
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In 2021, descendants of those massacred opposed the siting of a massive copper mine at Oak Flat, proximate to the massacre site.
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gathered along Rillito Creek and set off on a march to Aravaipa Canyon; one of the Americans was William S. Oury, the brother of
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Whitman may have suspected that peace could not last. He urged Eskiminzin to move his people to the White Mountains near
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1157:. American Indian Quarterly, Summer & Fall 2003, Vol. 27, nos. 3 & 4, photo at 640, map at 641. Archived from
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A major problem faced by Arizona's military was they had too few soldiers for too vast an area of land. Most
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Colwell-Chanthaphonh, Chip. 2003. Western Apache Oral Histories and Traditions of the Camp Grant Massacre.
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Leighton, David. 2013. "Street Smarts: Adventurous life led Oury here, "Arizona Daily Star, July 23, 2013
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Beal, Tom. 2009. "Curing 'amnesia' about state's most blood-soaked day", Arizona Daily Star, May 3, 2009
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Lieutenant Whitman searched for the wounded, found only one woman, buried the bodies, and dispatched
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Langellier, J. Phillip. 1979. Camp Grant Affair, 1871: Milestone in Federal Indian Policy?
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Colwell-Chanthaphonh, Chip. 2003. The Camp Grant Massacre in the Historical Imagination.
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mountains." He was the first person to refer to what had taken place as a massacre.
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Yavapais and the Kewevkapaya or Southeastern Yavapais, the Yavapais ranged from the
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that if the perpetrators were not brought to trial, he would place Arizona under
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on April 10, Elías contacted his old ally Francisco Galerita, leader of the
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1093:(Kindle Locations 2575–79). Random House Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.
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1155:"Western Apache Oral Histories and Traditions of the Camp Grant Massacre"
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Western Apache Oral Histories and Traditions of the Camp Grant Massacre
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at San Xavier. Oury collected arms and ammunition from his followers.
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Phil Konstantin, "This day in North American Indian history", p. 107
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Shadows at Dawn: A Borderlands Massacre and the Violence of History
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Massacre at Camp Grant: Forgetting and Remembering Apache History
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and agreed with Oury, but this was not the end of the story.
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Hastings, James E. 1959. The Tragedy at Camp Grant in 1871.
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allies, which continued into 1875, the most notable being
1207:, Chip Colwell, April 30, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
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Curing 'amnesia' about state's most blood-soaked day
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The Camp Grant Massacre: A Chapter in Apache History
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685:two years later. Investigating abuses within the
1186:American Pioneer & Cemetery Research Project
565:, on April 30, 1871, was an attack on Pinal and
882:Jacoby, Karl; Patricia Nelson Limerick (2009).
745:. That spring, Whitman created a refuge along
877:Street Smarts: Adventurous life led Oury here
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966:Military History of Texas and the Southwest
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1199:Why the Camp Grant Massacre Matters Today
1066:Learn how and when to remove this message
657:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1083:
1029:This article includes a list of general
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681:, in 1867, led to the creation of the
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677:and the soldiers. The report of the
639:adding citations to reliable sources
854:Site of Camp Grant and the massacre
1035:it lacks sufficient corresponding
921:Colwell-Chanthaphonh, Chip. 2007.
784:On the afternoon of April 28, six
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1180:Cottrell, Janice (June 6, 2009).
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1132:"Arizona's Camp Grant Massacre"
903:Norman Boucher (October 2009).
626:needs additional citations for
835:, so President Grant informed
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1254:Massacres by Native Americans
1234:Massacres of Native Americans
1119:The American Indian Quarterly
728:Early in 1871, a 37-year-old
683:Board of Indian Commissioners
441:Battle of Ojo Caliente (1879)
1244:Battles involving the Apache
1153:Colwell-Chanthaphonh, Chip.
1111:Colwell-Chanthaphonh, Chip.
1001:List of massacres in Arizona
757:in nearby ranchers' fields.
92:Camp Grant, photographed by
927:University of Arizona Press
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1249:San Pedro Valley (Arizona)
1264:1871 in Arizona Territory
948:Hammond, George P. 1929.
943:American Indian Quarterly
251:Antelope Hills Expedition
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1091:Jewels: A Secret History
935:Journal of the Southwest
798:Granville Henderson Oury
687:Office of Indian Affairs
466:Battle of Tres Castillos
48:32.848305°N 110.704654°W
1050:more precise citations.
679:Indian Peace Commission
572:who surrendered to the
550:Guadalupe Canyon (1896)
68:Infobox civilian attack
27:Part of the Apache Wars
73:considered for merging
53:32.848305; -110.704654
909:Brown Alumni Magazine
905:"Historian of Memory"
824:The military and the
734:Royal Emerson Whitman
278:Bonneville Expedition
958:Arizona and the West
815:justifiable homicide
741:rations of beef and
635:improve this article
601:Tonto Basin Campaign
424:Buffalo Hunters' War
1006:Camp Grant, Arizona
945:27(3&4):639–66.
738:Camp Grant, Arizona
736:assumed command of
696:'s administration.
563:Camp Grant massacre
545:Cherry Creek (1890)
540:Kelvin Grade (1889)
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333:2nd Dragoon Springs
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574:United States Army
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1269:April 1871 events
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1224:Conflicts in 1871
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1163:. Retrieved
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1136:. Retrieved
1134:. Desert USA
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498:Big Dry Wash
397:Burro Canyon
386:
224:Bell's Fight
66:
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1259:Apache Wars
1165:25 February
1138:25 February
1048:introducing
961:1(2):146–60
844:martial law
762:Fort Apache
720:buildings.
710:Tonto Basin
523:Bear Valley
488:Fort Apache
417:Sunset Pass
412:Turret Peak
402:Tonto Basin
382:Yavapai War
375:Pipe Spring
338:Apache Pass
323:Pinos Altos
229:Cieneguilla
219:Wagon Mound
197:Apache Wars
145:Perpetrator
131:Mass murder
126:Attack type
62:‹ The
51: /
39:110°42′17″W
1218:Categories
1031:references
1012:References
914:2009-10-22
770:San Xavier
751:Eskiminzin
724:Camp Grant
701:chronicles
647:April 2012
607:Background
578:Camp Grant
392:Wickenburg
387:Camp Grant
353:Mount Gray
151:warriors,
107:Camp Grant
36:32°50′54″N
929:, Tucson.
804:Aftermath
792:, and 92
766:vigilante
691:President
159:civilians
71:is being
979:See also
837:Governor
833:massacre
780:Massacre
675:settlers
567:Aravaipa
157:American
102:Location
75:. ›
64:template
1204:Sapiens
1044:improve
870:Sources
826:Eastern
714:terrain
708:to the
594:General
590:Yavapai
582:Arizona
570:Apaches
343:Big Bug
318:Placito
153:Mexican
149:O'odham
96:in 1870
1033:, but
892:
755:barley
732:named
137:Deaths
829:press
788:, 48
743:flour
718:adobe
348:Mowry
298:Tubac
105:near
1167:2012
1140:2012
890:ISBN
561:The
456:Alma
155:and
117:Date
637:by
599:'s
576:at
140:144
1220::
1201:,
1184:.
1117:.
1082:^
925:.
907:.
580:,
109:,
1169:.
1142:.
1069:)
1063:(
1058:)
1054:(
1040:.
917:.
898:.
660:)
654:(
649:)
645:(
631:.
188:e
181:t
174:v
20:)
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