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growth. This reintroduction created friction between large-scale mining companies and SSM interests. The
Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA) that finally recognized that IPs have the right over their ancestral domains was still new then, and vested interest groups were being affected. The IPs had to familiarize themselves with their “new found” rights under IPRA. Meanwhile, local government units were fighting with the national government over the sharing of benefits over the latter's minerals development program. Communities then were not as familiar as they are now with large-scale mining operations. Consequently, civil society organizations and church groups took it upon themselves to raise emerging issues generated by the evolving, often confusing, milieu.
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between groups in the area that preceded the TVI's presence in the region. The principal findings of the report were that the TVI operation created some jobs in an impoverished area and generated revenues for the indebted national government. However, that it also displaced many families; divided the local indigenous people; deprived thousands of small-scale miners of their livelihood; negatively affected rice farmers and fishers living downstream; and that it is located on the peak of Mount
Canatuan, which the Subanon living in the area consider to be sacred. The report made recommendations for action both by the Philippine Government and TVI - including that the mining operation be halted until an independent monitoring procedure is in place.
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ore reserve underlying the Gossan surface mine. Mining of the
Sulphide ore will require excavation depths ranging from less than 1 m to approximately 60 m. Production capacity is 1,850 tonnes per day of ore, with a request to increase this to 2,500 tonnes per day. Total material moved has averaged 3,800 tonnes per day and will peak at 6,700 tonnes per day in 2012 (based on the current mining plan to 2013). The operating fleet of the mine (including both TVIRD and contractor owned) includes 54 haul trucks, 9 excavators, six bulldozers, and four loaders.
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lineage that would traditionally be allowed a leadership position in the community, and therefore there is dispute over the ability of the
Association to make agreements. Similarly, TVI's agreement gives status to a Council of Elders, initially formed in 2002 at the instigation of the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples, but whose legitimacy is rejected by the traditional leadership group of the Subanon, the Gukom. The Gukom is not a permanent body, but is a gathering of the leaders of local territories.
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by surface water runoff to
Canatuan Creek and Lumot Creek. This does not include the Sulphide Tailings Impoundment which serves as a large sediment pond to control sediment materials within the Canatuan Creek watershed that are not captured by the smaller sediment ponds. A neutralization pond was also constructed in series with a sediment pond currently maintained downstream of the Nursery Area. This pond serves as a treatment pond during instances when
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while waiting for further tailings consolidation. In Year 2010, topsoil cover will be placed on the tailings surface in preparation for planting. Current progressive rehabilitation also includes closure of an overburden stockpile by establishing erosion control, coverage with non-acid drainage (NAG) material, and revegetation; and rehabilitation of parts of the Phase 1 mining area through erosion control, soil conditioning and revegetation.
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the provincial ordinance governing real properties – was meant to provide the families a good opportunity to earn a decent and lawful living and have a fresh start outside
Canatuan. The settlement program for SSM IPs who are considered owners of the ancestral domain was of two types. Some of them opted for a smaller multiplier but with a housing package, while others chose to be paid an amount similar to those received by migrant SSMs.
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mining concession is the
Mineral Production Sharing Agreement (MPSA No. 054-96-IX) under the authority of the Philippine Government, registered in the name of TVIRD. The MPSA has a term of 25 years (starting from 1996), renewable for another period, and grants the contractor the "exclusive right to explore, develop, and utilize for commercial purposes gold, silver, copper, zinc and other minerals existing within the contract area.
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the 1990s when the mineral deposit was discovered. Canatuan became the haven for migrant small-scale miners who armed themselves to maintain control over their interests. As the SSM community flourished, Subanon control of
Canatuan diminished. Once established, these miners also became concerned that TVI activities could force them out of the area.
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that “We expect it is more than simple coincidence that the conclusions and recommendations set out in the
Philippines Case Study coincide with positions advocated by members of the "research team" over the past decade". TVI offered clarifying information in a separate document detailing specific biases and inaccuracies in the R&D report.
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TVI expressed disappointment with the report, noting that the 3rd parties engaged by R&D to carry out the research and report writing were well known opponents of mining in the
Philippines. TVI objected that the report provides no information on the positive benefits of the mining operation, and
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In May 2007, Rights & Democracy (R&D) issued a report titled “Mining a Sacred Mountain: Protecting the human rights of indigenous communities Environmental Management” which was critical of a number of aspects of the impact of the mine and actions of TVI, but also noting a history of conflict
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The MPSA held by TVI requires payment of a royalty of 1% of the market value of the minerals produced to the indigenous people who had a valid ancestral domain claim. TVI agreed to pay the royalty to the Siocon Subanon Association Inc. One source of disagreement regarding the mining activity is that
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The Gossan Dam and Impoundment plus the Upper and Lower Tailings Dam Impoundments are no longer used for tailings disposal. Progressive Rehabilitation activities were initiated during the second half of Year 2008 include addition of soil cover material on top of the tailings at the Lower Tailings Dam
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From 2004 to 2008 TVIRD operated an open pit mine, milling and processing operation producing gold and silver doré from the Gossan ore deposit. Over that period the operation produced in the order of 100,000 oz of gold (Au) and 1,700 oz of silver (Ag). The mill process consisted of crushing, milling
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In April 2008 operations to mine and recover gold and silver from the oxide layer were concluded, and the related ore processing facilities were being converted to process the sulphide deposit. Also in April, manpower was reduced by 168 personnel as part of the transition to the sulphide operation.
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In 2003 a new feasibility assessment was carried out, which recommended further infill drilling to better define the deposit, and this drilling was carried out in 2004. Two more feasibility studies were carried out in 2004 and 2006 – the first examined mining only the gold and silver bearing oxidized
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Gold panning activity in the Canatuan Creek area was first recorded in the mid 1980s. The substantial quantities of gold being recovered prompted prospecting efforts to find the bedrock source of the gold. In 1990 prospectors discovered an extensive field of gold-bearing boulders and the first test
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Environmental activities at the Canatuan mine include those related to controlling impacts of the operation, and those related to rehabilitating areas that are closed (i.e. In which mining activity ceases – either during the period of the overall mining operation, or at the end of mine life when the
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As of January 2010, TVIRD has nearly 900 employees in operations and exploration activities, some 31 percent of whom are Subanons. The salaries and benefits these employees receive are the highest in the Zamboanga Peninsula. At Canatuan, they acquire skills that support lifelong employability. This
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The property comprises two Exploration Permit Application (EPA) areas totaling 32,400 hectares and three claim blocks totaling approximately 4,755 hectares. The main claim block within which the reserves have been delineated covers an area of approximately 508 hectares. The basis of the 508 hectare
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The settlement program involved a compensation package for migrants both indigenous and non-indigenous. The Subanon (indigenous) leadership was not amenable to a relocation program within the ancestral domain for the migrants. The compensation package – 8 to 12 times higher than those prescribed by
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A second community in the mining area is that of small scale and artisanal miners. As of 2007, eight thousand small scale miners had started activity in the area and worked without official permits. Although some of these miners are Subanon, many of them are not and only arrived in the area since
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Within the Subanon community there is both support for and opposition to the mine. The relationship between the mining activity and the Subanon community is complicated by the fact that the Siocon Subanon Association Inc. is not a traditional Subanon political structure, and its leader is not of a
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In community consultations on closure planning fruit-bearing trees such as marang, lanzones, durian among others were requested. In this regard, an experimental study was initiated to identify the heavy metal absorption potential of certain root crops on tailings surface and later determine whether
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management (permanent containment of the non-mineral material that is physically separated from the ore in the process plant). During Year 2009, five sediment ponds were maintained within the MPSA. These ponds serve as control strategies to mitigate the impacts of soil erosion and sediment conveyed
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Mining of the Sulphide ore deposit will be the same as surface mining method used during the Gossan Phase. The overall surface mine area will encompass approximately 26 ha. This includes portions of the Gossan Surface Mine which is outside the boundaries of the Sulphide ore reserve and the Sulphide
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When TVIRD started to operate in Canatuan, the company implemented a “settlement program” for those who were to be affected by the company's activities for reasons of safety or displacement due to mining activities. This program had to address three different groups of residents: Subanon from the
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One of the principal concerns raised regarding impacts of the mining activities has been complaints from local fishermen about increased sediment in local rivers affecting fish spawning. However, there have been other activities in the area that could also contribute to sediment, and there has not
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As with most mining operations, rehabilitation activities are carried out progressively – with activities carried out each year to rehabilitate areas no longer active. These rehabilitation activities include rehabilitation of the small-scale mining areas operated by others prior to the opening of
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Water quality data is collected by a Multipartite Monitoring Team (MMT) at 14 locations on streams and rivers in and around the project area. Sampling for 2009 reported in the 2010 environmental protection program document indicates the water quality was within required ranges. TVIRD also carries
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In 2008, as the mining operation moved into an ore zone with different composition, the gold/silver doré operation was decommissioned and the operation converted to copper and zinc concentrates. The Sulphide Phase operation will use the same front end crushing and grinding process from the Gossan
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An additional complication is that the Certificate of Ancestral Domain Claim was awarded a named group of Subanon individuals, not to a representative organization. The 2007 Rights & Democracy report states that, subsequent to the agreements, The Commission on Human Rights of the Philippines
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An alternate view of the situation of the local population was also painted in a 2005 letter from TIMUAY JUANITO TUMANGKIS, President of the Siocon Subano Association Inc. and Chairman of the 30 member Council of Elders of the Subanons of Siocon, Zamboanga del Norte. Among others, the six page
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The introduction of Small Scale Mining (SSM) also introduced the Subanons to the cash economy. Migrants operated SSM in the area, which displaced the Subanons. Many Subanons worked for the SSM operators (typically for low wages with very poor working conditions); some of them became small SSM
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As of the end of the Year 2009, approximately 39,300 trees were planted within and outside the MPSA. This is 11,000 tree seedlings short of the 55,00 targeted for 2009. In addition to the trees planted, various grasses and shrubs were also planted. Some of the species of trees planted include
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In the early years of TVIRD in Canatuan, the company had to contend with various layers of conflicts. Large-scale mining, after many years of practically being dormant, was being “reintroduced” by the Philippine government and being put forward as an industry that can be an engine of economic
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In 1994 TVI Pacific reached an option agreement with the initial prospectors and continued extensive exploration. The agreement allowed TVI to explore the area and to purchase the Mineral Production Sharing Agreement (MPSA) that had been applied for in 1992, and which was still making its way
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One source of controversy is the view held by some that the Subanon of the southern peninsula consider Mount Canatuan to be a sacred place. The peak of Mount Canatuan, according to some of the Subanon was not for occupation, flamboyant use, or architectural manifestations. However, there are
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Apu Manglang sub-tribe local to the Canatuan mining area (local IP's/owners of the ancestral lands); Subanon originally from tribes distant from the Canatuan mining area (migrant IP's), and non-Subanon that migrated to the area for the SSM activity (non-IP migrants).
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Many of those who speak out against the TVI operation are not Subanon, and at least some have commercial interests in the artisanal mining activities that were not properly permitted and did not receive "Free and Prior Informed Consent" from the Subanon
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2007 Submission to the Committee on the Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination regarding Discrimination against the Subanon of Mt Canatuan, Siocon, Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines in the context of large-scale gold mining on their ancestral
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In 1995 a pre-feasibility study was carried out, and in 1996 a two feasibility studies were completed (each examining a different approach to the potential mining operation). These studies did not proceed to any project implementation.
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investigated the matter of consent and concluded that the company had not obtained true prior consent from the indigenous people for the mine (the source referenced for this statement is unpublished and has not been confirmed).
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number includes of the Special CAFGU (Citizens Armed Forces Geographical Unit) Active Auxiliary or SCAA, which are under the direct control of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. Most members of the SCAA are Subanon.
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TVIRD has been a continuing taxpayer to the national government. With the exception of 2008, when TVIRD decommissioned its Gossan Phase gold and silver operations, the company's tax payments have been increasing each
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been a clear link established between sediment levels and fish stocks in the area. Both forestry operations and the earlier artisanal mining both removed ground cover and likely increased sediment content in rivers
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operation and will use a Flotation Circuit for the recovery of copper and zinc concentrates. The first shipment of copper concentrate was in March 2009 and completion of the zinc circuit is expected in April 2010.
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The sulphide deposit mining and processing achieved commercial operations on March 1, 2009, producing copper concentrate, with the zinc recovery circuit expected to be fully operational by late April 2010.
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TVIRD's annual activities include progressive rehabilitation with the primary focus on slope stabilization and erosion control, revegetation and reforestation activities including soil conditioning and
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portion of the deposit, the second examined mining of the sulphides (copper, zinc, gold and silver) underlying the oxide portion of the deposit. In 2004 TVI began operations to mine the oxide layer.
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and small scale miners (SSM's) from elsewhere in the Philippines, as well as local people to form several small co-operatives. By 1994, the area was being worked by nearly 1,500 small scale miners.
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Technical Report was completed in April 2008 by Pierre Jean Lafleur GĂ©oconseil Inc (PJLGCI). These reports pertained to potential investments to start mining and processing the sulphide deposit.
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They are working in a partnership with TVI, with specific conditions that have been agreed to by TVI, and that there right to Free Prior Informed Consent (FPIC) has not been violated.
540:"Companion Document to the TVI Pacific News Release, dated May 30, 2007, concerning the Rights and Democracy Case Study on the Human Rights Impact of its project in the Philippines"
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The artisanal mining activities caused pollution, employed child labour, and were often not Subanon - and they do not want to go back to the days of the artisanal mining operations
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Companion Document to the TVI Pacific News Release, dated May 30, 2007, concerning the Rights and Democracy Case Study on the Human Rights Impact of its project in the Philippines
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operators themselves. A few of the formal and informal leaders of the tribe greatly benefited from the SSM as the migrant mine operators ingratiated themselves to the leaders.
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43-101 Technical Report for the Sulphide Resources at the Canatuan Project of TVI Pacific Inc., April 2008, Written by Pierre-Jean Lafleur, P. Eng. (available on
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Also a direct beneficiary are TVIRD's Subanon hosts, who have been receiving royalty payments from the company equivalent to one percent of gross sales.
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and processing of mined ore. A hybrid process consisting of a Merrill-Crowe and Carbon in Leach circuit was used for the recovery of gold and silver.
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43-101 Technical Report for the Sulphide Resources at the Canatuan Project of TVI Pacific Inc., April 2008, Written by Pierre-Jean Lafleur, P. Eng.
420:, "LRC-KSK" (the Legal Rights and Natural Resources Kasama sa Kilikasan/Friends of the Earth Philippines). In the letter he states the case that:
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The principal control activities related to the current operation are those of water management (runoff and process water), and water monitoring
105:, Philippines. The mine was operated from 2004 to January 2014 by TVI Resource Development (Phils) Inc., a former subsidiary of Canadian-based
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these root crops are safe for human consumption. The study will further determine the final land use plan of the Tailings impoundment areas.
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the Certificate of Ancestral Domain Claim for the Subanon with respect to the mining area was issued after the MPSA was issued to TVI.
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is observed. These series of ponds drain run off water from the Phase II Mine Area where acid mine drainage is anticipated to occur.
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341:. The Apu Manglang sub-tribe inhabits the area around the Canatuan mine, and are represented in the ancestral domain claim.
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The company's operations have had a huge economic impact both for the Subanons and for the Philippine economy at large:
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Total spending by TVIRD in 2009 on the environmental program was 71,599,512 Php ( approximately US$ 1.5 million).
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In essence, the wrong involvement by external NGO's inhibits the local Subanon's right to self-government.
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out noise measurement, and air quality sampling both from stack emissions and for ambient air quality.
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The Subanons desire "the development of their ancestral domain, employment and freedom from poverty,
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In January 2010 TVI announced a joint venture with the Philippine-based company DACON (part of the
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different views within community regarding the accuracy and interpretation of this designation.
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The TVI MPSA area does not embrace any of the sacred places claimed by the Subanon
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through the government approval process (and subsequently approved in 1996).
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The principal community is the local indigenous people, known as the
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Technical Report (publicly available on www.sedar.com). Another
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TVIRD has consistently been Siocon's top taxpayer and employer.
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income-generating species such as rubber trees and mahogany.
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2010 Annual Environmental Protection and Enhancement Program
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2010 Annual Environmental Protection and Enhancement Program
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2010 Annual Environmental Protection and Enhancement Program
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Gossan phase gold and silver operation (now closed)
488:TVI News Release on Marketwire – January 11, 2010
479:TVI Web-site operations/producing/Canatuan-mine
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470:TVI News Release on Marketwire – May 14, 2008
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246:Control of impacts from current operations
129:Reports of the discovery drew experienced
73:Learn how and when to remove this message
652:(report), Rights & Democracy, (2007)
196:Sulphide phase copper and zinc operation
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16:Open-pit mine in Mindanao, Philippines
34:contains content that is written like
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600:"February 20, 2005 SSAI Open Letter"
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251:operation is permanently closed).
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872:Geography of Zamboanga del Norte
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867:Copper mines in the Philippines
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404:"open" letter is addressed to
279:Canatuan Reforestation Nursery
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862:Gold mines in the Philippines
333:Canatuan - TVI Built Hospital
572:""Mining a Sacred Mountain""
311:Local environmental concerns
113:, a sacred mountain of the
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650:“Mining a Sacred Mountain”
646:, TVIRD, November 30, 2009
357:Artisanal mining community
101:on the southern island of
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719:Malangas Coal Reservation
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55:neutral point of view
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204:Canatuan Copper Mine
838:7.7332°N 122.2800°E
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33:
841: /
829:122°16′48″E
507:, page 4-28
107:TVI Pacific
856:Categories
638:References
582:2010-02-16
526:, page 6-4
63:April 2019
43:improve it
826:7°44′00″N
441:community
131:artisanal
796:Category
777:Rio Tuba
761:Canatuan
745:Tampakan
740:Canatuan
735:Boyongan
520:Archived
501:Archived
256:tailings
103:Mindanao
808:Commons
669:domain.
339:Subanon
325:Subanon
770:Nickel
728:Copper
426:
414:KAIROS
154:43-101
150:43-101
93:/zinc
91:copper
610:(PDF)
603:(PDF)
550:(PDF)
543:(PDF)
449:Notes
230:year.
754:Gold
712:Coal
618:2010
558:2010
428:..."
85:The
858::
591:^
531:^
416:,
408:,
304:.
697:e
690:t
683:v
659:)
620:.
585:.
560:.
76:)
70:(
65:)
61:(
57:.
39:.
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