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creating vertical light gradients. Variations in forest microclimate are also driven by the structure and physiology of canopy trees and epiphytes. This produces feedback loops where forest microclimate both determines and is determined by the species identity, growth traits and forest stand composition of canopy trees.
355:
Many methods exist to measure canopy interception. The most often used method is by measuring rainfall above the canopy and subtract throughfall and stem flow). However, the problem with this method is that the canopy is not homogeneous, which causes difficulty in obtaining representative throughfall
287:
Forest canopies contribute to forest microclimate by controlling and buffering variations in climatic conditions. Forest canopies intercept rain and snowfall, thereby buffering the effects of precipitation on the local climate. Forest canopies also buffer the effects of temperature within forests by
366:
The method by
Hancock and Crowther avoided these problems by making use of the cantilever effect of branches. If leaves on a branch hold water, it becomes more heavy and will bend. By measuring the displacement, it is possible to determine the amount of intercepted water. this method was refined in
291:
Forest canopies are significantly involved in maintaining the stability of the global climate. They are responsible for at least half of the global carbon dioxide exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. Forest canopies act as carbon sinks which reduce the increase of atmospheric
275:
are unique to the upper layer of forests. Forest canopies are arguably considered some of the most species-rich environments on the planet. It is believed that the communities found within the canopy layer play an important role in the functioning of the forest, as well as maintaining diversity and
274:
The forest canopy layer supports a diverse range of flora and fauna. It has been dubbed "the last biotic frontier" as it provides a habitat that has allowed for the evolution of countless species of plants, microorganisms, invertebrates (e.g. insects), and vertebrates (e.g. birds and mammals) that
270:
Forest canopies have unique structural and ecological complexities and are important components of the overall forest ecosystem. They are involved in critical functions such as rainfall interception, light absorption, nutrient & energy cycling, gas exchange, as well as providing habitats for a
318:
235:
relatively rapidly with abundant light, so it supports the majority of primary productivity in forests. The canopy layer provides protection from strong winds and storms while also intercepting sunlight and precipitation, leading to a relatively sparsely vegetated understory layer.
359:
A method employed to avoid this problem is covering forest floor with plastic sheets and collecting the throughfall. The disadvantage of this method is that it is not suitable for long periods, because in the end the trees will dry from
251:, a sparse layer of very tall trees, typically one or two per hectare. With an abundance of water and a near ideal temperature in rainforests, light and nutrients are two factors that limit tree growth from the understory to the canopy.
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247:. Many rainforest animals have evolved to live solely in the canopy and never touch the ground. The canopy of a rainforest is typically about 10 m thick, and intercepts around 95% of sunlight. The canopy is below the
183:
Early observations of canopies were made from the ground using binoculars or by examining fallen material. Researchers would sometimes erroneously rely on extrapolation by using more reachable samples taken from the
367:
2005 by making use of strain gauges. However, the disadvantages of these methods are that only information about one single branch is obtained and it would be quite laborious to measure an entire tree or forest.
1036:
Pfeifer, Marion; Gonsamo, Alemu; Woodgate, William; Cayuela, Luis; Marshall, Andrew R.; Ledo, Alicia; Paine, Timothy C. E.; Marchant, Rob; Burt, Andrew; Calders, Kim; Courtney-Mustaphi, Colin (8 January 2018).
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layer. The canopy holds 90% of the animals in the rainforest. Canopies can cover vast distances and appear to be unbroken when observed from an airplane. However, despite overlapping tree branches,
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Nakamura, Akihiro; Kitching, Roger L.; Cao, Min; Creedy, Thomas J.; Fayle, Tom M.; Freiberg, Martin; Hewitt, C. N.; Itioka, Takao; Koh, Lian Pin; Ma, Keping; Malhi, Yadvinder (1 June 2017).
1195:
Huang, Y. S., Chen, S. S., Lin, T. P., 2005. Continuous monitoring of water loading of trees and canopy rainfall interception using the strain gauge method. Journal of
Hydrology 311, 1–7.
271:
diverse range of wildlife. The canopy also plays a role in modifying the internal environment of the forest by acting as a buffer for incoming light, wind, and temperature fluctuations.
653:
296:
caused by human activity. The destruction of forest canopies would lead to the release of carbon dioxide which would result in an increased concentration of atmospheric CO
196:
gear, has made canopy observation significantly easier and more accurate, allowed for longer and more collaborative work, and broadened the scope of canopy study.
321:
55:
1039:"Tropical forest canopies and their relationships with climate and disturbance: results from a global dataset of consistent field-based measurements"
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Shuttleworth, W. J., Gash, J. H. C., Lloyd, C. R., Moore, C. J., Roberts, J. M., et.al, 1984. Eddy correlation measurements of energy partition for
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Campbell, G.S.; Norman, J.M. (1989). "The description and measurement of plant canopy structure". In
Russell, Graham; Marshall, Bruce;
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220:, leaf area per unit ground area, is a key measure used to understand and compare plant canopies. The canopy is taller than the
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761:
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167:, etc..). The communities that inhabit the canopy layer are thought to be involved in maintaining forest diversity,
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Hancock, N. H., Crowther, J. M., 1979. A technique for the direct measurement of water storage on a forest canopy.
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403:
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Forest canopies are home to unique flora and fauna not found in other layers of forests. The highest terrestrial
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1397:
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Canopy structure is the organization or spatial arrangement (three-dimensional geometry) of a plant canopy.
1318:"Canopy structure and topography jointly constrain the microclimate of human‐modified tropical landscapes"
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300:. This would then contribute to the greenhouse effect, thereby causing the planet to become warmer.
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Calder, I. R., 1986. A stochastic model of rainfall interception. Journal of
Hydrology 89, 65–71.
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842:. Margaret Lowman, H. Bruce Rinker (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. 2004.
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Dominant and co-dominant canopy trees form the uneven canopy layer. Canopy trees are able to
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that is intercepted by the canopy of a tree and successively evaporates from the leaves.
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canopy trees rarely touch each other. Rather, they are usually separated by a few feet.
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497:(December 2000). "What's "Up"? A Critical Look at the Basic Terms of Canopy Biology".
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610:"Diversity of Species and Interactions in the Upper Tree Canopy of Forest Ecosystems"
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98:
35:
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188:. In some cases, they would use unconventional methods such as chairs suspended on
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Helvey, J. D., Patric, J. H., 1965. Canopy and litter interception of rainfall by
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Parker, Geoffrey G. (1995). "Structure and microclimate of forest canopies". In
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or hot-air dirigibles, among others. Modern technology, including adapted
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normally have a dense canopy that blocks light from lower growing plants.
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1139:
979:"Forests and Their Canopies: Achievements and Horizons in Canopy Science"
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Calder, I. R., 1990. Evaporation in the uplands. John Wiley & Sons.
1155:. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 110, 1143–1162.
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Nadkarni, Nalini M.; Merwin, Mark C.; Nieder, Jurgen (1 January 2013),
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of
Eastern United States. Water Resources Research 1 (2), 193–206.
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30:"Overstory" redirects here. For the architectural feature, see
646:"Forest Canopies: Methods, Hypotheses, and Future Directions"
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The High
Frontier: Exploring the Tropical Rainforest Canopy
513:
10.1646/0006-3606(2000)032[0569:WSUACL]2.0.CO;2
364:, and the method is also not applicable for snow events.
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community, the canopy is the highest of seven layers.
654:
Annual Review of
Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
579:(First ed.). Academic Press. pp. 73–106.
1316:Jucker, Tommaso; et al. (23 September 2018).
1247:
70:Canopy layers of primary tropical forest, Thailand
155:crowns and including other biological organisms (
27:Aboveground portion of a plant community or crop
1283:Plant Canopies: Their Growth, Form and Function
455:Plant Canopies: Their Growth, Form and Function
1096:Didham, R. K.; Fagan, L. L. (1 January 2004),
729:"The ecology of tropical rain forest canopies"
939:, Waltham: Academic Press, pp. 511–515,
937:Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (Second Edition)
896:, Waltham: Academic Press, pp. 516–527,
894:Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (Second Edition)
457:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–19.
8:
534:Hay, Robert K.M.; Porter, John R. (2006).
1353:
1343:
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1054:
1004:
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625:
538:(Second ed.). Blackwell Publishing.
139:, formed by the collection of individual
441:
83:– giant kelp – forming the canopy of a
34:. For the novel by Richard Powers, see
863:
147:, canopy refers to the upper layer or
972:
970:
883:
881:
832:
830:
767:from the original on 2 February 2020.
684:from the original on 7 February 2019.
608:Nadkarni, Nalini M. (February 1994).
344:that is not intercepted will fall as
59:Canopy of tropical evergreen forest,
7:
1104:, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 68–80,
1378:International Canopy Access Network
933:"Forest Canopies, Animal Diversity"
813:The Permaculture Research Institute
1277:Russell, Graham; Marshall, Bruce;
1220:(First ed.). Academic Press.
945:10.1016/b978-0-12-384719-5.00057-5
931:Erwin, Terry L. (1 January 2013),
902:10.1016/b978-0-12-384719-5.00158-1
890:"Forest Canopies, Plant Diversity"
25:
983:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
737:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
709:from the original on 5 May 2020.
309:This section is an excerpt from
131:is the aboveground portion of a
1102:Encyclopedia of Forest Sciences
667:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.55
1285:. Cambridge University Press.
1110:10.1016/b0-12-145160-7/00013-2
809:"The Seven Layers of a Forest"
695:Butler, Rhett (30 July 2012).
1:
644:; Wittman, Philip K. (1996).
1291:10.1017/CBO9780511752308.002
1254:. Harvard University Press.
1100:, in Burley, Jeffery (ed.),
750:10.1016/0169-5347(93)90061-S
630:– via Oxford Academic.
536:The Physiology of Crop Yield
463:10.1017/CBO9780511752308.002
1098:"ECOLOGY | Forest Canopies"
935:, in Levin, Simon A (ed.),
892:, in Levin, Simon A (ed.),
414:Stratification (vegetation)
409:Size-asymmetric competition
243:resides in the canopies of
1424:
996:10.1016/j.tree.2017.02.020
779:"Light in the Rain Forest"
308:
47:The canopy of a forest in
29:
1056:10.1186/s40663-017-0118-7
404:Hemispherical photography
697:"The Rainforest Canopy"
151:zone, formed by mature
870:: CS1 maint: others (
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120:
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71:
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1393:Botanical terminology
1323:Global Change Biology
352:on the forest floor.
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277:ecological resilience
207:
111:
93:
77:
69:
58:
46:
1184:Journal of Hydrology
245:tropical rainforests
80:Macrocystis pyrifera
1336:2018GCBio..24.5243J
1214:Nadkarni, Nalini M.
1210:Lowman, Margaret D.
789:on 23 November 2015
721:Lowman, Margaret D.
642:Lowman, Margaret D.
627:10.1093/icb/34.1.70
573:Nadkarni, Nalini M.
569:Lowman, Margaret D.
334:Canopy interception
311:Canopy interception
304:Canopy interception
171:, and functioning.
614:American Zoologist
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283:Climate regulation
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212:canopy over a road
210:monkey-ladder vine
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106:
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72:
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1345:10.1111/gcb.14415
1330:(11): 5243–5258.
1300:978-0-521-39563-2
1119:978-0-12-145160-8
1043:Forest Ecosystems
954:978-0-12-384720-1
911:978-0-12-384720-1
849:978-0-12-457553-0
545:978-1-4051-0859-1
472:978-0-521-39563-2
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16:(Redirected from
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260:forest gardening
165:arboreal animals
112:Urban canopy of
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18:Canopy (ecology)
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384:Canopy research
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817:. Retrieved
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787:the original
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389:Canopy soils
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1408:Rainforests
1125:26 February
1006:2440/114347
960:26 February
917:26 February
793:23 November
346:throughfall
179:Observation
173:Shade trees
85:kelp forest
1387:Categories
783:garden.org
554:2006005216
500:Biotropica
436:References
226:rainforest
222:understory
186:understory
169:resilience
51:, Malaysia
32:Clerestory
1140:hardwoods
1075:2197-5620
1066:2164/9969
1015:0169-5347
866:cite book
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200:Structure
157:epiphytes
1364:30246358
1309:87032902
1270:93016935
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429:Wildfire
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350:stemflow
338:rainfall
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671:JSTOR
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