545:
3468:
1446:
1667:
77:
387:
6859:
579:
1855:
1269:
1227:
1732:
1258:
561:
1740:
1027:
553:
56:
1176:, and other commercially available spray treatments. Granulated systemic insecticides are also useful, and generally completely safe; when applied to the soil topically every few months, granulated or powdered systemics will prevent nearly all pest infestations (for the duration of effectiveness). Non-scented
513:, and in the species and early hybrids, some is also found on the stigma because of the high position of the anther, which means that they are self-pollinating. Later cultivars have a lower anther, and rely on pollinators alighting on the labellum and touching first the terminal stigma, and then the pollen.
1504:
In recent years, many new cultivars have been created, but the genus suffers severely from having many synonyms for many popular ones. Most of the synonyms were created by old varieties resurfacing without viable names, with the increase in popularity from the 1960s onwards. Research has accumulated
1248:
The rhizomes are sensitive to frost and will rot if left unprotected in freezing conditions. In areas with winter temperatures below −10 °C (14 °F) in the winter (< USDA Zone 8b), the rhizomes can be dug up before freezing and stored (above 7 °C or 45 °F) for replanting in the
1896:
Micropropagation techniques can be employed to disinfest plants of a virus. In the growing tip of a plant, cell division is so rapid that the younger cells may not have had time to be infected with the virus. The rapidly growing region of meristem cells producing the shoot tip is cut off and placed
1870:
Outside of a laboratory, the only effective asexual propagation method is rhizome division. This uses material from a single parent, and as no exchange of genetic material occurs, it almost always produces plants that are identical to the parent. After a summer's growth, the horticultural cultivars
1147:
are most drawn to the dense folds and creases between the leaves and the stem/petiole, where the foliage attaches to the plant. At times, if left unchecked, these sucking-insects may remain effectively concealed in these tight areas, only for older or dead leaves to be peeled off to reveal a small
1366:
A fibre obtained from the leaves is used for making paper. The leaves are harvested in late summer after the plant has flowered, they are scraped to remove the outer skin, and are then soaked in water for two hours prior to cooking. The fibres are cooked for 24 hours with lye and then beaten in a
1892:
division of small pieces in a sterile environment, where they first produce proliferations of tissue, which are then separated into small pieces that are treated differently so that they produce roots and new stem tissue. The steps in the process are regulated by different ratios of plant growth
1277:
Some species and many cultivars are widely grown in the garden in temperate and subtropical regions. Sometimes, they are also grown as potted plants. A large number of ornamental cultivars have been developed. They can be used in herbaceous borders, tropical plantings, and as a patio or decking
1457:
1893:
regulators. Many commercial organizations have produced cannas this way, and specifically the "Island Series" of cannas was introduced by means of mass-produced plants using this technique. However, cannas have a reputation for being difficult micropropagation candidates.
1845:
is an aggregate species, having many different and extreme forms ranging from the giant to miniature, from large foliage to small foliage, both green and dark foliage, and many differently coloured blooms of red, orange, pink, or yellow, and combinations of those colours.
1123:
are quite fond of cannas and their large, juicy leaves, potentially leaving unsightly holes where they have chewed on the plant—particularly during and after rainy periods (when mollusks become active). Slugs and snails tend to prefer tender, younger foliage, however.
1245:, but are frequently grown as annuals in temperate zones for an exotic or tropical look in the garden. In arid regions, cannas are often grown in the water garden, with the lower inch of pot submerged. In all areas, high winds tear the leaves, so shelter is advised.
1467:
Cannas became very popular in
Victorian times as garden plants, and were grown widely in France, Germany, Hungary, India, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Some cultivars from this time, including a sterile hybrid, usually referred to as
1159:
These pests, while certainly able to drain a plant of its energy over time, and cause its eventual decline, are generally not lethal to the plant when dealt with immediately. The majority of insect pests on canna plants can be sprayed with a 70%
1088:, which have short summers, but long days, and the rapid growth rate of cannas makes them a feasible gardening plant, as long as they receive 6–8 hours of sunlight each day during the growing season and are protected from the cold of winter.
1703:. Trials in Ecuador using a wide range of varieties have shown that achira can yield on average 56 tons of rhizomes and 7.8 tons of extractable starch per hectare. However, the crop needs 9–12 months to mature to full productivity.
1564:, of the two cultivar groups. Inevitably over time, those two floriferous groups were interbred, the distinctions became blurred and overlapped, and the Bailey species names became redundant. Pseudo-species names are now
422:
that are such a feature of these plants, grow out of a stem in a long, narrow roll and then unfurl. The leaves are typically solid green, but some cultivars have glaucose, brownish, maroon, or even variegated leaves.
655:
made reference to another species that he documented under the vulgar or common name of 'Albara' and 'Pacivira', which resided, he said, in the "shaded and damp places, between the tropics"; this species is
3122:
2637:
International Code of
Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants, C.D. Brickell (Commission Chairman), B.R. Baum, W.L.A. Hetterscheid, A.C. Leslie, J. McNeill, P. Trehane, F. Vrugtman, J.H. Wiersema (eds.).
516:
The wild species often grow to at least 2–3 m (6.6–9.8 ft) in height, but wide variation in size exists among cultivated plants; numerous cultivars have been selected for smaller stature.
301:
climates and are easy to grow in most countries of the world, as long as they receive at least 6–8 hours average sunlight during the summer, and are moved to a warm location for the winter. See the
1837:
has occurred, a cultivar grown from seed will have different characteristics from its parent(s), thus should never be given a parent's name. The wild species have evolved in the absence of other
609:
in Latin
America, has been cultivated by Native Americans in tropical America for thousands of years, and was one of the earliest domesticated plants in the Americas. The starchy root is edible.
1569:
1685:
grown in agriculture. "Canna achira" is a generic term used in South
America to describe the cannas that have been selectively bred for agricultural purposes, normally derived from
1218:. Under humid conditions, it is often found growing on the older flowers. Treatment is to simply remove the old flowers, so the mold does not spread to the new flowers.
1871:
can be separated into typically four or five separate smaller rhizomes, each with a growing nodal point (growing eye). Without the growing point, which is composed of
7092:
523:, correctly known as rhizomes, which store starch, and this is the main attraction of the plant to agriculture, having the largest starch grains of all plant life.
3129:
7131:
3634:
1886:, also known as tissue culture, is the practice of rapidly multiplying stock plant material to produce a large number of progeny plants. Micropropagation uses
3408:
1917:
Angiosperm
Phylogeny Group (2009), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III",
1211:, which may result in spotted or streaked leaves, in a mild form, but can finally result in stunted growth and twisted and distorted blooms and foliage.
3347:
3321:
1486:
is tall and green-leafed with terminal drooping panicles of hot pink iris-like flowers, looking somewhat like a cross between a banana and a fuchsia.
3215:
7040:
3682:
3352:
3342:
3179:
1489:
As tender perennials in northern climates, they suffered severe setbacks when two world wars sent the young gardening staff off to war. The genus
7105:
7053:
2397:
1706:
Many more traditional kinds exist worldwide; they have all involved human selection, so are classified as agricultural cultivars. Traditionally,
7167:
1164:
alcohol mist—diluted slightly—applied during non-sunny periods, as the alcohol may cause sunburn on the plant. Other effective options include
297:
and were naturalized in Europe, India and Africa in the 1860s. Although they grow native to the tropics, most cultivars have been developed in
3246:"Revisiting the Zingiberales: using multiplexed exon capture to resolve ancient and recent phylogenetic splits in a charismatic plant lineage"
2066:
1292:. All of the plant material has commercial value, rhizomes for starch (consumption by humans and livestock), stems and foliage for animal
3378:
2512:
2121:
3386:
2341:
2316:
3627:
2642:
2256:
3153:
3401:
1841:
genes and are usually true to type when the parents are of the same species, but a degree of variance still occurs. The species
7079:
1102:
2584:
3097:
1338:
7110:
1281:
Internationally, cannas are one of the most popular garden plants, and a large horticultural industry depends on the plant.
7118:
3661:
2608:
Bailey, L.H. - Canna x generalis. Hortus, 118 (1930); cf. Standley & Steyerm. in
Fieldiana, Bot., xxiv. III.204 (1952)
2543:
2422:
1695:
from which starch is obtained, but the leaves and young seeds are also edible, and achira was once a staple food crop in
7239:
6862:
3687:
3677:
3620:
3333:
1966:
1113:, with the resultant leaf damage, while not being fatal to the plant, can be most distressing to a keen gardener’s eye.
1200:
resulting in orange spots on the plant's leaves, caused by over-moist soil. They are also susceptible to certain plant
6949:
6936:
3394:
1593:
2626:
7180:
2303:
2089:
1149:
996:
165:
1148:
colony of white, fuzzy mealybugs congregated. Mealybugs are particularly prevalent in drier climates, such as the
640:, not because the plant is from India, in Asia, but because this species was originally transported from America:
366:
have developed selected forms as large-flowered garden plants. Cannas are also used in agriculture as a source of
7136:
1825:, that act as the transfer agent, spreading pollen between stamens and stigmas on the same or different flowers.
3672:
2085:
1510:
1071:
3067:
7185:
987:(see below), about 20 known species are of the wild form, and in the last three decades of the 20th century,
76:
7027:
1678:
1577:
1015:
7001:
6879:
3467:
3219:
2384:
1763:, the same plant can usually play the roles of both pollen and seed parents, technically referred to as a
1106:
1049:
629:
544:
20:
6954:
3190:
7032:
7006:
2908:
1989:
1834:
1597:
1008:
974:
302:
198:
3298:
2758:
2401:
2368:
1955:
1007:
from Japan. Both reduced the number of species from the 50-100 accepted previously, assigning most as
7146:
7058:
3535:
2478:
2161:
1611:
1549:
1469:
2983:
2028:
2001. Taxonomic revision of the family
Cannaceae in the New World and Asia. Makinoa ser. 2, 1:34–43.
1548:
cannas being grown at that time, namely the Crozy hybrids and the orchid-like hybrids introduced by
1128:
may also be a potential pest for cannas grown indoors, in dry areas, or that receive poor airflow.
1525:
1353:
1181:
1034:
7172:
1445:
1192:
Cannas are remarkably free of diseases, compared to many genera. However, they may fall victim to
7234:
7206:
7014:
6702:
5920:
5812:
5436:
3923:
3667:
3079:
3071:
2858:
2783:
2466:
2225:
1426:
1331:
1323:
469:
are typically red, orange, or yellow, or any combination of those colours, and are aggregated in
210:
71:
3372:
2933:
2808:
2704:
2519:
1666:
7154:
7097:
6962:
6659:
6458:
6010:
5870:
5799:
5722:
5603:
5489:
5406:
4771:
3762:
3698:
3365:
3279:
2833:
2638:
2494:
2217:
2062:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1110:
578:
443:
294:
2679:
7159:
6543:
6533:
6493:
6473:
6249:
6179:
6154:
6101:
5875:
5865:
5628:
5565:
5509:
5484:
5230:
5135:
5102:
4892:
4806:
4801:
4776:
4677:
4639:
4547:
4211:
4074:
4049:
4044:
3837:
3754:
3520:
3269:
3259:
3063:
3008:
2883:
2654:
2486:
2209:
2001:
1936:
1926:
1883:
1802:
1392:
1075:
538:
520:
2733:
386:
6824:
6611:
6478:
6463:
6043:
5930:
5910:
5905:
5895:
5860:
5676:
5671:
5471:
5441:
5411:
5295:
5260:
5220:
5195:
5185:
5145:
4897:
4786:
4669:
4644:
4539:
4511:
4501:
4294:
4264:
4206:
4191:
4054:
3880:
3787:
3644:
3382:
3337:
2958:
2320:
2260:
2025:
1748:
1456:
1436:
Cannas attract hummingbirds, so can be part of a pollinator and wildlife habitat strategy.
1396:
1272:
Detail of the seed pods and seeds: The seeds are used for jewelry and musical instruments.
1153:
1125:
1004:
408:
286:
114:
2253:
2182:
Lerman, J. C. and E. M. Cigliano. 1971. New carbon-14 evidence for six hundred years old
1493:
has recently experienced a renewed interest and revival in popularity. Once, hundreds of
1415:
6993:
3612:
3157:
2482:
6816:
6806:
6788:
6760:
6722:
6712:
6664:
6631:
6621:
6616:
6538:
6488:
6435:
6420:
6305:
6219:
6159:
6149:
6053:
5955:
5890:
5880:
5840:
5822:
5623:
5550:
5338:
5300:
5255:
5190:
5165:
5140:
5084:
4998:
4766:
4713:
4649:
4506:
4398:
4375:
4337:
4314:
4304:
4107:
3969:
3908:
3772:
3274:
3245:
2453:
1687:
1573:
1553:
1357:
1053:
859:
506:
459:
356:
101:
3304:
2490:
2317:"Species boundaries in Canna (Cannaceae): evidence from nuclear ITS DNA sequence data"
644:; and at that time, one described the tropical areas of that part of the globe as the
7228:
7019:
6798:
6727:
6697:
6674:
6669:
6654:
6606:
6573:
6568:
6503:
6297:
6282:
6229:
6209:
6169:
6164:
6144:
6106:
6058:
6005:
5995:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5915:
5830:
5807:
5789:
5757:
5742:
5704:
5608:
5588:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5426:
5421:
5401:
5386:
5348:
5343:
5290:
5280:
5275:
5225:
5205:
5180:
5170:
5071:
4993:
4973:
4912:
4907:
4887:
4821:
4791:
4751:
4659:
4654:
4601:
4471:
4433:
4408:
4380:
4365:
4309:
4289:
4284:
4201:
4168:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4099:
4089:
4079:
4059:
4029:
3961:
3928:
3918:
3885:
3875:
3865:
3734:
3716:
3648:
3457:
3452:
3418:
3083:
1931:
1764:
1497:
existed, but many are now extinct. In 1910, Árpäd Mühle, from
Hungary, published his
1085:
883:
736:
715:
470:
352:
336:
320:
298:
183:
127:
2164:& Guha, I. - Origin and Evolution of Cultivated Cannas. Vikas Publishing House
1014:
This reduction in species is also confirmed by work done by Kress and Prince at the
442:. The staminodes number (1–) 3 (–4) (with at least one staminodal member called the
7211:
6967:
6737:
6732:
6717:
6707:
6646:
6528:
6513:
6483:
6440:
6430:
6384:
6361:
6351:
6323:
6224:
6204:
6174:
6116:
6063:
5985:
5940:
5900:
5855:
5845:
5835:
5727:
5696:
5661:
5646:
5560:
5555:
5461:
5215:
5210:
5175:
5155:
5130:
5117:
5107:
5079:
5036:
5031:
4988:
4955:
4940:
4902:
4879:
4816:
4811:
4796:
4761:
4743:
4695:
4634:
4629:
4621:
4496:
4456:
4390:
4370:
4360:
4352:
4319:
4279:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4158:
4153:
4117:
4034:
3913:
3870:
3767:
3744:
3708:
3551:
3510:
3421:
2588:
2058:
1404:
1249:
spring. Otherwise, they should be protected by a thick layer of mulch over winter.
1144:
691:
662:
601:
363:
324:
150:
6941:
6928:
3101:
2242:"canna, n.1." OED Online. Oxford University Press, June 2014. Web. 16 August 2014.
2229:
1710:
Ker Gawl. has been reputed to be the species grown for food in South
America, but
6917:
3123:"Edible Canna and its Starch: An Under-Exploited Starch-Producing Plant Resource"
3034:
7123:
7066:
6911:
6692:
6588:
6548:
6523:
6518:
6508:
6376:
6366:
6356:
6338:
6287:
6239:
6234:
6214:
6194:
6121:
6048:
5990:
5945:
5885:
5850:
5747:
5737:
5681:
5593:
5532:
5527:
5479:
5451:
5431:
5391:
5373:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5240:
5235:
5200:
5094:
5051:
5026:
4950:
4922:
4917:
4756:
4733:
4718:
4687:
4606:
4481:
4461:
4423:
4274:
4269:
4246:
4231:
4173:
4163:
4069:
4064:
4016:
3933:
3857:
3842:
3819:
3814:
3739:
3726:
3580:
3540:
3488:
3442:
1822:
1545:
1385:
1289:
1237:
Cannas grow best in full sun with moderate water in well-drained, rich or sandy
1215:
1205:
1074:
in many tropical areas around the world, is a difficult plant to remove, and is
1000:
992:
796:
652:
621:
498:
486:
416:
412:
402:
348:
332:
140:
34:
2426:
2006:
1854:
6775:
6765:
6742:
6626:
6563:
6498:
6425:
6402:
6328:
6274:
6184:
6038:
6025:
6000:
5980:
5732:
5714:
5686:
5656:
5651:
5583:
5542:
5519:
5456:
5446:
5396:
5381:
5310:
5265:
5250:
5160:
5061:
5041:
5003:
4983:
4705:
4611:
4491:
4476:
4466:
4196:
4145:
4084:
4039:
3890:
3847:
3806:
3797:
3515:
3493:
3353:
The utilization of edible Canna plants in southeastern Asia and southern China
3309:
2547:
1806:
1768:
1565:
1327:
1268:
1226:
1193:
1132:
530:
405:
27:
6902:
3326:
3154:"Progress in the Development of Economic Botany and Knowledge of Food Plants"
2306:
1985. 195. Cannaceae. & Maas, P. J. M. and H. Maas. 1988. 223. Cannaceae.
6988:
6975:
6783:
6752:
6684:
6553:
6412:
6394:
6346:
6315:
6244:
6189:
6126:
6111:
6096:
6033:
6015:
5950:
5925:
5762:
5666:
5618:
5598:
5245:
5150:
5125:
4596:
4588:
4486:
4451:
4428:
4418:
4403:
4342:
4299:
4259:
4236:
4006:
3938:
3829:
3596:
3447:
1782:
1772:
1771:
are almost always seed sterile, and their pollen has a low fertility level.
1731:
1692:
1561:
1556:
in the U.S., at about the same time (1894). The definition was based on the
1297:
1257:
1061:
1045:
984:
844:
751:
678:
645:
560:
439:
340:
7198:
3283:
2498:
2196:
Sivori, E.; et al. (September 21, 1968). "Germination of Achira Seed (
1363:
The plant yields a fibre from the stem, which is used as a jute substitute.
1084:
cultivars are grown in most countries, even those with territory above the
2617:
Bailey, L.H. - Canna x orchiodes. Gentes Herb. (Ithaca), 1 (3): 120 (1923)
2273:
de l'Ecluse, Charles (1576) Histoire des plantes rare observées en
Espagne
2221:
1739:
1501:
book, written in German. It contained descriptions of over 500 cultivars.
7193:
6896:
6636:
6558:
6468:
6450:
6199:
6136:
6088:
6078:
5935:
5752:
5638:
5613:
5575:
5416:
5285:
5270:
5056:
5046:
5021:
4978:
4945:
4854:
4781:
4578:
4561:
4413:
4329:
4183:
3998:
3988:
3900:
3563:
3545:
3359:
3244:
Sass, C; Iles, WJ; Barrett, CF; Smith, SY; Specht, CD (21 January 2016).
1990:"The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase"
1888:
1872:
1557:
1494:
1411:
1342:
1301:
1177:
1169:
1140:
932:
625:
478:
398:
344:
1759:
of the pollen parent onto the stigma of the seed parent. In the case of
7045:
6598:
6264:
5363:
5318:
5013:
4965:
4932:
4846:
4570:
4516:
4024:
3504:
3436:
3264:
3075:
1941:
1814:
1700:
1422:
1400:
1312:
1242:
1201:
1026:
552:
534:
490:
328:
290:
7071:
2573:. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. p. 187.
2213:
4869:
4836:
4443:
4254:
3601:
3482:
1810:
1756:
1752:
1319:
1293:
1285:
1197:
502:
474:
466:
455:
451:
447:
435:
367:
316:
6873:
3180:"Reappraisal of Edible Canna as a High-Value Starch Crop in Vietnam"
55:
1793:
of the seed coat, which can be accomplished by several techniques.
1184:
may be used to wipe any invisible eggs or larvae from the leaves.
446:, always being present. A specialized staminode, the stamen, bears
6980:
3529:
3343:
Reappraisal of Edible Canna as a High-Value Starch Crop in Vietnam
3250:
1853:
1738:
1730:
1665:
1455:
1444:
1381:
1368:
1335:
1308:
1267:
1256:
1225:
1136:
1120:
1057:
1025:
594:
577:
559:
551:
543:
431:
427:
385:
282:
88:
7084:
1901:, with a very high probability of being uncontaminated by virus.
1718:, which is also grown for agricultural purposes throughout Asia.
3557:
2173:
Grootjen, C. J. and F. Bouman. 1988. Seed structure in Cannaceae
1790:
1786:
1696:
1238:
1214:
The flowers are sometimes affected by a grey, fuzzy mold called
1116:
1038:
541:
is known to occur, due to its hard, impenetrable seed covering.
419:
6877:
3616:
3390:
1044:
The genus is native to tropical and subtropical regions of the
636:, indicated this origin, and stated that it was given the name
3525:
1818:
1375:
510:
494:
482:
438:. What appear to be petals are the highly modified stamens or
26:"Canna lily" redirects here. For a similarly named plant, see
1517:
for details of the people and firms that created the current
3316:
434:
that are small, inconspicuous, and hidden under extravagant
3098:"On the Genus Canna in Yaeyama Islands, the Ryukyus, Japan"
1509:
cultivar names, but many of these are simply synonyms. See
3068:
10.1663/0013-0001(2004)058[0112:noep]2.0.co;2
378:
have been grown into many cultivars in India and Africa.
1570:
International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
1861:
culture of plants in a controlled, sterile environment
1018:, but this only covers a subset of the species range.
1626:'General Eisenhower' (bronze leaves, orange flowers)
33:"Cannaceae" redirects here. Not to be confused with
6886:
6815:
6797:
6774:
6751:
6683:
6645:
6597:
6586:
6449:
6411:
6393:
6375:
6337:
6314:
6296:
6273:
6262:
6135:
6087:
6076:
6024:
5821:
5798:
5787:
5713:
5695:
5637:
5574:
5541:
5518:
5470:
5372:
5361:
5309:
5116:
5093:
5070:
5012:
4964:
4931:
4878:
4867:
4845:
4834:
4742:
4731:
4704:
4686:
4668:
4620:
4587:
4569:
4560:
4538:
4529:
4442:
4389:
4351:
4328:
4245:
4182:
4144:
4116:
4098:
4015:
3997:
3982:
3960:
3951:
3899:
3856:
3828:
3805:
3796:
3785:
3753:
3725:
3707:
3696:
3589:
3573:
3475:
3429:
3348:
Crop Growth and Starch Productivity of Edible Canna
3216:"Organic Gardening: How to Propagate Canna by Seed"
3050:Nobuyuki Tanaka (2004). "The utilization of edible
3036:
Crop growth and starch productivity of edible canna
1180:or paper towels, moistened with rubbing alcohol or
481:(thyrses). The main pollinators of the flowers are
2513:"Constructed wetland for on-site septic treatment"
1767:. However, the cultivars of the Italian group and
1156:can also ravage the leaves if left uncontrolled.
1101:Cannas are largely free of pests. However, in the
3373:Constructed wetland for on-site septic treatment.
3054:plants in southeastern Asia and southern China".
2627:Comparison of Crozy & Italian Group cultivars
1318:The seeds are used as the mobile elements of the
426:The flowers are asymmetric and composed of three
3039:. International Potato Center. pp. 295–301.
2282:Willem Piso (1658), Histoire naturelle du Brésil
2122:Libraire Centrale d'Agriculture et de Jardinage
991:species have been categorized by two different
458:, which is connected down to a three-chambered
293:. All of the genus's species are native to the
3178:Hermann, Michael; NK Quynh; D. Peters (1999).
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
3628:
3402:
3366:Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
1403:environment as they have a high tolerance to
335:, together with their closest relatives, the
19:"Cannas" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
3424:wrappings, beddings, layering & dishware
2467:"Treatment of wastewater by natural systems"
2380:
2378:
2376:
1988:Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016).
1352:In more remote regions of India, cannas are
6874:
6594:
6270:
6259:
6084:
6073:
5795:
5369:
4875:
4864:
4842:
4831:
4739:
4728:
4566:
4535:
3994:
3957:
3802:
3793:
3704:
3635:
3621:
3613:
3409:
3395:
3387:
2291:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
1576:for categorising cultivars (see groups at
1528:defined, in detail, two "garden species" (
983:Although most cannas grown these days are
289:in the family Cannaceae, consisting of 10
54:
43:
3273:
3263:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2100:
2098:
2005:
1940:
1930:
1638:'Phasion' (bronze leaves, orange flowers)
1632:'Musifolia' (large leaves flushed bronze)
624:, though the species originated from the
2021:
2019:
2017:
1919:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1805:, but most cultivars require an outside
1751:reproduction, involving the transfer of
1691:. It is grown especially for its edible
1367:blender. They make a light tan to brown
501:mechanism is conspicuously specialized.
2080:
2078:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
1909:
1735:Canna fruit (green) and ripe seed pods
1641:'Picasso' (yellow spotted red flowers)
1592:These canna cultivars have gained the
1384:from the burning leaves is said to be
1109:, plants sometimes fall victim to the
585:(Crozy Group) 'Alberich', Pfitzer 1949
2055:The Gardener's Guide to Growing Canna
1875:material, the rhizome will not grow.
1524:In the early 20th century, Professor
1264:(Italian group) 'Yellow King Humbert'
454:. A somewhat narrower "petal" is the
7:
7147:eb303b9f-b0a4-44c1-90bb-d8e5c8f20453
2465:Ayaz, Selma Ç.; Akça, Lütfi (2001).
2119:Le Canna, son histoire, sa culture.
1478:, are still commercially available.
1414:, cannas are a traditional gift for
1300:, and young seeds as an addition to
1775:are almost always totally sterile.
1608:'Annaeei' (large blue-green leaves)
1441:Horticultural varieties (cultivars)
1284:The rhizomes of cannas are rich in
925:
837:
829:
776:
729:
721:
711:
704:
697:
687:
632:, who first described and sketched
548:Texas Gulf Coast, Red & Yellow
370:for human and animal consumption.
362:The plants have large foliage, so
14:
1681:contains all of the varieties of
1673:(Agriculture Group) 'Edulis Dark'
642:Quia ex America primum delata sit
393:(foliage group) 'Auguste Ferrier'
6858:
6857:
3466:
1932:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x
1789:. Germination is facilitated by
1714:probably is simply a synonym of
319:, but have been assigned by the
75:
7186:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:37222-1
2571:Heirloom Gardening in the South
2423:"Ganesh Mani Pradhan & Son"
1605:'Alaska' (cream flushed yellow)
1425:, canna starch is used to make
1345:, where the seeds are known as
3033:Hermann, Michael (1995–1996).
1813:, so attract nectar-consuming
1653:'Whithelm Pride' (bright pink)
1463:(Crozy group) 'Theresa Blakey'
620:, which was imported from the
1:
2491:10.1016/S0160-4120(00)00099-4
2200:sp.) Approx. 550 Years Old".
1785:, which contributes to their
1644:'Russian Red' (bronze leaves)
3237:General and cited references
2084:The Cannaceae of the World,
1967:Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew
1629:'Louis Cayeux' (salmon pink)
1131:For canna grown outside (in
415:rootstock. The broad, flat,
1801:The species are capable of
1594:Royal Horticultural Society
1241:. They grow from perennial
197:19 classified species, see
66:hybrid flowers and foliage
7256:
3187:CIP Program Report 1997-98
2007:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1
1963:Plants of the World Online
1635:'Mystique' (bronze leaves)
1378:is obtained from the seed.
1233:(miniature group) 'Oberon'
972:
660:L. (later reclassified as
529:is the only member of the
32:
25:
18:
6853:
4863:
3656:
3464:
3361:Gardening for the Million
3301:in Flora of North America
2471:Environment International
2350:Invasive Plant Compendium
1656:'Wyoming' (bright orange)
1647:'Shenandoah' (flesh pink)
1572:which, instead, provides
930:
923:
881:
857:
842:
835:
827:
794:
781:
774:
749:
734:
727:
719:
709:
702:
695:
616:introduced to Europe was
597:word for a cane or reed.
519:Cannas grow from swollen
216:
209:
195:
190:
72:Scientific classification
70:
62:
53:
46:
16:Genus of flowering plants
2387:, An Indian Garden. 1927
2264:", accessed 23 Feb 2016.
2106:Botanical Encyclelopédie
2104:Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste.
1747:Seeds are produced from
1288:, and have many uses in
1060:) and south to northern
1866:Division of plant parts
1781:seeds have a very hard
1679:Canna Agriculture Group
1650:'Verdi' (bright orange)
1016:Smithsonian Institution
3009:"RHS Plant Selector -
2984:"RHS Plant Selector -
2959:"RHS Plant Selector -
2934:"RHS Plant Selector -
2909:"RHS Plant Selector -
2884:"RHS Plant Selector -
2859:"RHS Plant Selector -
2834:"RHS Plant Selector -
2809:"RHS Plant Selector -
2784:"RHS Plant Selector -
2759:"RHS Plant Selector -
2734:"RHS Plant Selector -
2705:"RHS Plant Selector -
2680:"RHS Plant Selector -
2655:"RHS Plant Selector -
1862:
1744:
1736:
1674:
1662:Agricultural varieties
1464:
1453:
1307:The seeds are used as
1273:
1265:
1234:
1111:canna leaf roller moth
1107:southern United States
1050:Southern United States
1041:
586:
565:
557:
549:
394:
21:Canna (disambiguation)
2763:'General Eisenhower'"
2398:"Aloha 'Aina Jewelry"
2086:H. Maas-van der Kamer
1857:
1835:genetic recombination
1809:. All cannas produce
1742:
1734:
1669:
1623:'Erebus' (coral pink)
1598:Award of Garden Merit
1459:
1448:
1271:
1260:
1229:
1029:
651:Much later, in 1658,
612:The first species of
581:
563:
555:
547:
397:The plants are large
389:
323:of 2003 to the order
3322:Canna indica hybrids
2569:Grant, Greg (2011).
2092:, BLUMEA 53: 247-318
1550:Carl Ludwig Sprenger
1544:) to categorise the
1296:, young shoots as a
1204:, some of which are
666:L. by taxonomists).
593:originates from the
315:Cannas are not true
7240:Zingiberales genera
2483:2001EnInt..26..189A
2454:Plants for a Future
2385:Percy-Lancaster, S.
2369:Plant Pest handbook
2208:(5160): 1269–1270.
2053:Cooke, Ian (2001).
1850:Asexual propagation
1526:Liberty Hyde Bailey
1182:apple cider vinegar
1035:Escambray Mountains
630:Charles de l'Ecluse
539:hibernation of seed
509:while still in the
308:for photographs of
6703:Pentaphragmataceae
5921:Stegnospermataceae
5813:Berberidopsidaceae
5437:Pentadiplandraceae
3924:Atherospermataceae
3381:2008-02-27 at the
3336:2006-02-06 at the
3265:10.7717/peerj.1584
2259:2016-10-05 at the
1863:
1745:
1737:
1727:Sexual propagation
1675:
1560:, rather than the
1465:
1454:
1427:cellophane noodles
1324:musical instrument
1274:
1266:
1235:
1174:horticultural oils
1042:
605:, commonly called
587:
566:
558:
550:
395:
7222:
7221:
7155:Open Tree of Life
6880:Taxon identifiers
6871:
6870:
6849:
6848:
6845:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6837:
6836:
6833:
6832:
6660:Cardiopteridaceae
6582:
6581:
6459:Plocospermataceae
6258:
6257:
6072:
6071:
6011:Anacampserotaceae
5871:Ancistrocladaceae
5800:Berberidopsidales
5783:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5723:Biebersteiniaceae
5604:Sphaerosepalaceae
5490:Strasburgeriaceae
5407:Setchellanthaceae
5357:
5356:
4830:
4829:
4772:Cercidiphyllaceae
4727:
4726:
4556:
4555:
4525:
4524:
3978:
3977:
3947:
3946:
3781:
3780:
3763:Austrobaileyaceae
3610:
3609:
3548:placentarium leaf
3358:Pink, A. (2004).
2988:'Whithelm Pride'"
2544:"Canna Ehemannii"
2214:10.1038/2191269a0
2117:Chaté, E. (1867).
2068:978-0-88192-513-5
1395:many undesirable
1330:, as well as the
1166:insecticidal soap
1056:west to southern
1033:'Pink Dancer' in
966:
965:
961:
960:
952:
951:
943:
942:
912:
911:
903:
902:
894:
893:
870:
869:
816:
815:
807:
806:
762:
761:
556:Orange canna lily
521:underground stems
357:birds of paradise
270:
269:
264:
256:
248:
240:
232:
224:
186:
168:
7247:
7215:
7214:
7202:
7201:
7189:
7188:
7176:
7175:
7163:
7162:
7150:
7149:
7140:
7139:
7127:
7126:
7124:NHMSYS0000456773
7114:
7113:
7101:
7100:
7088:
7087:
7075:
7074:
7062:
7061:
7049:
7048:
7036:
7035:
7023:
7022:
7010:
7009:
6997:
6996:
6984:
6983:
6971:
6970:
6958:
6957:
6945:
6944:
6932:
6931:
6922:
6921:
6920:
6907:
6906:
6905:
6875:
6861:
6860:
6595:
6544:Thomandersiaceae
6534:Lentibulariaceae
6494:Scrophulariaceae
6474:Tetrachondraceae
6271:
6260:
6250:Mitrastemonaceae
6180:Pentaphylacaceae
6155:Tetrameristaceae
6102:Hydrostachyaceae
6085:
6074:
5876:Rhabdodendraceae
5866:Dioncophyllaceae
5796:
5629:Dipterocarpaceae
5566:Dipentodontaceae
5510:Crossosomataceae
5485:Geissolomataceae
5370:
5231:Chrysobalanaceae
5136:Ctenolophonaceae
5103:Lepidobotryaceae
4893:Anisophylleaceae
4876:
4865:
4843:
4832:
4807:Tetracarpaeaceae
4802:Aphanopetalaceae
4777:Daphniphyllaceae
4740:
4729:
4678:Trochodendraceae
4640:Circaeasteraceae
4567:
4548:Ceratophyllaceae
4536:
4212:Alstroemeriaceae
4075:Potamogetonaceae
4050:Scheuchzeriaceae
4045:Hydrocharitaceae
3995:
3958:
3838:Aristolochiaceae
3803:
3794:
3755:Austrobaileyales
3705:
3701:
3699:Basalangiosperms
3683:Acrogymnospermae
3645:flowering plants
3637:
3630:
3623:
3614:
3470:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3388:
3369:
3287:
3277:
3267:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3218:. Archived from
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3195:
3189:. Archived from
3184:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3156:. Archived from
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3134:
3128:. Archived from
3127:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3100:. Archived from
3094:
3088:
3087:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2651:
2645:
2635:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2587:. Archived from
2585:"Canna Synonyms"
2581:
2575:
2574:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2546:. Archived from
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2524:
2518:. Archived from
2517:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2462:
2456:
2451:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2425:. Archived from
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2400:. Archived from
2394:
2388:
2382:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2319:. Archived from
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2193:
2187:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2124:
2115:
2109:
2102:
2093:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2050:
2029:
2023:
2012:
2011:
2009:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1914:
1884:Micropropagation
1879:Micropropagation
1803:self-pollination
1154:Japanese beetles
1139:, for example),
1126:Red spider mites
1078:in some places.
926:
838:
830:
777:
730:
722:
712:
705:
698:
688:
681:of Zingiberales
674:
673:
537:group) in which
306:cultivar gallery
295:American tropics
287:flowering plants
262:
254:
246:
238:
230:
222:
182:
164:
80:
79:
58:
44:
7255:
7254:
7250:
7249:
7248:
7246:
7245:
7244:
7225:
7224:
7223:
7218:
7210:
7205:
7197:
7192:
7184:
7179:
7171:
7166:
7158:
7153:
7145:
7143:
7135:
7130:
7122:
7117:
7109:
7104:
7096:
7091:
7083:
7078:
7070:
7065:
7057:
7052:
7044:
7039:
7031:
7026:
7018:
7013:
7005:
7000:
6992:
6987:
6979:
6974:
6966:
6961:
6953:
6948:
6940:
6935:
6927:
6925:
6916:
6915:
6910:
6901:
6900:
6895:
6882:
6872:
6867:
6829:
6825:Paracryphiaceae
6811:
6793:
6770:
6747:
6679:
6641:
6612:Torricelliaceae
6591:
6578:
6479:Calceolariaceae
6464:Carlemanniaceae
6445:
6407:
6389:
6371:
6333:
6310:
6292:
6267:
6254:
6131:
6081:
6068:
6044:Balanophoraceae
6020:
5931:Lophiocarpaceae
5911:Achatocarpaceae
5906:Caryophyllaceae
5896:Macarthuriaceae
5861:Drosophyllaceae
5817:
5792:
5767:
5709:
5691:
5677:Crypteroniaceae
5672:Melastomataceae
5633:
5570:
5537:
5514:
5472:Crossosomatales
5466:
5442:Gyrostemonaceae
5412:Koeberliniaceae
5366:
5353:
5305:
5296:Picrodendraceae
5261:Lacistemataceae
5221:Dichapetalaceae
5196:Centroplacaceae
5186:Lophopyxidaceae
5146:Erythroxylaceae
5112:
5089:
5066:
5008:
4960:
4927:
4898:Corynocarpaceae
4872:
4859:
4839:
4826:
4787:Grossulariaceae
4736:
4723:
4700:
4682:
4670:Trochodendrales
4664:
4645:Lardizabalaceae
4616:
4583:
4552:
4540:Ceratophyllales
4531:Ceratophyllidae
4521:
4512:Ecdeiocoleaceae
4502:Flagellariaceae
4438:
4385:
4347:
4324:
4295:Tecophilaeaceae
4265:Blandfordiaceae
4241:
4207:Petermanniaceae
4192:Campynemataceae
4178:
4140:
4112:
4094:
4055:Aponogetonaceae
4011:
3986:
3974:
3943:
3895:
3881:Himantandraceae
3852:
3824:
3790:
3788:Mesangiospermae
3777:
3749:
3721:
3697:
3692:
3673:Marchantiophyta
3652:
3641:
3611:
3606:
3585:
3569:
3471:
3462:
3425:
3415:
3383:Wayback Machine
3357:
3338:Wayback Machine
3295:
3290:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3225:
3223:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3182:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3163:
3161:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3107:
3105:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3056:Economic Botany
3049:
3048:
3044:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3017:
3015:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2992:
2990:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2942:
2940:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2915:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2892:
2890:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2867:
2865:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2842:
2840:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2788:'Louis Cayeux'"
2782:
2781:
2777:
2767:
2765:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2740:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2688:
2686:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2663:
2661:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2594:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2551:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2441:
2432:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2407:
2405:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2383:
2374:
2367:
2363:
2354:
2352:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2326:
2324:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2292:Sass et al 2016
2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2261:Wayback Machine
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2127:
2116:
2112:
2103:
2096:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2052:
2051:
2032:
2024:
2015:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1852:
1829:Genetic changes
1729:
1724:
1664:
1659:
1590:
1574:Cultivar Groups
1443:
1393:used to extract
1255:
1224:
1190:
1150:Southwestern US
1099:
1094:
1024:
1005:Nobuyuki Tanaka
981:
971:
962:
953:
944:
913:
904:
895:
871:
833:Strelitziineae
817:
808:
763:
672:
658:C. angustifolia
576:
571:
505:is shed on the
384:
364:horticulturists
181:
163:
74:
40:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7253:
7251:
7243:
7242:
7237:
7227:
7226:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7216:
7212:wfo-4000006544
7203:
7190:
7177:
7164:
7151:
7141:
7128:
7115:
7102:
7089:
7076:
7063:
7050:
7037:
7024:
7011:
6998:
6985:
6972:
6959:
6946:
6933:
6923:
6908:
6892:
6890:
6884:
6883:
6878:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6865:
6854:
6851:
6850:
6847:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6835:
6834:
6831:
6830:
6828:
6827:
6821:
6819:
6817:Paracryphiales
6813:
6812:
6810:
6809:
6807:Escalloniaceae
6803:
6801:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6791:
6789:Caprifoliaceae
6786:
6780:
6778:
6772:
6771:
6769:
6768:
6763:
6761:Columelliaceae
6757:
6755:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6723:Argophyllaceae
6720:
6715:
6713:Alseuosmiaceae
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6689:
6687:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6665:Phyllonomaceae
6662:
6657:
6651:
6649:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6639:
6634:
6632:Myodocarpaceae
6629:
6624:
6622:Pittosporaceae
6619:
6617:Griseliniaceae
6614:
6609:
6603:
6601:
6592:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6539:Schlegeliaceae
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6489:Plantaginaceae
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6455:
6453:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6438:
6436:Sphenocleaceae
6433:
6428:
6423:
6421:Convolvulaceae
6417:
6415:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6405:
6399:
6397:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6387:
6381:
6379:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6343:
6341:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6331:
6326:
6320:
6318:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6308:
6306:Metteniusaceae
6302:
6300:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6285:
6279:
6277:
6268:
6263:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6220:Sarraceniaceae
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6160:Fouquieriaceae
6157:
6152:
6150:Marcgraviaceae
6147:
6141:
6139:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6093:
6091:
6082:
6077:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6054:Misodendraceae
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6030:
6028:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5956:Phytolaccaceae
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5891:Asteropeiaceae
5888:
5883:
5881:Simmondsiaceae
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5841:Plumbaginaceae
5838:
5833:
5827:
5825:
5823:Caryophyllales
5819:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5810:
5804:
5802:
5793:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5719:
5717:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5707:
5701:
5699:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5643:
5641:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5631:
5626:
5624:Sarcolaenaceae
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5580:
5578:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5551:Gerrardinaceae
5547:
5545:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5524:
5522:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5476:
5474:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5378:
5376:
5367:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5339:Elaeocarpaceae
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5315:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5301:Phyllanthaceae
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5256:Passifloraceae
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5191:Putranjivaceae
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5166:Calophyllaceae
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5141:Rhizophoraceae
5138:
5133:
5128:
5122:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5099:
5097:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5085:Zygophyllaceae
5082:
5076:
5074:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5018:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5001:
4999:Ticodendraceae
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4970:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4937:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4884:
4882:
4873:
4868:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4851:
4849:
4840:
4835:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4767:Hamamelidaceae
4764:
4759:
4754:
4748:
4746:
4737:
4732:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4714:Myrothamnaceae
4710:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4692:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4674:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4650:Menispermaceae
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4626:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4593:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4575:
4573:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4544:
4542:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4507:Joinvilleaceae
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4448:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4399:Strelitziaceae
4395:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4376:Pontederiaceae
4373:
4368:
4363:
4357:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4338:Dasypogonaceae
4334:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4315:Amaryllidaceae
4312:
4307:
4305:Xeronemataceae
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4188:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4150:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4108:Petrosaviaceae
4104:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4021:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4003:
4001:
3992:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3970:Chloranthaceae
3966:
3964:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3909:Calycanthaceae
3905:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3834:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3811:
3809:
3800:
3791:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3773:Schisandraceae
3770:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3702:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3678:Polypodiophyta
3675:
3670:
3665:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3617:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3391:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3324:
3319:
3307:
3302:
3294:
3293:External links
3291:
3289:
3288:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3207:
3170:
3145:
3114:
3089:
3062:(1): 112–114.
3042:
3025:
3000:
2975:
2950:
2925:
2913:'Russian Red'"
2900:
2875:
2850:
2825:
2800:
2775:
2750:
2725:
2696:
2671:
2646:
2630:
2619:
2610:
2601:
2576:
2561:
2535:
2504:
2477:(3): 189–195.
2457:
2439:
2414:
2389:
2372:
2361:
2346:(canna lilly)"
2333:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2244:
2235:
2188:
2184:Canna compacta
2175:
2166:
2125:
2110:
2094:
2074:
2067:
2030:
2013:
2000:(3): 201–217.
1980:
1947:
1925:(2): 105–121,
1908:
1906:
1903:
1881:
1880:
1868:
1867:
1851:
1848:
1831:
1830:
1799:
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1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1589:
1586:
1554:Luther Burbank
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1419:
1408:
1389:
1379:
1372:
1364:
1361:
1350:
1316:
1305:
1282:
1279:
1254:
1251:
1223:
1220:
1198:fungal disease
1189:
1186:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1054:South Carolina
1023:
1020:
973:Main article:
970:
967:
964:
963:
959:
958:
955:
954:
950:
949:
946:
945:
941:
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936:
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892:
891:
888:
887:
880:
877:
876:
873:
872:
868:
867:
864:
863:
860:Strelitziaceae
856:
853:
852:
849:
848:
841:
836:
834:
828:
826:
823:
822:
819:
818:
814:
813:
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809:
805:
804:
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800:
793:
790:
789:
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764:
760:
759:
756:
755:
748:
745:
744:
741:
740:
733:
728:
726:
725:Zingiberariae
720:
718:
710:
708:
703:
701:
696:
694:
686:
683:
682:
671:
668:
575:
572:
570:
567:
564:Red canna lily
471:inflorescences
383:
380:
341:spiral gingers
268:
267:
266:
265:
257:
249:
241:
233:
225:
214:
213:
207:
206:
193:
192:
188:
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174:
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158:
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118:
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112:
105:
104:
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92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
68:
67:
60:
59:
51:
50:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7252:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7232:
7230:
7213:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7182:
7178:
7174:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7156:
7152:
7148:
7142:
7138:
7133:
7129:
7125:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7068:
7064:
7060:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7003:
6999:
6995:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6924:
6919:
6913:
6909:
6904:
6898:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6876:
6864:
6856:
6855:
6852:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6818:
6814:
6808:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6800:
6799:Escalloniales
6796:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6777:
6773:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6754:
6750:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6728:Menyanthaceae
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6698:Campanulaceae
6696:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6686:
6682:
6676:
6675:Aquifoliaceae
6673:
6671:
6670:Helwingiaceae
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6655:Stemonuraceae
6653:
6652:
6650:
6648:
6644:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6607:Pennantiaceae
6605:
6604:
6602:
6600:
6596:
6593:
6590:
6585:
6575:
6574:Orobanchaceae
6572:
6570:
6569:Paulowniaceae
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6504:Linderniaceae
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6448:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6414:
6410:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6396:
6392:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6378:
6374:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6340:
6336:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6317:
6313:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6299:
6298:Metteniusales
6295:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6283:Oncothecaceae
6281:
6280:
6278:
6276:
6272:
6269:
6266:
6261:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6230:Actinidiaceae
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6210:Diapensiaceae
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6170:Lecythidaceae
6168:
6166:
6165:Polemoniaceae
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6145:Balsaminaceae
6143:
6142:
6140:
6138:
6134:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6107:Hydrangeaceae
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6083:
6080:
6075:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6059:Schoepfiaceae
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6023:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6006:Portulacaceae
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5996:Halophytaceae
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5976:Molluginaceae
5974:
5972:
5971:Nyctaginaceae
5969:
5967:
5966:Sarcobataceae
5964:
5962:
5961:Petiveriaceae
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5916:Amaranthaceae
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5831:Frankeniaceae
5829:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5820:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5808:Aextoxicaceae
5806:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5797:
5794:
5791:
5790:Superasterids
5786:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5758:Simaroubaceae
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5743:Anacardiaceae
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5706:
5705:Picramniaceae
5703:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5694:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5640:
5636:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5609:Thymelaeaceae
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5589:Muntingiaceae
5587:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5577:
5573:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5540:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5521:
5517:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5505:Stachyuraceae
5503:
5501:
5500:Guamatelaceae
5498:
5496:
5495:Staphyleaceae
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5469:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5427:Emblingiaceae
5425:
5423:
5422:Salvadoraceae
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5402:Limnanthaceae
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5387:Tropaeolaceae
5385:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5365:
5360:
5350:
5349:Brunelliaceae
5347:
5345:
5344:Cephalotaceae
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5308:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5291:Ixonanthaceae
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5281:Euphorbiaceae
5279:
5277:
5276:Rafflesiaceae
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5226:Euphroniaceae
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5206:Malpighiaceae
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5181:Caryocaraceae
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5171:Podostemaceae
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5092:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5072:Zygophyllales
5069:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4994:Casuarinaceae
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4974:Nothofagaceae
4972:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4913:Tetramelaceae
4911:
4909:
4908:Cucurbitaceae
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4888:Apodanthaceae
4886:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4871:
4866:
4862:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4838:
4833:
4823:
4822:Cynomoriaceae
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4792:Saxifragaceae
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4752:Peridiscaceae
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4730:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4661:
4660:Ranunculaceae
4658:
4656:
4655:Berberidaceae
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4602:Nelumbonaceae
4600:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4472:Eriocaulaceae
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4435:
4434:Zingiberaceae
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4409:Heliconiaceae
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4382:
4381:Haemodoraceae
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4366:Commelinaceae
4364:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4310:Asphodelaceae
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4290:Ixioliriaceae
4288:
4286:
4285:Doryanthaceae
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4202:Melanthiaceae
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4169:Cyclanthaceae
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4136:Dioscoreaceae
4134:
4132:
4131:Burmanniaceae
4129:
4127:
4126:Nartheciaceae
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4100:Petrosaviales
4097:
4091:
4090:Cymodoceaceae
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4080:Posidoniaceae
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4060:Juncaginaceae
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4030:Tofieldiaceae
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3985:
3981:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3962:Chloranthales
3959:
3956:
3954:
3953:Chloranthidae
3950:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3929:Hernandiaceae
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3919:Gomortegaceae
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3886:Eupomatiaceae
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3876:Degeneriaceae
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3866:Myristicaceae
3864:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3784:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3735:Hydatellaceae
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3718:
3717:Amborellaceae
3715:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3638:
3633:
3631:
3626:
3624:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3530:Kashiwa mochi
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3459:
3458:Plantain leaf
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3430:Latin America
3428:
3423:
3420:
3419:biodegradable
3412:
3407:
3405:
3400:
3398:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3331:: Indian Shot
3330:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3222:on 2012-02-13
3221:
3217:
3211:
3208:
3196:on 2011-09-27
3192:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3171:
3160:on 2007-07-08
3159:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3135:on 2008-02-27
3131:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3104:on 2007-09-28
3103:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3029:
3026:
3014:
3012:
3004:
3001:
2989:
2987:
2979:
2976:
2964:
2962:
2954:
2951:
2939:
2938:'Shenandoah'"
2937:
2929:
2926:
2914:
2912:
2904:
2901:
2889:
2887:
2879:
2876:
2864:
2862:
2854:
2851:
2839:
2837:
2829:
2826:
2814:
2812:
2804:
2801:
2789:
2787:
2779:
2776:
2764:
2762:
2754:
2751:
2739:
2737:
2729:
2726:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2700:
2697:
2685:
2683:
2675:
2672:
2660:
2658:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2643:90-6605-527-8
2640:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2591:on 2007-07-01
2590:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2550:on 2013-08-20
2549:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2525:on 2008-02-27
2521:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2429:on 2008-05-09
2428:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2404:on 2008-05-03
2403:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2365:
2362:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2337:
2334:
2323:on 2007-03-12
2322:
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2297:
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2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2162:Khoshoo, T.N.
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
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2037:
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2027:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2008:
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1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1951:
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1928:
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1816:
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1808:
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1796:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:scarification
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1765:hermaphrodite
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
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1618:
1614:
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1607:
1604:
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1601:
1599:
1595:
1588:AGM cultivars
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1552:in Italy and
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1482: ×
1481:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1458:
1452:'Golden Gate'
1451:
1447:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1398:
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1203:
1199:
1195:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1145:scale insects
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1086:Arctic Circle
1083:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1012:
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1002:
998:
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990:
986:
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968:
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948:
947:
939:
938:
935:
934:
928:
927:
921:
920:
917:
916:
908:
907:
899:
898:
890:
889:
886:
885:
884:Heliconiaceae
879:
878:
875:
874:
866:
865:
862:
861:
855:
854:
851:
850:
847:
846:
840:
839:
832:
831:
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824:
821:
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811:
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802:
799:
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792:
791:
788:
787:
784:
779:
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771:
770:
767:
766:
758:
757:
754:
753:
747:
746:
743:
742:
739:
738:
737:Zingiberaceae
732:
731:
724:
723:
717:
716:Zingiberineae
714:
713:
707:
706:
700:
699:
693:
690:
689:
685:
684:
680:
676:
675:
669:
667:
665:
664:
659:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
610:
608:
604:
603:
598:
596:
592:
584:
580:
573:
568:
562:
554:
546:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
522:
517:
514:
512:
508:
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500:
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488:
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476:
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468:
463:
461:
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410:
407:
404:
400:
392:
388:
381:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
321:APG II system
318:
313:
311:
307:
305:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
275:
261:
258:
253:
250:
245:
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194:
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159:
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139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
102:Tracheophytes
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
78:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
52:
49:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
22:
6887:
6738:Calyceraceae
6733:Goodeniaceae
6718:Phellinaceae
6708:Stylidiaceae
6647:Aquifoliales
6529:Bignoniaceae
6514:Martyniaceae
6484:Gesneriaceae
6441:Hydroleaceae
6431:Montiniaceae
6385:Boraginaceae
6362:Gelsemiaceae
6352:Gentianaceae
6324:Eucommiaceae
6225:Roridulaceae
6205:Symplocaceae
6175:Sladeniaceae
6117:Curtisiaceae
6064:Loranthaceae
5986:Didiereaceae
5941:Barbeuiaceae
5901:Microteaceae
5856:Nepenthaceae
5846:Polygonaceae
5836:Tamaricaceae
5728:Nitrariaceae
5697:Picramniales
5662:Vochysiaceae
5647:Combretaceae
5561:Tapisciaceae
5556:Petenaeaceae
5462:Brassicaceae
5216:Trigoniaceae
5211:Balanopaceae
5176:Hypericaceae
5156:Bonnetiaceae
5131:Irvingiaceae
5118:Malpighiales
5108:Celastraceae
5080:Krameriaceae
5037:Elaeagnaceae
5032:Dirachmaceae
4989:Juglandaceae
4956:Polygalaceae
4941:Quillajaceae
4903:Coriariaceae
4880:Cucurbitales
4817:Haloragaceae
4812:Penthoraceae
4797:Crassulaceae
4762:Altingiaceae
4744:Saxifragales
4696:Dilleniaceae
4635:Papaveraceae
4630:Eupteleaceae
4622:Ranunculales
4530:
4497:Restionaceae
4457:Bromeliaceae
4391:Zingiberales
4371:Philydraceae
4361:Hanguanaceae
4353:Commelinales
4320:Asparagaceae
4280:Hypoxidaceae
4227:Ripogonaceae
4222:Philesiaceae
4217:Colchicaceae
4159:Velloziaceae
4154:Triuridaceae
4118:Dioscoreales
4035:Alismataceae
3983:
3952:
3914:Siparunaceae
3871:Magnoliaceae
3768:Trimeniaceae
3745:Nymphaeaceae
3709:Amborellales
3688:Angiospermae
3643:Families of
3511:Curry leaves
3498:
3417:Traditional
3377:
3360:
3328:
3311:
3305:Indian Canna
3255:
3249:
3224:. Retrieved
3220:the original
3210:
3198:. Retrieved
3191:the original
3186:
3173:
3162:. Retrieved
3158:the original
3148:
3137:. Retrieved
3130:the original
3117:
3106:. Retrieved
3102:the original
3092:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3035:
3028:
3016:. Retrieved
3010:
3003:
2991:. Retrieved
2985:
2978:
2966:. Retrieved
2960:
2953:
2941:. Retrieved
2935:
2928:
2916:. Retrieved
2911:Canna indica
2910:
2903:
2891:. Retrieved
2885:
2878:
2866:. Retrieved
2860:
2853:
2841:. Retrieved
2835:
2828:
2816:. Retrieved
2813:'Musifolia'"
2810:
2803:
2791:. Retrieved
2785:
2778:
2766:. Retrieved
2760:
2753:
2741:. Retrieved
2735:
2728:
2716:. Retrieved
2710:
2706:
2699:
2687:. Retrieved
2681:
2674:
2662:. Retrieved
2656:
2649:
2633:
2622:
2613:
2604:
2593:. Retrieved
2589:the original
2579:
2570:
2564:
2552:. Retrieved
2548:the original
2538:
2527:. Retrieved
2520:the original
2507:
2474:
2470:
2460:
2431:. Retrieved
2427:the original
2417:
2406:. Retrieved
2402:the original
2392:
2364:
2353:, retrieved
2349:
2344:Canna indica
2343:
2336:
2325:. Retrieved
2321:the original
2311:
2299:
2287:
2278:
2269:
2254:Canna edulis
2252:
2247:
2238:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2183:
2178:
2169:
2118:
2113:
2105:
2059:Timber Press
2054:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1971:. Retrieved
1962:
1957:
1950:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1898:
1895:
1887:
1882:
1869:
1858:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1823:hummingbirds
1800:
1778:
1777:
1760:
1746:
1743:Canna fruits
1715:
1711:
1708:Canna edulis
1707:
1705:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1616:
1612:
1591:
1579:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1490:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1449:
1430:
1416:Father's Day
1405:contaminants
1386:insecticidal
1346:
1261:
1247:
1236:
1230:
1213:
1206:
1191:
1158:
1130:
1115:
1100:
1081:
1080:
1067:
1066:
1043:
1030:
1022:Distribution
1013:
988:
982:
976:
931:
882:
858:
843:
795:
782:
750:
735:
692:Zingiberales
661:
657:
650:
641:
637:
633:
617:
613:
611:
606:
602:Canna indica
600:
599:
590:
588:
582:
526:
525:
518:
515:
487:hummingbirds
464:
450:from a half-
425:
396:
390:
375:
371:
361:
325:Zingiberales
314:
309:
303:
281:is the only
278:
273:
272:
271:
259:
251:
243:
235:
227:
219:
200:
196:
177:
176:
160:
151:Zingiberales
134:
121:
108:
95:
63:
47:
41:
35:
7067:iNaturalist
6912:Wikispecies
6693:Rousseaceae
6589:Campanulids
6549:Verbenaceae
6524:Acanthaceae
6519:Pedaliaceae
6509:Byblidaceae
6377:Boraginales
6367:Apocynaceae
6357:Loganiaceae
6339:Gentianales
6288:Icacinaceae
6240:Cyrillaceae
6235:Clethraceae
6215:Styracaceae
6195:Primulaceae
6122:Grubbiaceae
6049:Santalaceae
5991:Basellaceae
5946:Gisekiaceae
5886:Physenaceae
5851:Droseraceae
5748:Sapindaceae
5738:Burseraceae
5682:Alzateaceae
5594:Neuradaceae
5533:Francoaceae
5528:Geraniaceae
5480:Aphloiaceae
5452:Capparaceae
5432:Tovariaceae
5392:Moringaceae
5374:Brassicales
5334:Cunoniaceae
5329:Oxalidaceae
5324:Connaraceae
5241:Achariaceae
5236:Humiriaceae
5201:Elatinaceae
5095:Celastrales
5052:Cannabaceae
5027:Barbeyaceae
4951:Surianaceae
4923:Begoniaceae
4918:Datiscaceae
4757:Paeoniaceae
4734:Superrosids
4719:Gunneraceae
4688:Dilleniales
4607:Platanaceae
4482:Thurniaceae
4462:Rapateaceae
4424:Marantaceae
4275:Lanariaceae
4270:Asteliaceae
4255:Orchidaceae
4247:Asparagales
4232:Smilacaceae
4174:Pandanaceae
4164:Stemonaceae
4070:Zosteraceae
4065:Maundiaceae
4017:Alismatales
3934:Monimiaceae
3858:Magnoliales
3843:Saururaceae
3820:Winteraceae
3815:Canellaceae
3798:Magnoliidae
3740:Cabombaceae
3727:Nymphaeales
3660:Supergroup
3590:As dishware
3581:Banana leaf
3541:Pandan leaf
3489:Banana leaf
3443:Banana leaf
3312:× generalis
3200:27 November
3018:19 February
2993:19 February
2968:19 February
2943:19 February
2918:19 February
2893:19 February
2868:19 February
2843:19 February
2838:'Mystique'"
2818:19 February
2793:19 February
2768:19 February
2743:19 February
2718:19 February
2689:19 February
2664:19 February
2090:P.J.M. Maas
1942:10654/18083
1797:Pollination
1722:Propagation
1716:C. discolor
1688:C. discolor
1620:(deep pink)
1546:floriferous
1505:over 2,800
1391:Cannas are
1356:to produce
1290:agriculture
1222:Cultivation
1072:naturalized
1070:has become
1048:, from the
1001:Netherlands
999:, from the
993:taxonomists
797:Marantaceae
677:Cladogram:
653:Willem Piso
646:West Indies
622:East Indies
499:pollination
413:rhizomatous
403:subtropical
382:Description
333:Commelinids
312:cultivars.
236:Xyphostylis
141:Commelinids
115:Angiosperms
36:Cannabaceae
7229:Categories
6776:Dipsacales
6766:Bruniaceae
6743:Asteraceae
6627:Araliaceae
6564:Phrymaceae
6499:Stilbaceae
6426:Solanaceae
6403:Vahliaceae
6329:Garryaceae
6275:Icacinales
6185:Sapotaceae
6039:Opiliaceae
6026:Santalales
6001:Talinaceae
5981:Montiaceae
5733:Kirkiaceae
5715:Sapindales
5687:Penaeaceae
5657:Onagraceae
5652:Lythraceae
5584:Cytinaceae
5543:Huerteales
5520:Geraniales
5457:Cleomaceae
5447:Resedaceae
5397:Caricaceae
5382:Akaniaceae
5311:Oxalidales
5266:Salicaceae
5251:Goupiaceae
5161:Clusiaceae
5062:Urticaceae
5042:Rhamnaceae
5004:Betulaceae
4984:Myricaceae
4706:Gunnerales
4612:Proteaceae
4492:Cyperaceae
4477:Mayacaceae
4467:Xyridaceae
4197:Corsiaceae
4146:Pandanales
4085:Ruppiaceae
4040:Butomaceae
3891:Annonaceae
3848:Piperaceae
3807:Canellales
3521:Lotus leaf
3516:Grape leaf
3494:Betel leaf
3453:Hoja santa
3226:2012-01-13
3164:2007-07-02
3139:2007-07-02
3108:2007-07-02
3013:'Wyoming'"
2888:'Picasso'"
2863:'Phasion'"
2684:'Annaeei'"
2595:2008-02-04
2529:2008-02-11
2433:2008-02-04
2408:2008-03-03
2327:2006-09-19
2026:Tanaka, N.
1807:pollinator
1566:deprecated
1515:hybridists
1397:pollutants
1194:canna rust
1178:baby wipes
1133:California
1052:(southern
783:Cannaceae
772:Cannariae
531:Liliopsida
440:staminodes
430:and three
409:perennials
406:herbaceous
353:heliconias
349:arrowroots
279:canna lily
260:Eurystylus
220:Cannacorus
28:Calla lily
7235:Cannaceae
6989:FloraBase
6784:Adoxaceae
6753:Bruniales
6685:Asterales
6554:Lamiaceae
6413:Solanales
6395:Vahliales
6347:Rubiaceae
6316:Garryales
6245:Ericaceae
6190:Ebenaceae
6127:Cornaceae
6112:Loasaceae
6097:Nyssaceae
6034:Olacaceae
6016:Cactaceae
5951:Aizoaceae
5926:Limeaceae
5763:Meliaceae
5667:Myrtaceae
5619:Cistaceae
5599:Malvaceae
5246:Violaceae
5151:Ochnaceae
5126:Pandaceae
4597:Sabiaceae
4589:Proteales
4487:Juncaceae
4452:Typhaceae
4429:Costaceae
4419:Cannaceae
4404:Lowiaceae
4343:Arecaceae
4300:Iridaceae
4260:Boryaceae
4237:Liliaceae
4007:Acoraceae
3939:Lauraceae
3830:Piperales
3668:Bryophyta
3597:Patravali
3536:Palm leaf
3448:Corn husk
3317:Floridata
3299:Cannaceae
3258:: e1584.
3084:198152695
2738:'Erebus'"
2659:'Alaska'"
2304:Paul Maas
1994:Phytotaxa
1973:22 August
1905:Citations
1843:C. indica
1783:seed coat
1773:Mutations
1769:triploids
1755:from the
1712:C. edulis
1693:rootstock
1617:ehemannii
1582:cultivars
1562:phenotype
1542:orchiodes
1534:generalis
1495:cultivars
1484:ehemannii
1475:ehemannii
1431:miến dong
1429:known as
1374:A purple
1354:fermented
1302:tortillas
1298:vegetable
1209:-specific
1162:isopropyl
1141:mealybugs
1068:C. indica
1062:Argentina
1046:New World
997:Paul Maas
985:cultivars
845:Lowiaceae
752:Costaceae
679:Phylogeny
670:Phylogeny
663:C. glauca
634:C. indica
618:C. indica
589:The name
473:that are
417:alternate
376:C. glauca
372:C. indica
299:temperate
228:Katubala
161:Cannaceae
85:Kingdom:
7199:40000721
7194:Tropicos
6897:Wikidata
6863:Category
6637:Apiaceae
6559:Mazaceae
6469:Oleaceae
6451:Lamiales
6200:Theaceae
6137:Ericales
6089:Cornales
6079:Asterids
5936:Kewaceae
5753:Rutaceae
5639:Myrtales
5614:Bixaceae
5576:Malvales
5417:Bataceae
5286:Linaceae
5271:Peraceae
5057:Moraceae
5047:Ulmaceae
5022:Rosaceae
4979:Fagaceae
4946:Fabaceae
4855:Vitaceae
4782:Iteaceae
4579:Buxaceae
4562:Eudicots
4414:Musaceae
4330:Arecales
4184:Liliales
3999:Acorales
3989:Monocots
3901:Laurales
3564:Turmeric
3546:Phrynium
3422:culinary
3379:Archived
3334:Archived
3284:26819846
2963:'Verdi'"
2711:ehemanii
2499:11341705
2257:Archived
1899:in vitro
1889:in vitro
1873:meristem
1859:In vitro
1787:dormancy
1578:List of
1558:genotype
1521:legacy.
1511:List of
1412:Thailand
1343:Zimbabwe
1243:rhizomes
1216:botrytis
1076:invasive
1009:synonyms
975:List of
933:Musaceae
626:Americas
569:Taxonomy
491:sunbirds
479:panicles
444:labellum
399:tropical
252:Distemon
244:Achirida
211:Synonyms
199:List of
191:Species
157:Family:
128:Monocots
7098:1314369
7085:37222-1
7046:2762470
6903:Q161182
6599:Apiales
6265:Lamiids
5364:Malvids
5319:Huaceae
5014:Rosales
4966:Fagales
4933:Fabales
4847:Vitales
4571:Buxales
4517:Poaceae
4025:Araceae
3984:Lilidae
3505:Coconut
3437:Avocado
3275:4727956
3076:4256780
2554:25 July
2479:Bibcode
2355:5 March
2222:5677429
1815:insects
1701:Ecuador
1568:by the
1423:Vietnam
1401:wetland
1358:alcohol
1328:Réunion
1313:jewelry
1202:viruses
1188:Disease
1103:eastern
1092:Ecology
979:species
969:Species
574:History
535:monocot
533:class (
467:flowers
436:stamens
411:with a
345:bananas
337:gingers
329:monocot
327:in the
291:species
203:species
173:Genus:
147:Order:
89:Plantae
7173:CANNA2
7168:PLANTS
7160:156274
7144:NZOR:
7072:127280
7033:105521
7007:105521
6955:390069
6942:106848
6929:189079
6926:APDB:
4870:Fabids
4837:Rosids
4444:Poales
3649:APG IV
3602:Tapari
3574:Africa
3528:leaf (
3483:Bamboo
3329:indica
3327:Canna
3310:Canna
3282:
3272:
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2641:
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2251:FAO, "
2230:400894
2228:
2220:
2202:Nature
2088:&
2065:
1969:. 2023
1833:Since
1821:, and
1811:nectar
1757:stamen
1753:pollen
1749:sexual
1349:seeds.
1339:rattle
1320:kayamb
1294:fodder
1286:starch
1278:plant.
1121:snails
638:indica
607:achira
503:Pollen
497:. The
493:, and
475:spikes
456:pistil
452:anther
448:pollen
432:petals
428:sepals
420:leaves
368:starch
355:, and
331:clade
317:lilies
263:Bouché
255:Bouché
231:Adans.
7111:42409
7093:IRMNG
7020:Canna
7015:FoAO2
6994:22375
6981:1CNNG
6968:8VVYB
6918:Canna
6888:Canna
3662:Plant
3499:Canna
3315:from
3251:PeerJ
3194:(PDF)
3183:(PDF)
3133:(PDF)
3126:(PDF)
3080:S2CID
3072:JSTOR
3052:Canna
3011:Canna
2986:Canna
2961:Canna
2936:Canna
2886:Canna
2861:Canna
2836:Canna
2811:Canna
2786:Canna
2761:Canna
2736:Canna
2707:Canna
2682:Canna
2657:Canna
2523:(PDF)
2516:(PDF)
2226:S2CID
2198:Canna
1958:Canna
1839:Canna
1779:Canna
1761:Canna
1683:Canna
1671:Canna
1580:Canna
1519:Canna
1513:Canna
1507:Canna
1499:Canna
1491:Canna
1471:Canna
1461:Canna
1450:Canna
1399:in a
1382:Smoke
1369:paper
1341:from
1336:gourd
1332:hosho
1326:from
1309:beads
1262:Canna
1231:Canna
1207:Canna
1137:Texas
1117:Slugs
1097:Pests
1082:Canna
1058:Texas
1031:Canna
989:Canna
977:Canna
614:Canna
595:Latin
591:Canna
583:Canna
527:Canna
507:style
460:ovary
391:Canna
310:Canna
304:Canna
283:genus
274:Canna
247:Horan
223:Mill.
201:Canna
178:Canna
166:Juss.
135:Clade
122:Clade
109:Clade
96:Clade
64:Canna
48:Canna
7181:POWO
7137:4627
7132:NCBI
7106:ITIS
7080:IPNI
7059:2033
7054:GRIN
7041:GBIF
6976:EPPO
6950:BOLD
6937:APNI
3566:leaf
3560:leaf
3558:Taro
3554:leaf
3552:Reed
3507:leaf
3501:leaf
3485:leaf
3476:Asia
3439:leaf
3280:PMID
3202:2011
3020:2020
2995:2020
2970:2020
2945:2020
2920:2020
2895:2020
2870:2020
2845:2020
2820:2020
2795:2020
2770:2020
2745:2020
2720:2020
2691:2020
2666:2020
2639:ISBN
2556:2014
2495:PMID
2357:2014
2218:PMID
2186:seed
2063:ISBN
1975:2023
1819:bats
1699:and
1697:Peru
1677:The
1536:and
1347:hota
1334:, a
1322:, a
1253:Uses
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1196:, a
1172:and
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7207:WFO
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