374:
365:, differing in eye color. It has a white head, neck, rump, and underparts, with a black upperwing, back, and tail. The underwing is white with broad black edging. It has a black triangle around the eye that reaches the bill, which is yellow with an orange tip. They also have a pale yellow iris. The juveniles have a brown-grey bill with a black tip, dark eyes and less black on the underwing. The average life expectancy is given as 28 years, though this is likely due to lack of study as most albatross can live to well beyond 50 years.
31:
40:
382:
84:
59:
513:
Breeding birds like to nest on ledges and steep slopes covered with low grass, tussock, or mud. They start breeding at 10 years and they have a breeding success rate of 66%. Adults return to the breeding colony in early August and begin laying in late
September. The single egg is
538:
due to the limited number of breeding locations. The most recent estimate was in 1997 and counted 24,600 pairs. Between 1992 and 1997 sampled colonies have been increasing at the rate of 1.8%. Adult survival rate is at 94.5%. It has an occurrence range of 31,700,000 km
1314:
306:, although the nostrils on the albatross are on the sides of the bill. The bills of Procellariiformes are also unique in that they are split into between seven and nine horny plates. Finally, they produce a
1926:
326:
situated above the nasal passage which helps desalinate their bodies, necessary due to the high amount of ocean water that they imbibe. It excretes a high saline solution from their nose.
346:
1910:
995:. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins. Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 107–111.
1797:
1043:
1379:
1418:
1934:
1682:
549:
The feral sheep that existed on
Campbell Island were fully eradicated by 1991, and rats and cats were eradicated by 2001. Finally, studies are ongoing.
1955:
939:
Cherel, Y.; Waugh, S.; Hanchet, S. (1999). "Albatross predation of juvenile southern blue whiting (Micromesicus australis) on the
Campbell Plateau".
1593:
1353:
862:
Baird, S. J.; Smith, M. H. (2007). "Incidental capture of seabirds species in commercial fisheries in New
Zealand waters, 2003–2004 and 2004–2005".
991:
Double, M. C. (2003). "Procellariiformes (Tubenosed
Seabirds)". In Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J.; Olendorf, Donna (eds.).
729:
1619:
1392:
322:. This is used against predators as well as an energy-rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights. They also have a
1975:
1965:
1703:
1464:
972:
1503:
1180:
1145:
Waugh, S. M.; Weimerskirch, H.; Moore, P. J.; Sagar, P. M. (1999a). "Population dynamics of Black-browed and Grey-headed
Albatrosses
881:
1027:
1000:
929:
350:
1970:
1642:
1516:
1076:
1077:"A classification of the bird species of South America, South American Classification Committee, American Ornithologists' Union"
982:
Croxall, J. P.; Gales, R. (1998). "Assessment of the conservation status of albatrosses". In
Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (eds.).
1675:
960:
342:
1624:
1397:
1719:
251:
1100:
Robertson, C. J. R.; Nunn, G. B. (1998). "Towards a new taxonomy for albatrosses". In
Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (eds.).
83:
1508:
1239:
373:
1423:
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1230:
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302:. They share certain identifying features. First, they have nasal passages that attach to the upper bill called
30:
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It weighs 3.21 kg (7.1 lb) and is 88 cm (35 in) long. The adult is very similar to the
39:
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The
Campbell albatross breeds on the northern and western coastline of Campbell Island and the islet
457:
412:
1120:"Exploitation of the marine environment by two sympatric albatrosses in the Pacific Southern Ocean"
48:
1113:. Threatened Species Occasional Publication. Vol. 16. Wellington: Department of Conservation.
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1118:
Waugh, S. M.; Weimerskirch, H.; Cherel, Y.; Shankar, U.; Prince, P. A.; Sagar, P. M. (1999).
1691:
1482:
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1131:
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group, one of New
Zealand's five subantarctic island groups. When breeding they forage from
461:
417:
247:
1283:
1920:
1915:
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194:
1066:
Moore, P. J. (2004). "Abundance and population trends of mollymawks on Campbell Island".
569:
901:
1854:
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1319:
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539:(12,200,000 sq mi) and a breeding range of 13 km (5.0 sq mi).
319:
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902:"Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification – Diomedea (Thalassarche) melanophris –"
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476:. Juveniles and non-breeders will go only through south Australian water, the
323:
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498:
311:
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244:
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155:
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95:
337:. Over the course of the next few years more experts agreed, starting with
270:. It is a medium-sized black and white albatross with a pale yellow iris.
1555:
1456:
1209:
473:
115:
1598:
1358:
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1136:
1119:
1104:. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons. pp. 13–19.
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In 1998, Robertson and Nunn suggested the species be split off of the
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519:
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1327:
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380:
372:
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1018:(First ed.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. pp.
1010:
Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David, S.; Wheye, Darryl (1988).
278:
Mollymawks are a type of albatross that belong to family
986:. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons.
864:
New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report
542:
The largest threat to this species are fisheries, both
254:
and the associated islet of Jeanette Marie, in a small
967:(6th ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
1927:
Botany of Lord Auckland's Group and Campbell's Island
941:
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
1911:
1874 Transit of Venus Expedition to Campbell Island
1903:
1806:
1790:
1769:
1743:
1712:
1545:
1199:
1111:
Action plan for seabird conservation in New Zealand
1070:(242). Wellington, NZ: Department of Conservation.
1011:
875:(CD-ROM). Cambridge, U.K.: BirdLife International.
635:. Vol. 2. London: Witherby. pp. 267–272.
593:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22728349A132657209.en
882:"Campbell Albatross – BirdLife Species Factsheet"
734:New Zealand Government Department of Conservation
1798:Moutere Ihupuku / Campbell Island Marine Reserve
1083:. American Ornithologists' Union. Archived from
965:The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World
1676:
1075:Remsen Jr., J. V.; et al. (7 Aug 2008).
8:
1042:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
819:Heather, B. D. & Robertson, H. A. (1997)
1935:Sub-Antarctic Islands Scientific Expedition
1153:at Campbell Island, New Zealand, 1942–96".
1053:The field guide to the birds of New Zealand
1683:
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813:
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768:
57:
38:
29:
20:
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1051:Heather, B. D.; Robertson, H. A. (1997).
827:
825:
591:
922:Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World
803:
801:
782:
780:
697:
695:
693:
388:
1081:South American Classification Committee
924:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
557:
1055:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
1035:
840:Baird, S. J. & Smith, M. H. (2007)
563:
561:
920:Brooke, M. (2004). "Procellariidae".
687:Robertson, C. J. R. & Nunn (1998)
656:
654:
652:
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522:after about 130 days after hatching.
493:The Cambell albatross feeds on fish,
341:in 2000, followed by Brooke in 2004.
210:
7:
1635:d4bc889b-b127-40cd-9b06-c9b825b88f8f
1444:b3581519-181c-46a6-8784-2ddd8d320faf
629:. Australian Black-Browed Mollymawk"
353:recognizes the need for a proposal.
774:Croxall, J. P. and Gales, R. (1998)
579:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1167:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1999.tb07544.x
1102:Albatross biology and conservation
993:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
984:Albatross biology and conservation
873:Threatened birds of the world 2004
480:, and southwestern Pacific Ocean.
14:
1547:Thalassarche melanophris impavida
627:Thalassarche melanophris impavida
213:Thalassarche melanophris impavida
1956:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
568:BirdLife International. (2018).
82:
1434:campbell-black-browed-mollymawk
900:Brands, Sheila (Aug 14, 2008).
880:BirdLife International (2008).
871:BirdLife International (2004).
518:for around 70 days. The chicks
262:. It is sometimes considered a
1124:Marine Ecology Progress Series
391:Breeding population and trends
1:
1976:Taxa named by Gregory Mathews
1966:Birds of the Campbell Islands
1704:Birds of the Campbell Islands
953:10.1080/00288330.1999.9516889
762:BirdLife International (2004)
660:BirdLife International (2008)
753:Waugh, S. M., et al. (1999a)
623:Mathews, Gregory M. (1912).
505:, and gelatinous organisms.
786:Waugh, S. M., et al. (1999)
534:classifies this species as
1992:
258:island group in the South
1873:Cryptopygus campbellensis
1699:
795:Cherel, Y., et al. (1999)
586:: e.T22728349A132657209.
209:
202:
184:
177:
79:Scientific classification
77:
55:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1183:- BirdLife International
1068:Science for Conservation
906:Project: The Taxonomicon
719:Remsen Jr., J. V. (2008)
349:has not agreed yet, and
335:Thalassarche melanophrys
1971:Birds described in 1912
1829:Asaphodes campbellensis
678:Ehrlich, Paul R. (1988)
1840:Campbell Island cattle
1109:Taylor, G. A. (2000).
633:The Birds of Australia
449:Increasing 1.8% per yr
411:Campbell Island &
386:
378:
363:black-browed albatross
339:BirdLife International
331:black-browed albatross
318:that is stored in the
268:black-browed albatross
1845:Campbell Island sheep
1535:Thalassarche-impavida
1320:thalassarche-impavida
1258:thalassarche-impavida
1245:Thalassarche_impavida
1231:Thalassarche impavida
1201:Thalassarche impavida
572:Thalassarche impavida
384:
376:
250:. It breeds only on
232:Thalassarche impavida
188:Thalassarche impavida
1887:Parakatianna salmoni
1822:Acanthomurus rivalis
1815:Abrotanella rosulata
1777:Perseverance Harbour
1147:Diomedea melanophrys
1059:Moore, P. J. (2003)
1014:The Birders Handbook
831:Taylor, G. A. (2000)
669:Double, M. C. (2003)
239:, is a medium-sized
849:Moore, P. J. (2003)
807:Moore, P. J. (2004)
710:Clements, J. (2007)
428:Increasing 1.8% yr
393:
345:did not agree, the
49:Conservation status
24:Campbell albatross
1835:Campbell albatross
1137:10.3354/meps177243
389:
387:
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237:Campbell mollymawk
227:Campbell albatross
1943:
1942:
1880:Friesea litoralis
1730:Jacquemart Island
1658:
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1478:Open Tree of Life
1193:Taxon identifiers
1181:Species factsheet
974:978-0-8014-4501-9
730:"Campbell Island"
701:Brooke, M. (2004)
613:Brands, S. (2008)
454:
453:
369:Range and habitat
284:Procellariiformes
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136:Procellariiformes
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316:triglycerides
313:
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296:storm petrels
293:
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286:, along with
285:
282:of the order
281:
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179:Binomial name
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1961:Thalassarche
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1756:Mount Fizeau
1735:Folly Island
1546:
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1158:
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1110:
1101:
1089:. Retrieved
1085:the original
1080:
1067:
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1052:
1013:
992:
983:
964:
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921:
909:. Retrieved
905:
889:. Retrieved
885:
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791:
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749:
737:. Retrieved
733:
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683:
674:
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632:
626:
618:
609:
597:. Retrieved
583:
577:
571:
548:
541:
529:
526:Conservation
512:
509:Reproduction
492:
470:Chatham Rise
466:South Island
455:
448:
443:
438:
433:
422:24,600 pairs
390:
360:
334:
328:
277:
236:
231:
230:
226:
224:
216:Mahews, 1912
212:
187:
185:
169:
168:
157:Thalassarche
156:
18:
1904:Expeditions
1894:Zelandanura
1866:Campbellana
1761:Mount Honey
1751:Mount Dumas
1725:Dent Island
1607:iNaturalist
1491:SeaLifeBase
1367:iNaturalist
1225:Wikispecies
1130:: 243–254.
357:Description
310:made up of
308:stomach oil
288:shearwaters
280:Diomedeidae
256:New Zealand
146:Diomedeidae
1950:Categories
1530:Xeno-canto
947:(3): 437.
856:References
536:vulnerable
478:Tasman Sea
400:Population
324:salt gland
312:wax esters
264:subspecies
64:Vulnerable
1782:Venus Bay
1744:Mountains
1562:Q61886719
1038:cite book
886:Data Zone
739:27 August
599:29 August
553:Footnotes
516:incubated
499:crustacea
304:naricorns
245:albatross
241:mollymawk
164:Species:
102:Kingdom:
96:Eukaryota
1556:Wikidata
1411:22728349
1385:11134201
1346:45518714
1284:22728349
1279:BirdLife
1216:Q2088805
1210:Wikidata
963:(2007).
544:longline
484:Behavior
474:Ross Sea
468:and the
397:Location
377:Juvenile
274:Taxonomy
204:Synonyms
142:Family:
116:Chordata
112:Phylum:
106:Animalia
92:Domain:
69:IUCN 3.1
1713:Islands
1599:6178163
1586:bkbalb2
1573:bkbalb2
1522:1348514
1470:1348514
1359:4847290
1333:bkbalb2
1294:bkbalb2
1266:Avibase
1061:in litt
503:carrion
489:Feeding
472:to the
292:fulmars
266:of the
260:Pacific
243:in the
195:Mathews
152:Genus:
132:Order:
122:Class:
67: (
1648:226058
1632:NZOR:
1625:723284
1612:464341
1483:514681
1441:NZOR:
1431:NZBO:
1398:824136
1372:113966
1253:ARKive
1091:22 Feb
1026:
999:
971:
928:
911:22 Feb
891:22 Feb
520:fledge
439:49,000
406:Trend
298:, and
248:family
197:, 1912
1643:WoRMS
1581:eBird
1570:BOW:
1517:WoRMS
1509:64459
1504:SPRAT
1496:84360
1457:79210
1424:79646
1380:IRMNG
1328:eBird
1307:55ZCD
1291:BOW:
1022:–31.
495:squid
434:Total
235:) or
1770:Bays
1620:ITIS
1594:GBIF
1465:OBIS
1419:NCBI
1406:IUCN
1393:ITIS
1354:GBIF
1155:Ibis
1149:and
1093:2009
1044:link
1024:ISBN
997:ISBN
969:ISBN
926:ISBN
913:2009
893:2009
866:(9).
741:2021
601:2021
584:2018
532:IUCN
530:The
444:1997
425:1997
403:Date
351:SACC
347:ACAP
314:and
225:The
126:Aves
1341:EoL
1315:CMS
1302:CoL
1240:AFD
1163:doi
1159:141
1132:doi
1128:177
949:doi
588:doi
1952::
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1040:}}
1036:{{
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229:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
