208:Ἑξῆς δὲ τὰ πρὸς ἕω μέρη τῶν ὀρῶν καὶ τὰ ἐπιστρέφοντα πρὸς νότον Ῥαιτοὶ καὶ Ὀυινδολικοὶ κατέχουσι, συνάπτοντες Ἐλουηττίοις καὶ Βοίοις· ἐπίκεινται γὰρ τοῖς ἐκείνων πεδίοις. Οἱ μὲν οὖν Ῥαιτοὶ μέχρι τῆς Ἰταλίας καθήκουσι τῆς ὑπὲρ Οὐήρωνος καὶ Κώμου. Καὶ ὅ γε Ῥαιτικὸς οἶνος, τῶν ἐν τοῖς Ἰταλικοῖς ἐπαινουμένων οὐκ ἀπολείπεσθαι δοκῶν, ἐν ταῖς τούτων ὑπωρείαις γίνεται· διατείνουσι δὲ καὶ μέχρι τῶν χωρίων, δι' ὧν ὁ Ῥῆνος φέρεται· τούτου δ' εἰσὶ τοῦ φύλου καὶ Ληπόντιοι καὶ Καμοῦνοι. Οἱ δὲ Ὀυινδολικοὶ καὶ Νωρικοὶ τὴν ἐκτὸς παρώρειαν κατέχουσι τὸ πλέον· μετὰ Βρεύνων καὶ Γεναύνων, ἤδη τούτων Ἰλλυριῶν. Ἅπαντες δ' οὗτοι καὶ τῆς Ἰταλίας τὰ γειτονεύοντα μέρη κατέτρεχον ἀεὶ καὶ τῆς Ἐλουηττίων καὶ Σηκοανῶν καὶ Βοίων καὶ Γερμανῶν. Ἰταμώτατοι δὲ τῶν μὲν Ὀυινδολικῶν ἐξητάζοντο Λικάττιοι καὶ Κλαυτηνάτιοι καὶ Ὀυέννωνες, τῶν δὲ Ῥαιτῶν Ῥουκάντιοι καὶ Κωτουάντιοι.
490:
315:
372:
31:
172:
258:. All these peoples used to overrun, from time to time, the neighbouring parts, not only of Italy, but also of the country of the Elvetii, the Sequani, the Boii, and the Germani. The Licattii, the Clautenatii, and the Vennones proved to be the boldest warriors of all the Vindelici, as did the Rucantii and the Cotuantii of all the Rhaeti.
897:
343:, already widespread in the Po Valley, had contacts with Alpine populations by the 5th century BC. Surviving traces of Etruscan cultural influence are recorded in the aforementioned rock art in over two hundred texts written in the
283:
Verso deinde in
Italiam pectore Alpium Latini iuris Euganeae gentes, quarum oppida XXXIIII enumerat Cato. ex iis Trumplini, venalis cum agris suis populus, dein Camunni conpluresque similes finitimis adtributi
505:, which allowed them to maintain their own tribal constitution while the dominant city became the administrative, judicial, and fiscal center. The city that the Camunni were assigned to was probably
305:
Turning then to the side of the Alps which fronts Italy, we have the
Euganean nations enjoying Latin rights, and of whom Cato enumerates thirty-four towns. Among these are the
738:
489:
573:
Camunian stone carvings, 70–80% of which date to the Bronze Age, are thought to have held value for celebratory, commemorative, initiatory, and propitiatory rituals. The
415:, was to complete the conquest of the eastern Alpine front, which reached from the valley of Como to Lake Garda (therefore including the Valcamonica), in addition to the
309:, a people who were sold with their territory; and then the Camuni, and several similar tribes, each of them in the jurisdiction of its neighbouring municipal town.
707:
1076:
314:
242:(moreover, the "Rhaetic" wine, which has the repute of not being inferior to the approved wines of the Italic regions, is made in the foothills of the
911:
238:; for their territories overlook the plains of those peoples. Now the Rhaeti reach down as far as that part of Italy which is above Verona and
687:
226:
Next, in order, come those parts of the mountains that are towards the east, and those that bend round towards the south: the Rhaeti and the
654:
843:
545:. Beginning in the 1st century, the Camunni were included in stable Roman political and social structures, as evidenced by the numerous
777:
1187:
1182:
1004:
750:
501:
After the Roman conquest, the
Camunni were annexed to the nearest cities in a condition of semi-subjection through the practice of
254:
occupy the greater part of the outer side of the mountain, along with the Breuni and the
Genauni, the two peoples last named being
789:
592:
among the
Camunni. The 4th and 5th centuries witnessed the destruction of the ancient places of worship, with the destruction of
155:
at the beginning of the 1st century AD, the
Camunni were gradually incorporated into the political and social structures of the
359:
and came in touch with the
Camunian population. Some of the petroglyphs in Valcamonica with figures of Celtic deities such as
773:
112:. The Camunni are mentioned by classical historiographical sources from the 1st century BC, corresponding to the Iron Age in
906:
453:
The
Camunni and Vennoni, Alpine tribes, took up arms against the Romans, but were conquered and subdued by Publius Silius.
1044:
978:
in G. Pugliese
Carratelli (a cura di) Italia omnium terrarum alumna, Milano, Garzanti-Scheiwiller, 1988. pp. 95–155
623:
319:
98:
34:
30:
163:. They were granted Roman citizenship from the second half of the 1st century, with a rapid process of Latinization.
1069:
371:
412:
1062:
1025:
715:
1039:
562:
434:Καὶ γὰρ Καμμούνιοι καὶ Οὐέννιοι, Ἀλπικὰ γένη, ὅπλα τε ἀντήραντο καὶ νικηθέντες ὑπὸ Πουπλίου Σιλίου ἐχειρώθησαν.
945:
634:. There is insufficient knowledge about Camunic to be able to determine whether it belongs to a broader
347:, which is a variant of the North Etruscan alphabet. At the beginning of the 4th century BC, the Celtic
605:
574:
558:
408:
400:
851:
376:
962:
658:
589:
538:
511:
478:
458:
294:
1151:
1111:
306:
1141:
1116:
416:
1146:
1131:
1000:
683:
631:
622:
Surviving traces of the language spoken by the
Camunni are scarce and undeciphered. Among the
516:
1136:
524:
200:(who according to Strabo were of Rhaetic stock, though modern linguists generally regard the
627:
617:
352:
344:
940:
635:
582:
578:
520:
494:
289:
264:
818:
872:
541:(Cividate Camuno), a city founded by the Romans around 23 BC, during the principate of
272:
176:
797:
1176:
935:
901:
593:
327:
117:
38:
1049:
554:
171:
156:
113:
105:
62:
250:
runs; the Lepontii, also, and Camuni, belong to this stock. But the Vindelici and
108:, that had already been the site of a cultural tradition dating back to the early
956:
931:
546:
527:
439:
427:
135:
1011:
Considerationi sopra alcvne memorie della Religione Antica dei Camvli, ò Camvni
77:
was attributed to them by the authors of the 1st century. They are also called
1121:
1101:
1018:
L'arte rupestre del Pià d'Ort: la vicenda di un santuario preistorico alpino
990:
L'uomo, le Alpi, la Valcamonica - 20.000 anni di storia al Castello di Breno
703:
L'arte rupestre del Pià d'Ort: la vicenda di un santuario preistorico alpino
550:
482:
466:
420:
360:
340:
323:
255:
227:
109:
275:(234–149 BC), spoke instead of the Camunni as one of several tribes of the
585:
in 1986, dates to the Roman period and was finely decorated with mosaics.
1161:
1156:
542:
497:, containing the terms: QUIR(ina), CAMUNNIS and RE P(ublica) CAMUNNOR(um)
404:
392:
356:
268:
231:
201:
197:
90:
66:
46:
900: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
465:), a Roman monument erected in 7–6 BC and located in the French town of
506:
276:
243:
81:, to distinguish them from the current inhabitants of the valley (the
17:
1126:
1096:
951:
597:
396:
251:
213:
193:
189:
121:
94:
588:
The beginning of the Middle Ages coincided with the arrival of the
1085:
601:
488:
370:
348:
313:
247:
170:
70:
469:, whose frontal inscription named the conquered Alpine peoples:
239:
235:
152:
1058:
407:(the future emperor) against the mountain peoples in 16–15 BC.
530:, while they maintained a certain self-government; in fact, a
246:), and also extend as far as the districts through which the
139:
125:
426:
The Roman conquest is also mentioned by the Roman historian
473:· GENTES ALPINAE DEVICTAE TRVMPILINI · CAMVNNI · VENOSTES ·
391:
Val Camonica was subjected to Rome during the campaigns of
192:(63/64 BC–ca. 24 AD) described the Camunni as part of the
1054:
116:(from the 12th century BC until about Romanization). In
104:
A people of obscure origin, they lived in a region, the
819:"Guida turistica a Cividate Camuno - La romanizzazione"
230:
occupy them, and their territories join those of the
89:). The Camunni were among the greatest producers of
1029:, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, Vol. VIII.
796:(in Italian). Università di Trento). Archived from
794:Le Alpi on line. Storia e archeologia della Alpi
557:. Camunian religion went through the process of
471:
432:
302:
281:
223:
206:
399:and the Alpine arc, conducted by his generals
1070:
8:
553:of Camunian origins in several areas of the
509:. At first they were assigned the status of
997:Il teatro e l'anfiteatro di Cividate Camuno
697:
695:
626:there are some inscriptions written in the
1077:
1063:
1055:
680:Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia
493:Inscription of the Roman period found in
985:, Esine, Tipolitografia Valgrigna, 1996.
837:
835:
29:
912:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography
646:
630:, written in a northern variant of the
561:, forming a syncretic combination with
983:La Valle Camonica attraverso la storia
976:Le popolazioni alpine di stirpe retica
159:as a self-governing polity called the
61:were an ancient population located in
27:Ancient population during the Iron Age
335:Contacts with the Etruscans and Celts
97:; their name is linked to the famous
7:
457:This conquest was celebrated in the
1013:, Bornato, Sardini Editrice , 1983.
992:, Boario Terme, La Cittadina, 1988.
790:"L'adtributio e la Tabula clesiana"
1016:Umberto Sansoni, Silvana Gavaldo,
25:
701:Umberto Sansoni-Silvana Gavaldo,
387:are at the western end of Venetia
326:in the National park of Naquane (
895:
184:The Camunni in classical sources
363:attest this Gaulish presence.
351:arrived in Italy. Coming from
99:rock engravings of Valcamonica
41:and two human figures (one in
1:
909:, ed. (1854–1857). "Camuni".
1045:Rock Drawings in Valcamonica
1020:, Edizioni del Centro, 1995.
969:Historiographical literature
850:(in Italian). Archived from
749:(in Italian). Archived from
714:(in Italian). Archived from
624:Rock Drawings in Valcamonica
537:Romanization proceeded from
375:Northern Italy according to
35:Rock Drawings in Valcamonica
1023:Ronald Syme, "The Alps" in
999:, Arti grafiche BMB, 2004.
577:, found at Spinera between
196:peoples and related to the
1204:
615:
523:they were assigned to the
140:
126:
1092:
1026:Cambridge Ancient History
844:"Il santuario di Minerva"
515:, and then they obtained
69:(1st millennium BC); the
1188:Tribes conquered by Rome
1183:Ancient peoples of Italy
1040:Ancient peoples of Italy
873:"L'età del Ferro camuna"
655:"LinguistList: Lepontic"
1009:Pietro Paolo Ormanico,
604:and the burning of the
267:(23–79 AD), citing the
915:. London: John Murray.
532:Res Publica Camunnorum
498:
487:
449:
388:
355:, they settled in the
331:
312:
301:
261:
219:
180:
161:Res Publica Camunnorum
50:
974:Raffaele De Marinis,
753:on September 30, 2009
549:, artisans, and even
492:
374:
317:
204:language as Celtic):
174:
33:
854:on December 18, 2012
606:Sanctuary of Minerva
575:Sanctuary of Minerva
559:interpretatio Romana
409:Publius Silius Nerva
401:Nero Claudius Drusus
263:The Roman historian
188:The Greek historian
124:referred to them as
743:on the page of the
678:John T. Koch (ed.)
534:has been recorded.
377:William R. Shepherd
216:, Geography IV, 6.8
995:Valeria Mariotti,
988:Francesco Fedele,
963:Trophy of the Alps
946:Naturalis Historia
741:Incisioni rupestri
590:Christian religion
539:Civitas Camunnorum
499:
459:Trophy of the Alps
430:writing in Greek:
389:
367:The Roman conquest
332:
295:Naturalis Historia
181:
51:
1170:
1169:
708:"Ausilio Priuli,
688:978-1-85109-440-0
632:Etruscan alphabet
517:Roman citizenship
16:(Redirected from
1195:
1079:
1072:
1065:
1056:
916:
899:
898:
889:
888:
886:
884:
869:
863:
862:
860:
859:
839:
830:
829:
827:
826:
815:
809:
808:
806:
805:
786:
780:
770:
764:
762:
760:
758:
735:
729:
727:
725:
723:
699:
690:
682:ABC-CLIO (2005)
676:
670:
669:
667:
666:
657:. Archived from
651:
628:Camunic language
618:Camunic language
485:
447:
381:Historical Atlas
353:Transalpine Gaul
345:Camunic alphabet
299:
217:
143:
142:
129:
128:
21:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1088:
1083:
1036:
971:
941:Pliny the Elder
928:
926:Primary sources
923:
905:
896:
892:
882:
880:
871:
870:
866:
857:
855:
842:Serena Solano.
841:
840:
833:
824:
822:
817:
816:
812:
803:
801:
788:
787:
783:
771:
767:
756:
754:
737:
736:
732:
721:
719:
706:
700:
693:
677:
673:
664:
662:
653:
652:
648:
644:
636:language family
620:
614:
579:Cividate Camuno
571:
495:Cividate Camuno
486:
479:Tropaeum Alpium
477:
463:Tropaeum Alpium
451:
448:
444:Historia Romana
438:
369:
337:
300:
290:Pliny the Elder
288:
265:Pliny the Elder
221:
218:
212:
186:
169:
45:, the other in
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1201:
1199:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1175:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1021:
1014:
1007:
993:
986:
979:
970:
967:
966:
965:
960:
949:
938:
927:
924:
922:
919:
918:
917:
907:Smith, William
891:
890:
864:
831:
810:
781:
765:
730:
691:
671:
645:
643:
640:
616:Main article:
613:
610:
594:statue menhirs
570:
567:
563:Roman religion
475:
436:
411:, governor of
368:
365:
336:
333:
298:, III.133-134.
286:
273:Cato the Elder
210:
185:
182:
177:Cisalpine Gaul
168:
165:
79:ancient Camuni
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1200:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1005:88-7814-254-9
1002:
998:
994:
991:
987:
984:
981:Lino Ertani,
980:
977:
973:
972:
968:
964:
961:
959:
958:
953:
950:
948:
947:
942:
939:
937:
936:Roman History
933:
930:
929:
925:
920:
914:
913:
908:
903:
902:public domain
894:
893:
878:
874:
868:
865:
853:
849:
845:
838:
836:
832:
820:
814:
811:
800:on 2007-07-12
799:
795:
791:
785:
782:
779:
776:
775:
769:
766:
752:
748:
746:
742:
734:
731:
718:on 2006-05-06
717:
713:
712:su "Itinera""
711:
704:
698:
696:
692:
689:
685:
681:
675:
672:
661:on 2011-12-22
660:
656:
650:
647:
641:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
619:
611:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
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586:
584:
580:
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566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
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533:
529:
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513:
508:
504:
496:
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484:
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470:
468:
464:
460:
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445:
441:
435:
431:
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424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
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394:
386:
382:
378:
373:
366:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
334:
329:
328:Capo di Ponte
325:
321:
316:
311:
310:
308:
297:
296:
291:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
260:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
222:
215:
209:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
183:
178:
173:
166:
164:
162:
158:
154:
151:Conquered by
149:
147:
137:
133:
123:
119:
118:ancient Greek
115:
111:
107:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
48:
44:
40:
39:Camunian rose
36:
32:
19:
1106:
1050:Val Camonica
1024:
1017:
1010:
996:
989:
982:
975:
955:
944:
921:Bibliography
910:
881:. Retrieved
879:(in Italian)
877:Archeocamuni
876:
867:
856:. Retrieved
852:the original
847:
823:. Retrieved
821:(in Italian)
813:
802:. Retrieved
798:the original
793:
784:
772:
768:
755:. Retrieved
751:the original
747:of Paspardo"
744:
740:
733:
720:. Retrieved
716:the original
709:
702:
679:
674:
663:. Retrieved
659:the original
649:
621:
587:
572:
555:Roman Empire
536:
531:
510:
502:
500:
472:
462:
456:
452:
450:
443:
433:
425:
390:
384:
380:
338:
320:rock carving
304:
303:
293:
282:
262:
244:Rhaetic Alps
225:
224:
220:
207:
187:
160:
157:Roman Empire
150:
145:
138:called them
131:
114:Val Camonica
106:Val Camonica
103:
86:
82:
78:
74:
63:Val Camonica
58:
54:
52:
42:
957:Geographica
932:Cassius Dio
547:legionaries
521:Flavian Age
440:Cassius Dio
428:Cassius Dio
395:to conquer
179:391-192 BC.
175:Peoples of
136:Cassius Dio
65:during the
1177:Categories
1152:Trumpilini
1112:Cosuanetes
858:2009-03-13
825:2009-03-21
804:2009-03-20
705:, p. 156;
665:2016-01-27
642:References
551:gladiators
512:peregrinus
503:adtributio
307:Triumplini
146:Kamounnioi
141:Καμούννιοι
43:martellina
1142:Sarunetes
1122:Focunates
1117:Cotuantii
1102:Calucones
710:Piancogno
519:; in the
483:La Turbie
467:La Turbie
446:, book 54
421:Vinschgau
417:Vennoneti
413:Illyricum
361:Kernunnos
341:Etruscans
324:Cernunnos
284:municipis
256:Illyrians
228:Vindelici
134:), while
110:Neolithic
87:Camunians
1162:Venostes
1157:Vennones
1147:Suanetes
1132:Rucantii
1034:See also
883:July 28,
757:April 2,
722:April 2,
612:Language
569:Religion
543:Tiberius
476:—
437:—
405:Tiberius
393:Augustus
357:Po plain
287:—
269:Origines
234:and the
211:—
202:Lepontic
198:Lepontii
194:Rhaetian
132:Kamounoi
127:Καμοῦνοι
91:rock art
67:Iron Age
47:graffiti
1137:Rugusci
1107:Camunni
904::
848:Itinera
778:V, 4957
525:Quirina
385:Camunni
277:Euganei
232:Elvetii
167:History
75:Camunni
59:Camunni
1127:Isarci
1097:Breuni
1003:
952:Strabo
745:comune
686:
598:Ossimo
507:Brixia
397:Raetia
383:; the
252:Norici
248:Rhenus
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122:Strabo
95:Europe
83:Camuni
55:Camuni
18:Camuni
1086:Raeti
602:Cemmo
583:Breno
528:tribe
349:Gauls
240:Comum
73:name
71:Latin
1001:ISBN
885:2011
759:2009
724:2009
684:ISBN
600:and
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403:and
339:The
236:Boii
153:Rome
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774:CIL
596:in
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